Chuyên đề Pto-le-me (p2)

ng dng ca nh l Ptoleme m rng Trong bi vit ny, chng ta s khng cp n cc ng dng trc tip ca nh l Ptoleme, tc l trng hp c bit ca bt ng
Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn
thc Ptoleme, trong vic gii cc bi ton hnh hc, bao gm vic chng minh cc ng thc hnh hc, cc c tnh hnh hc, cc bi ton tnh ton. Tt c cc bi ton dng ny chng ti
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
a vo phn bi tp. Di y, xin nu ra nhng ng dng ca nh l Ptolemem rng (nh l Casey) trong vic chng minh mt s nh l hnh hc.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
nh l 1. Cho hai ng trn (O1), (O2) tip xc ngoi nhau ti I v cng tip xc trong vi ng trn (O). Mt tip tuyn chung ngoi ca (O1) v (O2) ct O ti B v C, trong khi tip
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
tuyn chung trong ca chng ct (O) ti im A cng pha vi I. Khi I l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC. Chng minh 1. Gi s BC tip xc (O1) ti X v (O2) ti Y
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v AI ct BC ti D. t .
BC = a, CA = b, AB = c, BX = x CY = y, AI = z , DX = DI = DY
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p dng nh l Ptoleme m rng (GPT) cho cc b 4 ng trn (A, (O1), B, C) v (A, (O2), C, B) ta c Tr hai ng thc ny cho nhau, ta c bx cy = u ( c b ) ,
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
( x + u) t ( y + u )
c = , b
tc
BD AB l CD = AC ,
suy ra AD l phn gic gc ac BD = A v b + c ) . Mt ( khc, cng hai ng thc ny, ta c u az = , suy ra b+c
z b+c = u a
tc l
29
Chuyn : PTOLEME
suy ra BI l phn gic gc B. nh l c chng minh. Chng minh 2. B : Cho BC l dy cung ca ng trn (O), S1, S2 l hai cung ca (O) to bi BC. Gi M l
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
AI BA = , ID BD
trung im ca S2 v xt tt c cc ng trn (V) tip xc vi S1 v BC. Khi di tip tuyn tMV t M n (V) khng ph thuc vo v tr ca V. Chng minh b . Gi s (V) tip xc
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
(O) ti R v BC ti S. p dng GPT cho b 4 ng trn (B, (V), C, M) ta c BS.CM + CS.BM = tMV.BC. V CM = BM nn t y ta suy ra tMV = BM (khng i).
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Chng minh nh l 1. Gi M l trung im cung BC khng cha A. p dng b , ta c tMO1 = MB = MI = MC = tMO2. T suy ra M nm trn trc ng phng ca hai ng trn
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
(O1), (O2), tc l trn AI. iu c ngha l AI l phn gic gc A. nh l 2. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn (O). ng trn (C) tip xc vi dy cung BC ti D v
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
cc cnh AB, AC tng ng ti P v Q. Khi trung im ca PQ l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC. Chng minh.p dng GPT cho cp 4 ng trn (A, B,
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
(C), C). t AP = AQ = x th ta c
t AB = c, t A( C ) = AP = x, t AC = b, t B
= c x, t BC = a, t( C ) C = BQ = b
nh l GPT cho ta c ( b x ) + b ( c x ) = ax bc , t x = p , trong

p =
( a + b + c)
2
l na
29
Chuyn : PTOLEME
chu vi tam gic. Gi I l trung im ca A PQ th IP = x sin 2 v khong cch t I n AB bng A IP cos v bng 2
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
bc A A p sin 2 cos 2 . 1 bc.sinA S 2 = = = r p p
Suy ra I chnh l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic. Rt th v l s dng GPT, ta c th tm c mt cch

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
chng minh ngn gn nht cho mt kt qu kinh in, mt vin ngc ca hnh hc s cp, nh l Feuerbach. nh l Feuerbach. ng trn ni tip v ng trn 9
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
im Euler tip xc vi nhau. Chng minh.Gi D, E, F l trung im cc cnh BC, CA, AB tng ng v (I) l ng trn ni tip tam gic. Gi a, b, c l di cc cnh, p l na chu
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
vi. Xt b bn (D, E, F, (I)), ta c

