B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC NNG LM THNH PH H CH MINH

KHA LUN TT NGHIP

KHO ST NH HNG CA NAA V GA3 LN KH NNG

SINH TRNG V PHT TRIN CA CY DU TY
Fragaria vesca L. TRNG THY CANH TRONG
NH KNH TI HUYN C TRNG,
TNH LM NG

H v tn sinh vin: L TH MAI

Ngnh: NNG HC
Nin kha: 2005-2009

Thng 8 nm 2009

KHO ST NH HNG CA NAA V GA3 LN KH NNG SINH

TRNG V PHT TRIN CA CY DU TY Fragaria vesca L.
TRNG THY CANH TRONG NH KNH TI
HUYN C TRNG, TNH LM NG

Tc gi

L TH MAI

Kha lun c trnh p ng yu cu cp bng k s ngnh

Nng Hc

Gio vin hng dn

ThS. NGUYN NGC TR

Thng 8 nm 2009
i

LI CM T

Ti xin chn thnh cm t

Ban Gim hiu Trng i hc Nng Lm Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Ban ch
nhim Khoa Nng hc, cng tt c qu thy c truyn t kin thc cho chng ti
trong sut qu trnh hc ti trng.
Thy Nguyn Ngc Tr ht lng hng dn, gip ti trong sut thi gian
thc tp tt nghip.
Anh V Vn San, V Minh Vin, V Anh Ngc, L Tun Cng, Hong Nguyn
Php v bn KHoa gip chia s vi em sut qu trnh thc tp.
Con chn thnh cm n cha, m cng nhng ngi thn trong gia nh lun to
iu kin v ng vin
Tp. H Ch Minh, thng 8 nm 2009
Sinh vin thc hin

L Th Mai

ii

TM TT
ti Kho st nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln kh nng sinh trng,
pht trin ca cy du ty Fragaria vesca L. trng thy canh trong nh knh ti
Huyn c Trng, Tnh Lm ng c tin hnh t thng 3 n thng 6 nm
2009. Th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin n yu t, gm 7 nghim thc, 3
ln lp li. Cht iu ha sinh trng c s dng trong th nghim l GA3 v NAA
vi cc nng tng ng l 10ppm, 20ppm, 30ppm.
Th nghim cho thy s nh hng ca cc cht NAA, GA3 ln sinh trng pht
trin cy du ty, biu hin s tng trng v cc ch tiu thn, l, ng, hoa, v nng
sut qu.
Cc nng x l GA3 cho thy biu hin r rng hn v tc ng n nhiu
qu trnh sinh trng pht trin ca du ty hn NAA. Biu hin s tng ln i vi
cc ch tiu chiu cao cy, chiu di l, di cung hoa, s hoa, s qu.
Vi nng x l GA310ppm c hiu qu tt so vi cc nng GA3 khc
cng mt iu kin chm sc, dinh dng.

iii

MC LC
Trang
TRANG TA ..................................................................................................................i
LI CM T ................................................................................................................. ii
TM TT...................................................................................................................... iii
MC LC ..................................................................................................................... iv
DANH SCH CH VIT TT .................................................................................. vii
DANH SCH CC HNH BIU ..................................................................... viii
DANH SCH CC BNG .......................................................................................... ix
Chng 1 .........................................................................................................................1
GII THIU....................................................................................................................1
1.1. t vn .................................................................................................................1
1.3 Yu cu...................................................................................................................2
1.4 Gii hn ti ........................................................................................................2
Chng 2 .........................................................................................................................3
TNG QUAN TI LIU................................................................................................3
2.1 Thy canh cy trng...............................................................................................3
2.1.1 Khi nim thy canh........................................................................................3
2.1.2 u im v nhc im ca vic ng dng thy canh vo sn xut thng
mi ............................................................................................................................3
2.1.2.1 u im.....................................................................................................3
2.1.2.2 Nhc im ...............................................................................................3
2.1.3 Gii thiu mt s k thut trng cy thy canh ph bin................................4
2.1.3.1 Thy canh dch lng ..................................................................................4
2.1.5.2 Phng php kh canh (Aeroponics).........................................................6
2.1.5.3 Thy canh c s dng gi th rn .............................................................7
2.1.4 Cc loi gi th s dng trong thy canh ........................................................8
2.1.4.1 Gi th hu c ...........................................................................................8
2.1.4.2. Gi th phi hu c ....................................................................................9
2.1.6 Dung dch dinh dng v kim sot dinh dng ..........................................10
iv

2.1.7 Mt s cy trng c trng bng phng php thy canh ..........................11

2.1.8 Tnh hnh sn xut thy canh nc ta.........................................................11
2.2 Nh knh v cc iu kin kim sot....................................................................12
2.3 Cy du ty...........................................................................................................13
2.3.1 S lc v cy du ty...................................................................................13
2.3.2 Ngun gc v s phn b ..............................................................................13
2.3.3 Gi tr s dng ca du ty ............................................................................14
2.3.4 c im thc vt hc ...................................................................................14
2.4.4.1 Thn.........................................................................................................15
2.3.4.2 L.............................................................................................................15
2.3.4.3 R............................................................................................................15
2.3.4.4 Hoa ..........................................................................................................15
2.3.4.5 Qu ..........................................................................................................15
2.3.4.6 Tnh hnh sn xut du mt s nc trn th gii................................16
2.4. Cht iu ha sinh trng, cc nghin cu v nh hng v ng dng auxin v
gibberelin trn du ty ................................................................................................16
2.4.1 Khi qut v cht iu ha sinh trng .........................................................16
2.4.1.1 Khi nim ................................................................................................16
2.4.1.2 Nguyn tc s dng cht iu ha sinh trng .......................................17
2.4.2 Cc nhm cht iu ha sinh trng..........................................................17
2.4.1.1 Auxin .......................................................................................................18
2.4.1.2 Gibberellin...............................................................................................18
2.5 Mt s nghin cu ng dng auxin v gibberellin trn cy du ty trn th gii19
2.5.1 ng dng auxin .............................................................................................20
2.5.2 ng dng gibberelin ......................................................................................20
Chng 3 .......................................................................................................................22
VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU.......................................................22
3.1 Thi gian v a im nghin cu........................................................................22
3.2 Phng php.........................................................................................................23
3.2.1 B tr th nghim............................................................................................23
3.2.2 Phng php tin hnh th nghim. ...............................................................23
v

3.2.3 Cc ch tiu theo di. .....................................................................................24

3.2.4 Gii thch cch ly ch tiu. ...........................................................................24
3.2.5 Phng php x l s liu .............................................................................26
Chng 4 .......................................................................................................................27
KT QU V THO LUN.......................................................................................27
4.1 nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln chiu cao cy v ng knh thn du ty sau
2 t th nghim. ........................................................................................................27
4.2 nh hng ln s tng trng l ........................................................................29
4.3 nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln s sinh trng thn b (ng)..........................30
4.4 nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ti pht trin hoa ..................................................31
4.5. nh hng ln s hnh thnh v pht trin qu ..................................................33
4.6 nh hng n nng sut thng mi v nng sut tng cng ...........................34
4.7. Kh nng u qu, qu thng mi v qu d dng ............................................36
Chng 5 .......................................................................................................................37
KT LUN V NGH ...........................................................................................37
5.1 Kt lun ................................................................................................................37
5.2 ngh .................................................................................................................37
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................38
PH LC ......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

vi

DANH SCH CH VIT TT

CCC: Chiu cao cy
CV: Coefficient of Variation
DT l: Din tch l
/C: i chng
HST: iu ha sinh trng
KT: ng knh thn
L1: Ln 1
L2: Ln 2
NT: Nghim thc
TL: T l
TM: Thng mi
TQ: Trung Quc
Qu DD: Qu d dng
Sh: S hoa

vii

DANH SCH CC HNH BIU

Hnh 2.1: M hnh k thut N.F.T...................................................................................4
Hnh 2.2: M hnh k thut ni .......................................................................................5
Hnh 2.3: M hnh k thut mao dn...............................................................................6
Hnh 2.4: K thut kh canh ............................................................................................6
Hnh 2.5: K thut rnh ...................................................................................................7
Hnh 2.6: Biu biu hin kh nng hp th dinh dng ca cy trng cc
mc pH khc nhau.........................................................................................................10
Hnh 2.7: Cu trc cy du ty ......................................................................................14
Biu 4.1: Biu so snh cc ch tiu qu ca 7 nghim thc th nghim ..............36

viii

DANH SCH CC BNG

Bng 4.1. nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln chiu cao cy v ng knh thn du ty
sau 2 t th nghim. .....................................................................................................27
Bng 4.2: nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln din tch l..............................................29
Bng 4.3: nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln s sinh trng thn b (ng) ..................30
Bng 4.4: nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln s pht trin hoa ....................................32
Bng 4.5:nh hng NAA v GA3 ln s hnh thnh v pht trin qu.....................33
Bng 4.6: nh hng n nng sut thng mi v nng sut tng cng ...................34

