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Vit bi Administrator | 15 Thng 9 2010

Phn loi in tr v cch c in tr

Nh cp,ni mt cch nm na, in tr c trng cho tnh cht cn tr dng in. Chnh v th, khi s dng in tr cho mt mch in th mt phn nng lng in s b tiu hao duy tr mc chuyn di ca dng in. Ni mt cch khc th khi in tr cng ln th dng in i qua cng nh v ngc li khi in tr nh th dng in d dng c truyn qua.Khi dng in cng I chy qua mt vt c in tr R, in nng c chuyn thnh nhit nng vi cng sut theo phng trnh sau: P = I2.R trong : P l cng sut, o theo W I l cng dng in, o bng A R l in tr, o theo Chnh v l do ny, khi phn loi in tr, ngi ta thng da vo cng sut m phn loi in tr. V theo cch phn loi da trn cng sut, th in tr thng c chia lm 3 loi: - in tr cng sut nh - in tr cng sut trung bnh - in tr cng sut ln. Tuy nhin, do ng dng thc t v do cu to ring ca cc vt cht to nn in tr nn thng thng, in tr c chia thnh 2 loi: - in tr: l cc loi in tr c cng sut trung bnh v nh hay l cc in tr ch cho php cc dng in nh i qua. - in tr cng sut: l cc in tr dng trong cc mch in t c dng in ln i qua hay ni cch khc, cc in tr ny khi mch hot ng s to ra mt lng nhit nng kh ln. Chnh v th, chng c cu to nn t cc vt liu chu nhit. tin cho qu trnh theo di trong ti liu ny, cc khi nim in tr v in tr cng sut c s dng theo cch phn loi trn. Cch c gi tr cc in tr ny thng thng cng c phn lm 2 cch c, tu theo cc k hiu c trn in tr. Di y l hnh v cch c in tr theo vch mu trn in tr.

i vi cc in tr c gi tr c nh ngha theo vch mu th chng ta c 3 loi in tr: in tr 4 vch mu v in tr 5 vch mu v 6 vch mu. Loi in tr 4 vch mu v 5 vch mu c ch ra trn hnh v. Khi c cc gi tr in tr 5 vch mu v 6 vch mu th chng ta cn phi mt cht v c s khc nhau mt cht v cc gi tr. Tuy nhin, cch c in tr mu u da trn cc gi tr mu sc c ghi trn in tr 1 cch tun t: i vi in tr 4 vch mu - Vch mu th nht: Ch gi tr hng chc trong gi tr in tr - Vch mu th hai: Ch gi tr hng n v trong gi tr in tr - Vch mu th ba: Ch h s nhn vi gi tr s m ca 10 dng nhn vi gi tr in tr - Vch mu th 4: Ch gi tr sai s ca in tr i vi in tr 5 vch mu - Vch mu th nht: Ch gi tr hng trm trong gi tr in tr

- Vch mu th hai: Ch gi tr hng chc trong gi tr in tr - Vch mu th ba: Ch gi tr hng n v trong gi tr in tr - Vch mu th 4: Ch h s nhn vi gi tr s m ca 10 dng nhn vi gi tr in tr - Vch mu th 5: Ch gi tr sai s ca in tr V d nh trn hnh v, in tr 4 vch mu pha trn c gi tr mu ln lt l: xanh l cy/xanh da tri/vng/nu s cho ta mt gi tr tng ng nh bng mu ln lt l 5/6/4/1%. Ghp cc gi tr ln lt ta c 56x104=560k v sai s in tr l 1%. Tng t in tr 5 vch mu c cc mu ln lt l: /cam/tm/en/nu s tng ng vi cc gi tr ln lt l 2/3/7/0/1%. Nh vy gi tr in tr chnh l 237x100=237, sai s 1%.