t DE a b c = , t EF = , t FD = 2 2 2 a = 2
tD ( I )
( p b)
bc ca a = , tE ( I ) = , tF ( I ) = 2 2
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
p dng nh l GPT o, ta ch cn kim tra xem c ng thc dng hay khng. Nhng iu ny l hin nhin.
a ( b c) b( c a) c ( a b)
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M rng nh l Ptoleme v bt ng thc Ptoleme nh l Ptoleme v bt ng thc Ptoleme c nhiu hng m rng
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khc nhau. Thm ch t bt ng thc Ptoleme, pht sinh ra hn mt khi nim gi l khng gian metric Ptoleme, th Ptoleme Di y, chng ta xem xt mt s m rng ca nh l
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Ptoleme (v cng l ca bt ng thc Ptoleme) nh l Bretschneider Cho t gic ABCD c di cc cnh AB, BC, CD, DA ln lt l a, b, c, d v di hai ng
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cho AC, BD l m, n. Khi ta c 2 2 2 2 mn =ac + 2 2 bd 2abcd.cos(A+C) R rng nh l Ptoleme v c bt ng thc Ptoleme u l h qu ca nh l

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Bretschneider. Ta xem xt chng minh ca kt qu ny Trn cnh AB ra pha ngoi dng tam gic AKB ng dng vi tam gic ACD, trong BAK = DCA , ABK = CAD , cn trn cnh AD
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dng tam gic AMD ng dng tam gic DAM = BCA , ABC, ADM = CAB . T cc tam gic ng dng ny ta suy ra
ac bd AK = , AM = , m m ad KB = DM = m
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Ngoi ra,
, ngha l t gic KBDM l hnh bnh hnh. Ngha l KM = BD = n . Nhng KAM = + C . p A dng nh l hm s cos cho tam gic KAM, ta c
Chuyn : PTOLEME
KBD + MDB = CAD + ABD + BDA + CAB = 18
29
mn = ac + bd
2 2 2 2 2
2abcd .cos ( A + Cpcm )(
).
nh l Casey (nh l Ptoleme m rng) Cho t gic ABCD ni tip ng trn (C). Bn ng trn , , , tip
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
xc vi (C) ln lt ti A, B, C, D. Gi t l di on tip tuyn chung, trong t l di on tip tuyn chung ngoi nu , cng tip xc ngoi hoc cng tip xc trong vi (C) v
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t l di on tip tuyn chung trong trong trng hp ngc li. Cc i lng t , t c nh ngha tng t. Khi ta c
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t .t + t .t = t .t . (9) Ta chng minh cho trng hp , , , u tip xc ngoi vi (C). Cc trng hp khc chng minh tng t.
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Gi R l bn knh ng trn (C), x, y, z, t l bn knh cc ng trn , , , . t Ta s tnh t theo R, x, y v a. Gi X, Y l tm ca ,

Chuyn : PTOLEME
a = AB, b = BC , c = CD, d = DA, m = AC , n = BD.
29
th ta c, theo nh l Pythagore
(tab ) = XY
2 2
( x y)
Mt khc, theo nh l hm s cos th
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
( R + x) + ( R + y) 2 ( R + x ) ( R + y ) cos ( XOY ) 2 2 2 = 2R + 2R ( x + y ) + x + y 2 2 2 2 ( R + R ( x + y ) + xy ) ( 1 a / 2 R
XY
2
( x y)
+ a2 ( R + x ) ( R + y ) / R2
T
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Tng t vi cc i lng t , t Thay vo (9) ta thy rng nh l Casey c suy ra t nh l Ptoleme, c th l t ng thc a.c + b.d = m.n.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Ngc li, nh l Ptolemechnh l trng hp c bit ca nh l Casey, khi x = y = z = t = 0. nh l Casey c th pht biu mt cch khc, nh sau: Cc ng trn A,
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
B, C, D tip xc vi ng trn (O); a, b, c, d, x, y l di cc tip tuyn chung ca cc cp ng trn A v B, B v C, C v D, D v A, A v C v B v D tng ng. Khi x.y = a.c + b.d. Ch
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ta ly di tip tuyn chung trong hay tip tuyn chung ngoi theo nguyn tc cp trn. Cui cng, im c th coi nh ng trn bn knh 0 v tip tuyn ca hai
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ng trn im chnh l ng thng i qua chng. iu ny s c dng n trong phn ng dng ca nh l Casey.
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nh l Ptoleme v t gic iu ho T gic ABCD ni tip mt ng trn c gi l t gic iu ho nu cc tip tuyn ca ng trn ngoi tip ti A v C ct nhau ti mt im
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nm trn BD, v ngc li, tip tuyn ca ng trn ngoi tip ti cc im B v D ct nhau ti mt im nm trn AC. Ngoi ra, c mt nh ngha gn gng hn cho t gic iu
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ho, nh vo tnh cht sau: nh l: T gic ABCD l t gic iu ho khi v ch khi AB.CD = AD.BC. Chng minh. Phn thun. Gi s tip tuyn ca
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ng trn ti A v C ct nhau ti P nm trn BD. Hai tam gic ABP v DAP ng dng, suy ra
AB DA = BP AP AB BP = AD AP
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Tng t hai tam gic CBP v DCP ng dng, suy ra