ix

Chng 1
GII THIU
1.1. t vn
Du ty c trng trn t nhiu nc trn khp th gii, ng thi du ty
cng c sn xut trong nh knh vi nhiu h thng khc nhau, c s kim sot
dinh dng, ch ti v vi h thng iu ha khng kh mt cch y . Sn sut
du ty trong nh knh c nhiu ch li trong s gia tng nng sut trn cng mt n
v din tch so vi sn xut du ty trn t, sn xut du ty tri v khi gi th trng
ang mc cao, gim s dng ha cht bo v thc vt, cng nh cho cht lng qu
tt hn (Dinar, 2003).
nc ta, du ty cn mi m so vi nhng cy trng khc v l mt loi cy
trng c gi tr kinh t ang c ch pht trin hin nay. y cng l mt loi cy
thch hp vi iu kin ca Tnh Lm ng v mt vi vng khc.
Lm ng l mt tnh c nhiu iu kin pht trin nng nghip cng ngh
cao vi nhng cng ngh mi v u t ln cho nh knh, nh li phc v nhng mt
hng nng nghip cao cp trng im ca c nc. Du ty l mt i tng nghin
cu quan trng v n cng l mt cy trng chin lc cho vng trong tng lai (Khc
Dng, 2004)
Nhng nghin cu v du ty nc ta mi ch l bc u. Cy du ty l loi
cy rt mn cm, v vy mun t nng sut v hiu qu cao i hi quy trnh qun l
sn xut phi tht cht ch. Vn cn gii quyt cho loi cy trng ny l lm th no
kim sot c qu trnh sinh trng pht trin t nng sut cao, sn phm sch
m cht lng vn m bo, nhng vn quan trng trong vic nng cao hiu qu
kinh t.
S hiu bit v cht iu ha sinh trng v vic ng dng chng lm th no
cm ng tin trnh ra hoa ca cy du ty vi ch dinh dng c th s thc y
1

nhng hiu bit trong vic qun l cc iu kin cy du ty sinh trng, pht trin.
C hai vn ny c nh hng ln ti sn xut du ty nh knh, m c bit l sn
xut du ty theo phng php canh tc khng cn t.
c s ng ca Ban Ch nhim Khoa Nng hc Trng i Hc Nng Lm
Tp. H Ch Minh, ti tin hnh ti Kho st nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln kh
nng sinh trng, pht trin ca cy du ty Fragaria vesca L. trng thy canh trong
nh knh ti Huyn c Trng, Tnh Lm ng.
1.2 Mc tiu
Mc tiu ca ti l tm ra loi cht iu ha sinh trng vi nng thch hp
ng dng lm tng nng sut v phm cht tri trong sn xut du thng mi.
1.3 Yu cu
Nm c cc nh hng tc ng ca hai cht NAA v GA3 n cy du ty
qua theo di cc ch tiu sinh trng sinh dng thn, l, ng, v s ra hoa, u qu
ca cy du ty trn tng nghim thc th nghim.
1.4 Gii hn ti
Do gii hn v mt thi gian nn th nghim ch c th nghim trn 1 ging
du ty New zealand v ch x l NAA v GA3 2 ln, thi gian gin cch l 30 ngy.

Chng 2
TNG QUAN TI LIU
2.1 Thy canh cy trng
2.1.1 Khi nim thy canh
Theo ting Hy Lp th hydroponics (thy canh) c ghp t hai ch hydro
(nc) v ponos (lao ng), l hnh thc canh tc trn cc gi th khng phi l t
(Srilanka Department of Agriculture, 2000). Thy canh c th s dng hay khng s
dng gi th, cy trng c cung cp y dinh dng v nc cho cy sinh trng
v pht trin ( Jensen, 1999; Hanger, 1993).
2.1.2 u im v nhc im ca vic ng dng thy canh vo sn xut thng
mi
Theo Srilanka Department of Agriculture (2000), th thy canh gm c nhng u
nhc im khi ng dng vo sn xut thng mi nh sau.
2.1.2.1 u im
- Gia tng nng sut v cht lng cy trng.
- Kim sot tng i chnh xc dinh dng cy trng.
- Gim nhn cng lao ng.
- Kim sot tt mi trng canh tc.
- Hn ch ti a ha cht bo v thc vt.
- Kim sot mi trng r.
- Gia tng s v canh tc trn nm.
- Canh tc trn cc din tch t bt li cho cy trng.
2.1.2.2 Nhc im
- i hi vn u t ban u ln.
3

- Trnh k thut cao.

2.1.3 Gii thiu mt s k thut trng cy thy canh ph bin
Theo Srilanka Department of Agricuture (2000), cc h thng thy canh c th
chia lm hai dng, gm trng cy trc tip ln dung dch dinh dng v trng cy trn
gi th rn. Cc kiu h thng c th hi lu hay khng hi lu.
2.1.3.1 Thy canh dch lng
Trong k thut ny hon ton khng dng gi th, phn ln r tip xc vi khng
kh v dch dinh dng. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp cn gi th vi mt lng
rt t cha trong chu c c l.
Thy canh dch lng c tun hon
Cn gi l h thng ng, ngha l dch dinh dng c bm qua h thng, dch
tha c thu li v ti s dng.
K thut mng dinh dng ( N.F.T- Nutrient Film Technique)

Hnh 2.1: M hinh k thut N.F.T

K thut c s dng rng ri. Dng dung dch dinh dng c bm t 1 b
cha chy qua cc knh c dc to ra lp mng dinh dng. c trng ca h
thng l ch dng mt dng dung dch rt nng c hai tc dng. Th nht, cc cy non
chu m c th ng trong mng v r cy nhanh chng mc vo dung dch dinh
dng. Th hai l t l cao gia din tch b mt vi khi lng dung dch nn cho
4

php thng kh tt. Do ch dng mt lp dung dch nng nn khng cn n nhng

lung trng su v nng, v th d thay i cch xp t khi cn thit v gim chi ph
sn xut. H thng ny s dng ph bin cho trng du ty, c chua, cc loi cy tho
mc.
K thut dng su (Deep Folow Technique)
Trong h thng ny, dung dch dinh dng chy qua cc ng nha PVC
(polyvinylclorua) v tip xc vi r cy bng cch thm qua cc chu nh c c l
cha gi th l mt xp, hoc cc loi gi th khc ty iu kin tng ni.
Thy canh dch lng khng tun hon.
Dch dinh dng c cung cp cho cy s dng mt ln v c thay th hoc
b sung nh k. Phng php ny dinh dng khng tun hon m ch c s dng
mt ln.
K thut ngm r (Root Deeping Technique)
Cy c trng trong chu cha cc gi th tr c c l r pht trin ra bn
ngoi chu v trong mt chu ln hn cha dung dch dinh dng. Chu gi th
cha cy ngp trong dung dch khong 2-3cm, mt s r ca cy c ngm trong
dung dch cn mt s khc nm trong gi th tip xc khng kh nhiu hn.
K thut ni (Floating Technique)
H thng ny cy c nm trn mt dung dch bng nhng vt liu do, nh,
ni trn mt nc.Cy trng tri ni trn b th to thnh dng b di chuyn trn
mng. H thng ny thch hp trng cc loi cy, hoa thn thp nh du ty, hoa ng
tin. Trng cy theo cch ny nng sut c th khng tng so vi trng ngoi t,
nhng nng sut tng theo n v din tch bng cch tng mt trng.

Hnh 2.2: M hnh k thut ni

5

 K thut mao dn (Capillary Action Technique)

Trong k thut ny ngi ta dng hai loi chu. Mt chu dng trng cy cy
bng gi th tr, chu cn li cha dch dinh dng, dch ny c mao dn ln chu
cha gi th bng nhng vt liu c tnh mao dn nh tim n, bng gn.

Hnh 2.3: M hnh k thut mao dn

2.1.5.2 Phng php kh canh (Aeroponics)
Cy trng c trng c nh trong cc l trn tm xp v r c treo trong
khng kh di cc tm xp ny. Cc tm ny c xp thnh cc hp kn ngn s
xm nhp ca nh sng v kch thch s tng trng ca r, ng thi ngn s tng
trng ca to, nm. Dung dch dinh dng c phun vo r dng sng m, mi
ln ko di khong 2-3 giy, c 2-3 pht phun li mt ln. Lm nh vy c tc dng
gi m cho r v dch dinh dng c thong kh. Cy hp thu cht dinh dng v
nc t lp dung dch bm vo r.

