B GIAO DUC & AO TAO TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUT TP.

HCM KHOA IN B MN KY THUT IN

BAI GIANG MAY IN C BIT

NGI SOAN : L HNG SN

THANH PH H CHI MINH THANG 5 / 2010

Chng 1 : May Bien Ap ac Biet 1.1. May bien ap t ngau. 1.2. May bien ap ba day quan. 1.3. May bien ien ap. 1.4. May bien dong ien. 1.5. May bien ap han. 1.6. May bien ap bien oi so pha (MBA SCOTT). 1.7. May bin ap chinh lu 1.8. May bin ap dung trong cac lo nung , lo uc 1.9. May bin ap dich pha. Chng 2 : May ien Mot Chieu ac Biet 2.1.May ien khuyech ai t trng ngang. 2.2.May phat o toc o. 2.3.May phat han ien. 2.4.ong c chap hanh mot chieu (DC servo motor) . 2.5.ong c ien mot chieu khong choi than (Brushless dc motor). Chng 3 : May ien Khong ong Bo ac Biet 3.1.May phat ien khong ong bo. 3.2.May dch pha. 3.3.May ieu chnh cam ng. 3.4.May bien ap xoay. 3.5.Selsyl . 3.6.May phat toc o khong ong bo. 3.7.ong c chap hanh khong ong bo. Chng 4 : May ien ong Bo ac Biet 4.1.May bien oi mot phan ng. 4.2.May phat cam ng tan so cao. 4.3. ong c ien phan khang . 4.4. ong c bc. Chng 5 : ong C ien Xoay Chieu Co Vanh Gop 5.1. ong c ba pha co vanh gop. 5.2. ong c ien mot pha co vanh gop.

Chng 1 :

MAY BIN AP C BIT

1.1 May bin ap t ngu : Cu tao : May bin ap t ngu la may bin ap ma phn th cp va phn s cp chung mt cun dy. Bn phia cun dy th cp ngoai dong in cam ng, con co dong in chay trc tip t phia s cp sang phia th cp. Cun dy s cp va th cp co th co ng kinh khac nhau. u im : Kich thc nho gon. Gia thanh thp. Nhc im : Mc an toan kem hn dang cach ly. It c s dung cp ngun cho cac linh kin in t. ng dung : Dung trong cac n ap.

Hinh 1.1 ng dung may bin ap t ngu nh mt n ap Cac may bin ap cn iu chinh, thay i in ap.

Hinh 1.2 ng dung may bin ap t ngu nh b variac

1.2 May bin ap ba dy qun : Cu tao :

Hinh 1.3 S nguyn ly cu tao may bin ap 3 dy qun Loai may bin ap nay co 2 cun dy th cp ring bit nhau, in ap khac nhau va cng sut cung khac nhau, vi vy ng kinh dy cua 2 cun dy nay cung khac nhau. Nguyn ly hoat ng : Cung ging nh cac loai may bin ap thng thng. Khi tinh toan thit k loai may nay thi cng sut cua loai may nay c tinh bng tng cng sut cua hai cun th cp : S = U21 I21 + U22 I22 (VA) ng dung : Trong mt s may cn s dung nhng cp in ap khac nhau. Nhng ng vi mi cp in ap o se cung cp cho nhng phu tai co cng sut khac nhau. Vi vy, bn phia th cp phai qun bng nhiu cun co ng kinh dy khac nhau cho phu hp vi tng loai tai.

1.3 May bin in ap : (TU, PT) Cu tao : May bin in ap la mt may bin ap cach ly vi cun s cp co s vong nhiu va cun th cp co s vong it.

Hnh 1.4

ac iem cau tao cua may bien ien ap.

Mt vai dang TU thng gp:

Hinh 1.5 cac dang TU thng gp

Nguyn ly lam vic : Nguyn ly lam vic cua may bin in ap cung da trn hin tng cam ng in t, cun s cp c mc vi ngun in cn o hoc cn ly mu, con cun th cp c ni vi ng h o.

Hinh 1.6 S nguyn ly lam vic cua PT ng dung : Trong o lng S dung trong vic o m in nng tiu thu tai cac tram bin th

Hinh 1.7 ng dung TU trong o lng Trong iu khin

Hinh 1.8 ng dung PT trong cac board mach iu khin

 Trong mt s b iu khin in ap, iu khin ng c, cac b AVR cn ly in ap mu v so sanh t o iu khin in ap theo mong mun. in ap ly mu v a vao b AD hoc b vi x ly nn khng th a trc tip v ma phai qua b bin i in ap.

Hinh 1.9 ng dung PT trong cac b o m, ly mu 1.4 May bin dong in : (TI, CT) Cu tao : May bin dong cung nh mt may bin ap cach ly thng thng, cun dy s cp thng c qun rt it vong, thng chi co mt vong dy. Dy qun s cp co tit din rt ln do may phai lam vic iu kin gn nh ngn mach. ng kinh dy s cp phu thuc vao cp cng sut cua may bin dong. Dy qun th cp cua may bin dong thng co tit din nho va co rt nhiu vong.

Hnh 1.10

S o nguyen ly may bien dong.

Mt vai dang TI thng gp :

Hinh 1.11 Mt vai dang TI thng gp Nguyn ly lam vic : Nguyn ly lam vic cua may bin dong cung da trn hin tng cam ng in t, cun s cp c mc vi dong in cn o hoc cn ly mu, con cun th cp c ni vi ng h o. Mt iu cn lu y khi s dung bin dong la tranh h th cp cua bin dong vi in ap th cp cua bin dong luc h thng rt ln co th lam h lp cach in cua may.

Hinh 1.12 S nguyn ly hoat ng cua TI ng dung : Trong o lng

S dung trong vic o m in nng tiu thu tai cac tram bin th

Hinh 1.12 ng dung TI trong o m cng sut Trong iu khin

Hinh 1.13 Cach mc TI Trong cac tu in iu khin bu cng sut phan khang, cn ly tin hiu dong in a v b iu khin. Trong mt s b bin tn, b driver servo, cac b iu khin khac, b bin dong ong vai tro nh mt cam bin dong in . Dong in ly mu v a vao b A/D hoc b vi x ly nn khng th a trc tip v ma phai qua b bin i in dong in.