Phn loi t in v cch c t in

T in theo ng tn gi chnh l linh kin c chc nng tch t nng lng in, ni mt cch nm na. Chng thng c dng kt hp vi cc in tr trong cc mch nh thi bi kh nng tch t nng lng in trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. ng thi t in cng c s dng trong cc ngun in vi chc nng lm gim gn sng ca ngun trong cc ngun xoay chiu, hay trong cc mch lc bi chc nng ca t ni mt cch n gin l t ngn mch (cho dng in i qua) i vi dng in xoay chiu v h mch i vi dng in 1 chiu. Trong mt s cc mch in n gin, n gin ha trong qu trnh tnh ton hay thay th tng ng th chng ta thng thay th mt t in bng mt dy dn khi c dng xoay chiu i qua hay tho t ra khi mch khi c dng mt chiu trong mch. iu ny kh l cn thit khi thc hin tnh ton hay xc nh cc s mch tng ng cho cc mch in t thng thng. Hin nay, trn th gii c rt nhiu loi t in khc nhau nhng v c bn, chng ta c th chia t in thnh hai loi: T c phn cc (c cc xc nh) v t in khng phn cc (khng xc nh cc dng m c th). c trng cho kh nng tch tr nng lng in ca t in, ngi ta a ra khi nim l in dung ca t in. in dung cng cao th kh nng tch tr nng lng ca t in cng ln v ngc li. Gi tr in dung c o bng n v Farad (k hiu l F). Gi tr F l rt ln nn thng thng trong cc mch in t, cc gi tr t ch o bng cc gi tr nh hn nh micro fara (F), nano Fara (nF) hay picro Fara (pF). 1F=106F=109nF=1012pF T ho

K hiu t ho v hnh dng t ho T ha l mt loi t c phn cc. Chnh v th khi s dng t ha yu cu ngi s dng phi cm ng chn ca t in vi in p cung cp. Thng thng, cc loi t ha thng c k hiu chn c th cho ngi s dng bng cc k hiu + hoc = tng ng vi chn t. C hai dng t ha thng thng l t ha c chn ti hai u tr trn ca t (t c ghi 220F trn hnh a) v loi t ha c 2 chn ni ra cng 1 u tr trn (t c ghi gi tr 10F trn hnh a). ng thi trn cc t ha, ngi ta thng ghi km gi tr in p cc i m t c th chu c. Nu trng hp in p ln hn so vi gi tr in p trn t th t s b phng hoc n t ty thuc vo gi tr in p cung cp. Thng thng, khi chn cc loi t ha ny ngi ta thng chn cc loi t c gi tr in p ln hn cc gi tr in p i qua t m bo t hot ng tt v m bo tui th ca t ha. T Tantali

T Tantali T Tantali cng l loi t ha nhng c in p thp hn so vi t ha. Chng kh t nhng nh v chng c dng khi yu cu v t dung ln nhng kch thc nh. Cc loi t Tantali hin nay thng ghi r trn n gi tr t, in p cng nh cc ca t. Cc loi t Tantali ngy xa s dng m mu phn bit. Chng thng c 3 ct mu (biu din gi tr t, mt ct biu din gi tr in p) v mt chm mu c trng cho s cc s khng sau du phy tnh theo gi tr F. Chng cng dng m mu chun cho vic nh ngha cc gi tr nhng i vi cc im mu th im mu xm c ngha l gi tr t nhn vi 0,01; trng nhn 0,1 v en l nhn 1. Ct mu nh ngha gi tr in p thng nm gn chn ca t v c cc gi tr nh sau:

T thng v k hiu vng=6,3V en= 10V Xanh l cy= 16V Xanh da tri= 20V Xm= 25V Trng= 30V Hng= 35V T khng phn cc

T thng Cc loi t nh thng khng phn cc. Cc loi t ny thng chu c cc in p cao m thng thng l khong 50V hay 250V. Cc loi t khng phn cc ny c rt nhiu loi v c rt nhiu cc h thng chun c gi tr khc nhau. Rt nhiu cc loi t c gi tr nh c ghi thng ra ngoi m khng cn c h s nhn no, nhng cng c cc loi t c thm cc gi tr cho h s nhn. V d c cc t ghi 0.1 c ngha gi tr ca n l 0,1F=100nF hay c cc t ghi l 4n7 th c ngha gi tr ca t chnh l 4,7nF Cc loi t c dng m

T thng M s thng c dng cho cc loi t c gi tr nh trong cc gi tr c nh ngha ln lt nh sau: - Gi tr th 1 l s hng chc - Gi tr th 2 l s hng n v - Gi tr th 3 l s s khng ni tip theo gi tr ca s to t gi tr 1 v 2.Gi tr ca t c c theo chun l gi tr picro Fara (pF) - Ch s i km sau cng l ch gi tr sai s ca t. V d: t ghi gi tr 102 th c ngha l 10 v thm 2 s 0 ng sau =1000pF = 1nF ch khng phi 102pF Hoc v d t 272J th c ngha l 2700pF=2,7nF v sai s l 5% T c dng m mu

T dng m mu S dng ch yu trn cc t loi polyester trong rt nhiu nm. Hin nay cc loi t ny khng cn bn trn th trng na nhng chng vn tn ti trong kh nhiu cc mch in t c. Mu c nh ngha cng tng t nh i vi mu trn in tr. 3 mu trn cng ln lt ch gi tr t tnh theo pF, mu th 4 l ch dung sai v mu th 5 ch ra gi tr in p.