Hnh 2.4: K thut kh canh

6

2.1.5.3 Thy canh c s dng gi th rn

Cc h thng kt hp gia dung dch lng v gi th rn cy pht trin bn
trn, r cy nm hon ton trong gi th, h thng ny c th ng hay m. K thut
ny thch hp vi nhiu loi rau qu nh du ty, c chua, bu b.
K thut ti treo (Hanging Bag Technique)
Cy c cho vo cc l bn ca ti treo cha gi th tr, thng l x da x
l UV, ti di khong 1m, c dng hnh tr, ngoi trng trong en, dy, lm bng
polyethylen. Dch dinh dng c bm ln nh ca mi ti treo cung cp cho ti
bng mt my phun nc (microspinkle) gn bn cnh nh ti treo, t dch dinh
dng s thm xung gi th v ti r cy.
K thut ti tng trng (Growing Bag Technique)
Cy ging c a vo trng trong cc ti nha tng hp cha gi th (thng
l bt x da kh trng) t nm ngang, chng tia UV, ngoi trng trong en, di 11,5m, cao khong 6cm, rng khang 18cm, di mi ti c khe nh thot nc
hoc ra tri.
K thut rnh (Trenh Or Trough Technique)

Hnh 2.5: K thut rnh

Trng cy vo cc rnh cha gi th l bt gi th x da c, ct, si, ru, perlite,
mt ca c phn cch vi t bng vt liu khng thm nc thng l tm
polyethylen. Dung dch dinh dng v nc c cung cp bng h thng ti nh
git hay th cng truyn thng. y rnh c mt ng vi ng knh 2,5cm c c
l thot nc.
7

 K thut chu (Pot Technique)

Cy trng vo cc chu bng t st hay plastic cha gi th v c cung cp
dinh dng bng h thng vi ti.
2.1.4 Cc loi gi th s dng trong thy canh
Hin nay trong thy canh c s dng nhiu loi gi th bao gm gi th hu c,
phi hu c. Mi gi th c mt c im khc nhau v kh nng gi nc, thng
thong, khi lng ring, thi gian s dng, kh nng ti s dng hay khng. Ty vo
iu kin sn c v vn v cc vt liu, c im loi cy canh tc th mi ni c th
chn nhng loi gi th ph hp nht.
2.1.4.1 Gi th hu c
Cc gi th hu c u c chung nhc im l thi gian s dng ngn v c th
l ni tr n ca nhiu mm bnh tim n. Nhng chng c kh nng gi m rt tt.
X da
c ly t v da, nghin nh, lm gi th. Gi th loi ny c c im l gi
nc tt, thong cao, r, ph bin. Tuy nhin, khi s dng trong cc h thng c hi
lu dng dinh dng th hn ch v chng gi nc nhiu. Nhng s dng trong cc
h thng khng hi lu th rt tt v khng cn phi ti nc lin lc. Trc khi s
dng ngi ta cng ngm nc x da mt i cht v mui. Ti H Lan ngi ta
trn 50% bi x da v 50% t st nung cho kt qu rt tt (Ito, 1999).
Mn ca
L ph phm ca qu trnh ch bin g, loi gi th ny r, d kim, kh nng
gi nc tt, to m, thng thong cao. Thch hp cho k thut rnh, k thut ti
treo.
Tru hun
Tru hun l mnh v la (sau khi ly go) em cht ng v em hun n mt
m c th dit ht mm mng bnh, en m cha thnh tro. Thot nc tt v thch
hp vi nhiu loi cy trng. Trong tru hun c lng ln kali c tnh kim c kh
8

nng ti s dng. N l loi ph phm ph bin, sn c nc ta. Cng nh x da,

tru hun cho hiu qu kinh t v c kh nng ti s dng trong h thng trng thnh
lung, gi th trong h thng thy canh tnh.
Than bn
L loi gi th rt tt i vi cy trng thng c s dng vi trng cy trong
ti. Gi ca loi gi th ny cao nhng sau mi v ta phi kh than bn, kh trng th
c th ti s dng.
2.1.4.2. Gi th phi hu c
t st nung
L nhng vin t st c kch thc nh, trn, c nung nng nhit cao, c
tnh tr, bn trong c nhiu l nh to c thong kh v c th gi dch dinh
dng kh tt, thch hp cho h thng thy canh, c th ti s dng nhiu ln.
Rookwool
L gi th c s dng rt ph bin trong h thng thy canh hin nay. Chng
c lm t bazan nung nhit cao v phun p thnh si ging nh len. T
rookwool c th to nhiu hnh dng khc nhau nh khi vung, ht, tm, cm xp
phng ging nh len. C kh nng thm nc v thot nc tt, hn ch c su
bnh do c nung nhit cao.
Perlite
L gi th nh, xp, l sn phm t ni la. N c kh nng mao dn rt tt,
khng c thnh phn hu c nn trnh c nm bnh. Vt liu ny c s dng ph
bin trong thy canh hoc trn trong t lm tng xp. V vy perlite thng
dng trn chung vi cc gi th khc.
Ct
Tr v mt ha hc nn hn ch ng k cc mm bnh, c tnh mao dn tt,
thong kh cao thun li cho r pht trin. Ct lm vt liu r tin d kim vng
duyn hi, thun li cho canh tc thy canh khng hi lu. Nhng trc khi s dng
9

cn kh trng v tng kh nng gi nc bng vic trn chung vi gi th c kh nng

gi nc.
Vermiculite
Ging nh perlite, y l mt loi khong b nung nng nhit cao nn n
nh v xp, gi nc tt nhng thong kh khng cao. V vy, vt liu ny c th
trn chung vi perlite theo t l 1:1 trong cc h thng thy canh (Ito, 1999)
2.1.6 Dung dch dinh dng v kim sot dinh dng
Trong dung dch thy canh tt c cc cht cn thit cung cp cho cy u c
pha ch thnh dung dch, s pha ch nh hng ln n tnh linh ng ca cc nguyn
t trong mi trng dinh dng, nm r nguyn tc pha ch trnh s kt ta cc
nguyn t khong.
Trong mi trng dinh dng phi c cht m, cht m thng s dng l
KH2PO4. Tc dng ca cht m l lm n nh pH dung dch.

Hnh 2.6: Biu biu hin kh nng hp th dinh dng ca cy trng cc

mc pH khc nhau
(Ngun: Srilanka Department of Agricuture, 2000)

10

S thnh cng hay tht bi ca vic trng thy canh u ph thuc vo pH,
nhit v dn in ca mi trng.
Khi pH dung dch dinh dng vt qu gi tr 7,5 th st, km, mangan, ng,
boron t c cy trng hp th. V vy trong canh tc thy canh chng ta lun phi
kim tra pH dung dch ti u hp th dinh dng ca cy trng. pH ti u nht
cy trng hp th dinh dng l t 5,8 6,5.
2.1.7 Mt s cy trng c trng bng phng php thy canh
Ngy nay c nhiu loi cy trng c sn xut trn h thng thy canh nh
-

Cc loi rau bao gm nh c chua, da leo, x lch, t chung, ci c,

da hu, du ty.
-

Cc loi hoa ct cnh nh hoa hng, hoa cm chng, hoa cc, hoa lily.

Cc loi hoa trng chu.

Mt s lng ln cc loi cy trng trn lung.

(Srilanka Department of Agricuture, 2000)

2.1.8 Tnh hnh sn xut thy canh nc ta
Phng php trng cy thu canh t lu c nhiu quc gia c nn nng
nghip cng ngh cao ng dng rng ri. nc ta th y vn l m hnh cn xa l
vi nng dn, hin ang c cc nh khoa hc nghin cu v trin khai. B mn Sinh
l thc vt, Vin sinh hc Nng Nghip Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni
nhiu nm nghin cu h gi thnh cho kt qu tt. Trng i hc Khoa hc t
nhin tin hnh nghin cu v a ra c dung dch dinh dng rt ph hp cho
nhiu loi rau trng thy canh. Phn bn s dng gm cc nguyn t a lng, vi
lng cn thit cho s sinh trng ca cy rau c phn tch kim chng trn c
s khoa hc. H thng ti nh git b tr t ng hoc bn t ng di dng dung
dch theo thi gian v lu lng cy c th ht trc tip mt cch ng u, tit
kim dinh dng.
Hin nay c nhiu c s sn xut rau thnh ph H Ch Minh , Lt, Trung
tm cng ngh cao Kin An, Hi Phng ng dng trng cy khng dng t sn
11

xut rau cung cp cho ngi dn thnh ph. y l hng canh tc mi c trin vng
trong tng lai. (V Quang Sng, 2003)
2.2 Nh knh v cc iu kin kim sot
iu kin nh knh c nhiu u im la chn cho vic trng cy nh vic
kim sot c mt phn cc loi cn trng gy hi, hn ch c mt s loi su
bnh, iu chnh c cc yu t nh nhit , nh sng, ch gi. Tuy nhin phn
ln cc nh knh nc ta hin nay ch c th trnh c nh hng ca ma v hn
ch mt vi yu t ngoi cnh v d cn trng.
Theo NC State University College of Agricuture and Life Sciences (2008), vic
qun l mi trng nh knh bao gm cc yu t quan trng nh
To mi trng giu CO2
Mi trng bn ngoi cc vn thng dao ng khong 300ppm. Cy trng s
t c nng sut cao hn khi mi trng xung quanh chng c nng CO2 cao
hn. Trong nn nng nghip hin i ngy nay th cc nh vn kim sot mc
CO2 trong khu vc sn xut ca h nhm t c nhng mc ch ti u cy trng.
To h thng trao i kh trong h mi trng vi kh hu
Thng th trong nh knh vic to mc thng thong l mt iu cc k quan
trng v n c nh hng ti kh nng trao i kh ca h cy trng trong nh knh v
m nh knh.
S dng nh sng nhn to
Nhm phc v cho mt s mc ch c bit trong vic kim sot iu kin nh
sng v chu k ngy m i vi mt s cy trng trong nhng iu kin bt li ca
mi trng hoc theo nhng mc ch c bit ca nh vn.

iu ha nhit trong vng tiu kh hu nh knh

Nhm m bo v nhu cu nhit ti u i vi cc loi cy trng v c bit v

m bo s chnh lch nhit ngy v m trong khong ti u cho cy trng.