Hinh 1.14 ng dung TI trong cac b iu khin 1.5 May bin ap han : Cu tao : May bin ap han la loai may bin ap cach ly, hai cun dy s cp va th cp khng ni chung nhau. in ap ra luc khng tai khoang 70V 80V, khi han in ap giam xung con khoang 32V 35V

Hinh 1.15 S nguyn ly cu tao may bin ap han 1.6 May bin ap bin i s pha (MBA Scott) : May bin ap chuyn i s pha hay con goi la may bin ap Scott dung thay i s pha cua ngun in cho phu hp vi muc ich s dung. Cu tao : May bin ap Scott co cu tao t hai may bin ap cach ly. Hai may bin ap nay co s vong dy qun khac nhau va c ni vi nhau nh hinh ve. S vong dy s cp cua hai may la bng nhau, s vong dy th cp cua may bin ap th nht co s vong dy W2, s vong dy th cp cua may bin ap th 2 la 0,866W2

Hinh 1.16 S nguyn ly cu tao mt dang may bin ap Scott Nguyn ly hoat ng :

ng dung :

Hinh 1.17 May bin ap Scott trong thc t tao ra nhiu pha trong cac b chinh lu a pha. Tao ra in ap 2 pha lch nhau 900 cho cac loai ng c 2 pha. Vi cac may phat in 2 pha, dung bin ap Scott tao ra in ap xoay chiu 3 pha.

1.7 May bin ap chinh lu :

Hinh 1.18 dang may bin ap chinh lu 3 pha May bin ap chinh lu la loai may bin ap ma co yu cu la in ap th cp thay i trong 1 khoang rng vi iu kin dong in phai khng thay i. Vi hoat ng vi xung tn s cao nn thng c u tam giac hn giam tn hao do dong in xoay va do ngn mach. Hu ht cac may bin ap chinh lu, t trng do dong in ln sinh ra se bi tn hao vao trong mt phn cu truc cua may bin ap lam bng vt liu thep. Vi vy cac phn nay thng c lam bng loai thep khng t tinh. Loi thep cua may bin ap chinh lu cung cp ngun cho cac board mach in t c thit k co mt khe h nho gia mi tru han ch t thng d do dong in cao va lam cho t trng n inh. iu nay lam giam dong in xung kich, bao v cac linh kin in t khoi bi h hong. Khi mun nng cao cng sut, ngi ta ghep hai hay nhiu cu chinh lu lai vi nhau. Vic ghep nay c tr giup bi mt may bin th goi la interphase transformer co nhim vu lam cn bng 2 in ap mt chiu cua 2 cu chinh lu.

Hinh 1.19 S ghep ni hai may bin ap nng cng sut

Hinh 1.20 dang in ap ngo ra khi co interphase transformer 1.8 May bin ap trong cac lo nung lo uc : May bin ap trong cac lo nung , lo uc la loai may bin ap c thit k c bit, co th chiu c s ngn mach th cp thng xuyn, c im cua dong in bi tri sut trong mt dai rng va trong iu kin khng cn bng. iu nay dn n vn sut ap va song hai cho ngun in. Ta co th lam giam bt bng cach cp ring trc tip cho no mt ngun in cao ap cng sut ln. Do in ap s cp ln nn phai co cac b chng dong xung kich hoc tu in gia cac cc s cp va vi t. Cn co nhng tm cach in gia s cp va th cp. 1.9 May bin ap dich pha :

Hinh 1.21 May bin ap dich pha dang u tam giac va gian pha

Chng 2 : 2.1

MAY IEN MOT CHIEU AC BIET

May ien khuyech ai t trng ngang :

Cu tao : S khac biet gia may khuech ai kch thch oc lap hay t kch thch (may co t thong tong chay doc theo chieu cua cc t) vi may phat ien khuech ai (may khuech ai t trng ngang) la chieu cua t thong tong cua may phat ien khuech ai co hng vuong goc vi t thong cua phan ng phan ng.

Hinh 2.1 S o nguyen ly cua may phat ien khuech ai. Ve ban chat may khuech ai t trng ngang la may phat ien mot chieu co them hai choi than noi ngan mach cuon day tao ra t thong vuong goc vi t thong cua may phat ien (qq). Stator cua may phat ien khuech ai co at mot so cuon day gom: hai hoac bon cuon day ieu khien (CW) at doc theo chieu t thong doc truc (dd) va mot day quan bu C at ong truc vi cac cuon day ieu khien. Day quan bu c ieu chnh bi ien tr shunt R sh . Cuon day ao mach CC c mac them vao e tang o ao mach. oi khi ngi ta con mac them cuon day co ien tr nho (QW) noi

tiep vi phan ng theo chieu vuong goc vi t thong ngang truc. Nguyn ly hoat ng : Gia s ong c s cap quay vi toc o nh mc n = nm va mot trong cac cuon day ieu khien c cap ien ap V1. Khi o, trong cuon day nay xuat hien t thong (t thong 1 nay luon co gia tr nho do ngo vao cua cuon ieu khien luon co cong suat nho), t thong nay cam ng nen sc ien ong E 2 = k m.n.1 hai au choi than qq cua day quan phan ng (km la he so thiet ke cua may ien). Do hai au nay c noi ngan mach vi cuon day QW nen trong mach xuat hien dong ien I2 co gia tr rat ln (do ien tr cua mach rat nho). Hnh b ch ra chieu cua dong ien I2 chay trong day quan phan ng va chieu cua t thong ngang truc q , t thong nay cam ng nen sc ien ong cam ng E 3 = k m.n.q doc truc phan ng. Trong mach xuat hien dong ien I3 khi hai au dd c noi vi tai. Hnh c ch ra chieu cua dong ien I3 chay trong day quan phan ng. Dong ien nay se sinh ra t thong d co chieu chong lai t thong cua cuon ieu khien. Neu may hoat ong 1 vi t thong d co gia tr ln th may khong co tac dung khuech ai t. e triet tieu t thong d th mot cuon day bu C c mac vao hai au cc stator nh a e cap en tren. T thong d se t le vi sc t ong Fd:
Fd = I 3.WA