CB DC = BP CP DC CP = BC BP
T suy ra
AB.CD = 1 v AP = CP AD.BC
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Phn o. Phn o c th chng minh s dng phn thun v tnh cht: Vi 3 im A, B, C trn ng trn th tn ti mt im duy nht sao cho
AB.CD = BC. AD.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
T gic iu ho c nhiu tnh cht th v, v khi nim ny lin quan mt thit n khi nim cc, i cc. Tuy nhin, bi vit ny khng i su v cc tnh cht khc nhau ca t gic iu ho m
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ni n vic ng dng nh l Ptolemevo t gic iu ho thu c mt tnh cht th v ca t gic iu ho, v xem xt mt s ng dng ca tnh cht ny.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Tnh cht. Nu ABCD l t gic iu ho th AC.BD = 2. AB.CD . Chng minh. iu ny l hin nhin do nh l trn v nh l Ptoleme. Sau y l mt bi ton p dng.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
V d 5. Cho tam gic ABC c ng trn ni tip (I) tip xc vi cc cnh BC, CA, AB ti D, E, F. BE, CF ct (I) ti cc im th hai M, N tng ng. Chng minh rng EF .MN = 3.MF .NE .
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Gii: p dng nh l Ptolemecho t gic EFMN ta c . Nh vy iu cn chng minh tng ng vi NF .ME = 4.NE.MF .
EF .MN + EN .MF = NF .ME
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Ta c DNEF l mt t gic iu ho nn theo tnh cht trn NF.DE = 2.FD.NE Tng t, DMEF l t gic iu ho nn ME.FD = 2.MF.DE
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Nhn cc ng thc trn v theo v ri gin c cho DE.FD hai v, ta c NF.ME = 4.NE.MF chnh l iu cn chng minh. Cui cng, ta chng minh mt tnh cht
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
th v ca t gic iu ho, cng da vo tnh cht ni trn nh l. Cho t gic iu ho ABCD. Gi H l trung im ca AC v K l trung im ca BD. Khi
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
HB + HD = KA + KC .
Chng minh. Do AC.BD = 2.AB.CD nn ta c AH.BD = AB.CD, t

AH DC = AB DB
T suy ra cc tam gic AHB v

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
DCB ng dng vi t s AB/DB. Suy ra

AB.BC HB = BD
Tng t
AD.DC HD = BD
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Suy ra
+ AD.DC ) HB + HD = BD AB.BC.sin ( ABC ) + AD.DC.sin( A = BD sin( ABC ) 4.R.S ABCD = AC.BD
( AB.BC
Cng thc ny hon ton i xng i vi A, B, C, D do ta cng s thu

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
c cng thc tng t khi tnh KA + KC. Suy ra HB + HD = KA + KC. Ghi ch. Cng t chng minh trn, ta suy ra mt tnh cht c trng khc ca
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
t gic iu ho nh sau. Tnh cht. Nu ABCD l t gic iu ho th ng cho BD l ng i trung ca cc tam gic BAC v DAC, ng cho AC l ng i
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trung ca cc tam gic ABD, CBD. ng dng khng hnh hc ca bt ng thc Ptoleme Chng ta s cp n nhng ng dng ca nh l Ptoleme, ca bt ng thc
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Ptoleme trong cc lnh vc ton hc khc, trong c lng gic, gii tch, l thuyt th. Bng di cc dy cung ca Ptoleme Ptoleme l ngi u tin lp ra bng cc hm s
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lng gic ca cc gc. Thc ra, Ptoleme lp ra bng di cc dy cung ng vi gc tm. Tuy nhin, chng ta c th hiu rng bng ny hon ton tng ng
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
vi bng cc hm lng gic. Trn ngn ng hin i, c th hiu tng ca Ptoleme nh sau: Dng nh l Ptoleme, ng tm ra cng thc tng ng vi cng
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
thc lng gic quen thuc: sin( - ) = sin .cos sin .cos Nh th, nu bit hm lng gic ca 0 0 72 v 60 th s tm c hm lng 0 gic ca 12 .
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Ptoleme li tm c cng thc tnh di ca dy cung gc chia i (tng ng vi cng thc 2 sin ( /2) = (1cos )/2. T y, li tm c hm lng gic ca 0 0 0 cc gc 6 , 3 , 1.5 ,
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Sau , Ptoleme dng cng thc hiu lp bng cc dy cung, tng ng vi bng cc hm lng gic ca cc gc. Bn c c th xem chi tit cc lp lun ca Ptoleme trong [11].
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Khng gian metric Ptoleme Bt ng thc Ptoleme trong khng gian Euclid 2 chiu dn n mt khi nim quan trng l khi nim khng gian metric Ptoleme.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Nhc li, khng gian metric l mt b (X, d) trong X l mt tp hp cn d l mt nh x t X + X vo R (tp hp cc s thc khng m), tho mn cc tnh cht sau
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
d(x, y) 0 vi mi x, y thuc X b. d(x, y) = 0 khi v ch khi x = y c. d(x, y) = d(y, x) vi mi x, y thuc X d(x, z) d(x, y) + d(y, z) vi mi x, y, z thuc X
a. d. Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Khng gian metric (X, d) c gi l khng gian metric Ptolely nu nh vi bn im x, y, z, t bt k ta c bt ng thc Ptoleme
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d ( x, y ) .d ( z , t )
+ d ( x, t ) .d ( y, z ) d ( x, z ) .d ( y, t )
th Ptoleme Tng t, ta c khi nim th Ptoleme : th lin thng G c gi l th Ptoleme nu vi 4

