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Gio vin hng dn

: Trn Mnh Cng

1, Nhm sinh vin thc hin: ng Linh Nguyn Vn Hng Sinh vin lp : in t tin hc CN K46 TN TI: NGHIN CU TM HIU H THNG NG CHAI TRONG NH MY BIA Chng I: TNG QUAN HOT NG CA NH MY BIA V PHNG PHP SN XUT 1.1 Khi nim bia:
Bia l mt trong cc ung lu i nht m loi ngi to ra, c nin i t nht l t thin nin k 5 TCN. Bia (t ting Php: bire hoc Anh: beer) ni mt cch tng th, l mt loi ung cha cn c sn xut bng qu trnh ln men ca ng l lng trong mi trng lng v n khng c chng ct sau khi ln men. Bia dc sn xut t cc loi nguyn liu chnh l nc, malt, go, hoa houblon, sau qu trnh ln men, s cho ra mt loi ung giu dinh dng, c hng thm c trng, cn thp, v ng du v lp bt trng mn vi hm lng CO2 ph hp. Ngoi ra, trong bia cn cha mt h enzim kh phong ph, c bit l nhm enzim kch thch tiu ho amylaza. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh cng nghip thc phm ni chung v ngnh cng nghip sn xut bia ni ring ca nc ta c mt din mo mi. Lng bia sn xut ngy cng tng cng vi thit b v cng ngh sn xut ngy cng hin i nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng.

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* Thnh phn 1. Nc: Do thnh phn chnh ca bia l nc nn ngun nc v cc c trng ca n c nh hng rt quan trng ti cc c trng ca bia. Nhiu loi bia chu nh hng hoc thm ch c xc nh theo c trng ca nc trong khu vc sn xut bia. Mc d nh hng ca n cng nh l tc ng tng h ca cc loi khong cht ha tan trong nc c s dng trong sn xut bia l kh phc tp, nhng theo quy tc chung th nc mm l ph hp cho sn xut cc loi bia sng mu. Do , m bo s n nh v cht lng v mi vi ca sn phm, nc cn c x l trc khi tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut bia nhm t c cc ch tiu cht lng nht nh. 2. Malt: Bng cch ngm ht la mch vo trong nc, cho php chng ny mm n mt giai on nht nh v sau lm kh ht ny mm trong cc l sy thu c ht ng cc mch nha ha (malt). Mc tiu ch yu ca quy trnh ny gip hot ho, tch lu v khi lng v hot lc ca h enzin trong i mch. H enzym ny gip chuyn ha tinh bt trong ht thnh ng ho tan bn vng vo nc tham gia vo qu trnh ln men. Thi gian v nhit sy khc nhau c p dng to ra cc mu malt khc nhau t cng mt loi ng cc. Cc loi mch nha sm mu hn s sn xut ra bia sm mu hn. 3. Hoa houblon: Hoa houblon c con ngi bit n v a vo s dng khong 3000 nm TCN. y l thnh phn rt quan trng v khng th thay th c trong quy trnh sn xut bia, gip mang li hng thm rt c trng, lm tng kh nng to v gi bt, lm tng bn keo v n nh thnh phn sinh hc ca sn phm. Cy hoa bia c trng bi nng dn trn khp th gii vi nhiu ging khc nhau, nhng n ch c s dng trong sn xut bia l ch yu. Hoa houblon c th c em dng dng ti, nhng bo qun c lu v d vn chuyn, houblon phi sy kh v ch bin gia tng thi gian bo qun v s dng. 4. Go: y l loi ht c hm lng tinh bt kh cao c th c s dng xn xut c cc loi bia c cht lng ho hng. Go c a vo ch bin di dng bt nghin mn d tan trong qu trnh h ho, sau c phi trn cng vi bt malt sau khi ng ho. Cn ch , ht trng trong khc ht trng c bi hm

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lng protein. Do , trong sn xut bia, cc nh sn xut thng chn loi ht go c trng c cao hn 5. Men: Men bia l cc vi sinh vt c tc dng ln men ng. Cc ging men bia c th c la chn sn xut cc loi bia khc nhau, Men bia s chuyn ho ng thu c t ht ng cc v to ra cn v carbon ioxit (CO2). Bia Si Gn, vi cng ngh sn xut hin i hin s dng loi men c nui cy c tinh khit cao, m bo s n nh v ng b trong sn phm ca mnh.

Hnh 1.1 Mt s sn phm bia s dng rng ri Vit Nam

1.2

Gii thiu nh my bia Tn : Nh my bia Qung Nam a ch : Khu cng nghip in Nam in Ngc, in Bn Qung Nam Thnh lp : Thng 9 nm 2002 Din tch : 30.000 m2

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Hnh thc doanh nghip : Doanh nghip nh nc Tng vn u t: 10 Triu USD Cng sut : Giai on 1 : 10 triu lt/nm Giai on 2 : 20 triu lt /nm ( t nm 2005) Cng sut d kin trong tng lai : 120 triu lt/nm Nghnh ngh kinh doanh : Sn xut v cung ng bia
1.3 Quy trnh sn xut bia

Hinh 1.2 : S quy trnh cng ngh

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Quy trnh trn chia thnh cc qu trnh sau : Nguyn liu dng sn xut bia bao gm: go, malt, H20, men, hoa Hupblon. Trong malt v hoa Hupblon l hai nguyn liu chnh dng sn xut bia, n c cht lng cao ca cc hng cung cp hng u th gii. Vic sn xut da trn nn tng cng ngh tin tin v tun th nghim ngt theo ng cc quy trnh cng ngh cng nh cc tiu chun ca Vit Nam Th gii. Go: ch l nguyn liu ph (chim 30%), nguyn liu dng thay th nhm gim gi thnh sn phm. Go c mua t go n bnh thng, em nghin nt sau say mn dng tm v c a vo ni go. ni go, go dng tm c ho tan bng nc 77 C v hn hp c h ho 100 C. Trong qu trnh h ho c b sung thm mt s ho cht nh: CaCl2, CaSO4 nhm mc ch cung cp Ca 2+ phc v cho qu trnh ng ho sau ny v c b sung thm 1 loi enzym chng chy c tn thng mi l Termamyl pha long dung dch, chng trng chy ni v enzym ny phi l enzym chu nhit cao. Malt: l mt ht ng cc gi l la mch (chim 70%). N c nhp t cc nc Anh, c, an Mch. Cht lng malt c m bo theo tiu chun tp on Casberg. Malt c cc nc gi mu cho phng th nghim Casberg v cht lng ca malt c kim tra ti . Sau khi kim tra xong mu malt c gi v cho Cng ty bia Huda v n c a vo cc SILO b cha. malt dng ht sau khi say c ho tan bng nc 37 C v cho vo ni malt. i vi vic ho tan malt khc vi ho tan go v malt d b hin tng ng cc hn do malt c khuy trn di dng phun nc trc khi cho vo ni phun. Malt cn c dng to mu cho bia, vi malt bnh thng khng mu v th ngi ta thm malt en tng mu, bia Huda c mu t 4 - 6 EBC. Men: l cht xc tc c ngun gc prtin, l nhng phn t c cu to t axit amin v c cu trc khng gian xc nh ca mch polypeptit. Tc dng xc tc l nh cc qu trnh ln men. l nhng qu trnh trong xy ra s thay i thnh phn ho hc ca cht gy ra do kt qu hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt no (v d men ru, nm hoc vi khun).Trong nhng trng hp ny, nhng cht men do vi sinh vt to ra l nhng yu t hot ng xc tc. Cht men vn gi c tnh hot ng v kh nng tc dng ca n khi ly n ra khi vi sinh vt. Mi loi men c mt hng v ring. Hoa Hupblon: dng to v ng cho bia. Cy Hupblon l mt loi dy leo, thch hp kh hu n i, c trng nhiu Anh, M. C 2 loi
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Hupblon l: Hupblon bittermiss v Hupblon Aroma. C 2 loi ny u phi c bo qun nhit di 10 C gim mt mt ca - axit. Trn cy Hupblon ngi ta thng dng hoa ca cy to v ng cho bia v hoa ca cy Hupblon c v ng nhiu hn. H2O: ngun nc s dng ca bia Hu c ly t Nh my nc Vn Nin (thng ngun sng Hng) rt m bo cc ch s k thut ph hp cho vic sn xut bia. Chnh v vy cht lng sn phm ca Cng ty lun tho mn vi cc tiu chun nghim ngt v v sinh an ton thc phm ca cc quc gia khc nhau trn th gii nh: M, Canada, Chu u ... v c cc nh nhp khu hng u lun hi lng v cht lng n nh. * Qu trnh ng ho v lc: ni malt tin hnh qu trnh ng ho 66 C trong 1 gi. Sau nng ln 76 C v chuyn qua ni lc tch tt c cc b malt. ni lc ngi ta thu dung dch u, sau dng nc ra 76 C ra hon ton dung dch ng cn li. Sau b hm c x ra ngoi v bn cho ngnh chn nui. th qu trnh ng ho hon ton hay khng ngi ta dng it th. Nu t th nng hn hp ln 76 C trc tip bng hi, lc ny th enzym - amylase bt u hot ng. * Qu trnh Hupblon ho: c tin hnh ti ni Hupblon. y li xy ra qu trnh ng ho trong 1 gi. hoa Hupblon quan trng l - axit ng. * Qu trnh lng trong v lm lnh: Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng mt thit b lng trong gi l Whirlpool. Dch c a qua thit b lng trong 100oC, tt c cc cn b trong qu trnh Hupblon c tch ra thit b ny. Dch trong thu c i qua thit b lm lnh, dung dch sau khi i ra khi thit b lm lnh c nhit lm lnh l 16oC v tin hnh thu dch 16oC. *Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng ln men:

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*Quy trnh ny gm c cc qu trnh sau: Qu trnh ln men: qu trnh ln men l qu trnh trao i cht qua mng t bo. phn xng ln men xy ra nhiu qu trnh, tt c cc qu trnh u nm thng ln men. Dch lnh 16oC phn xng nu theo ng ng dn qua cc thng ln men, phn xng ln men c gn 50 thng ln men, mi thng ln men c mt ng h nhit ring. Trong 4 - 8 gi u tin xy ra qu trnh men s dng cht dinh dng trong ng, O2 ( tng nng oxy ho) to sinh khi cho men bia pht trin. Qu trnh ln men dng li khi lng O2 gim n 0. Dch ng (ng maltol) ln men c gi nhit 16 C v: nhit ny thch hp cho nm men pht trin. D chuyn i ng thnh ru, CO2 v mt s sn phm ph nh cc este to mi (v d: este amin). Nu ln men nhit qu cao s xy ra hin tng hng men, s lm c bia. Cn c vo nhit quy nh s ngy ln men. Nhit cng cao th tc ln men cng ln. Khi lng ng ln men cn li t gi tr khng i (thng t 7- 8 ngy) th ta bt u h nhit (t 16oC xung -1,5 C). Trong 4 ngy u ln men ngi ta tin hnh thu hi men, lc ny men t cc i, n kt thnh tng mng ln ri lng xung y. Trung bnh 1 m men c th s dng khong 10 ln ln men bia. Lc no ln men RDF thp th tin hnh thi men. S qu trnh ln men bia:

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Qu trnh lc: mc ch ca qu trnh lc bia l loi cc t bo nm men, cc tp cht... Bia sau khi ln men c gi l bia non. Bia non tip tc i qua my lc khung bn vi cht tr lc l t lc v giy lc. Dung dich sau khi lc c thu hi gi l bia trong. o trong ca bia ngi ta da vo my o c. S khung bn:

Sau khi lc khong 2 tun ngi ta tin hnh v sinh 1 ln loi b cc cn b ca bia non ra ngoi. Bia non sau khi qua thit b lc thu c bia trong thnh phm c nng alcol 4,5% v tip tc i qua phn xng chit. Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng chit

Chai thu hi c a qua my ra bng cc bng ti. Qu trnh ra chai trong h thng my ra nh sau: chai c a vo b ngm khong chng 5 pht bc tt c cc dn hiu. Sau i vo b st khong 20 pht lm sch chai, tip tc qua my nc nng lm sch st, ri qua nc m, cui cng l qua nc lnh v qua h thng sy kh. Chai sau khi ra khi my ra tip tc i qua cc bng ti khc, cc bng ti ny s a chai ra sch qua h thng n soi thu hi nhng chai cn bn v chai v v tip tc i qua my chit. Bia trong c chit vo chai bng mt thit b
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xoay trn (mi vng nh vy chit c 42 chai) v tip tc c a qua h thng ng np chai. Trc khi i qua h thng ng np, chai bia c sc CO2 (ho lng) vo to ga v ng thi qua h thng bm nc nng ui ht O2 khng kh ra ngoi nhm dit con men bia. Chai bia sau khi c ng np tip tc i qua h thng thanh trng. H thng thanh trng gm c nhiu ngn, 2 ngn lnh ri n 2 ngn nng, tip theo l 2 ngn lnh, mi ngn nh vy c mt nhit khc nhau, nhit thp nht l 20 C, nhit cao nht l 67 C. S d nhit ln xung nh vy l gim thch nghi ca con men bia v nhit c gi khng qu 67 C v nu nhit cao hn nhit ny th s to 1 p sut ln trong chai s lm v chai. Bia sau khi c thanh trng tip tc i qua b phn dn nhn v a vo kt, cc kt ng xong c a vo kho. Bia ra l c nhit khong 36 C. phn xng chit trong 1 ca qu trnh din ra lin tc v hu nh l c kh hon ton. 1.4 H thng ng chai trong nh my Tng quan v quy trnh ng chai Hin nay vi cng ngh hin i rt nhiu qu trnh cng nghip c t ng ha. Trong dy truyn ng nt chai t ng l mt trong nhng h thng c s dng rt ph bin v rng ri. Mt h thng sn xut nc ng chai hin i thng c phn chia thnh nhiu khu ni tip nhau. Mt quy trnh dy truyn ng chai khp kn c th c m t nh sau: T khu cp chai, cc chai c a vo h thng bng ti, trc tin chai c cho i qua h thng ra. Chai dng trong h thng ng chai thng l chai thnh phm, nn thng ti khu ny ch qua sc ra lm sch bi. Sau khi c ra sch, cc chai c bng chuyn a n h thng rt liu, ti v tr rt, chai s c dng chnh xc nh mt cm bin, m bo chnh xc hn na, c th b tr cc c cu c kh kp gi chai. H thng van rt, c cu rt c h xung sao cho vi rt ngp su trong ming chai. S d cn thit k

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nh vy v p sut trong b cha c gi rt ln v khng i, m bo tc rt cao v thi gian mi ln rt l nh nhau, vic nhng vi rt vo trong chai trnh cht lng vng ra ngoi khi rt vi tc ln. vi thit k nh vy, tng thi gian nng h van v rt liu ch mt t 2-3 giy. Khi chai t c mc quy nh c bng ti vn chuyn n v tr ng nt. Khu ng nt bao gm c cu cp np chai v ng nt. C cu ng c th l xi lanh thy kh (vi nt dp) hoc m t (vi nt vn), c cu cp np chai c th di dng gi sn trn bng ti hoc kt hp vi c cu dp. Sau l khu dn nhn, y c th coi l khu n gin nht trong h thng ng chai. C cu bi keo dnh c gn ngay trn bng ti v b tr tip tuyn sao cho t vo mt chai, ngoi chuyn ng thng trn bng ti, chai cn chuyn ng quay trn do lc t ca c cu bi keo. Tng t vi c cu cp nhn, chai sau khi bi keo, quay trn, cun bng giy nhn 1 vng quanh chai. Khu cui cng l kim tra v ng gi sn phm. khu kim tra bao gm mt lot cc cm bin kim tra cht lng sn phm( nh mc, ng nt dn nhn t yu cu) sau khi kim tra s qua c cu phn loi, 1 tay gt s loi b chai sang mt bng ti khc. Cc chai t tiu chun s qua khu ng gi, chai c xp thnh khi nh cc tay my gt v nng h. Nh vy ton b quy trnh cng ngh ng nt chai c t ng hon ton, vi u vo l nguyn liu v chai rng, u ra l sn phm c th em bn trc tip. a, Qu trnh rt liu. Cc chai sau khi ra c bng ti a n v tr rt liu. Khi gp cm bin v tr bng ti dng li. Cm bin li bo cho b iu khin h thng rt liu hot ng, h thng rt liu x nhin liu vo trong chai c o bng cm bin lu lng,
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khi t mc quy nh cm bin lu lng s bo b iu khin dng h thng rt liu. Qu trnh rt liu kt thc b, Quy trnh ng nt. Khi t mc quy nh cm bin v tr s bo b iu khin dng h thng rt liu. Cc chai c rt nhin liu tip tc c bng ti vn chuyn n v tr ng nt . Khi chai gp cm bin v tr h thng bng ti dng li. CB s bo b iu khin, iu khin h thng ng nt chai. Van kh nn iu khin xi lanh dp nt chai, khi cc nt chai s c dp vo chai. Sau khi dp xong cm bin v tr li bo tn hiu cho h thng v cc chai li tip tc c di chuyn n v tr dn nhn. c, Quy trnh dn nhn. Sau khi cc chai qua v tr ng nt, tip tc c di chuyn. Khi n v tr dn nhn cm bin v tr li bo cho h thng bng ti dng li. Ti v tr dn nhn c c cu kp hai bn i vo gia kp cht chai li. Khi xi lanh dn nhn hot ng v cc chai c dn nhn. Sau khi dn xong c cu kp nh ra v cm bin v tr bo cho h thng bng ti tip tc chy. Cc chai sau khi dn xong c a vo ng hp. Vit Nam hin nay, cc nh my ln u c nhng dy chuyn ng chai hon ton t ng. Cc dy chuyn ny phn ln c nhp khu ton b t nc ngoi. Nhng x nghip nh hn c th s dng dy chuyn ghp ni t cc module, mi module tng ng vi mt khu trong qu trnh ng chai. Vit Nam c kh nng ch to mt s module ring l, ch yu l module rt liu v ng nt, a s dng bn t ng trong cc c s sn xut nh.