Trong o: WA la tong so vong cua day quan phan ng va cuon C. T bieu thc tren ta de dang thay c la t thong d hay noi cach khac la sc t ong Fd thay oi theo I3, cung co ngha la hai ai lng nay phu thuoc vao gia tr cua ien tr tai Rt. e triet tieu c c sc t ong Fd mot cach hieu qua th sc t ong do cuon day bu cung phai thay oi theo I3, o la ly do ngi ta mac cuon bu noi tiep vi day quan phan ng va tai nh tren. Sc t ong cua cuon bu:
FC = I 3.WC

Trong o: WC la so vong cua cuon bu C.

He so bu c xac nh theo cong thc:

k= FC Fd
FC > Fd k > 1,

Co ba trng hp co the xay ra o la FC = Fd k = 1 va FC < Fd k < 1.

Trong thc te th may phat ien khuech ai thng c san , xuat vi k = 1 05. Nh a noi en tren th sc t ong F C co the ieu chnh thong qua ien tr shunt R sh . Sc t ong cua day quan bu FC c chnh nh bi ien tr shunt 2 R sh theo cong thc sau:
FC = I 3.WC . R sh R C + R sh

ng dung : Dung trong cac h thng iu khin truyn ng in, cac h thng iu khin co hi tip in ap va dong in. Cac h thng iu khin cac b phao dung trong qun s.. 2.2 May phat tc : Cu tao : May phat tc mt chiu la loai may in mt chiu kich t c lp hoc loai nam chm vinh cu, co cng sut nho. Dung chuyn i tc quay thanh in ap tng ng

Hinh 2.2 S o may phat toc mot chieu kch thch oc lap ac tnh ngo ra cua may phat toc mot chieu la moi quan he gia ien ap ra gia au cc cua phan ng va toc o quay cua phan ng khi tai thuan tr Rt co gia tr khong oi va t thong la hang so. Theo ly thuyet may ien th sc ien ong EF cua phan ng t le thuan vi t thong va toc o quay cua phan ng. V vay, vi t thong la hang so th ta co bieu thc sau:
E F = C E .n.

Theo nh luat Ohm ta co dong ien phan ng nh sau:

IF =

UF Rt

Phng trnh can bang ien ap cua may phat toc mot chieu:
U F = E F I F .rF U ch

Trong o: EF la sc ien ong phan ng. IF la dong ien phan ng. rF la ien tr cuon ng. U ch la ien ap ri tren choi than. T cac bieu thc tren ta nhan c bieu thc ac tnh ien ap ra cua may phat toc mot chieu nh sau:

UF =

C E ..n U ch r 1+ F Rt

Neu xem nh ien ap ri tren choi than khong ang ke va co the bo qua th bieu thc 1.51 co the viet lai nh sau:

UF =

C E ..n = K .n rF 1+ Rt

Neu t thong , ien tr phan ng rF va ien tr tai Rt khong oi th quan he U F = f (n) la tuyen tnh vi he so khuech ai (o doc) K c xac nh nh sau: Khi CE, , Rt cang ln va rF cang nho th o doc cua ien ap ra cang ln. Trong trng hp may hoat ong che o khong tai ( R t = ) th o doc cua ien ap ra la ln nhat.

Hnh 2.3 ac tnh ra cua may phat toc mot chieu. ng dung : Dung kt hp v mt ng h o in ap o hin thi tc quay cua ng c hoc c cu san xut. Truc cn o tc c ni vi phat tc, in ap ngo ra cua phat tc qua ng h o hin thi tc quay. Dung nh mt sensor tc , ly tc thc cua ng c lam tin hiu hi tip a v iu khin n inh tc , moment ng c.

2.3 ng c chp hanh mt chiu (DC servo Motor) : ong c chap hanh thng ap ng cac yeu cau c ban sau: ac tnh lam viec on nh moi van toc. ieu chnh toc o quay de dang, bang phang kinh te va co pham vi ieu chnh rong. Dng tc thi (ong c phai dng ngay lap tc khi mat tn hieu ieu khien). ap ng nhanh. ieu khien tai cong suat ln gan tren truc vi tn hieu ieu khien be. Trong 5 yeu cau tren th yeu cau th nam la yeu cau chu yeu v hau het tn hieu ieu khien ong c loai nay eu co cong suat be (tn hieu ngo ra t cac thiet b ien t). Cu tao : ng c DC servo v c ban cung co cu tao ging nh cac loai ng c mt chiu thng thng nhng co mt s im t bit sau : Stator la loai nam chm vinh cu co t trng rt ln. Loi thep rotor lam bng loi thep c bit, t trng co th thay i rt nhanh khi dong in thay i. c lp theo truc ng c h thng encoder theo doi tc quay. Encoder thng la loai phat tc hoc la loai ecoder quang.

Hinh 2.4 mt s hinh dang ng c DC servo Nguyn ly hoat ng : ng c DC servo khng phai hoat ng ring bit ma phai kem theo b iu khin goi la Driver hoc b Amplifier ung loai cua no.

Hinh 2.5 Dang driver servo DC Nu ta cp in DC vao 2 u dy phn ng thi ng c tr thanh mt ng c DC binh thng. ng c servo co hai ch hoat ng : iu khin n inh tc (n inh moment) va iu khin vi tri (Goc quay). i vi vn iu khin n inh tc , khi ng c hoat ng se ly mu tc thc v va so sanh vi tc mong mun t o ra lnh tng tc hoc giam tc am bao gi n inh tc khi phu tai thay i. Vic ly mu tc nay nh vao phat tc, encoder, cam bin dong in t o qui i ra tc . i vi vn iu khin vi tri, ng c phai s dung Encoder quang. Khi ng c thc hin c mt vong quay, encoder se phat v cho driver s lng xung nht inh tuy thuc vao loai encoder. S xung nay cang ln thi chinh xac cang cao, nhng vn iu khin cang phc tap. Di y la s khi th hin nguyn ly iu khin cho loai nay.