12

 H sinh vt trong vng vi mi trng nh knh

Vic to nn mc cn bng sinh hc trong nh knh l mt iu ht sc quan
trng v n c lin quan ti qu trnh u tranh sinh hc v s lng thuc bo v thc
vt s dng.
S dng by cn trng
Nhm hn ch s dng thuc bo v thc trong vn cn trng gy hi th s
dng by cn trng l mt gii php cho tnh an ton sinh hc v an ton thc phm.
2.3 Cy du ty
2.3.1 S lc v cy du ty
Theo t in bch khoa m wikipedia, du ty c phn loi nh sau
Tn khoa hc: Fragaria vesca L.
H : Rosaceae
Ging: Fragaria
Tn Ting Anh: Strawberry
2.3.2 Ngun gc v s phn b
Cy du ty c tn khoa hc l Fragaria vesca L., l kt qu ca s lai ghp
ging F. Chiloensis Duch v F. Virginiana Duch. Ngi Anh gi l Strawberry cn
ngi Php gi l Fraisier, khi em v Vit Nam v c ngun gc t Php nn c
gi l du ty.
Du ty thch nghi nhiu loi loi sinh thi khc nhau: n i, a Trung Hi, cn
nhit i v n i. nc ta th vng trng du ty ch lc tp trung ch yu
Lm ng. Thi v trng du ti Lm ng trc y thng vo khong thng 8, 9.
Ma thu hoch chnh t thng 12 n thng 4 nm sau vi nng sut bnh qun l 7
tn/ha. Hin nay, vic ng dng cng ngh sinh hc trong canh tc du c nh nc
quan tm h tr nh trng t cy cy m, trng ph nilon, trng trong nh knh, nhp
ging mi tng nng sut ln 11-13 tn/ha v c th trng quanh nm (Nguyn Th
M Hnh, 2002).
13

2.3.3 Gi tr s dng ca du ty
Du ty l loi qu c mi thm quyn r, v ngt thanh pha ln v chua c
ngi tiu dng tiu dng a chung. Kh nng cung cp nng lng ca du ty
khng cao (100g du ty cho khong 34 calo) nhng cung cp nhiu loi sinh t cn
thit cho c th con ngi (Nguyn Th M Hnh, 2002 )
Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy qu du ty l mt th qu c bit c li cho
sc khe con ngi. Loi qu ny cha nhiu cht b hn c c chua, qu kiwi, hay
hoa l xanh, nhng loi thc phm ni ting c gi tr dinh dng cao, c nhiu
ngi a dng. Gi tr ln nht ca qu du ty l tc dng cha bnh m ngi ta
khng tm thy trong bt k loi thc phm no khc. Trong qu du ty c cha cc
cht bo v, chng xy ha nhiu gp 10 ln qu c chua (Thng tn x Vit Nam,
2006)
2.3.4 c im thc vt hc
Du ty l cy lu nm, phn ng vi quang chu k. C th chia thnh 3 nhm l
ngy di, ngy trung bnh v ngy ngn. Phn ln cc ging du sn xut l ging
ngy ngn.

Hnh 2.7: Cu trc cy du ty

(Ngun: Larry L. Strand, 1994)
14

2.4.4.1 Thn
Cy dy ty c thn ngn gi l crown. Nhng l mi v hoa pht sinh t pha
thn vo u ma xun. Thng th t thn chnh s pht sinh thm 1 n 2 thn con
na v cc nhnh ny gp phn vo nng sut ca cy du ty sau ny. Thng ngi
ta 2 n 3 thn, s thn 8 n 10 s lm cho cy khng ra hoa.
Du c 2 kiu thn l thn chnh (crown) v thn b (stolen). Thn b di thng
c 2 t, ti cc t to thnh cy mi gi l daughter.
2.3.4.2 L
L pht sinh xung quanh thn, cy du ty c nhiu l bao quanh thn, l c
cung di, l kp lng chim c 3 l cht. L c dng van. S l cng nh din tch l
gim xung vo u ma ng, c l iu ny c mi quan h vi vic ra hoa vo ma
xun. Mi l tn ti khong 1 n 3 thng ty vo iu kin thi tit.
2.3.4.3 R
R cy du ty pht trin tt nht trong iu kin khi nhit t l 25oC. R c
vai tr c nh cy v gip cy hp th nc v dinh dng. R du ty c chu k sng
t vi ngy n vi tun.
2.3.4.4 Hoa
L i ca hoa du ty nh v c mu xanh l c b tr bn di nhng cnh
hoa mu trng, nhng cnh hoa xp kht vi nhau khi hoa trng thi n. Hoa du ty
c 5 cnh, c 25 n 30 nh mu vng, 50 n 500 nhy, hoa hnh nn. Hoa du ty
l hoa lng tnh v vy du ty l cy t th.
2.3.4.5 Qu
Thc cht qu du ty vn thng gi l qu gi, n c phnh ra t hoa. Qu
tht l nhng qu b thng gi l ht. S lng qu b nhiu, nh, hnh elip bao ph
b mt qu.
15

Qu du ty thng pht trin sau khi hoa n v qu chn sau khong 20 n

30 ngy ty theo iu kin thi tit. Thng th du ty ra qu theo chm, xp hnh
xim gm qu u tin, th cp v sau th cp v vy kch thc cng nh thi gian
chn cng khc nhau. Qu u c kch thc ln nht, qu th cp c kch thc nh
hn, s lng qu b cng t hn, nhng l qu thu hoch chnh lm nn nng sut.
2.3.4.6 Tnh hnh sn xut du mt s nc trn th gii
Theo FAO (2007) thng k nhm cc nc sn xut du ln trn th gii
Nhm 10 nc sn xut du ln trn th gii
Quc gia

Sn lng( triu tn)

1. USA

1133703

2. Spain

263900

3. Turkey

250316

4. Russian Federation

230400

5. Korea, Republic of

203227

6. Japan

193000

7. Mexico

176396

8. Poland

174578

9. Germany

158658

10. Egypt

104000

2.4. Cht iu ha sinh trng, cc nghin cu v nh hng v ng dng auxin

v gibberellin trn du ty
2.4.1 Khi qut v cht iu ha sinh trng
2.4.1.1 Khi nim
Cht iu ho sinh trng ni bo thc vt gi l phytohormon. y l nhng
sn phm bnh thng ca qu trnh sng thc vt, iu ha hot ng lin quan n
qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin ca cy v m bo mi quan h hi ha gia cc c
quan ca ton cy. Cc phytohormon c bit nhiu nht l auxin, gibberellin, axit
abscissic, cytokinin, ethylen (Bi Trang Vit, 2000).