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
im A1, A2, A3, A4 bt k ta c

d12 .d34 + d14 .d 23 d13 .d 24
trong dij l khong cch gia Ai v Aj, ngha l di ng i ngn nht t Ai n Aj. Nhng i tng ny c nhng tnh
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
cht quan trng v c nhiu nh ton hc quan tm nghin cu
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Bi tp c gii Bi ton 1: Cho tam gic u c cc cnh bng Trn ly im di ng, trn tia i ca tia ly im di ng sao cho . Gi l
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
giao im ca v . Chng minh rng: ( thi vo trng THPT chuyn L Qu n, th x ng H, tnh Qung Tr, nm hc 2005-2006)
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Chng minh: T gi thit ra Xt Li c T:

Chuyn : PTOLEME
suy
c:
29
Suy ra t gic ni tip c ng trn. p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho t gic ni tip v gi thit ta c: (pcm)
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
y l 1 bi ton kh d v tt nhin cch gii ny ko c n gin lm.V nu mun s dng ng thc Pt-l-m trong 1 k thi th c l phi chng minh n di dng b .
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Nhng iu ch y l ta chng cn phi suy ngh nhiu khi dng cch trn trong khi nu dng cch khc th li gii c khi li ko mang v tng minh.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Bi ton 2: Tam gic vung c . Gi l mt im trn cnh l mt im trn cnh ko di v pha im sao cho . Gi l mt im trn cnh sao cho nm
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trn mt ng trn. l giao im th hai ca vi ng trn ngoi tip . Chng minh rng: ( thi chn i tuyn Hng Kng tham d IMO
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2000, HongKong TST 2000)
Chng minh: Xt cc t gic ni tip v ta c:

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
(cng chn cc cung trn) Mt khc Xt (do v ) c:
(do ) p dng nh l
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Pt-l-m cho t gic ni tip ta c: T suy ra: (pcm) C th thy rng bi 1 l t tng n gin ta xy dng cch gii ca
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
bi 2. Tc l da vo cc i lng trong tam gic bng nhau theo gi thit ta s dng tam gic ng dng suy ra cc t s lin quan v s dng php th suy ra iu phi chng
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
minh. Cch lm ny t ra kh l hiu qu v minh ha r rng qua 2 v d m zaizai nu trn. lm r hn phng php chng ta s cng nhau n vi vic chng minh 1
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
nh l bng chnh Pt-l-m. Bi ton 3: ( nh l Carnot) Cho tam gic nhn ABC ni tip trong ng trn (O,r)v ngoi tip ng trn (I,r)Gi x,y,z
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ln lt l khong cch t ti cc cnh tam gic. Chng minh rng: x+y+z= R+r
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Chng minh: Gi M,N,P ln lt l trung im ca BC,CA,AB. Gi s

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
T gic OMPB ni tip, theo ng thc Pt-l-m ta c: Do : Tng t ta cng c : Mt khc:

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ta c:
y l 1 nh l kh l quen thuc v cch chng minh kh n gin. ng dng ca nh l ny nh ni l dng nhiu trong tnh ton cc i
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lng trong tam gic. i vi trng hp tam gic khng nhn th cch pht biu ca nh l cng c s thay i. 2, Chng minh cc c tnh hnh hc:
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Bi ton 1: Cho tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn (O)v AC=2AB. Cc ng thng tip xc vi ng trn (O)ti A,Cct nhau P. Chng minh
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
rng BPi qua im chnh gia ca cung BAC
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Chng minh: Gi giao im ca BPvi ng trn l N. Ni AN,NC. Xt v c: chung Tng t ta cng c