Hinh 2.6 S nguyn tc iu khin ng c DC servo ng dung :

Hinh 2.7 S dung trong may gia cng bng tia la in

Hinh 2.8 S dung iu khin cac truc cua may CNC

Hinh 2.9 S dung trong iu khin Robot

2.4 ng c in mt chiu khng chi than (Brushless DC Motor) : ong c mot chieu vi cau truc bnh thng co hang loat nhc iem do bo phan oi chieu, vanh gop gay ra lam han che pham vi s dung cua chung. Trong thi gian gan ay a xuat hien va a vao s dung ngay cang rong rai, nhat la trong cac he thong ieu khien t ong mot loai ong c vi ten goi la ong c mot chieu khong choi than. ong c mot chieu khong choi than vi bo phan oi chieu ien t a thoa man cac yeu cau cao ve o tin cay trong cac ieu kien lam viec ac biet (chan khong, nhiet o thay oi, va ap manh, rung ong nhieu ...). Bo phan ao chieu co cau tao t cac linh kien ien t thay the cho vanh gop_choi than lam cho ong c mot chieu khong choi than mat i nhng nhc iem cua ong c mot chieu thong thng. Cu tao :

Hinh 2.10 Cu tao ng c Brushless DC

Hinh 2.11 Hinh dang mt ng c Brushless DC Cau tao ong c mot chieu khong choi than gom 3 thanh phan chnh sau : Stator va rotor, stator c ghep bang cac la thep ky thuat ien co xe ranh, ben trong co at cuon ng m pha va rotor c lam bang nam cham vnh cu. Cam bien v tr at cung truc vi ong c co chc nang cam nhan v tr cua rotor va bien oi tn hieu o thanh tn hieu ieu khien xac nh thi iem va th t oi chieu. Thng thi s dung loai cam bin Hall, goc lch pha cua tin hiu ngo ra thng la 600 hoc 1200 phu thuc vao vi tri vt ly cua cam bin nay. Nguyn ly hoat ng :

ng c Brushless DC hoat ng trn nguyn tc tng tac gia hai nam chm cua stator va rotor. Mi mt ln chuyn mach thi se co mt cun dy c cp ngun in dng (dong in chay vao cun dy) va mt cun dy c cp ngun in m (dong in chay ra khoi cun dy) , cun dy con lai khng c cp in.

Hinh 2.12 Th t cp in tng ng vi cam bin hall

Hinh 2,13 Dang tin hiu cam bin hall, dong in cac pha va moment

Hinh 2.14 Mt mach iu khin ng c Brushless DC C mi goc quay 600 in, tin hiu ngo ra cam bin Hall se thay i trang thai, no mt 6 bc hoan thanh mt chu ky

Chng 3 :

MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO AC BIET

3.1 May phat ien khong ong bo Khi may in khng ng b lam vic trang thai < s < 0 thi may khng ng b lam vic ch may phat in. Khuyt im chinh cua may phat in khng ng b la tiu thu nhiu cng sut phan khang lam h s cng sut cua li giam. Khi lam vic vi li thi may phat in ng b cung co nhng u im nh vn m may va hoa vao li d dang, hiu sut vn hanh cao vi vy no co th lam ngun in h tr nho. Khi lam vic c lp vi li in ngi ta thng mc vao u cc may phat mt lng in dung thich hp. Trong may phai co lng t d, nh sc in ng do t d sinh ra ma trong tu in C se co dong in dung lam cho t thng c tng cng. Do in dung tng i t, nn thng han ch cng sut cua may phat in khng ng b nho hn 20Kw. May phat in khng ng b t kich thng la loai rotor lng soc va thng c s dung nhng ni ma cht lng in khng cao lm. May dch pha La loai may in co th tao nn mt sc in ng E 2 phia th cp vi mt goc lch pha tuy y so vi in ap s cp U1. May co cu tao ging nh may in khng ng b rotor dy qun nhng rotor c gi cht bi mt h thng vit lam cho rotor khng th quay t do c ma chi co th quay c mt goc nht inh tuy theo s iu khin bn ngoai. Dy qun stator ni vi li in sinh ra t trng quay. Dy qun rotor thng qua vanh trt va c ni vi phu tai. T trng quay trong khe h sinh ra sc in ng trong dy qun stator la E1 va E2 co tri s ty l vi s vong dy tac dung cua cac dy qun, con goc pha phu thuc vao vi tri tng i cua chung. Gia s goc gia pha A cua day quan stator pha a cua day quan rotor bang 0. Sau o qua pha A i 1 goc theo chieu cua t trng quay th E2 se cham sau E1 mot goc Can c . vao mach ien thay the (tng t nh may ien khong ong bo) va qua ien ap ri tren tong tr, ta co:
U1 E1

3.2

U 2 E 2 =

E1 .e k12

Trong o: k12 la t so bien oi ien ap. o th vector cua may dch pha nh hnh 3.1

Can c vao phan tch tren ta thay ien ap mach th cap may dch pha ve tr so khong oi, ch thay oi ve goc pha. May dch pha c dung trong cac thiet b th nghiem.