16

Trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cy c mt cng lc nhiu

phytohormon, t l v hm lng rt khc nhau.
c im tc ng ca cht iu ho sinh trng thc vt l vi hm lng rt t
c kh nng gy nn tc ng lm thay i nhng c trng v hnh thi sinh l ca
thc vt v chng c th di chuyn c.
Ngy nay, bng con ng ha hc con ngi to ra nhiu hp cht khc nhau
c hot tnh tng t cc phytohormon iu khin qu trnh sinh trng pht trin
cy trng lm tng nng sut v phm cht nng sn. Cc cht tng hp nhn to ngy
cng phong ph v ng dng rng ri (V Quang Sng, 2003).
2.4.1.2 Nguyn tc s dng cht iu ha sinh trng
Cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc tc ng n sinh trng ca cy ty theo nng
. cc nng khc nhau th tc dng ca chng khc nhau v c th tri ngc
nhau.
Phi hp vic s dng cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc vi vic tha mn nhng
iu kin xc tin cc qu trnh kch thch m thc vt cn n nh kh hu, thi tit,
nhit , m, v nhu cu v dinh dng.
Cn ch trong khi dng cc ch phm dit c l tnh c chn lc ca chng
i vi cy trng.
Da vo tnh i khng sinh l gia cht kch thch a t ngoi vo v cc
cht bn trong c th.
(Nguyn Ngc Tr, 2007).
2.4.2 Cc nhm cht iu ha sinh trng
Da vo hot tnh sinh l, ngi ta chia cc cht iu ha sinh trng thnh hai
nhm c tc dng i khng v hiu qu sinh l. l cc cht kch thch sinh trng
v cc cht c ch sinh trng.
Cc cht kch thch sinh trng lun gy hiu qu kch thch ln qu
trnh sinh trng ca cy khi c nng tc ng sinh l. Cc cht kch thch
sinh trng bao gm ba nhm l auxin, gibberellin v cytokinin.
17

 Cc cht c ch sinh trng lun gy c ch ln qu trnh sinh trng

ca cy. Chng bao gm axit abscissic, ethylen v cc phenol.
(V Quang Sng, 2003)
2.4.1.1 Auxin
Auxin c tng hp trong ngn thn, trong m phn sinh (ngn v lng), l
non t tryptophan c tng hp t cc l trng thnh di nh sng. Phn ln auxin
tn ti trong cy dng lin kt, di chuyn hng gc v c u tin vn chuyn n
nhng ni sinh trng tch cc nh nh r.
Vai tr sinh l ca Auxin
-

c ch sinh trng chi bn, kch thch u th nh

Kch thch s ra hoa, hnh thnh qu

Kch thch s gin t bo, theo chiu ngang hn chiu dc

Gy qu n tnh, ngn nga hin tng rng i, rng hoa, qu, l.

Cc cht Auxin tng hp

Auxin tng hp c s dng rng ri nht l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), alphanapthaleneacetic acid (NAA) v 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).
2.4.1.2 Gibberellin
Gibberellin c xc nh vi hn 100 loi khc nhau c k hiu l GA1,
GA2...nhng hot tnh ca GA3 mnh nht.
Gibberellin c tng hp ch yu cc c quan cn non nh chi non, ht non,
l non, r non.
Cu trc

18

Vai tr sinh l ca gibberellin

- S ko di t bo
Gibberellin cn hot ng ca cc peroxidase vch t bo, do lm chm s
ho cng ca vch, hin tng do s to lignin di tc dng ca peroxidase.
- S ko di lng v tng trng l
ng vai tr ch o trong iu tit thn ko di cy g v cy bi trng
thnh.
Kch thch ko di lng , va do ko di va do s phn chia t bo thn l c
tnh ni bt ca gibberellin. Gibberellin kch thch mnh s phn chia t bo
nhu m v v biu b. X l gibberellin lm tng nng sut ma cy v ng
do s kch thch ko di lng
Gibberellin liu cao ( hay phi hp cytokinin ) kch thch mnh s tng trng
l (din tch c th gp i bnh thng nh ci c).
- Vi s ny mm ca ht
Gibberellin kch thch tng hp amilase v cc enzyme thy phn nh protease,
photphatase v lm tng hot tnh ca chng, xc tin phn hy tinh bt thnh
ng cng nh polime thnh monome. To nguyn liu cho qu trnh ny
mm.
- Gibberellin vi s ra hoa v phn ha gii tnh
Dng gibberellin cho cy thng c th lm cho n mc nhanh v ra hoa (giai
on th hoa th i vi cy hai nm) ngay trong nm u ca qu trnh sinh
trng, ra hoa ng lot, kch thch cy ngy di ra hoa trong iu kin ngy
ngn.
Gibberellin kch thch hoa c, c ch hoa ci v d h bu b
- Gibberellin vi s sinh trng qu v to qu khng ht
Vai tr gn nh auxin lm pht trin bu non, to qu trinh sn, tng kch
thc qu v to qu khng ht.
2.5 Mt s nghin cu ng dng auxin v gibberellin trn cy du ty trn th
gii
Du ty l loi cy nhy cm vi nhiu yu t nh quang k, nhit , dinh
dng v vy vic chn la ging thch hp v nghin cu chng nhng iu kin
19

sinh thi khc nhau l iu thit yu trc khi a vo sn xut. Cc kt qu nghin

cu ng dng trn th gii ch mang tnh cht tham kho, khng th ty tin p dng
trong iu kin Vit Nam.
2.5.1 ng dng auxin
Auxin c ch ra l cht iu ha then cht trong tin trnh chn ca qu du
ty khi gim mc auxin trong qu c m t khi qu du ty pht trin mt cch
hon chnh. iu ny c cng c bng nhng th nghim ti v tr x l auxin trn
qu th n lm tr hon s hnh thnh mu ca qu du ty (Archbold v Dennis, 1984;
Perkins-Veazie, 1995).
ng dng napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) v Napthaleneoxiacetic acid (NOA)
thay th IAA trong tri m loi ht qu b (Mudge v cng s, 1981), v trong tri
th phn km (Lopez-Galarza v cng s, 1990), lm gim phn trm tri khuyt tt.
ng dng auxin c th quan trng trong s gia tng nng sut thng mi iu kin
nhit ma ng (Castro v cng s, 1976), trong iu kin khng thong kh, hoc
thiu cn trng th phn, m l nhng nhn t ngn cn sinh tng hp auxin v lm
gim pht trin tri (Hancock, 1998).
2.5.2 ng dng gibberelin
Gibberellins (GA) l mt cht iu ha sinh trng c nghin cu vi cc
nh hng trn i tng cy du ty v c lin quan ti s kim sot s sinh trng
ca cy du ty (Thompson v Guttridge, 1959; Guttridge, 1985). Hu ht cc nghin
cu tc dng ca GA da trn cm ng ca cy trng khi x l cc cht iu ha sinh
trng ngoi sinh.
Mt s phn ng c li lin quan n GA trong sn xut nh rt ngn thi gian
thu hoch tnh t lc bt u trng cho ti lc thu hoch t tri u tin, lm gia tng
nng sut t tri u tin, nng sut tng cng, v ko di chu k thu hoch. (Singh
v cng s, 1960). Choma v Himelrick (1984) m t ng dng GA i vi nhng
ging du ty ngy ngn, ngy trung, ngy di lm gia tng khi lng v s lng tri
sau khi x l, mc d vy vic ng dng GA vi nng qu cao cng cho nhng kt
qu i nghch (Dennis v Bennett, 1969; Weidman v Stang, 1983)

20

Mt s ging du ngy ngn to ra s lng hoa ti u khi chng tip tc c

chiu sng v x l GA (Tafazoli v Vince-Prue, 1978). Lng tri ban u thu c
sau khi phun GA cng gp phn trong s gia tng tc chn ca qu du ty. V vy,
trong mt gii hn no ca nng GA c s dng th nng GA cao hn s
cho thu hoch sm hn (Turner, 1963)
Mt s nh vn trng du t nhng nc nh Argentina, Italy, v Nht s
dng GA qun l vic kim sot sn lng tri thu hoch ban u (Rossatti, 1991;
Oda, 1991)

21

Chng 3
VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
3.1 Thi gian v a im nghin cu
ti c tin hnh ti Thn Bc Hi, X Hip Thnh, Huyn c Trng, Tnh
Lm ng.
Thi gian th nghim t 1/3 n 30/6 nm 2009
iu kin th nghim
-

Nh knh din tch 500m2, cao 4m, xung quanh c che bng tm li chn
cn trng.

Din tch b tr th nghim 100m2

Nhit trong nh knh trung bnh hng ngy

Nhit trung bnh ngy 35020C
Nhit trung bnh ban m 26020C

iu kin nh sng khng ng u trong khong thi gian th nghim

H thng thy canh kiu mao dn, s dng c cht x da, khung treo cch mt
t 1m, khung cch khung 0,5m. Vt liu lp rp khung l xp dy 0,03m,
khung cao 0,15m, rng 0,2m, di 6m.

Ging du ty New Zealand 10 tun tui cung cp t phng m Thu Thy

Ha cht c s dng trong th nghim

Ca(NO3).4H2O (n ), KNO3(Israel), NH4NO3(TQ), MgSO4. 7H2O (TQ), KH2PO4
(TQ), CoCl2.2H2O (TQ), CuSO4. 5H2O (TQ), ZnSO4. 7H2O (TQ), Na2MoO4. 2H2O
(TQ), Fe-EDTA (Php), MnSO4 (TQ), H3BO3 (TQ).
Cht kch thch sinh trng NAA v GA3
Cc dng c dng trong th nghim

22

Thc k, cn, ng ong, bnh phun, nhit k

3.2 Phng php
3.2.1 B tr th nghim
Th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin n yu t gm 7 nghim thc,
tin hnh 3 ln lp li. Tng s cy th nghim l 252 cy. 12 cy mi nghim thc,
cy trng cch cy 0,2m.
S b tr th nghim
7

3.2.2 Phng php tin hnh th nghim.

-

7 nghim thc tng ng vi nhng nng v ha cht nh sau

NT1

NT2

NT3

NT4

NT5

NT6

NT7

NAA

NAA

NAA

GA3

GA3

GA3

chng

10ppm

20ppm

30ppm

10ppm

20ppm

30ppm

Nng cc ha cht c pha ch t ngun ha cht nguyn cht.