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Mt khc PA=PC ( do l 2 tip tuyn ca ng trn ct nhau) Nn t p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho t gic ni tip ABCN ta c:
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
T . Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. y c l l mt trong nhng li gii kh l ngn v n tng ca bi ny.Ch cn qua vi
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
qu trnh tm kim cc cp tam gic ng dng ta d dng i n kt lun ca bi ton. T tng ban u khi lm bi ton ny chnh l da vo l thuyt trong cng mt ng
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
trn hai dy bng nhau cng hai cung bng nhau. Do c lin quan n cc i lng trong t gic ni tip nn vic chng minh rt d dng. Bi ton 2: Cho
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
tam gic ABC c I l tm ng trn ni tip, O l tm ng trn ngoi tip v trng tm G. Gi s rng . Chng minh rng IG song song vi BC
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Ko di AI ct (O)ti N. Khi N l im chnh gia cung BC (khng

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
cha A ). Ta c: c : Do T
. Li
suy ra s cung
p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho t gic ni tip

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ABNC ta c: T p dng tnh cht ng phn gic trong tam gic v (5) ta c:
Vy
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Mt khc G l trng tm ca tam gic suy ra T Suy ra IG l ng trung bnh ca tam gic ADM hay IG song song vi BC. y l mt bi ton
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
kh l hay t nht l i vi THCS v vi cch lm c v "ngn gn" ny ta phn no hnh dung c v p ca cc nh l. Bi ton 3: Cho tam gic ABC
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ni tip ng trn (O), CM l trung tuyn. Cc tip tuyn ti A v B ca (O) ct nhau D. Chng minh rng:
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Chng minh: Gi N l giao im ca CD vi (O). Xt tam gic DNB

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
v DBC c: chung. Tng t ta cng c : M BD=DA nn t p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho t gic ni tip
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ANBC ta c: T (3) v gi thit Xt v c:
Vy bi ton c chng minh. C s ta gii quyt cc bi ton

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
dng ny l to ra cc t gic ni tip p dng nh l sau s dng l thuyt ng dng tm ra mi quan h gia cc i lng. y l mt li suy bin ngc trong hnh hc.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
3, Chng minh cc ng thc hnh hc: Bi ton 1: Gi s M,N l cc im nm trong sao cho .
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Chng minh rng:
Chng minh: Ly im K trn ng thng BN sao cho , lc

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
suy ra: Mt khc d thy rng , t dn n . Cng t ta c: .

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
suy ra t gic ANCK ni tip ng trn. p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho t gic ABCK ta c: Nhng t v th : Nn ta c ng thc (3)
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
y l 1 trong nhng bi ton kh l c in ca IMO Shortlist. Ta vn c th gii quyt bi ton theo mt hng khc nhng di v phc tp hn
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
l s dng b : Nu M,N l cc im thuc cnh BC ca sao cho th . y l mt b m cc bn cng nn ghi nh. Bi ton 2: Cho t
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
gic ABCD ni tip trong ng trn (O). Chng minh rng: Chng minh: Ly E v F thuc ng trn sao cho: Khi :
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho hai t gic ni tip AECD v BCDF ta c: Mt khc: Do : Suy ra: ED=3FC
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
(3) T (1), (2), (3) ta c iu phi chng minh. Bi ton 3: Cho tam gic ABC vi BE, CF l cc ng phn gic trong. Cc tia EF,
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
FE ct ng trn ngoi tip tam gic theo th t ti M v N. Chng minh rng:
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Chng minh: tBC=a,CA=b,A B=c p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho hai

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
t gic ni tip AMBC v ANCB ta c: T (1) v (2) ta c: Mt khc ta li c: Tng t :

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
T (4), (5) v tnh cht ng phn gic ta c: Chng minh tng t ta c: T (3), (6), (7) ta c iu phi chng minh.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
C th d dng nhn ra nt tng ng gia cch gii ca 3 bi ton l vn dng cch v hnh ph to ra cc cp gc bng cc cp gc cho sn t tm ra cc biu
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
din lin quan. Mt ng li rt hay c s dng trong cc bi ton dng ny. 4, Chng minh bt ng thc v gii ton cc tr trong hnh hc:
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Bi ton 1: (Thi HSG cc vng ca M, nm 1987) Cho mt t gic ni tip c cc cnh lin tip bng a,b,c,d v cc ng cho bng p,q Chng minh
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
rng: Chng minh: p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho t gic ni tip th ac+bd=pq Vy ta cn chng minh
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Bt ng thc ny chnh l mt bt ng thc rt quen thuc m c l ai cng bit l bt ng thc BunhiacopxkiBCS. Vy bi ton c chng minh.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Mt li gii p v v cng gn nh cho 1 bi ton tng chng nh l kh. tng y l a bt ng thc cn chng minh v 1 dng n gin hn v thun i s hn.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Tht th v l bt ng thc li l BCS. Bi ton 2: Cho lc gic li ABCDEF tha mn iu kin Chng minh rng:
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Chng minh: t AC=a,CE=b,AE=c p dng nh l