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1.5 Bi ton cn gii quyt Dy chuyn ng chai l mt h thng phc tp, i hi rt cao v thit k c kh v kh nng ng b ha. Ti mi khu u yu cu c kh chnh xc m bo cc thao tc din ra mt cch nhanh chng v chun xc. ng b ha trong tng khu cng nh gia cc khu vi nhau phi din ra nhp nhng (s chai u ra ca khu rt s l s chai u vo cho khu ng nt s phi tng ng nhau, hoc chai s ch v tr trung gian). H thng dy chuyn c s dng bng ti vn chuyn, chuyn ch l mt thnh phn c bn, c s dng ch yu trong cc dy truyn cng nghip trong lnh vc khai thc v ch bin. Trong lnh vc ch bin, c bit l ngnh ch bin thc phm, gii kht, trong cc dy chuyn ch bin t ng, bng ti l thnh phn xuyn sut. Bi ton t ra l vn iu khin bng ti, nghin cu v ch lm vic, tc hot ngc th c ca bng ti, nhm phc v cc mc ch, yu cu ca h thng. Phn l thuyt s nghin cu cc thit b iu khin truyn ng cho h thng bng ti. ti la chn phng n iu khin bng ti s dng ng c 3 pha roto lng sc truyn ng cho bng ti, thay i tc ng c bng cch thay i tn s nh bin tn, dng PLC iu khin ton b h thng (chy ch thun, ngc, tc nhanh chm, dng, rt), s dng cc cm bin, encoder ly tn hiu iu khin u vo cho PLC. Nhim v ca phn l thuyt s nghin cu cu to, nguyn l hot ng, chc nng v ng dng ca cc thit b trn. PLC l thit b iu khin trung tm, nhn tn hiu iu khin t cc cm bin , PLC c nhim v la chn cc mc tn s ca bin tn tng ng vi cc cp tc v cc ch dng, thun, ngc, PLC cn c nhim v iu khin cc c cu chp hnh(nng h, ng m van rt). Bin tn cung cp in p c

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thay i tn s cho ng c, nh ng c c kh nng thay i tc . ng c truyn ng cho bng ti nh h thng bng ti nh h bnh rng vng xch. Khi vn hnh h thng, chai c a ln bng ti gp cm bin v tr 1, cm bin 1 s a tn hiu ti b iu khin PLC bt u iu khin ng c bng ti chy theo 3 cp tc trn qung ng c tnh ton. Khi ng c bng ti chy vi tc chm n v tr rt liu, khi chai gp cm bin v tr 2, cm bin v tr 2 s a tn hiu ti hiu ti b iu khin PLC dng ng c bng ti ng thi bo h thng rt hot ng. c cu pittong xilanh kh nn h van rt xung rt nhin liu vo chai, khi chai c rt y nhin liu th h thng van rt c nng ln ng c bng ti li c vn hnh, qu trnh li c tip din.

Chng II C s l thuyt
2.1 Tm hiu v PLC Tng qut, mt h thng iu khin l tp hp nhng dng c, thit b in t c dng nhng h thng cn m bo tnh n nh, s chnh xc, s chuyn i nhp nhng ca mt quy trnh hoc mt cng ngh sn xut. N thc hin bt c yu cu no ca dng c, t cung cp nng lng n mt thit b bn dn, vi thnh qu ca s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh vic diu khin nhng h thng phc tp s c thc hin bi mt h thng iu khin t ng ha hon ton, l PLC, n c s dng kt hp vi my tnh ch. Ngoi ra n cn giao din kt ni vi cc thit b khc (nh l: bng iu khin, ng c, contact, cun dy,). Kh nng chuyn giao mng ca PLC c th cho php chng phi hp x l, iu khin nhng h thng ln. Ngoi ra, n cn th hin s linh hot trong vic phn loi cc h thng iu khin. Mi mt h thng iu khin c th
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ng vai tr quan trng. PLC s khng nhn bit c g nu n khng c kt ni vi cc thit b cm ng. N cng khng cho php bt k my mc thit b no hot ng nu ng ra ca PLC khng c kt ni vi ng c. V tt nhin, vng my ch l ni lin kt cc hot ng ca mt sn xut ring bit. PLC vit tt ca (Progammble Logic Control), l thit b lp trnh c cho php thc hin linh hot cc php ton iu khin thng qua mt ngn ng lp trnh. N c thit k chuyn dng trong cng nghip iu khin cc qu trnh t n gin n phc tp v tu thuc vo ngi s dng m n c th thc hin hng lot cc chng trnh. Thit b iu khin logic kh trnh PLC hin nay c ng dng rt rng ri n c th thay th c c mt mng rle, hn th na PLC ging nh mt my tnh nn c th lp trnh c. Chng trnh ca PLC c th thay i rt d dng, cc chng trnh con cng c th sa i nhanh chng. Thit b iu khin logic kh trnh PLC p ng c hu ht cc yu cu v nh l yu t chnh trong vic nng cao hn na hiu qu sn xut trong cng nghip. Trc y th vic t ng ho ch c p dng trong sn xut hng lot nng sut cao. Hin nay cn thit phi t ng ho c trong sn xut nhiu loi khc nhau nng cao nng sut v cht lng. 2.1.1. Vai tr ca PLC. Trong mt h thng iu khin t ng, PLC c coi nh l tri tim ca h thng iu khin. Vi mt chng trnh ng dng ( c lu tr bn trong b nh ca PLC) th PLC lin tc kim tra trng thi ca h thng, bao gm: kim tra tn hiu phn hi t cc thit b nhp, da vo chng trnh logic x l tn hiu v mang cc thit b iu khin ra thit b xut.

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PLC c dng iu khin nhng h thng t n gin n phc tp. Hoc ta c th kt hp chng vi nhau thnh mt mng truyn thng c th iu khin mt qu trnh phc hp. Ngy PLC c a vo h thng iu khin mt cc rng ri v tr ln thng dng p ng nhu cu ngy cng a dng. Cc nh sn xut a ra th trng hng lot cc loi PLC khc nhau vi nhiu mc thc hin chng trnh, p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng.V vy nh gi mt PLC ngi ta da vo 2 tiu chun sau : - Dung lng b nh. - S tip im vo /ra ca plc. - vv...

2.1.2. Cc thit b nhp v xut dng trong PLC. 2.1.2.1. Cc thit b nhp. S thng minh ca mt h thng t ng ha ph thuc vo kh nng c tn hiu t cc cm bin t ng ca PLC. Hnh thc giao din c bn gia PLC v cc thit b nhp l: nt n, cu giao, phm,Ngoi ra, PLC cn nhn c cc thit b nhn dng t ng nh: cng tc trng thi, cng tc gii hn, cm bin quang in, cm bin cp ,Cc loi tn hiu nhp n PLC phi l trng thi ON/OFF hoc tn hiu Analog. Nhng tn hiu ng vo ny c giao tip vi PLC qua cc modul nhp. 2.1.2.2. Thit b xut.

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Trong h thng t ng ha, thit b xut cng l mt yu t rt quan trng. Nu ng ra ca PLC khng c kt ni vi thit b xut th hu nh h thng s b t lit hon ton. Cc thit b xut thng thng l: ng c, cun dy, nam chm, relay, chung bo,Thng qua hot ng ca motor, cc cun dy, PLC c th iu khin mt h thng t n gin n phc tp. Cc loi thit b xut l mt phn kt cu ca h thng t ng ha v v th n nh hng trc tip vo hiu sut ca h thng. Tuy nhin, cc thit b xut khc nh l: n poilot, ci v cc bo ng ch cho bit cc mc ch nh: bo cho chng ta bit tn hiu ng vo, cc thit b ng ra c giao tip vi PLC qua min rng ca modul ng ra PLC. 2.1.3. B diu khin lp trnh c PLC. PLC l b iu khin logic theo chng trnh bao gm: b x l trung tm CPU cha chng trnh ng dng v cc modul giao din nhp xut. N c ni trc tip n cc thit b I/O. V th, khi tn hiu nhp, CPU s s l tn hiu v gi tn hiu n thit b xut. 2.1.5. So snh PLC vi cc thit b iu khin thng thng khc. Hin nay, cc h thng iu khin bng PLC ang dn dn thay th cho cc h thng iu khin bng relay, contactor thng thng. So snh u im v khuyt im ca hai h thng trn: H thng iu khin thng thng: - Th kch do c qu nhiu dy dn v rle trn bng iu khin. - Tn kh nhiu thi gian cho vic thit k lp t. - Tc hot ng chm. - Cng sut tiu th ln.

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- Mi ln mun thay i chng trnh th phi lp t li ton b, tn nhiu thi gian. - Kh bo qun sa cha. H thng iu khin bng PLC. - Nhng dy kt ni trong h thng gim c 80% nn nh gn hn. - Cng sut tiu th t hn. - S thay i cc ng vo, ra v iu khin h thng tr nn d dng hn nh phn mm iu khin bng my tnh hay trn Console. - Tc hot ng ca h thng nhanh hn. - Bo tr v sa cha d dng. - bn v tin cy vn hnh cao. - Gi thnh ca h thng gim khi s tip im tng. - C thit b chng nhiu. - Ngn ng lp trnh d hiu. - D lp trnh v c th lp trnh bng my tnh, thch hp cho vic cc lnh tun t ca n. - Cc modul ri cho php thay th hoc thm vo khi cn thit. Do nhng l do trn PLC th hin r u im ca n so vi cc thit b iu khin thng thng khc. PLC cn c kh nng thm vo hay thay i cc lnh ty theo yu cu ca cng ngh. Khi ta ch cn thay i chng trnh ca n, iu ny ni ln tnh nng iu khin kh linh ng ca PLC. 2.1.5. Cc bc thit k mt h thng iu khin dng PLC. thit k mt chng trnh iu khin cho mt hot ng bao gm nhng bc sau: 2.1.5.1. Xc nh quy trnh cng ngh.