X l NAA v GA3 2 ln, thi gian gin cch l 30 ngy

Bt u x l khi cy c 45 ngy sau trng

X da c x l trc khi bt u s dng trng cy th nghim

23

Cc iu kin v EC, pH c iu chnh trc khi tin hnh th nghim. Gi

tr EC l 1,8, pH l 6

Dinh dng c cung cp hng ngy, trung bnh 5l/m2/ngy.

3.2.3 Cc ch tiu theo di.

L
-

Din tch l

Di cung l

Thn
-

ng knh thn

Chiu cao cy

Ng
-

S ng

Chiu di ng

Hoa
-

S lng hoa chm

S hoa trn cy

Chiu di cung hoa

Qu
-

S qu

S qu d dng, t l qu d dng

T l u qu

Kch thc, trng lng qu

T l qu thng mi

Nng sut
- Nng sut thng mi
- Nng sut tng cng
3.2.4 Gii thch cch ly ch tiu.
Chn nhng cy ng u v cc ch tiu sinh trng pht trin, ly mi
nghim thc 5 cy theo di.
24

S liu thu thp sau ngy x l 2 tun. Ln theo di th 2 sau ln th nht 30 ngy.
Ln 1: Ngy 13/5/2009
Ln 2: Ngy 13/6/2009
L
-

Kch thc l sau mi t th nghim, ly 10 l trng thnh ca 5 cy mi

nghim thc xc nh din tch l. Xc nh bng phng php v l trn
giy k , bng phng php m, din tch mi l 1cm2.

o chiu di cung l bng cch dng dy o tnh t gc l n v tr l cht

u tin.

Thn
-

o ng knh thn bng cch chn 1 thn trung tm ca cy theo di, dng
thc o.

Chiu cao cy c o bng cch vut ton b l ln, ly dy o t t gc thn

n im cao nht ca cy.

Ng
-

m v ghi nhn s ng pht sinh cc cy theo di

Chiu di ng c o nh sau
Chn 3 ng i din nht cho tng cy theo di, dng dy o t im pht sinh
ng n chm l u tin.

Hoa
-

S hoa hnh thnh c m v ghi chp trn tng cy th nghim.

Chiu di cung hoa c o t gc chm hoa n v tr hoa u tin ca chm

hoa.

Qu
-

Tnh s qu du u trung bnh trn mi cy bng cch m

T l u qu tnh bng t l s qu/s hoa/cy mi nghim thc theo di

Qu d dng m v tnh t l trung bnh mi nghim thc.

25

o kch thc tri gm chiu di v chiu rng, chiu di t cung tri n

chp tri, chiu rng o phn ln nht ca tri.

Tri chn khong 80% th thu hoch, chn la nhng tri c trng lng trn
13g v khng b bin dng v su bnh. mi nghim thc th tng s tri
c thu hoch s c cn v nh gi mc thng phm.

Xc nh nng sut
- Nng sut thng mi c tnh bng cch chn la nhng tri t tiu chun
thng mi trung bnh trn mi cy theo di em cn.
L nng sut ca tri tiu chun thng mi trn cy. Tri thng mi l nhng tri
c trng lng ln hn 13g, khng b d dng v tn thng.
- Nng sut tng cng c tnh bng tng trng lng tt c cc tri thu c trn
cy
3.2.5 Phng php x l s liu
S liu thu thp c x l bng phn mm MSTATC (trc nghim ANOVA1) v Microsof Excel
Ni dung son tho bng chng trnh Microsoft Word 2007

26

Chng 4
KT QU V THO LUN
4.1 nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln chiu cao cy v ng knh thn du ty
sau 2 t th nghim.
Chiu cao cy v ng knh thn l hai ch tiu sinh trng quan trng khi
nh gi mc sinh trng. Hai yu t ny th hin kh nng sinh trng ca cy
trng. Tc ng cc yu t ngoi sinh lm cho cy c mc sinh trng ti u s l
iu kin c th t nng sut cao.
Bng 4.1. nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln chiu cao cy v ng knh thn du ty
sau 2 t th nghim.
NT

CCC (13/5)

CCC (13/6)

KT (13/5)

KT (13/6)

(cm)

(cm)

(mm)

(mm)

NT1(/C)

19,5b

21,29d

12,88c

13,31c

NT2

20,61b

22,2cd

14,75ab

15,4a

NT3

19,61b

22,56cd

14,86ab

15,32ab

NT4

20,17b

22,76cd

15,21a

15,8a

NT5

24,39a

25,57bc

12,89c

13,39c

NT6

24,67a

26,78ab

13,26bc

13,67c

NT7

26,94a

29,54a

13,43bc

13,86bc

CV%

6,82

5,1

5,21

4,33

Ghi ch: Nhng k t theo sau ging nhau th khng c s khc bit xt v phng din thng
k

Theo bng 4.1, hai t x l cho kt qu v xu hng tng trng chiu cao cy
v ng knh thn tng t nhau. S ko di thn c th quan st rt r cc nghim
thc phun GA3 so vi cc nghim thc khc.
27

 ln x l th nht, xt v ch tiu chiu cao cy cc nghim thc phun

gibberellin cy t cao nht, khc bit rt c ngha v mt thng k vi cc nghim
thc i chng v cc nghim thc phun NAA. Cc nghim thc phun NAA cho thy
s khc bit khng c ngha thng k so vi cc nghim thc i chng. Gia cc
nng x l ca cng 1 ha cht khng cho thy s khc bit v mt thng k hc.
S tng trng chiu cao cy bng cm quan cho thy rt r rng gia cc cht
s dng trong th nghim. Nhng nghim thc phun gibberellin cy mc vng ln v
mu sc thn, l c vng hn so vi i chng v cc nghim thc phun NAA. Tuy
nhin vic gia tng chiu cao cy qu mc s khng c li cho vic sn xut thy canh
v khi l cy s ng xung, gy kh chm sc, theo di v thu qu.
Theo bng 4.1 ln x l lp li, gia cc nng NAA x l v i chng
khng cho s khc bit ngha v chiu cao, gia nng GA3 10ppm vi GA3
20ppm v GA3 10ppm vi NAA 30ppm cho s khc bit khng c ngha thng k v
chiu cao nhng c s khc bit rt c ngha vi nghim thc phun GA3 30ppm.
iu ny c th l do thi im x l ny cy ra hoa, u qu mt s nghim
thc. S nh hng ca s pht trin ln sinh trng sinh dng lm cho nhng biu
hin khng r nh ln 1.
i vi ch tiu ng knh thn, sau mi ln x l cho thy cc nghim thc
phun NAA c hiu qu lm tng ng knh thn so vi i chng, gibberellin khng
c hiu qu ny. ng knh thn ln nht nghim thc phun NAA 30ppm (15,2
mm) ln x l th nht v 15,8 mm ln x l lp li v nh nht nghim thc i
chng (12,88 mm v 13,3 mm) sau c 2 ln x l. Gia cc nghim thc x l NAA
10ppm v 20ppm u c s khc bit khng c ngha v ng knh thn so vi cc
nghim thc phun GA3 20ppm v 30ppm sau ln u x l, gia nghim thc phun
NAA 20ppm c s khc bit khng c ngha vi nghim thc phun GA3 30ppm sau
ln x l lp li. Gia cc nghim thc x l cng 1 ha cht khng cho thy s khc
bit v mt thng k hc.
ng knh thn l mt ch tiu quan trng nh gi mc sinh trng ca
cy. Nu cy c ng knh thn mp, khe, n s l mt iu kin cy c sc
sinh trng, nui hoa, qu, gp phn nng cao nng sut v chu k cho tri.
28

Thc nghim cho thy nghim thc phun GA3 10ppm cho mc cao cy va
phi, ng knh thn ln, cho s sinh trng cn i.
4.2 nh hng ln s tng trng l
Din tch l l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng nht khi xt v sinh trng
cy trng. Din tch l gia tng lm tng kh nng quang hp tch ly nng lng v
vt cht hu c. Vn l phi tc ng nh th no hiu qu quang hp ca l t
ti u. V th, s gia tng din tch l v ch s din tch l l yu t then cht.
Bng 4.2: nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln din tch l
Nghim thc

DT l (13/5)