Hnh 3.1 Nguyen ly may dch pha Sc ien ong eq nay t le vi toc o cua rotor va sinh ra dong ien I q . V I va k ap mach vi tan so f1 nen sc ien ong eq va dong ien Iq cung bien oi vi tang so f1. Dong ien tao ra t trng q ap mach qua cuon day WF va cam ng trong o mot sc ien ong xoay chieu e F co tan so f1 va o ln t le vi toc o quay n. Nh vay au ra cua day quan wF se nhan ien ap UF an so f1 t le vi toc o n. Tren thc te, khi may phat toc o co tai phan ng cua dong ien trong rotor gay nen s bien dang cua t trng va s thay oi cua thong so cua may. Hien tng nay gay nen sai so ve v tr so va ham mat tnh chat tuyen tnh cua U F = f(n) nhat la khi toc o cao. V vay may phat toc o khong ong bo hien tai thng dung e o toc o trong pham vi 8000 10000 vong / phut vi U F = (5 10)V . 3.3 Selsyl May ien khong ong bo lam viec trong he t ong bo gom nhieu may at cach nhau (co the xa) va ch noi vi nhau bang ien. Khi mot trong nhng may o (goi la may phat ) quay bat ky mot goc nao th nhng may khac (may

thu) cung quay mot goc nh vay. He thong nay thng dung trong ky thuat khong che va o lng. Nhng may tnh nay thng thuoc loai ba pha va mot pha. He ong bo ba pha (xen xin ba pha).

Hnh 3.2 May phat tn hieu He ong bo ba pha n gian nhat gom 2 may khong ong bo rotor day quan. Day quan stator cua chung c noi vi li ien con day quan rotor c noi vi nhau theo ung th t pha. Nh vay, neu 2 may, v tr cua rotor khac nhau sc ien ong E2 cua chung ngc nhau va dong ien I 2 trong mach se bang khong.

Hnh 3.3 S o nguyen ly xen xin ba pha Goi F la may phat tn hieu va T la may thu tn hieu th khi co tn hieu tac ong vao may phat F lam quay rotor cua no i mot goc . Th cac sc ien ong EAT va EaT se co goc lech va do o trong mach rotor se xuat hien dong ien I2:
I2 = E aF + E aT ZaF + ZaT

Trong o ZaF va ZaT la tong tr rotor cua may phat va may thu. He thong 2 may tren se lam viec can bang khi goc lech hai may phat va thu bang nhau. V vay khi gi rotor cua may phat F goc tho rotor cua may phat thu cung se quay mot goc ung bang . S lien lac nh the ngi ta goi la lien lac kieu truc ien. He t ong bo mot pha (xen xin mot pha). he t ong bo mot pha, stator cua may phat va may thu ch co mot pha noi vi li ien chung nhng rotor cua 2 may van la day quan 3 pha au vi nhau theo ung th t pha. Khi cho dong ien mot pha vao day quan stator th trong khe h sinh ra t trng ap mach. Ta co the phan t trng o thanh 2 t trng quay ngc chieu nhau A va B va ta coi nh co 2 he thong ong bo ba pha hp lai. Nh vay, co the dung nguyen ly lam viec cua he ba pha tm ra momen tng phan va momen tong. Quay rotor may phat theo chieu cua AF va AT th cung giong nh he t ong bo ba pha, momen M AF va M AT co khuynh hng keo hai rotor tr ve cung mot v tr. oi vi phan lng t trng sinh ra ren moi may cung chieu nen tr so tuyet oi cua chung la tong cua 2 momen cua tng phan lng nen lam truc quay. Nh vay neu rotor may phat mot goc th rotor may thu cung quay i mot goc . Thng ngi ta at day quan s cap cua mot pha tren rotor con day quan th cap ba pha lap tren stator, nh vay giam i mot vanh trt. e co ac tnh momen tot, day quan mot pha thng lap tren cc t loi.

Hnh 3.4 Nguyen ly xen xin mot pha Ngay nay ngi ta a che tao nhng xen xin mot pha khong vanh trt. He t ong bo ang c ap dung rong rai trong nganh t ong hoa va ieu khien.

Hnh 3.5 Cau tao xen xin mot pha 3.4 May phat toc o khong ong b

Cau tao may phat toc khong ong bo: May phat toc khong ong bo co cau truc gan giong nh ong c chap hanh khong ong bo, vi rotor rong khong dan t. Tren stator at hai cuon day quan rai lech pha nhau trong khong gian 90 0 ien, cuon kch thch noi vi ien ap nguon cuon con lai a ien ap ra cua may phat toc, goi la cuon phat.

Hnh 3.6 Hnh dang - Cau tao may phat toc khong ong bo Khac vi rotor ong c chap hanh, e am bao ien tr ln va t thay oi theo nhiet o nen rotor may phat toc khong ong bo c che tao t hp kim Constantan, Maganin May phat toc khong ong bo thng c che tao vi hai cc t e am bao tnh oi xng. Chung thng co 2 oi cc, 2p = 4 . Nguyen ly lam viec may phat toc khong ong bo: Ta xet may phat toc khong ong bo hai trang thai: n = 0, va n 0.

Hnh 3.7

Hnh 3.8

Hnh 3.7 S o nguyen ly may phat toc khong ong bo khi n=0.

Hnh 3.8 S o nguyen ly may phat toc khong ong bo khi n 0 . Khi rotor may phat toc khong ong bo ng yen n = 0: Dong ien cua cuon kch t tao ra t trng dS theo phng doc truc. Luong t thong dS cat rotor sinh ra sc ien ong cam ng trong rotor. Sc ien ong nay goi la sc ien ong bien ap E BA , v no giong nh sc ien ong cam ng trong may bien ap (do n = 0). Cac mach vong cua dong ien rotor do sc ien ong bien ap tao nen nam trong nhng mat phang vuong goc vi truc d. Chung sinh ra long t thong cua rotor dS , co chieu ngc vi chieu cua luong t thong kch thch dS . Nh vay, khi rotor ng yen (n = 0), trong may phat toc ch co t trng theo phng doc truc (truc cua cuon kch thch), nen trong cuon phat khong co sc ien ong cam ng v co truc lech pha 900 ien so vi truc d la truc q. ien ap cua cuon phat U F = 0 khi n = 0 . Tuy nhien, au ra cua may phat toc luon ton tai mo gia tr ien ap khong ang ke khi n = 0 goi la ien ap khong hoac ien ap d. Khi rotor may phat toc khong ong bo quay n 0: Trong rotor ngoai sc ien ong bien ap con co sc ien ong quay xuat hien, do khi rotor quay cac thanh dan cua rotor cat cac ng sc cua t trng kch t dS tng t nh hnh thanh sc ien ong cam ng cua may ien mo chieu. Di tac ong cua sc ien ong quay, trong rotor rong hnh thanh cac dong ien, do ien tr cua rotor ln nen hau nh trung pha vi sc ien ong quay E q , tao ra luong t thong qR luon trung pha vi cuon phat tren stator. ng sc cua qR cat cac vong day cuon phat, sinh ra sc ien ong cam ng trong cuon phat E F sc ien ong au ra. Tan so cua sc ien ong nay bang tan so cua cuon kch thch. Bi v: eF = WF .
d qR dt