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Trc tin, ta phi xc nh thit b hay h thng no mun iu khin. Mc ch cui cng ca b iu khin l iu khin mt h thng hot ng. S vn hnh ca h thng c kim tra bi cc thit b u vo. N nhn tn hiu v gi tn hiu n CPU, CPU x l tn hiu v gi n n thit b xut iu khin s hot ng ca h thng nh lp trnh sn trong chng trnh. 2.1.5.2. Xc nh ng vo, ng ra. Tt c cc thit b nhp, xut bn ngoi u c kt ni vi b iu khin lp trnh. Thit b nhp l nhng contac, cm binThit b xut l nhng cun dy, valve in t, motor, b hin th. Sau khi xc nh tt c cc thit b nhp xut cn thit, ta nh v cc thit b vo ra tng ng cho tng ng vo, ra trn PLC trc khi vit chng trnh. 2.1.5.3 Vit chng trnh. Khi vit chng trnh theo s hnh bc thang phi theo s tun t tng bc ca h thng. 2.1.5.4. Np chng trnh vo h thng. By gi chng ta c th cung cp ngun cho b iu khin c lp trnh thng qua cng I/O. Sau np chng trnh vo b nh thng qua b console hay lp trnh hay my tnh c cha phn mm lp trnh hnh thang. Sau khi np xong kim tra li bng hm chun on. Nu c m phng ton b hot ng ca h thng chc chn rng chng trnh hot ng tt. 2.1.5.5. Chy chng trnh: Trc khi nhn nt start, phi chc chn rng cc dy dn ni cc ng vo, ra n cc thit b nhp, xut c ni dng theo ch nh. Lc PLC mi bt u
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hot ng thc s. Trong khi chy chng trnh, nu b li th my tnh hoc b Console s bo li, ta phi sa li cho n khi n an ton. Lu phng php thit k b iu khin:

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2.1.6 u nhc im ca h thng Trong giai on u ca thi k pht trin cng nghip vo khong nm 1960 v 1970, yu cu t ng ca h iu khin c thc hin bng cc Rle in t ni ni vi nhau bng dy dn in trong bng iu khin, trong nhiu tr ng hp bng iu khin c kch thc qu ln n ni khng th gn ton b ln trn t ng v cc dy ni cng khng hon ton tt v th rt thng xy ra trc trc trong h thng. Mt im quan trong na l do thi gian lm vic ca cc Rle c gii hn nn khi cn thay th cn phi ngng ton b h thng v dy ni cng phi thay mi cho ph hp, bng iu khin ch dng cho mt yu cu ring bit khng th thay i tc thi chc nng khc m phi lp gip li ton b, v trong trng hp bo tr cng nh- sa cha cn i hi th chuyn mn c tay ngh cao. Tm li h iu khin Rle hon ton khng linh ng.

*Tm tt nhc im ca h thng iu khin dng Rle: - Tn km rt nhiu dy dn . - Thay th rt phc tp. - Cn cng nhn sa cha tay ngh cao.
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- Cng sut tiu th ln . - Thi gian sa cha lu. - Kh cp nht s nn gy kh khn cho cng tc bo tr cng nh- thay th. *u im ca h iu khin PLC: S ra i ca h iu khin PLC lm thay i hn h thng iu khin cng nh- cc quan nim thit k v chng, h iu khin dng PLC c nhiu u im nh sau: - Gim 80% S lng dy ni. - Cng sut tiu th ca PLC rt thp . - C chc nng t chun on do gip cho cng tc sa cha c nhanh chng v d dng. - Chc nng iu khin thay i d dng bng thit b lp trnh (my tnh, mn hnh) m khng cn thay i phn cng nu khng c yu cu thm bt cc thit b xut nhp. - S lng Rle v Timer t hn nhiu so vi h iu khin c in. - S lng tip im trong ch-ng trnh s dng khng hn ch. - Thi gian hon thnh mt chu trnh iu khin rt nhanh (vi mS) dn n tng cao tc sn xut . - Chi ph lp t thp . - tin cy cao. - Ch-ng trnh iu khin c th in ra giy ch trong vi pht gip thun tin cho vn bo tr v sa cha h thng.
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2.2 Tm hiu v S7300 cua simentic 2.2.1.Cu trc phn cng ca h thng PLC S7-300. Thng thng, tng tnh mm do trong ng dng thc t m phn ln cc i tng iu khin c s tn hiu u vo, u ra cng nh chng loi tn hiu vo/ra khc nhau m cc b iu khin PLC c thit k khng b cng ho v cu hnh. Chng -c chia nh thnh cc modul. S cc Modul c s dng nhiu hay t tu theo tng yu cu cng ngh, song ti thiu bao gi cng phi c mt Modul chnh l cc modul CPU, cc modul cn li l cc modul truyn nhn tn hiu i vi i t-ng iu khin, cc modul chc nng chuyn dng nh PID, iu khin ng c, Chng c gi chung l Modul m rng. Tt c cc modul c g trn nhng thanh ray ( RACK ). Modul CPU : L modul c cha b vi x l, h iu hnh, b nh, cc b thi gian, b m, cng truyn thng (chun tryn RS485 ) v c th cn c mt vi cng vo ra s (Digital). Cc cng vo ra c trn modul CPU c gi l cng vo ra onboard. Trong PLC S7-300 c nhiu loi modul CPU khc nhau. Ni chung chng c t tn theo b vi x l c trong n nh-: CPU312, modul CPU 314, Modul CPU 315,... Nhng modul cng s dng mt loi b vi x l, nhng khc nhau v cng vo/ra onboard cng nh cc khi lm vic c bit c tch hp sn trong th vin ca h iu hnh phc v vic s dng cc cng vo/ra
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onboard ny s c phn bit vi nhau trong tn gi bng cch thm cm ch ci IFM (Intergated Function Module) v d CPU 312IM, modul CPU 314 IFM. Ngoi ra c cc loi modul CPU vi hai cng truyn thng, trong cng truyn thng th hai c chc nng chnh l vic phc v ni mng phn tn. Tt nhin c ci sn trong h iu hnh cc loi Modul CPU c phn bit vi cc CPU khc bng thm cm t DP trong tn gi. V d Modul CPU 315-DP. Modul m rng : cc modul m rng c chia lm 5 loi chnh: 1/ PS( Power supply ): modul ngun nui. C 3 loi 2A ,5A v 10A. 2/ SM: Modul m rng cng rn hiu vo ra , bao gm: a) DI( Digital input ): Modul m rng cng vo s. S cc cng vo ca modul ny c th l 8, 16, 32 tu thuc vo tng loi modul. b) DO( Digital output ) Modul m rng cng ra s. S cc cng ra ca modul ny c th l 8, 16, 32 tu thuc vo tng loi modul. c) DI/DO: ( Digital input/ Digital output ): modul m rng cc cng vo/ra s s cc cng vo/ra c th l 8 vo/8 ra hoc 16 vo/16 ra tu thuc vo tng loi modul. d) AI( Analog Input ): Modul m rng cc cng vo tng t. V bn cht chng chnh l nhng b chuyn i tng t-s (AD), tc l mi tn hiu tng t c chuyn thnh mt tn hiu s (nguyn ) c di 12 bt, s cc cng vo c th l 2, 4 hoc 8 tu thuc vo tng loi Modul. e) AO( Analog ouput ): Modul m rng cc cng ra tn hiu tng t. Chng

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chnh l cc b chuyn i s - tng t (DA). S cc cng ra tng t c th l 2 hoc 4 tu thuc tng loi modul. f) AI/AO ( Analog input/Analog output ): Modul m rng cc cng vo ra t- ng t. S cc cng c th l 4 vo/2 ra hoc 4 vo/4 ra tu thuc vo tng loi modul.