DT l (13/6)

(dm2)

(dm2)

11,10ns

10,84ns

NT2

12,34ns

11,90ns

NT3

12,15ns

11,35ns

NT4

12,14ns

12,57ns

NT5

12,05ns

11,85ns

NT6

13,04ns

12,27ns

NT7

11,79ns

12,19ns

CV%

9,33

6,71

NT1(/C)

Ghi ch: nhng k t theo sau ging nhau th khng c s khc bit xt v phng din thng
k

Bng 4.2 cho thy c 2 ln x l, nghim thc i chng u cho din tch l
nh nht ln lt l 11.1dm2 v 10.84 dm2. Ln x l 1, din tch l nghim thc
phun NAA 10ppm t cao nht (12.44dm2). ln x l th 2, din tch l t cao
nht nng GA3 20ppm (12.78 dm2 ). Bng 4.2 cho thy s gia tng din tch l
cc nghim thc khng c ngha thng k hc.
ln x l NAA v GA3 th 2, iu kin ngoi cnh tc ng rt nhiu n cy
du nh bnh sng mai, chy l v su n l, v th cc gi tr theo di c nhiu s
thay i so vi ln u x l.
29

4.3 nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln s sinh trng thn b (ng)

Thn b (ng) c hnh thnh t thn chnh ca cy du ty, c th s dng ng
nhn ging. Mc sinh trng ca thn c vai tr quan trng trong s pht sinh
s lng v kch thc ng. Nu khng s dng ng nhn ging th s sinh trng
ng s lm hn ch n s sinh trng v pht trin khc.
Bng 4.3: nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln s sinh trng thn b (ng)
Nghim thc

S ng (13/5)

S ng (13/6)

Di ng (13/5)

Di ng (13/6)

(cm)

(cm)

NT1(/C)

13,73c

13,28c

47,33c

48,58b

NT2

14,26c

14,24c

47,35c

48,63b

NT3

14,37c

14,19c

46,43c

48,87b

NT4

14,21c

13,85c

46,28c

49,22b

NT5

15,22bc

14,83bc

56,89b

58,30a

NT6

16,98ab

16,37ab

59,4ab

56,44a

NT7

17,96a

17,65a

63,07a

60,22a

CV%

6,02

5,37

4,11

4,33

Ghi ch: nhng k t theo sau ging nhau th khng c s khc bit xt v phng din thng
k

Kt qu t bng 4.3 cho thy sau ln x l u tin, xt v ch tiu s lng ng,

nng GA3 10ppm, cc nng NAA, v nghim thc i chng c s khc bit
khng c ngha thng k hc. Gia nghim thc phun GA3 10ppm, v GA3 20ppm
cng cho thy s khc bit khng c ngha. Cc nghim thc phun GA3 20ppm v
30ppm, gia chng s khc bit khng c ngha thng k hc, nhng c s khc bit
rt c ngha vi cc nghim thc x l NAA v nc. Nghim thc phun GA3
10ppm v GA3 30ppm c s khc bit rt c ngha.
Chiu di ng ln x l th nht, gia cc nng x l NAA, i chng s
khc bit khng c ngha v thng k hc. Gia cc nng GA3 10ppm v 20ppm
cng khng cho thy s khc bit v mt thng k. Gia GA3 20ppm v GA3 30ppm
cng khng cho thy s khc bit c ngha. Nhng x l GA3 cho s khc bit c
30

ngha thng k so vi i chng v x l NAA. Sau Ln x l u tin cho thy nng

NAA 30ppm cho chiu di ng ngn nht (46,28cm), v GA3 30ppm cho chiu di
ng di nht (63,07cm)
ln x l u tin, cy ang giai on sinh trng dinh dng, nn ng sinh
ra sinh trng mnh v mp. nhng nghim thc phun NAA cho thy r rng hn.
Tc ng ca NAA r hn giai on ny v kch thc ng, cn GA3 cho biu hin
r hn s ko di ng. Hot tnh sinh l ca 2 cht biu hin tc ng ln cy du ty
r hn v cc ch tiu sinh trng giai on sinh trng sinh dng.
ln x l th 2, s lng ng gia cc nghim thc x l NAA, nc, GA3
10ppm khng c s khc bit c ngha thng k, gia cc nghim thc phun GA3
20ppm v 30ppm, gia GA3 10ppm v 20ppm cng cho kt qu khng c s tng s
ng v phng din thng k hc. Nhng gia nghim thc phun GA3 30ppm th c s
khc bit rt c ngha vi cc nghim thc cn li v s ng.
Ln x l th 2, chiu di ng gia cc nng NAA cng khng cho s khc
bit ngha, kt qu tng t ln x l 1. Nhng gia cc nghim thc phun GA3 th
cho kt qu khc ln u x l. Ln x l lp li ny cho thy chiu di ng ng nht
hn, gia cc nghim thc x l GA3 s khc bit khng c ngha thng k. V s
khc bit gia cc nghim thc phun GA3 vi cc nghim thc cn li rt c ngha.
ln x l th 2, cy ra hoa v mang qu. S tc ng km hm gia sinh trng
v pht trin lm cho cy c s lng ng nh hn, t hn, ngn hn, cc ch tiu sinh
trng khng r rng nh ln u x l. iu ny cng cho thy nu tc ng giai
on u, trc t tri u tin th c tc dng kch thch cho cy sinh trng mnh
ln giai on u, to nn mt mc sinh trng mnh cho cy, c vai tr quan
trng cho s pht trin v sau.
4.4 nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ti pht trin hoa
S lng hoa l iu kin cn xc nh s qu trn cy. V vy lm th no
to ra c s lng hoa ti u l mt yu t quan trng trong vic nng cao nng
sut. Vic xc nh xu hng tc ng ln s hnh thnh hoa ca nhng cht th
nghim c ngha cho vic ng dng.
31

Bng 4.4: nh hng ca NAA v GA3 ln s pht trin hoa

Nghim thc

Di cung

S hoa/chm

S hoa/cy

14,35d

3,25b

9,23c

NT2

14,56d

3,20b

9,85c

NT3

15,50d

3,64b

10,53c

NT4

14,70d

3,81b

11,22c

NT5

21,80c

8,05a

28,04b

NT6

29,58b

8,02a

31,46ab

NT7

33,41a

8,62a

36,68a

CV%

7,45

7,43

14,39

hoa(cm)
NT1(/C)

Ghi ch: nhng k t theo sau ging nhau th khng c s khc bit xt v phng din thng
k

Bng 4.4 cho thy s khc bit rt c ngha v s gia tng chiu di cung hoa,
s hoa trn chm, tng s hoa trn cy gia cc nghim thc phun GA3 v cc nghim
thc cn li.
nh hng ca cc nng GA3 ln s pht trin cung hoa c s khc bit rt
c ngha, NAA khng cho hiu qu ny. Cung hoa di nht nghim thc phun
GA3 30ppm (33,41cm) v ngn nht nghim thc x l nc (14,35cm). Gia cc
nng GA3 x l th s khc bit rt c ngha v thng k hc. Chiu di cung
hoa c vai tr quan trng trong vic canh tc du thy canh, n gip cho qu khng
nm trn r, trnh c cc bnh t gi th v d thu hoch. Theo thc nghim th
nhnh mang qu du khi x l GA3 mp v chc, mang nhiu hoa. Nhng nu cc
cung hoa qu chc v mp, qu di cng khng c li cho vic thu hoch. Mc di
cung hoa nng GA3 x l 10ppm l hp l (21,8cm).
X l GA3 cho s lng hoa chm nhiu, tng s hoa trn chm, cho s khc
bit c ngha vi cc nghim thc cn li. NAA khng cho hiu qu ny. nng
GA3 x l 30ppm cho kt qu cao nht v s hoa (36,68). Phn ln cc hoa pht sinh
cc nghim thc phun NAA l hoa n.
32

4.5. nh hng ln s hnh thnh v pht trin qu

S hnh thnh qu chu tc ng ca rt nhiu yu t nh ging, kh hu, cn
trng v vy s hoa t ti u cha phi l s qu cng l ti u. Trong sn xut du
thng mi ngoi yu t s lng cn cn phi ch n hnh thc qu du. Tng t l
u qu, hn ch ti a qu d dng v lm th no ng u qu t cao nht l
iu kin ti u cho sn xut du thng mi.
Bng 4.5:nh hng NAA v GA3 ln s hnh thnh v pht trin qu
Nghim

Squ/cy

thc

(3thng)

NT1(/C)

7,15c

NT2

Qu d dng

Qu TM/

Rng qu

Di qu

cy

(cm)

(cm)

0,76b

6,44c

2,22b

3,14b

8,55c

0,77b

7,05c

2,66a

3,24b

NT3

10,06c

0,88b

8,89bc

2,90a

3,66ab

NT4

10,76c

0,7b

9,73bc

2,94a

3,68ab

NT5

25,74b

0,86b

11,28ab

2,67a

4,04a

NT6

30,02ab

4,23a

10,73b

2,12b

4,17a

NT7

34,27a

4,97a

14,46a

2,11b

3,67ab

CV%

14,94

38,24

14,97

5,44

6,76

Ghi ch: nhng k t theo sau ging nhau th khng c s khc bit xt v phng din thng
k

Bng 4.5 cho thy s qu, qu thng mi tng ln r rt cc nghim thc phun
GA3, s qu d dng tng ln r rt nng phun GA3 20ppm, v 30ppm.
Cc nghim thc phun NAA cho kt qu khc bit khng c ngha thng k so
vi i chng v s lng qu. Gia cc nng x l GA3 10ppm v 20ppm; gia
nng GA3 20ppm v 30ppm khng cho thy s khc bit ngha v s qu.
V ch tiu qu d dng th gia cc nghim thc phun NAA, i chng v GA3
10ppm c s khc bit khng c ngha thng k, t hn, v s khc bit rt c
ngha vi cc nghim thc phun GA3 20ppm v 30ppm.