Nen tan so cua E F bang tan so bien thien cua luong t thong qR , khi rotor quay vi van toc khong oi tan so cua sc ien ong quay E q ta suy ra tan so cua qR bang tan so bien thien cua ien ap li. V:
E q dS.n qR E q

T cac bieu thc tren ta nhan thay rang sc ien ong quay E q , luong t thong rotor theo phng ngang truc qR va sc ien ong au ra cua may phat toc tren cuon phat co gia tr (bien o) t le thuan vi toc o quay cua rotor n.
E F qR n

ien ap au ra cua may phat toc U F nho hn sc ien ong au ra cua may phat toc E F :
U F = E F I F ZF

Trong o:
ZF : la tong tr cua cuon phat.

May phat toc khong ong bo lam viec vi nguon ien kch thch mot chieu. Trong cac he thong t ong khong t cac trng hp may phat toc khong ong bo c kch thch bang dong ien mot chieu. T thong kch thch dS co gia tr khong oi vi tan so bien thien f = 0 nen sc ien ong bien ap cam ng trong rotor rong khong dan t se la:
eBA = K d dS =0 dt

Ta xet qua trnh lam viec cua may phat toc nay hai trang thai: n = const, va n = var. Khi van toc quay cua rotor khong oi (n = const) Sc ien ong quay E q trong rotor cam ng bi t thong kch thch dS cung khong oi:
E q dS.n = const

Dong ien I q cua sc ien ong quay E q va luong t thong ngang truc qR tao bi I q khong oi, suy ra sc ien ong cam ng au ra cua may phat toc khong co:
eF = WF . d qR dt =0

Khi van toc quay cua rotor thay oi n = var: Van toc quay cua rotor bien oi t le thuan vi goc quay la sc ien ong quay E q :
E q dS.n = var

Dong ien I q cua sc ien ong quay E q , va luong t thong ngang truc qR tao bi I q t le vi van toc quay n:
Iq n

qR n

Nh vay trong cuon phat tren stator xuat hien sc ien ong cam ng E F , t le thuan vi ao ham cua van toc quay theo thi gian hay ao ham bac hai cua goc quay rotor theo thi gian:
eF = WF d qR dt

EF

d n = ' K . d t

= K" .

d2 d t
2

Nh vay, trong trng hp may phat toc khong ong bo lam viec vi nguon ien kch thch mot chieu, sc ien ong cam ng E F va ien ap au ra U F , t le thuan vi gia toc cua rotor. ng dung cua may phat toc khong ong bo: Theo chc nang co the chia thanh ba nhom: Ch so toc o: co the s dung cac loai may phat toc co cap chnh xac thap.

Hnh 3.9 May phat toc dung o van toc quay Cam bien cua tn hieu tang dan hoac giam dan trong moi lien he ngc cua he thong t ong ieu chnh va phan t cua he thong on nh toc o. Cho phep s dung may phat toc khong ong bo co cap chnh xac 0,5 1 . Phan t cua cac thiet b tnh toan t ong e giai cac bai toan vi phan tch phan ham so. S dung

may phat toc khong ong bo co cap chnh xac cao nhat 0,05 0,2 . V du: trong he thong truyen ong Antenna cua tram Raa, trong o may phat toc khong ong bo la phan t cua he thong on nh toc o. He truyen ong gom: ong c chap hanh mot chieu ieu khien phan ng lam chuyen ong Antenla A, may phat toc khong ong bo noi truc vi ong c chap hanh mot chieu va may ien khuech ai. Phan t phan ap R c cap nguon xoay chieu.

Hnh 3.10 S o cau truc cua he thong truyen ong Antenna cua tram Raa Van toc quay can thiet cua Antenna c xac nh t phan ap U 0 t phan ap R, qua phan t so sanh C, bo khuech ai va may ien khuech ai thanh ien ap ieu khien U K cua ong c chap hanh mot chieu. Rotor cua ong c chap hanh mot chieu quay lam chuyen ong Antenna va rotor may phat toc. Van toc quay can thiet cua Antenna c so sanh vi ien ap U 0 phan t sao sanh C, va au ra cua may ien khuech ai la ien ap ieu khien U K , c xac nh bi ien ap sai lech. Nh vay, rotor cua ong c chap hanh mot chieu va Antenna A luon quay vi van toc nhat nh. Trong trng hp nay may phat toc a thc hien chc nang th hai. 3.5 ng c VS (variable speed motor)

Hnh 3.11 Hnh dang ong c VS Cau tao ong c VS: Gom 2 phan c ban ong c khong ong bo rotor long soc.