3/ IM ( Interface module ): Modul ghp ni. y l loi modul chuyn dng c nhim v ni tng nhm cc modul m rng li vi nhau thnh mt khi v c qun l chung bi mt modul CPU. Thng thng cc modul m rng c g lin vi nhau trn mt thanh gi l Rack. Trn mi mt Rack ch c th g -c nhiu nht 8 modul m rng (khng k modul CPU, Modul ngun nui). Mt modul PU S7-300 c th lm vic trc tip c vi nhiu nht 4 RACKS v cc Racks ny phi c ni vi nhau bng modul IM. 4/ FM ( Function modul ): modul c chc nng iu khin ring , v d Modul chc nng iu khin ng c b c , modul iu khin ng c Servo, modul PID, modul iu khin vng kn. 5/ CP ( communication modul ): Modul phc v truyn thng trong mng gia cc PLC vi nhau hoc gia PLC vi my tnh. 2.2.2Vng qut ca chng trnh: SPS (PLC) thc hin cc cng vic (bao gm c chng trnh iu khin) theo chu trnh lp. Mi vng lp c gi l mt vng qut (scancycle). Mi

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vng qut c bt u bng vic chuyn d liu t cc cng vo s ti vng b m o I, tip theo l giai on thc hin ch-ng trnh. Trong tng vng qut , chng trnh c thc hin t lnh u tin n lnh kt thc ca khi OB1. Sau giai on thc hin chng trnh l giai on chuyn cc ni dung ca b m o Q ti cc cng ra s. Vng qut -c kt thc bng giai on x l cc yu cu truyn thng (nu c) v kim tra trng thi ca CPU. Mi vng qut c th m t nh sau: Ch : B m I v Q khng lin quan ti cc cng vo/ra tng t nn cc lnh truy nhp cng tng t c thc hin trc tip vi cng vt l ch khng thng qua b m. Thi gian cn thit cho PLC thc hin c mt vng qut c gi l thi gian vng qut (Scan time). Thi gian vng qut khng c nh, tc l khng phi vng qut no cng -c thc hin trong mt khong thi gian nh nhau. C vng qut uc thc hin lu, c vng qut c thc hin nhanh tu thuc vo s lnh trong chng trnh c thc hin, vo khi lng d liu truyn thng. Trong vng qut . Nh- vy gia vic c d liu t i tng x l, tnh ton v vic gi tn hiu iu khin n i tng c mt khong thi gian tr ng bng thi gian vng qut. Ni cch khc, thi gian vng qut quyt nh tnh thi gian thc ca chng trnh iu khin trong PLC. Thi gian vng qut cng ngn, tnh thi gian thc ca chng trnh cng cao. Nu s dng cc khi chng trnh c bit c ch ngt, v d khi OB40, OB80,... Chg trnh ca cc khi s c thc hin trong vng qut khi
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xut hin tn hiu bo ngt cng chng loi. Cc khi chng trnh ny c th thc hin ti mi vng qut ch khng phi b g p l phi trong giai on thc hin chng trnh. Chng hn mt tn hiu bo ngt xut hin khi PLC ang giai on truyn thng v kim tra ni b, PLC s tm dng cng vic truyn thng, kim tra, thc hin ngt nhu vy, thi gian vng qut s cng ln khi cng c nhiu tn hiu ngt xut hin trong vng qut. Do nng cao tnh thi gian thc cho chng trnh iu khin, tuyt i khng nn vit chng trnh x l ngt qu di hoc qu lm dng vic s dng ch ngt trong chng trnh iu khin. Ti thi im thc hin lnh vo/ra, thng thng lnh khng lm vic trc tip vi cng vo/ra m ch thng qua b nh m ca cng trong vng nh tham s. Vic truyn thng gia b m o vi ngoi vi trong giai on 1 v 3 do h iu hnh CPU qun l. mt s modul CPU, khi gp lnh vo/ra ngay lp tc h thng s cho dng mi cng vic khc, ngay c chng trnh x l ngt, thc hin vi cng vo/ra.

2.2.3. Nhng khi OB c bit : Khi OB1 c chc nng qun l chnh trong ton b chng trnh, c ngha l n s thc hin mt cch u n tng vng qut trong khi thc hin ch-ng trnh. Ngoi ra Step7 cn c rt nhiu cc khi OB c bit khc v mi khi OB c mt nhim v khc nhau, v d cc khi OB cha cc chng trnh ngt ca cc chng trnh bo li ,....Tu thuc vo tng loi CPU khc nhau m c cc khi OB khc nhau. V d cc khi OB c bit.
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1. OB10: ( Time of Day Interrupt ): Chng trnh trong khi OB10 s c thc hin khi gi tr ca ng h thi gian thc nm trong mt khong thi gian qui nh. OB10 c th c gi mt ln, nhiu ln cch u nhau tng pht, tng gi, tng ngy,....Vic qui nh thi gian hay s ln gi OB10 c thc hin bng ch-ng trnh h thng SFC28 hoc trong bng tham s modul CPU nh phn mm Step7. 2. OB20: ( Time Delay Interrupt ): chng trnh trong khi OB20 s c thc hin sau mt khong thi gian tr t trc k t khi gi ch-ng trnh h thng SFC32 t thi gian tr. 3. OB35: ( Cyclic Interrupt ): Chng trnh OB35 s c thc hin cch u nhau mt khong thi gian c nh. Mc nh khong thi gian ny l 100ms, xong ta c th thay i trong bng t tham s cho CPU nh phn mm Step7. 4. OB40 ( Hardware Interrupt ): Chng trnh trong khi OB40 s -c thc hin khi xut hin mt tn hiu bo ngt t ngoi vi -a vo CPU thng qua cc cng vo/ra s onboard c bit, hoc thng qua cc modul SM, CP, FM. 5. OB80: ( cycle Time Fault ): Chng trnh s c thc hin khi thi gian vng qut (scan time) v-t qua khong thi gian cc i qui nh hoc khi c mt tn hiu ngt gi mt khi OB no m khi OB ny ch-a kt thc ln gi tr c. Mc nh, scan time cc i l 150ms, nhng c th thay i tham s nh phn mm Step7. 6. OB81( Power Supply Fault ): nu c li v phn ngun cung cp th s gi
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ch-ng trnh trong khi OB81. 7. OB82: ( Diagnostic Interrupt ) chng trnh trong khi ny s c gi khi CPU pht hin c li t cc modul vo/ra m rng. Vi iu kin cc modul vo/ra ny phi c chc nng t kim tra mnh. 8. OB85 ( Not Load Fault ): CPU s gi khi OB85 khi pht hin chng trnh ng dng c s dng ch ngt nhng chng trnh x l tn hiu ngt li khng c trong khi OB tng ng. 9. OB87 ( Communication Fault ): Chng trnh trong khi ny s c gi khi CPU pht hin thy li trong truyn thng. 10. OB100 ( Start Up Information ): Khi ny s c thc hin mt ln khi CPU chuyn trng thi t STOP sang trng thi RUN. 11. OB121: ( Synchronouns error ): Khi ny s c gi khi CPU pht hin thy li logic trong chng trnh nh i sai kiu d liu hoc li truy nhp khi DB, FC, FB khng c trong b nh ca CPU. 12. OB122 ( Synchronouns error ): Khi ny s c thc hin khi CPU pht hin thy li truy nhp Modul trong ch-ng trnh, v d trong chng trnh c lnh truy nhp modul m rng nhng li khng c modul ny.

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2.3 Ngn ng v phn mm lp trnh 2.3.1 Ngng ng lp trnh:

i vi PLC S7-300 c th s dng 6 ngn ng lp trnh. 1/ Ngn ng lp trnh LAD: Vi loi ngn ng ny rt thch hp vi ngi quen thit k mch iu khin Logic.Chng trnh c vit di dng lin kt gia cc cng tc: v d:

2/ Ngn ng lp trnh FBD :

Loi ngn ng ny thch hp cho nhng ngi quen s dng v thit k mch iu khin s. Chng trnh c vit di dng lin kt ca cc hm logic k thut s:

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V d

3/ Ngn ng lp trnh STL

y l ngn ng lp trnh thng thng ca my tnh. Mt chng trnh c ghp bi nhiu lnh theo mt thut ton nht nh, mi lnh chim mt hng v u c cu trc chung l : "tn lnh" + "ton hng". V d:

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4/ Ngn ng lp trnh SCL (Structured Control Language): Kiu vit chng trnh ny s dng ngn ng PASCAL. Rt ph hp cho nhng ngi vit cc chng trnh bng ngn ng my tnh. v d:

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5/ Ngn ng lp trnh : S7-Graph. V d

6/ Ngn ng lp trnh : S7-HiGraph. y l mt loi ngn ng vit chng trnh rt ph hp cho cc bi ton lm vic c tnh tun t. Ti mi thi im ch c mt bc c thc hin. Vi kiu lp trnh ny ngi lp trnh phi s dng phng php lp trnh c cu trc.

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2.3.2 Phn mm lp trnh cho s7300

2.3.2.1. Gii thiu chung:

Mun xy dng mt chng trnh iu khin s dng phn mm Step7 cn thc hin cc th tc nh sau: - Khai bo cu hnh cng cho mt trm PLC thuc h Simatic S7-300/400. - Xy dng cu hnh mng gm nhiu trm PLC S7-300/400 cng nh th tc truyn thng gia chng. - Son tho v ci t chng trnh iu khin cho 1 hoc nhiu trm. - Gim st vic thc hin chng trnh iu khin trong mt trm PLC v g ri chng trnh. Ngoi ra Step 7 cn c c mt th vin y vi cc hm chun hu ch, phn tr gip Online rt mnh c kh nng tr li mi cu hi ca ng-i s dng v cch s dng Step 7, v c php lnh trong lp trnh, v xy dng cu hnh cng ca mt trm cng nh ca mt mng gm nhiu trm PLC.