33

V kch thc qu, bng 4.5 cho thy chiu rng qu khc bit rt c ngha
gia cc nng GA3 10ppm v 3 nng NAA so vi GA3 20ppm, 30ppm v i
chng. Gia cc nng GA3 s dng t 10 - 30ppm lm gim chiu rng qu v
tng ln v chiu di qu.
Cc c tnh v hnh thc qu c ngha quan trng trong vic phn loi du
thng mi, l mt yu t quan trng lm nn hiu qu kinh t ca vic canh tc du.
Theo nhng quan st thc nghim v s liu nghin cu cho thy nng GA3
10ppm v NAA 30ppm cho qu cn i, hnh thc qu p.
4.6 nh hng n nng sut thng mi v nng sut tng cng
Bng 4.6: nh hng n nng sut thng mi v nng sut tng cng
Nghim thc

Trng lng tri

Nng sut thng

Nng sut

(g)

mi/cy (g)

tng cng /cy (g)

NT1(/C)

15,4a

101,34c

108,78d

NT2

15,26a

111,95bc

130,68cd

NT3

15,16a

101,26c

152,13cd

NT4

15,48a

153,48abc

166,11c

NT5

14,53ab

174,30ab

338,10b

NT6

12,65bc

165,48abc

374,90ab

NT7

11,7c

194,34a

401,02a

CV%

6,27

19,98

9,7

Ghi ch: nhng k t theo sau ging nhau th khng c s khc bit xt v phng din thng
k

Bng 4.6 cho thy trng lng tri trung bnh cc nghim thc i chng v
phun NAA cao hn cc nghim thc phun Giberellin 20ppm v 30ppm. Gia
nghim thc phun GA3 10ppm v 20ppm; gia nhim thc phun GA3 20ppm v
30ppm khng cho s khc bit c ngha thng k nhng nghim thc x l GA3
10ppm cho thy trng lng tri ln hn c ngha so vi x l GA3 30ppm. Bng
cm quan v thc nghim cng cho thy rng tri nhng nghim thc phun NAA v
34

i chng ng u, chn ri rc. nhng nghim thc phun GA3 tri nh hn, di,
ng u v chn tp trung.
i vi ch tiu nng sut thng mi, cc nghim thc phun nc v cc nng
NAA, GA3 20ppm khng cho thy s khc bit c ngha thng k, v cc nghim
thc x l GA3 c s khc bit khng c ngha thng k vi x l NAA 30ppm.
Gia cc nng ca cng 1 ha cht x l khng cho khc bit v mt thng k.
Nhng gia cc nng x l GA3 c s khc bit rt c ngha vi x l NAA
10ppm v 20ppm. Nng sut thng mi c nh gi bng cc yu t nh trng
lng v hnh thc tri cn i, c trng ca du ty nn mc d cc nghim thc
phun GA3 cho nhiu tri hn, nhng s lng tri khng t tiu chun chim t l cao
lm gim ng k nng sut thng mi. Tuy nhin n cng cho thy xu hng c li
l tng lng tri, nu tc ng y dinh dng c th s iu khin c s lng
v cht lng trong sn xut thng mi.
Trng lng trung bnh tri cc nghim thc x l GA3 thp, nhng s lng
qu ln lm gia tng nng sut tng cng qu thu hoch.
Nng sut tng cng gia cc nghim thc x l GA3 tng ln rt c ngha
thng k hc so vi cc nghim thc cn li. Nghim thc x l NAA 30ppm cho thy
s khc bit rt c ngha so vi i chng nhng gia cc nng NAA th khng
c s khc bit v mt thng k. nng 20ppm v 30ppm GA3 x l cng khng
cho s khc bit ngha.
Ch tiu nng sut tng chu nh hng ca yu t ging rt ln, n ch th hin
c s lng m khng nh gi c mc ng u v hnh thc qu, l hai ch
tiu rt quan trng trong vic phn loi du ty thng phm, tuy nhin cng cho
thy r rng rng c th s dng n lm tng nng sut qu du ty.
S chnh lch v nng sut gia cc nng x l ca mi ha cht t c s khc
nhau. Nghim thc phun GA3 30ppm cho nng sut qu v nng sut thng mi cao
nht.

35

4.7. Kh nng u qu, qu thng mi v qu d dng

C 3 ch tiu kh nng u qu, qu thng mi, qu d dng l ba yu t phn
loi du. T l u qu cao cho s qu tng cng cao, t l qu thng mi cao cho gi
tr thng phm ln, quan trng nht. Lm th no tng t l qu thng mi v hn
ch qu d dng l rt quan trng trong canh tc du thy canh.
1 2 0 .0 0
N T1

1 0 0 .0 0

N T2

8 0 .0 0

N T3
N T4

6 0 .0 0

N T5

4 0 .0 0

N T6

2 0 .0 0

N T7

0 .0 0
TL U Q U

TL Q U TM

TL Q U D D

Biu 4.1: Biu so snh cc ch tiu qu ca 7 nghim thc th nghim

Biu cho thy s khc nhau gia cc t l qu ca 7 nghim thc th nghim.
T l u qu cao hn cc nghim thc x l NAA v GA3, tuy nhin s chnh lch
gia chng t.
T l tri thng mi cc nghim thc i chng, cc nng NAA cao hn rt
nhiu so vi cc nghim thc phun GA3. Tuy nhin cha th kt lun c rng t l
tri thng mi NAA l ti u so vi GA3 v khi phun NAA, xu hng chnh l ra
hoa n, s qu khng tng ln cn GA3 cho hoa ng lot v tng ln v s hoa. iu
c th l iu kin canh tranh lm cho hnh thc, cht lng v trng lng qu
cc nghim thc phun GA3 khng m bo, l nguyn nhn dn n t l qu thng
mi thp.
T l qu d dng cao nht cc nghim thc x l GA3 20ppm, v 30ppm. Thp
nht nghim thc x l GA3 10ppm. S chnh lch v t l qu d dng cc nghim
thc phun NAA khng nhiu so vi i chng
36

Chng 5
KT LUN V NGH
5.1 Kt lun
X l NAA v GA3 c nh hng quan trng n s sinh trng pht trin ca
cy du ty. Biu hin s sinh trng thn b, t l u tri v nng sut tri. Gia
cc nng ca cng 1 cht cho thy t c s khc bit. X l ln u cho thy s thay
i r rng hn v cc ch tiu sinh trng.
Cc nng x l GA3 cho thy biu hin r rng hn v tc ng n nhiu
qu trnh sinh trng pht trin ca du ty hn NAA. Biu hin s tng ln i vi
cc ch tiu chiu cao cy, chiu di l, di cung hoa, s hoa, s qu.
Nng 10ppm GA3 c hiu qu tt so vi cc nng GA3 khc cng mt
iu kin chm sc, dinh dng.
5.2 ngh
Tip tc nghin cu nh hng ca 2 cht NAA v GA3 cc thi im khc
nhau v cc nng khc.
Nghin cu trn cc cht iu ha sinh trng khc v s phi hp gia cc
cht iu ha sinh trng.
Nghin cu phi hp cht iu ha sinh trng vi cc ch dinh dng khc
nhau.
Tip tc nghin cu v cht iu ha sinh trng ln cc ging du khc
cy du ty.
Nghin cu tng tc gia quang k trong s kt hp x l cht iu ha sinh
trng cy du ty.

37

TI LIU THAM KHO

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146 trang.
2. NGUYN NGC TR, 2007. Bi ging sinh l thc vt. Khoa Nng Hc, i Hc
Nng Lm Thnh Ph H Ch Minh. Cha xut bn
3. BI TRANG VIT, 2000. Sinh l thc vt i cng. NXB HQG Tp. H Ch
Minh. 333 trang.

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