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Pt-l-m m rng cho t gic ACEF ta c: . V EF=AF nn suy ra: Tng t ta cng c: T suy ra
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Bt ng thc qui v dng chnh tc SOS : D thy: Nh vy , nh gi tng t ta cng d dng thu c kt qu
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
. Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a=b=c. Tc l khi ABCDEF l mt lc gic u ni tip.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Bi ton 3: Cho lc gic li ABCDEF tha mn iu kin AB=BC,CD=DE,E F=FA v tng di ba cnh AC,CE,AE bng 3
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Chng minh rng:
Li gii: Ta chuyn vic chng minh bt ng thc trn v chng minh bt ng thc sau:
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Bng cch s dng phng php h s bt nh ta d dng tm c bt ng thc ph ng: Tng t vi cc phn thc cn li ta c iu phi chng
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
minh. Khi nh hng gii bi ny chc hn bn s lin tng ngay n SOS nhng tht s th n ko cn thit trong bi ton ny bi ch lm phc
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ha bi ton. Dng phng php h s bt nh gip ta tm ra 1 li gii ngn v rt p. Thc ra cch lm mi bi ton ny cng cc k n gin v xut pht im ca dng
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
chun l bt ng thc Nesbit quen thuc v vy d dng thay i gi thit bin i bi ton. M cch thay i iu kin y chnh l bc chun ha trong chng minh bt
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ng thc i s. Ni chung l dng ng bc bt ng thc thun nht. Vi t tng nh vy ta hon ton c th xy dng cc kt qu mnh hn v th v hn qua mt vi
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
phng php nh SOS, h s bt nh, dn bin v chun ha. c bit sau khi chun ha ta c th dng 3 phng php cn li chng minh. Bi ton 4::
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Cho ng trn (O)v BC l mt dy cung khc ng knh ca ng trn. Tm im thuc cung ln BC sao cho AB+AC ln nht. Li gii:
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Gi D l im chnh gia cung nh BC. t CB=DC=a khng i. Theo nh l Pt-l-m ta c: Do BC v a ko i nn AB+ACln nht khi v ch khi
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ADln nht khi v ch khi l im i xng ca Dqua tm O ca ng trn. nh l.Chng minh rng nu ABCD l t gic ni tip th AB.CD + AD.BC= AC.BD
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Chng minh. Gi s Ly im M trn on AC tha mn

MBC = ABD DBC ABD
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
VABC : VDBC ( g g ) nn
AB.CD = BD.AM
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Tng t AD.BC = BD.CM. Suy ra AB.CD + AD.BC = BD(AM + CM) = AC.BD (dpcm) ng dng Bi ton 5:
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Cho hnh vung ABCD ni tip ng trn tm O bn knh R. P l mt im nm trn cung nh CD ca (O). Chng minh rng PA + PC = 2PB Li gii. V ABCD l hnh vung ni
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
tip ng trn (O;R) nn AB = BC = R 2, AC = 2R. p dng nh l Ptlm cho t gic ABCP ta c AB.CP + AP.BC = AC.BP. T suy ra pcm.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
O
Bi ton 6: B Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD. Mt ng P
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
trn i qua A ct ng thng AB, AC, AD ln lt ti im th hai khc A l P, Q, R. Chng minh rng AB.AP + AD.AR = AQ.AC Li gii.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Chuyn : PTOLEME
29
= CAD = RPQ v BAC = PRQ ACB nn VABC : VRQP( g g ) AB BC AC Suy ra RQ = QP = RP
(t l t). Khi RQ =
BC , t
= RP = T suy ra pcm.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
AB , t AC . t
QP
Bi ton 7: Cho VABC nhn ni tip ng trn tm O, bn knh R v ngoi tip ng trn tm I, bn knh r. Gi x; y; z ln lt l khong cch
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
t O n BC; CA; AB. Chng minh rng x + y + z = R + r. Li gii. t BC = a, CA = b; AB = c
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
p dng nh l Ptlm cho t gic