2.3.2. 2Ci t Step7: a.Tng qut v Step 7 Ti vit nam hin c rt nhiu phin bn ca b phn mm gc ca Step7. ang c s dng nhiu nht l phin bn (version) 4.2, 5.0 v 5.1. Trong khi

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phin bn 4.2 kh ph hp cho nhng PC c cu hnh trung bnh (CPU 80586, 90MB cn trng trong cng, mn hnh VGA) nhng li i hi tuyt i c bn quyn. Trong khi phin bn 5.0 v 5.1 mc d i hi my tnh c cu hnh mnh nhng li khng i hi bn quyn mt cch tuyt i, ngha l phin bn ny vn lm vic mt mc hn ch khi khng c bn quyn. Phn ln cc a gc ca Step7 u c kh nng t ci t chng trnh (autorun). Bi vy ch cn cho a vo CD v thc hin theo ng ch dn hin trn mn hnh. Ta c th ch ng thc hin vic ci t bng cch gi ch-ng trnh Setup.exe c trn a. Cng vic ci t, v c bn khng khc nhiu so vi vic ci t cc phn mm ng dng khc, tc l cng bt u bng vic chn ngn ng ci t ( mc nh l ting Anh), chn th mc t trn cng (mc nh l C:\simens), kim tra dung tch cn li trn cng, chn ngn ng s c s dng trong qu trnh lm vic vi Step7 sau ny.

b t tham s lm vic: Sau khi ci t xong Step7, trn mn hnh (Destop) s xut hin biu tung icon ca n. ng thi trong Menu ca Window cng c th mc Simatic vi tt c cc tn ca nhng thnh phn lin quan, t cc phn mm tr gip n cc phn mm ci t cu hnh, ch lm vic ca Step7. Khi va -c ci t, step7 c cu hnh mc nh v ch lm vic ca Simatic, chng hn c php cc lnh li c vit theo ting c v d nh AND th vit thnh UND, mun chuyn thnh dng thng dng quc t ta phi
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ci t li cu hnh cho Step7. Tt nhin, bn cnh vic chn ngn ng cho c php lnh ta cn c th sa i nhiu chc nng khc ca Step 7 nh ni s cha chng trnh trn a cng, nhng thanh ghi s c hin th ni dung khi g ri chng trnh, song cc vic khng nh hng quyt nh ti vic s dng Step7 theo thi quen ca ta nh ngn ng c php lnh.

c.Son tho mt Project. Khi nim Project khng n thun ch l chng trnh ng dng m rng hn bao gm tt c nhng g lin quan n vic thit k phn mm ng dng iu khin, gim st mt hay nhiu trm PLC. Theo khi nim nh vy, trong mt Project s c: 1. Bng cu hnh cng v tt c cc module ca tng trm PLC. 2. Bng tham s xc nh ch lm vic cho tng module ca mi trm PLC. 3. Cc Logic block cha chng trnh ng dng ca tng trm PLC. 4. Cu hnh ghp ni v truyn thng gia cac trm PLC. 5. Cc ca s giao din phc v vic gim st ton b mng hoc gim st tng trm PLC ca mng. y, trong khun kh phn mm Step7 ti ch gii thiu vic son tho mt Project gm cc phn 1,2,3. Nhng phn cn li bn c c th tham kho trong cun ti liu khc ca cng tc gi.

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2.4 H thng iu khin bng ti 2.4.1 S h thng:

i vi cc qu trnh t ng ha ni chung va h thng ng chai ni ring th bng ti ng vai tr quan trng.T khu ra chai n khu dt nhin liu va khu ng np chai th vic vn chuyn u cn n bng ti.Vn quan trng nht bng ti hot ng theo mun la iu khin tc bng ti ng ngha vi vic iu khin ng c ca bng ti. S khi ca h thng bng ti trong qu trnh ng trai

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2.4.2 ng c in A Gii thieu ve ong c mot chieu

1. Khai niem Ngay nay, mac du ien xoay chieu c s dung rat rong rai. song may ien mot chieu van ton tai, ac biet la ong c ien mot chieu. Trong cong nghiep, ong c ien mot chieu c s dung nhng ni can momen m may ln hoac trong yeu cau ieu chnh toc o va pham vi rong. Trong cac thiet b t ong, cac may ien khuech ai, cac ong c chap hanh cung la may ien mot chieu. Ngoai ra, cac may ien mot chieu con thay trong cac thiet b o to, tau thuy, may bay, cac may phat ien mot chieu ien ap thap dung trong thiet b ien hoa, han ien vi chat lng cao. Nhc iem chu yeu cua may ien mot chieu la co co gop lam cho cau tao phc tap, ac tien , kem tin cay va nguy hiem trong moi trng de no. Khi s dung ong c mot chieu can phai co nguon mot chieu kem theo. 2. Nguyen ly lam viec Khi cho ien ap mot chieu U vao 2 choi ien A va B, trong day quan phan ng co dong ien I . cac thanh dan ab, cd co dong ien nam trong t trng se chu lc Ft tac ong lam cho ro to quay. Chieu lc xac nh theo qui tac ban tay trai. Phng trnh ien ap:

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U = E + R I . Trong o: E la sc phan ien. I la dong ien trong day quan phan ng R la ien tr cua day quan phan ng. U la ien ap a vao. Sc ien ong cua ong c ien mot chieu:
Fu ' = PN n 60a

Trong o : p la so oi cc t chnh. N la so thanh dan tac dung cua cuon day phan cng. a la so oi cc nhanh song song cua cuon day. n la toc o quay (vong / phut). la t thong kch t di mot cc t (wb). Momen ien t cua ong c:
M dt = PN .I u . 2 .a

Momen ien t la momen quay, cung chieu vi toc o quay n. 3. ieu chnh toc o Ta co phng trnh: E = U R I Thay tr so E = kE . . n Ta co phng trnh toc o: Ta co cac phng phap ieu chnh toc o: U R u, I u, n = K E .

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Mac ien tr ieu chnh vao mach phan ng: Khi them ien tr vao mach phan ng, toc o se giam. Ton hao tren phan ng ln nen ch so s dung vi ong c cong suat nho. Thay oi ien ap U: Nguon ien mot chieu ieu chnh c dung e cung cap ien ap cho ong c. Phng phap nay c s dung nhieu. Thay oi t thong: Thay oi t thong bang cach thay oi dong ien kch t. Khi ieu chnh toc o ta ket hp cac phng phap tren vi nhau. V du: phng phap thay oi t thong ket hp vi phng phap thay oi ien ap th pham vi ieu chnh rat rong. ay la u iem ln cua ong c ien mot chieu. 4. ac tnh ong c ien kch t song song
I A1 Ikt + F1

+ + A2

F2

Kch t song song

ng ac tnh c:
n =

n = f(M)

R u, U I , K E K E u

Ta co : M = KM . I .
I u, = M K M .

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n=

U K E .

R u, K E .K
M

. 2

e thay oi toc o ta them ien tr Rp

n= R , + RP U u M K E . K E .K M . 2

n RP = 0 RP 0

ng ac tnh c ac tnh lam viec: ac tnh lam viec c xac nh khi ien ap va dong ien kch t khong thay oi. o la cac quan he gia toc o n, momen M, dong ien phan ng I va hieu suat theo cong suat co tren truc P2 :
In n I

M P2

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Ta thay ac tnh c cng va toc o rat t thay oi khi P2 thay oi nen c dung trong may cat kim loai, may cong cu. ieu chnh toc o vi yeu cau cao se c dung ong c kch t oc lap.

5. ac tnh ong c ien kch t noi tiep

I + V + -

Kch t noi tiep

I = I = Ikt ac tnh c: I = kI .
M k hay M = kM. I. = kM. kI. 2 = k2. 2 =

n = f(M)

Vi Ta co:
n=

k=

kM kI

k .U kE . M

k I .R u ' kE
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n

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ac tnh c Phng trnh ac tnh co dang Hyperpon _ ac tnh c mem, de thay oi toc o hn kch t song song. Nhng de gay hong ong c khi tang toc o. Do o, khong cho phep ong c kch t noi tiep m may khong tai hoac tai nho. ac tnh lam viec:

I ngh n P2 M

Vung lam viec

ong c lam viec vi toc o n nho hn ngh. Khi cha bao hoa momen quay ong c ty le vi bnh phng dong ien, toc o giam theo tai, ong c kch t noi tiep thch hp trong che o tai nang ne.

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B CAC PHNG PHAP IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C DC Trong cong nghiep oi hoi co nhieu cap toc o khac nhau, tuy theo yeu cau can thiet ma ngi ta chon cap toc o nay hay cap toc o khac. e co cac cap toc o khac nhau, ta co the thay oi cau truc c hoc cua may nh t so truyen hay thay oi toc o cua chnh ong c truyen ong. Thong thng e chnh tinh toc o ta dung phng phap thay oi toc o cua ong c truyen ong, cac phng phap ieu chnh sau: 1. ieu chnh cac thong so mach cua may ien ieu chnh ien tr cua mach phan ng. ieu chnh kch t cua ong c.

Phng phap ieu chnh nay co toc o cng, ac tnh c giam nen o chnh xac trong viec duy tr toc o khong cao, pham vi ieu chnh toc o hep, o tinh ieu chnh kem. Khi ieu chnh cang sau th sai so toc o tang va momen ngan mach giam, ngha la o chnh xac duy tr toc o va kha nang qua tai kem. Phng phap nay khong c khuyen khch thc hien. 2. Thay oi toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap nguon cung cap cho phan ng ong c. He thong may phat- ong c. He bien oi van ieu khien (SCR)-ong c. He ieu ap van _ t _ ong c (khuech ai t _ ong c). He ieu ap nguon _ ong c.