Hnh 3.12 Cau tao ong c VS au noi VS (Variable Speed) ieu khien toc o con goi la Eddy Curren Motor hay khp noi ien t (Magnetic Clutch). Trong t quay la vanh tru rong bang thep lien ket vi truc rotor ong khong ong bo. Cc t trai khe hay cc t mong nga lien ket vi truc truyen ong. Cuon day kch t e sinh ra t thong tren cac cc t trai khe hay mong nga. May phat toc gom cc t nam cham vnh cu va cuon day phat. Nguyen ly lam viec ong c VS: Khi ong c KB quay keo theo trong t quay quet qua cac mat cc t. Neu cha co dong cho kch t, truc rotor va truc truyen ong ri nhau tren truc truyen ong ng yen. Neu cap dong cho day quan kch t, cac cc t hnh thanh cac cc tnh lien tiep khac nhau vi dang cc t mong nga. oi vi cc t trai khe hnh thanh cac t co cung cc tnh va vo cua au VS hnh thanh cc tnh khac t thong khep vong qua cac cc t xuyen qua khoi thep cua trong t quay se bien oi dan en xuat hien dong Fuco (Faucault) trong khoi thep trong t quay. Dong Fuco trong thep ac co gia tr ln tac ong vi t trng cc t sinh ra cac momen tac ong len cc t lam cho cc t quay theo chieu cua trong t dan ti truc truyen ong quay. Khi cc t a quay sc ien ong va dong Fuco cung giam lam cho t thong bien oi cham i. Momen

tac ong giam en khi can bang vi momen tai th on nh toc o quay cua truc truyen ong.

Hnh 3.13 Nguyen ly hoat ong trong ong c khong ong bo ba pha Bo ieu khien VS la mot bo mach chnh lu va t ieu chnh hoi tiep vong kn, co nhiem vu cung cap dong DC cho cuon kch t va t nhan tn hieu hoi tiep t may phat toc e ieu chnh on nh toc o nh gia tr at trc c xac nh tren mat ch th va ieu khien bi num xoay. Neu mat

tn hieu hoi tiep cua may phat toc, bo ieu khien VS se cung cap ap va dong kch t toi a lam truc truyen ong quay vi toc o toi a rat nguy hiem.

Hnh 3.14 Cau tao rotor ong c VS 3.7 ong c chap hanh khong ong bo

Hnh 3.14 Hnh dang ong c chap hanh khong ong bo ong c chap hanh la mot phan t quan trong cua he thong ieu khien t ong. ong c chap hanh thc hien chc nang bien oi tn hieu ien (bien o ien ap ieu khien hoac pha cua no) thanh chuyen ong c hoc (lam quay truc rotor). Trong cac he thong t ong, ong c chap hanh hau nh khong bao gi lam viec che o nh mc vi toc o quay nh mc ma thng lam viec trang thai khi ong, dng may va ao chieu quay. e giam thi gian cua qua trnh qua o, ngi ta thng co gang che tao ong c chap hanh co quan tnh nho va cung v the ma tren truc rotor khong co canh quat gio. ong c chap hanh c chia ra lam ba loai:

1. ong c khong ong bo mot pha co ien tr ln. 2. ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap hoac kch thch bang nam cham vnh cu. 3. ong c ong bo (ong c bc). Hau nh tat ca ong c chap hanh (tr ong c mot chieu kch thch bang nam cham vnh cu va ong c bc) eu co hai cuon day stator. Cuon kch thch luon noi vi nguon ien. Cuon ieu khien, ch co tn hieu a vao, khi can lam quay rotor. Yeu cau chu yeu oi vi ong c chap hanh khong phai la , o ch so nang lng cao ( C s nh cac loai may ien thong ) thng ma la: Khong co hien tng t quay, t ham khi ngat tn hieu ieu khien. ac tnh c va ac tnh ieu khien la tuyen tnh. Ch lam viec on nh trong dai toc o lam viec. Momen khi ong ln. Tac ong nhanh. Cong suat ieu khien nho. Dai ieu chnh toc o rong. ien ap khi ong nho. o tin cay ln. Kch thc va trong lng nho.

Cau tao va phan loai ong c chap hanh khong ong bo.

Hnh 3.15 Cau tao ong c chap hanh khong ong bo ong c chap hanh khong ong bo la loai ong c chap hanh xoay chieu c s dung rat rong rai trong cac he thong ieu khien t ong. Ve mat cau truc th ay la loai ong c mot pha ma tren stator thng co hai cuon day quan rai, lech nhau trong khong gian goc 900 . Cuon day kch thch luon c noi vi li ien cung cap va thng co ien ap bang ien ap cua li ien U KT = U = Const , con cuon ieu khien c at vao ien ap ieu khien U K = var lay t nguon tn hieu ieu khien co tr so va goc lech pha thay oi tuy thuoc vao tn hieu ieu khien. ong c chap hanh khong ong bo co the c phan ra lam ba loai theo cau truc cua rotor nh sau: ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor rong khong dan t. soc. ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor long

ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor rong dan t. ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor rong khong dan t ong c nay c s dung rat rong rai, co day cong suat t vai watt en vai tram watt, co the lam viec vi cac li ien co tan so cong nghiep 50 Hz hoac tan so cao 200, 300, 500, 1000 Hz. Van toc quay ong bo t 1500 30000 v/ph.

Cau tao ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor rong khong dan t bao gom cac phan chnh: Stator ngoai. Stator trong. Rotor rong hnh tru. Stator ngoai hau nh hong co g khac so vi stator cua ong c khong ong bo thong thng. Trong cac ranh cua stator ngoai ngi ta at cuon day ieu khien va cuon day kch thch co goc lech khong gian gia chung la = 900 ien. Cac cuon day ieu khien va kch thch co the noi rieng re nhau hoac noi theo s o cau. Trong s o cau, hai cuon day c noi vi nhau thanh mot mach vong knh, tren o lay ra bon iem, tng ng vi nhng goc pha = 900 ien. S o cau cho phep thc hien chnh xac goc lech khong gian = 900 ien gia hai cuon day ieu khien va kch thch, ong thi tao ra kha nang cai thien s phan bo dong ien va ton hao trong cac cuon day. Nhc iem cua s o trc het la gia hai cuon day ieu khien va kch thch co s lien he trc tiep ve ien, so mach nhanh song song ln va do o so moi han se nhieu hn khi so oi cc p ln. Mat khac khong the thay oi c ty so bien ap K v K co tr so co nh. Stator trong c ghep bi cac la thep ky thuat ien va co dang hnh tru nhan nham muc ch giam t tr. Rotor c cau tao bang vat lieu khong t tnh (thng la hp kim nhom). Chieu day cua thanh rotor phu thuoc vao cong suat cua ong c va thng dao ong trong gii han = 0,11 mm. Nguyen ly lam viec cua ong c nh sau: dong ien xoay chieu trong cac cuon day Stator sinh ra t trng quay, t trng quay nay cat rotor rong va cam ng dong ien xoay tren be mat rotor. Tng tac gia t trng quay va dong ien xoay se sinh ra momen lam quay rotor theo chieu t trng quay. ac iem cua ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor rong khong dan t, trc het la khe h khong kh tren ng i cua t thong, t stator ngoai vao stator trong rat ln:
= 1 + 2 +