Chuyn : PTOLEME
z
29
ANOP ta c
cy bz aR a = = (v NP = ) 2 2 2 2 cy + bz = aR; bx + ay = cR.
Suy ra a ( y + z ) + b( z + x ) + c ( x + y ) = R ( a + b M ax+by+cz = 2S ABC = (a + b + c)r
Nn cng theo v hai ng thc trn ri chia hai v cho
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
(a + b + c) suy ra pcm. Bi ton 8: Cho ng trn (O) v dy BC c nh (khc ng knh). Xc nh v tr ca im A trn cung
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ln BC sao cho AB + AC ln nht. Li gii. Gi D l trung im ca cung nh BC. p dng nh l Ptlm cho t gic ABDC ta c AB.DC + AC.BD = AD.BC.
Chuyn : PTOLEME
DC ( AB + AC ) = AD.BC (v BD =
29
V DC v BC c nh nn AB +AC ln nht khi v ch khi AD ln nht. Vy A l trung im A ca cung ln BC.
B
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
.Bi tp t gii 1. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn (O) v AC = 2AB. Cc
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ng thng tip xc vi ng trn (O) ti A, C ct nhau ti P. Chng minh rng BP i qua im chnh gia ca cung BAC. 2. Cho tam gic ABC c I l tm ng trn ni tip,
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
O l tm ng trn ngoi tip v trng tm G. Gi s rng 0 OIA = 90 . Chng minh rng IG song song vi BC. 3. (IMO Shortlist) Gi s M, N l cc im nm trong tam
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
gic ABC sao cho MAB = NAC, MBA = NBC. Chng minh rng:
4. (VMO 1997) Trong mt phng, cho ng trn tm O bn knh R v

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
im P nm trong c trn (OP = d < R). Trong tt c cc t gic li ABCD ni tip trong ng trn (O) v c hai ng cho AC v BD vung gc v ct nhau ti P, hy tm t gic c chu vi
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ln nht v t gic c chu vi nh nht. Tnh cc gi tr ln nht v nh nht ny theo R v d. 5. (Bulgaria 2007) Cho tam gic ABC c BC > AB > AC v
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
. Xt cc im X thuc BC v Y thuc AC ko di v pha C sao cho BX = AY = AB. a) Chng minh AB rng XY = 2 .

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
11 cos A + cos B + cos C = 8
b) Gi Z l im nm trn cung AB ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic khng cha C sao cho ZC = ZA + ZB. Hy tnh t s
ZC . XC + YC
6. Cho tam gic ABC vi BE, CF l

Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
cc ng phn gic trong. Cc tia EF, FE ct ng trn ngoi tip tam gic theo th t ti M v N. Chng minh rng: 7. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
trn (O). ng trn (O) nm trong (O) tip xc vi (O) ti T thuc cung AC (khng cha B). K cc tip tuyn AA, BB, CC ti (O). Chng minh rng: BB.AC = AA.BC + CC.AB.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
8. (nh l Thebault) Cho tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn (O). D l trung im ca BC. Gi (O1), (O2) l cc ng trn nm trong (O), tip xc vi (O), BC v AD. Khi
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ng thng ni tm ca (O1), (O2) i qua I. Hy chng minh. 9. (CMO 1988, Trung Quc) Cho ABCD l mt t gic ni tip vi ng trn ngoi
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
tip c tm O v bn knh R. Cc tia AB, BC, CD, DA ct ng trn tm O bn knh 2R ln lt ti A, B, C, D. Chng minh rng chu vi t gic ABCD khng
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
nh hn hai ln chu vi t gic ABCD. 10. Cho ng trn (O) v dy cung BC khc ng knh. Tm im A thuc cung ln BC ca ng trn AB + 2AC t gi tr ln nht.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
11. Lc gic li ABCDEF c ABF l tam gic vung cn ti A, BCEF l hnh bnh hnh. AD = 3, BC = 1, CD + DE = 2 Tnh din tch lc gic. 12. Cho ng gic u ABCDE ni
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
tip ng trn (O). Gi M l mt im thuc cung nh AE. Chng minh rng: MA + MC + ME = MB + MD . 13. Cho tam giac ABC t. Gi R l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip, r l bn
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
knh ng trn ni tip tam gic v x, y, z theo th t l khong cch t tm O ca ng trn ngoi tip ti cc cnh BC, CA, AB. Chng minh rng:
y+zx= R+r
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
14. Cho ng trn O v dy BC c nh ( khc ng knh). Xc nh v tr ca im A trn cung ln BC sao cho AB+2AC ln nht Bi 1:(CMO 1988, Trung Quc)
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
l mt t gic ni tip vi ng trn ngoi tip c tm ) v bn knh . Cc tia ct ln lt ti . Chng minh rng: 16.Cho ng trn v dy cung
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
khc ng knh. Tm im A thuc cung ln ca ng trn t gi tr ln nht. 17.Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn . ng trn nm trong (O)
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
tip xc vi (O) ti T thuc cung AC (ko cha B). K cc tip tuyn ti . Chng minh rng: 18.Cho lc gic c cc cnh c di nh hn 1. Chng minh rng
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
trong ba ng cho c t nht mt ng cho c di nh hn . 19.Cho hai ng trn ng tm, bn knh ca ng trn ny gp i bn knh ca ng trn kia. l t gi ni
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
tip ng trn nh. Cc tia ln lt ct ng trn ln ti . Chng minh rng: chu vi t gic ln hn 2 ln chu vi t gic .
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
T liu tham kho 1. I.F.Sharyghin, Cc bi ton hnh hc phng, NXB Nauka, Moscow 1986
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
2. L Quc Hn, n sau nh l Pt-lm, NBX Gio dc 2007 3. Internet, Ptolemes Theorem http://en.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Ptoleme's_th eorem
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
4. Internet, Simsons Line and Its Applications http://www.math.uci .edu/~mathcirc/math 194/lectures/inscrib ed/node2.html 5. Internet, Caseys Theorem
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Generalized Ptolemes Theorem http://en.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Casey's_the orem 6. Zaizai, Khm ph nh l Pt-l-m http://toanthpt.net/fo rums/showthread.ph p?p=7986
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
7. Internet, Ptolemes Theorem and Interpolation http://www.mlahana s.de/Greeks/Ptoleme Math.htm 8. Internet, Peter Scholes IMO website
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
www.kalva.demon.c o.uk 9. Shailesh Shirali, On The Generalized Ptoleme. Theorem. http://journals.cms. math.ca/cgibin/vault/public/vie w/CRUXv22n2/bod y/PDF/page49Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
53.pdf?file=page4953 10. Jean-Louis Aime, Sawayama and Thebaults Theorem, Forum Geometricorum, Volume 3 (2003), 225-229.
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
http://forumgeom.fa u.edu/FG2003volum e3/FG200325.pdf 11. Internet, Ptolemes Table of Chords. Trigonometry in the second century
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
http://hypertextbook .com/eworld/chords. shtml 12. Malesevic, Branko J., The Mobius-Pompeiu metric property, Journal of Inequalities and
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Applications www.hindawi.com/ Getpdf.aspx? doi=10.1155/JIA/2 006/83206 13. David C.Kay, The ptolemaic inequality in Hilbert geometries, Pacific
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
Journal of Mathematics, Volume 21, N2 (1967), 293-301. 14. Internet, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Distances www.liga.ens.fr/~d eza/1-15.pdf
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
15. Edward Howorka, A characterization of ptolemaic graphs, Volume 5, Issue 3 Pages 323-331. 16. Takahara et al, The longest path problems on
Chuyn : PTOLEME 29
ptolemaic graphs, IEICE Transactions http://ietisy.oxfordj ournals.org/cgi/con tent/abstract/E91D/2/170
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Chuyn : PTOLEME 29

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ng dng ca nh l Ptoleme m rng Trong bi vit ny, chng ta s khng cp n cc ng dng trc tip ca nh l Ptoleme, tc l trng hp c bit ca bt ng

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

nh l GPT cho ta c ( b x ) + b ( c x ) = ax bc , t x = p , trong

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

bc A A p sin 2 cos 2 . 1 bc.sinA S 2 = = = r p p

Suy ra I chnh l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic. Rt th v l s dng GPT, ta c th tm c mt cch

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

vi. Xt b bn (D, E, F, (I)), ta c

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

cho AC, BD l m, n. Khi ta c 2 2 2 2 mn =ac + 2 2 bd 2abcd.cos(A+C) R rng nh l Ptoleme v c bt ng thc Ptoleme u l h qu ca nh l

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

KBD + MDB = CAD + ABD + BDA + CAB = 18

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

2abcd .cos ( A + Cpcm )(

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gi R l bn knh ng trn (C), x, y, z, t l bn knh cc ng trn , , , . t Ta s tnh t theo R, x, y v a. Gi X, Y l tm ca ,

a = AB, b = BC , c = CD, d = DA, m = AC , n = BD.

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Mt khc, theo nh l hm s cos th

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Tng t hai tam gic CBP v DCP ng dng, suy ra

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

Gio vin Hng Dn : Kim Sn

EF .MN + EN .MF = NF .ME