Ve cac ch tieu ky thuat va nang lng th phng phap ieu ap xung c anh gia tot.
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Trc het no la phng phap ieu chnh triet e, ngha la co the ieu chnh toc o trong bat ky vung tai nao, ke ca khi khong tai ly tng. ac tnh c ieu chnh am bao c sai so toc o nho, kha nang qua tai ln, dai ieu chnh rong va ton hao nang lng thap. Bi v ac tnh c cua phng phap tuy mem hn ac tnh c t nhien nhng cng hn khi dung phng phap ieu chnh thong so. Mat khac v phan t ieu chnh ac trong mach ieu khien cua bo bien oi la mach co cong suat nho, nen o tinh chnh cao, thao tac nhe nhang va co kha nang cai thien thanh he t ong vong kn. Nhc iem: la phai dung bo bien oi phc tap nen von au t c ban va van hanh ph cao. Tuy nhien vi cac u iem tren, phng phap nay tao c nang suat cao, ton that nang lng t do o c s dung rong rai. 3. ieu chnh s o S o phan mach phan ng. S o dung hai ong c DC lien ket noi cng vi nhau. S o dung hai ong c lien ket noi h vi nhau.

4. Phng phap ieu rong xung ien ap ra bao gom nhng xung co be rong thay oi c va bien o la hang so. Yeu cau la mach co kha nang ong ngat tan so cao, co the ong ngat rieng cho tng ngat khac nhau. Cac loai mach nay thch hp cho cac mach ong lc dung transistor cong suat, viec ong ngat nhieu lan, neu ta thay oi c cac o rong xung trong mot chu ky th ta co the han che c song hai bac cao. Vi nhng nhan xet u iem cua bon phng phap ieu chnh tren ta nhan thay: e ieu chnh toc o ong c DC can co dai ieu chnh rong, oi hoi chat lng ieu chnh cao, ta chon phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c DC bang phng phap ieu rong xung ngha la thay oi c ton va fxung= 1/T = const.

Chng 3 Gii quyt bi ton iu khin h thng ng chai

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3.1 Bi ton iu khin logic h thng ng chai 3.2 Bi ton iu khin ng c bng ti 3.2.1 Tng quan v h thng H thng ng chai hot ng nh hai ng c .ng c th nht dp cho bng ti hot ng v ng c th hai dp cho h thng vi chit bia vao chai hot ng. A H thng vi chit bia vo chai * H thng vi chit bia vo chai c th hiu n gin nh sau: h thng c thit k trn mt khi hnh trn trn khi ny c thit k cc vi chit, khong cch gia cc vi chit la bng nhau va bang khong cch gia cc chai trn bng.Ton b khi ny c gn vi mt chuc quay v c lm quay nh mt ng c * Khi c tn hiu iu khin bo c trai n mt v tr nh trc vi chit ny bt u chp vo ming trai,khong thi gian vi chit di chuyn v chp vo ming trai l mt s c nh dc lp trnh t trc.Khi khong thi gian ny va kt thc bia bt u c chit vo chai,c th coi lu lng bia chy trong vi chit l khng i th sau mt khong thi gian nh trc vi chit s ngng chit ,vi chit bt u di khi ming chai v chai bia c chit y theo bng ti ra ngoi. la hanh trnh chit bia vo mt chai.khi trai bia c chit y bia ra ngoi s c mt chai khc c a ln bng ti.Cc chai c xp cch nhau mt khong cch nht nh chnh v vy khong cach ca cc vi chit cng dc thit k bng vi khong cch ca cc chai trn bng ti. * Nh vy h thng chit bia vo chai c th ni l hoat ng c inh nu coi lu lng bia chy trong cc vi chit la c nh v b qua cc yu t nh hng t mi trng nh sc cn khng khi vi cng ngh hin nay c th p ng c cc gi thit trn.Khi cc gi thit trn c p ng c ngha l tc quay ca khi tron,cc vi chit cung nh tc ca ng c l khng i B H thng bng ti H thng bng ti c thit k vn chuyn chai trong cc qu trnh hot ng ca h thng ng chai.Bng ti hot ng nh mt ng c.Bng ti c thit k vi hai on chnh mt on bng ti chy thng va mt oan la ng
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cong ng cong ny song song v nm di khi cong cha cc vi chit.Ti v tri giao nhau gia doan cong v on thng ca bng ti ta t mt cm bin khi chai di chuyn qua y cm bin s pht hin v bo v b diu khin.Khi hot ng bng ti s nhn cc v chai qua cc khu x l lm sch cac chai c t trn bng ti vi khong cch bng vi khong cch ca cc vi chit,khi chai n v tr nh trc s c cc vi chit chit bia vo trong lc chit bia bang tai van chy v cc vi chit cng quay theo.khi chai c chit y s theo bng ti ra ngoi

C Vn cn gii quyt Vn t ra y c m t nh sau:gi s khi chai bia c chit y v ua ra khi bng ti th chai tiep theo cach mt on bng khoang cch gia cc chai.lc ny trai mi cng c a ln bng ti.nh vy bng ti s hot ng vi ti trng thay i so vi luc chai y va c a ra,T thi im ny n thi im chai tip theo c chit y ti trng ca bng ti s tng dn u theo lng bia chit vo mtchai,s thay i ny bt u t khng n khi lng bia trong mt chai.s thay i ny bin i theo mt chu ky tun hon.s thay i tai trng ca bng ti s dn n thay i tc ca bng ti. p ng yu cu ca bi ton th tc ca bng ti phai bang vi tc di ca ca cc vi chit m bo bia khng bia khng b chit ra ngoi. Trong khi tc ca vi chit l khng i th p ng c yu cu ta cn iu khin tc ca bng ti thng qua vic iu khin tc ca ng c vn hnh bang ti .Nh vy bi ton cn gii quyt l iu khin tc ca ng c vn hnh bng ti sao cho ng tc vi vi ng c lm quay h thng chit,tc l iu khin sao cho tc ng c vn hnh bng ti thay i trong phm vi hp c th p ng c cc yu cu k thut ca h thng 3.2.2 iu khin ng c in mt chiu I Ch tiu cht lng ca ng c

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Ta cn iu chnh tc ca ng c theo mun tc l can thip vo cc yu t k thut ca n trong mt gii hn ,vic ny c th c thc hin m khng nh hng n cht lng cung nh tui th ca ng c,tuy nhin vic iu chnh ny phi tun theo cc ch tiu cht lng sau 1. Sai so tnh toc o Sai so tnh toc o la ai lng ac trng cho o chnh xac duy tr toc o at. No la gia tr tng oi cua o sut toc ng vi tai nh mc so vi toc o at khi khong tai ly tng.
od 100% od

S% =

(3-1)

Trong o:

od

: Toc o ng vi tai nh mc. : Toc o khong tai ly tng ng vi gia tr at.

V ac tnh c cua he thong la ng thang nen ta co quan he:

= S% = MC

MC . od

(3-2)

Nh vay sai so toc o phu thuoc vao o cng cua ac tnh c , toc o at khi khong tai ly tng od va phu tai tren truc ong c Mc. Sai so cang nho ngha la o chnh xac cang cao th he cang tot. Noi chung cac he ban t ong co o chnh xac khong cao, a so phng phap ieu chnh thong so co S ln con phng phap ieu chnh nguon th S nho hn nhieu. 2. Pham vi ieu chnh

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Pham vi ieu chnh D la t so gia toc o lam viec ln nhat va nho nhat ng vi phu tai a cho.
D=

MAX MIN

(3-3)

Toc o ln nhat max thng b gii han bi o ben c cua phan quay cua ong c. Mot so may ien mot chieu toc o ln nhat con b gii han bi ieu kien chuyen mach v khi toc o ln tia la phat sinh tren co gop di cac choi than se manh len va co the khong cho phep. V vay thong thng ch cho phep max (1-3)m. Toc o nho nhat min trong dai ieu chnh b chan bi yeu cau khac phuc moment qua tai cho phep, bao am o chnh xac ieu chnh (s%). Toc o cc ai trong dai ieu chnh khi Mc = Mm
max = o M dm

(3-4)

Vi yeu cau am bao kha nang qua tai khi ta thay ac tnh thap nhat phai co moment ngan mach bang moment tai cc ai (hinh1-1).
M nm = M cMAX = K qt M dm

Trong o: Kqt: He so qua tai do may gay ra.