V d t c mu nu/en/cam c ngha l 10000pF= 10nF= 0.01uF. Ch rng ko c khong trng no gia cc mu nn thc t khi c 2 mu cnh nhau ging nhau th n to ra mt mng mu rng. V d Di rng/vng= 220nF=0.22uF T Polyester Ngy nay, loi t ny cng him khi c s dng. Gi tr ca cc loi t ny thng c in ngay trn t theo gi tr pF. T ny c mt nhc im l d b hng do nhit hn nng. Chnh v th khi hn cc loi t ny ngi ta thng c cc k thut ring thc hin hn, trnh lm hng t.

T polyester T in bin i T in bin i thng c s dng trong cc mch iu chnh radio v chng thng c gi l t xoay. Chng thng c cc gi tr rt nh, thng thng nm trong khong t 100pF n 500pF.

T xoay Rt nhiu cc t xoay c vng xoay ngn nn chng khng ph hp cho cc di bin i rng nh l in tr hoc cc chuyn mch xoay. Chnh v th trong nhiu ng dng, c bit l trong cc mch nh thi hay cc mch iu chnh thi gian th ngi ta thng thay cc t xoay bng cc in tr xoay v kt hp vi 1 gi tr t in xc nh. T chn T chn l cc t xoay c gi tr rt nh. Chng thng c gn trc tip ln bn mch in t v iu chnh sau khi mch c ch to xong. Tng t cc bin tr hin ny th khi iu chnh cc t chn ny ngi ta cng dng cc tuc n vt loi nh iu chnh. Tuy nhin do gi tr cc t ny kh nh nn khi iu chnh, ngi ta thng phi rt cn thn v kin tr v trong qu trnh iu chnh c s nh hng ca tay v tuc n vt ti gi tr t.

T chn Cc t chn ny thng c gi tr rt nh, thng thng nh hn khong 100pF. C iu c bit l khng th gim nh c cc gi tr t chn v 0 nn chng thng c ch nh vi cc gi tr t in ti thiu, khong t 2 ti 10 pF.

Cun cm

Tng t nh i vi in tr, trn th gii c mt s loi cun cm c cu trc tng t nh in tr. Quy nh mu v cch c mu u tng t nh i vi cc in tr. Tuy nhin, do cc gi tr ca cc cun cm thng kh linh ng i vi yu cu thit k mch cho nn cc cun cm thng c tnh ton v qun theo s vng dy xc nh. Vi

mi loi dy, vi mi loi li khc nhau th gi tr cun cm s khc nhau. Trong phn gio trnh ny khng cp c th ti cch tnh ton v qun cc cun cm khc nhau. Phn ny s c cp c th trong phn sch sau ny.

Diode v led
Diode l phn t ch cho php dng in chy theo mt chiu nht nh. Led l loi n ch sng khi n c phn cc theo qui nh, tc l phi t cc m v cc dng ca ngun in phi t ng chn ca led. Nu t cc cc ngc li, led s khng sng. III. DIODE Diode l phn t ch cho php dng in chy theo mt chiu nht nh. Hnh dng:

K hiu: Cch hot ng: Diode ch cho dng in truyn qua n theo mt chiu nht nh, tc l cc dng v cc m ca ngun in t vo phi ng theo qui nh th mi c dng in truyn qua. Chiu cc dng v cc m c t nh sau: Ch : Vch trng trn thn diode lun nm v pha cc m. Nu ni cc m v cc dng hai u diode ngc li th khng c dng in truyn qua. i ch linh kin: diode kh d mua vi tn gi diode (hi mua vi s lng tng con).

LED
Led l loi n ch sng khi n c phn cc theo qui nh, tc l phi t cc m v cc dng ca ngun in phi t ng chn ca led. Nu t cc cc ngc li, led s khng sng. Hnh dng:

K hiu: k hiu gn ging so vi k hiu ca diode, nhng c hai mi tn pha trn. Cch hot ng: led ch sng khi c phn cc nh sau (phn cc: cch t cc m v cc dng vo led) Nu phn cc ngc li, led khng sng. i ch linh kin: led c nhiu mu v nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, v d nh led xanh, led , led vng, led thanh, led ma trn. Led c hnh dng nh cc hnh pha trn gi l led n (hi mua led n mu (hoc

xanh, hoc ...), vi s lng hng chc). Vi cc loi khc, hi ti ni mua bit thm thng tin.

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