0 max 0min min Mm Mm.Kqt M

Hnh 1_1

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T hnh tren ta co the tnh c toc o nho nhat ng vi moment tai nh mc. min = (Kqt.Mm Mm)tg uy ra: min = Mm(Kqt - 1).1/ T (1-4) va (1-5) ta co:
D= M dm

(3-5)

MAX = MIN

M dm

* 1
K qt 1

(3-6)

( K qt 1)

Trong o:
* = 0 .
M dm = 1 * R + Rb
* u

o cng tng oi cua ac tnh c: * Trng hp may san xuat co yeu cau cao ve o chnh xac duy tr toc o th phai ieu chnh D c xac nh theo sai so toc o cho phep (scp) ng vi ng ac tnh thap nhat ta co:
S cp =

0 min min = 0 min 0 min

(3-7)

V toc o lam viec c xac nh tng ng bi tai nh mc nen:

=
M dm

M dm

0 MIN = MIN +

Thay vao phng trnh (3-7)

MIN =
1 S cp M dm . S cp

(3-8)

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T (3-4) va (3-8) ta xac nh c:

D=

MAX MIN

M 0 dm .S cp. = (1 S cp ).M dm

D=

( * 1).S cp 1 S cp

(3-9)

3. Hieu suat Neu bo qua cac ai lng ton that bat bien trong he th phan ton that chu yeu se nam trong mach phan ng, nen hieu suat cua he la:
=
E.I u P2 = = P1 E.I u + R.I u2

+
M .R ( K . ) 2

(3-10)

Trong o:
P2 = E.I u = M . : Cong suat a ra au truc P1 = P2 + P = M . +

* M 2 .R : Cong suat a vao = * ( K . ) 2 + R * .M *

Trong o:
* = 0
R.M DM M 1 R* = * = M DM 0 .( K . ) 2

M* =

Ngoai ton hao trong phan ng con co ton that trong cac thiet b bien oi. Khi o hieu suat cua toan he thong la: = +sc Trong o: sc: hieu suat cua thiet b bien oi. II He ieu khien He ieu khien toc o ong c DC phan thanh hai loai:

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- He thong h. - He thong kn. a. He thong h He thong h con goi la he thong ban t ong, no thc hien nguyen tac khong che cng, tc la tn hieu ra khong can o lng e hoi tiep chuyen ve au vao. Moi s bien oi cua tn hieu ra khong phan anh vao thiet b ieu khien.
Khoi ieu khien Bo bien oi ong c DC

Hnh 1_2: S o khoi cua he thong h.

Nguyen ly ieu chnh oi vi ong c DC khi gi ien ap phan ng khong oi, ta thay oi o rong xung kch th toc o cua ong c se thay oi va tranh c nhng bien ong ln ve gia toc va ong lc trong he.

+ Vi -

Bo ao Chieu

Hnh1_3: S o nguyen ly tong quat. Bo bien oi ao chieu co nhiem vu thay oi chieu ien ap at len ong c. b. He thong kn
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He thong kn con goi la he thong ieu khien t ong, no thc hien nguyen tac ieu khien co phan hoi, tc la tn hieu ra c o lng va phan hoi en au vao bo ieu khien e tao ra tn hieu ieu khien va thong qua bo bien oi ieu chnh lai toc o ong c tng ng vi gia tr tn hieu at.

Khoi ieu khien

Bo bien oi

ong c DC

Phan hoi

Hnh1_4: S o khoi he thong ieu khien kn. Khi s dung he thong ieu khien ban t ong thng sai so toc o tnh tng oi ln do ac tnh c t nhien cua ong c thng gap eu co o cng khong u ln. ac biet la khi ieu chnh di toc o c ban, o cng giam hoac toc o khong tai ly tng giam. V vay trong thc te khi ieu khien ong c ngi ta thng dung he kn e giam sai so toc o va m rong dai ieu chnh. V sai so tnh cua toc o phu thuoc vao o cng cua ong c nen bien phap chu yeu dung e on nh hoa trong he la lam tang o cng ac tnh c, muon vay thong so ieu chnh phai thay oi t ong theo gia tr phu tai sao cho u kha nang bu tr lng sut toc do tai gay ra. Do o ngi ta s dung cac vong hoi tiep dong ien, toc o truyen ong t ong vong kn. Nguyen ly ieu khien t ong vong kn Trong he thong ieu khien toc o ong c DC bang cach oi dau ien ap cung cap phan ng ong c. Khi o toc o lam viec cua ong c c ieu chnh nh thay oi toc o khong tai ly tng n0. Con o cng cua ac tnh c c gi nguyen nh hnh ve:
n

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Gia s cac ac tnh cua he co o cng la va khi ieu chnh en toc o min th sai so tnh vt qua gii han cho phep.
S=

0 MIN MIN MIN

(3-11)

C. Khao sat he ieu chnh toc o ong c DC theo vong kn ong c DC kch t oc lap c s dung rong rai trong truyen ong ien, ieu khien vong h khong thoa man yeu cau at ra ve c cau. V the he thong oi hoi yeu cau chnh xac cao ngha la can phai thay oi goc kch trong qua trnh bien oi tai, nen giai quyet bang he thong ieu khien vong kn.

U w wt Uk U w

Khoi ieu khien

Bo bien oi

ong c DC

Hoi tiep

Hnh 1_6: S o ieu khien vong kn. Khi moment tai th tn hieu au vao la: t = + ht Tn hieu ieu khien (Uk) tang lam thay oi goc kch va lam tang ien ap phan ng do o lam tang moment ong c nen s thay oi toc o c giam bt

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ang ke va c nh the trong trang thai qua o ma gia tr moment ong c va M0 can bang, hay noi cach khac la he cng tang modul o cng ac tnh c. ay la van e chu yeu trong he kn. Nh he ieu khien vong kn co ac iem lam he truyen ong co o chnh xac cao, tac dung nhanh, anh hng cua thanh phan nhieu b han che, tnh c ham truyen vi an so la I.
I u ( s) = U u ( s) Eu ( s) 1 U u ( s) Eu ( s) = . Ru Lu ( s ) Ru 1 S .Tu

(3-12)

T: Thi hang cua mach phan ng.

Tu = Iu Ru

(3-13) (3-14)

(s) =

M (s) M t (s) 1 M (s) M t (s) = . 1 + S .TM B + J .S

vi : TM =

: Hang so c.

4. Ham truyen cua ong c kch t oc lap

I + V + Ikt

+ -

Vkt

Hnh 1_7: S o tng ng cua ong c Phng trnh can bang ien ap
U u = E + Ru .I u + Lu . dI u dt

(3-15)

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E = K ..

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(3-16)
d dt

Phng trnh can bang moment tren truc ong c.

M = M t + B. M = M t + B. + J .

(3-17)

Trong o:
M = K ..

(3-18)
.I u ( s ) + s.I u ( s ).Lu

T cac phng trnh (3-15) en (3-18) viet di dang toan t.

U u ( s ) = Eu ( s ) + Ru
Eu ( s ) = K . dm . ( s )
M ( s ) = M t ( s ) + B. ( s ) + s.J . ( s ) M ( s ) = K . dm . ( s )

(3-19) (3-20) (3-21) (3-22)

t phng trnh (319) co quan he gia toc o va ien ap phan ng va moment tai:
(s) =
G1 ( s ) G2 ( s) U u (s) + M t ( s ) (3-23) 1 + G1 ( s ).H 1 ( s ) 1 + G 2 ( s ).H 2 ( s )

Vi
G1 ( s ) = = Ru 1 1 K .. (1 + s.Tu ) (1 + s.TM ) B

B.Ru

K . (1 + s.Tu )(1 + s.TM )

(3-24)

H 1 ( s ) = K . G2 (s) = 1 B (1 + s.Tu )

(3-25) (3-26) (3-27)

H 2 ( s) =

( K . ) 2 Ru (1 + s.Tu )

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Neu xet che o khong tai luc Mt = 0, thay (3-26) vao (3-23) ta c:
(s)
I u (s) = ( K ) + Ru
2

K . .B(1 + s.Tu )(1 + s.TM )

Ta thay rang Tu TM nen:

(1 + s.Tu )(1 + s.TM ) (1 + s.TM )

Vay (3-27) c viet lai la:

(s)
I u (s) = K . K . = . 2 ( K ) + Ru B(1 + s.TM ) ( K ) + Ru B 1 + s.
2

1 Ru ( K ) 2 + Ru

(3-28)
B TM

at

TM 1
KM =

B = ( K ) 2 + Ru
K . ( K ) + Ru
2

Ru

TM

(3-29) (3-30)

Vay phng trnh (3-28) c viet lai la:

(s)
U u (s) = = KM 1 + s.TM 1 KM 2 K = B (1 + s.TM ) 1 + s.TM

(3-31) (3-32)

(s)
I u (s)

Vi
KM2 = K . B

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Mt(s)

Uu(s) Eu(s)
Ru

Iu(s)
1 (1 + s.Tu )
K .

(s)

1 B(1 + s.TM )

K.

Hnh 1_8: S o cau truc cua he kn S dung cong thc (1-31) ta co:
I (s) (s) K 1 + s.TM I (s) = u . = M . U u ( s ) ( s ) U u ( s ) K M 2 1 + s.TM 1

(3-33)

at
K M1 = KM B = 2 K M 2 ( K . ) + Ru

Vay:
I u (s) 1 + s.TM = K M1 U u (s) 1 + s.TM 1

Khi phan tch ong c DC kch t oc lap co the phan tch thanh hai khoi sau:

Uu(s)

K M 1 (1 + s.TM ) 1 + s.TM 1

Iu(s)

KM 2 1 + s.TM 1

(s)

Hnh 1-9: S o cau truc n gian hoa

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table of Contents
Chng I: TNG QUAN HOT NG CA NH MY BIA................................................................ 1 1.1 Khi nim bia:............................................................................................................................... 1

* Thnh phn............................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Gii thiu nh my bia.................................................................................................................. 3

1.3 Quy trnh sn xut bia ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 H thng ng chai trong nh my ............................................................................................... 9 Tng quan v quy trnh ng chai ................................................................................................ 9 a, Qu trnh rt liu. ............................................................................................................................ 10 b, Quy trnh ng nt. ......................................................................................................................... 11 c, Quy trnh dn nhn.......................................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Bi ton cn gii quyt...................................................................................................................... 12

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