Trong o:
: la khe h gia stator ngoai va rotor. 1 2 : la khe h gia stator trong va rotor.

: chieu day cua thanh rotor.

Thong thng:

1 = 2 = 0,15 0,25 mm

Ta co:

= 0,4 1 5mm ,

V khe h khong kh ln nen dong ien t hoa cua ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor rong khong dan t cung ln, no bang khoang 0,8 en 0,9 lan dong ien nh mc va o do o he so cong suat C s cua ong c rat thap. Dong ien t hoa ln cung lam tang ton hao cong suat ien trong cac cuon day cua ong c va do o hieu suat cua ong c giam i mot cach ang ke. Mot ac iem khac na cua ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor rong khong dan t so vi ong c khong ong bo thong thng la ien tr cua rotor kha ln so vi ien khang cua no ( xR = 0,05+ 0,1.rR ). ien tr cua rotor kha ln cho phep cai thien ang ke chat lng cua cac ac tnh c va ac tnh ieu chnh ong c. u iem cua ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor rong khong dan t: Rotor rong quan tnh nho am bao yeu cau tac ong nhanh. o tuyen tnh cua ac tnh c va ac tnh ieu chnh khaln (do rR ln, xR nho ) v the am bao lam nmax = 100 200 viec on nh trong dai toc o . nmin o nhay cao, ch can mot ien ap ieu khien nho hoac mot lc tac ong nho th rotor cung a quay. ieu nay cung the hieu la do quan tnh rotor nho. ong c quay eu, khong co tien on v rotor khong co rang ranh, tranh c anh hng cua song ieu hoa rang. Nhc iem cua ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor rong khong dan t: He so cong suat thap Cos = 0,2 0,4 do khe h ln nen dong ien t hoa I ln. Hieu suat thap = 0,2 0,4 do I ln va rR ln.

Do hai nguyen nhan tren ma kch thc va trong lng cua ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor rong khong dan t ln gap 2 4 lan so vi ong c khong ong bo bnh thng, hoac ong c chap hanh mot chieu co cung cong suat. ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor long soc

ong c nay c s dung trong he thong t ong ieu khien khi hong yeu cau cao ve o nhay. Cau truc cua loai ong c nay giong nh ong c khong ong bo rotor long soc thong thng. Tuy nhien e am bao ac tnh c la tuyen tnh, ong c thng c thiet ke vi sm = 2 4 trong o sm la he so rR trt ng vi M max. Chung ta biet rang sm do o e xs + xR tang sm can phai che tao rotor bang vat lieu co ien tr xuat ln va s dung ranh dang h (ranh ch nhat) e giam cac ien khang tan xS va xR . u iem cua ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor long soc. He so cong suat Cos = 0,5 0,7 .

Hieu suat thap = 0,4 0,6 do khe h nho.

nho va I

Nhc iem cua ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor long soc. o nhay nho do quan tnh rotor ln. ong c quay khong eu, co tien on do anh hng cua song ieu hoa rang cua t trng ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor rong dan t Stator cua ong c nay khong khac g so vi stator ong c khong ong bo mot pha. Rotor cua ong c co dang hnh tru rong lam bang vat lieu dan t, thanh rotor co o day = 0,3 3mm. V rotor dan t nen loai ong c nay khong can stator trong. Vat lieu lam rotor co ien tr suat ln, mat khac do hieu ng mat ngoai cua rotor rong nen ien tr cua rotor R kha ln, am bao ac tnh c tuyen tnh hn so vi cac loai ong c chap hanh khong ong bo khac.
o Tuy nhien v he so cong suat C s thap do dong ien t hoa I ln. Mat khac v rotor dan t nen gia stator va rotor xuat hien lc hut nam cham, ket qua la rotor b dnh va chnh v the ma loai ong c nay t c s dung hn so vi ong c chap hanh khong ong bo rotor rong khong dan t.

Phng phap ieu khien ong c ong c chap hanh khong ong bo. Viec ieu khien toc o ong c chap hanh khong ong bo co the thc hien bang mot trong ba phng phap sau: Phng phap ieu khien bien o.

Hnh 3.16 Nguyen ly ieu khien bien o Trong phng phap ieu khien bien o cuon kch thch thng c at vao ien ap U KT = U = const ong thi thay oi gia tr , 0 U K va gi cho goc lech pha = 90 = const . Phng phap ieu khien pha.

Hnh 3.17 Nguyen ly ieu khien pha Trong phng phap ieu khien pha cuon kch thch thng c at vao ien ap U KT = U = const ong thi thay oi goc lech pha , = va . r Phng phap ieu khien bien-pha.

Hnh 3.18 Nguyen ly ieu khien bien-pha Trong phng phap ieu khien bien pha cuon kch thch thng c at vao ien ap U KT = U , trong trng hp nay e ieu chnh toc o ong c ta phai ong thi thay oi hai gia tr U K = var va goc lech pha = var . ng dung ong c chap hanh khong ong bo

Hnh 3.19 ng dung ong c chap hanh khong ong bo trong day chuyen rot san pham.

Chng 4 :

MAY IN NG B C BIT

4.1 May bin i mt phn ng : La loai may in quay dung bin i dong in xoay chiu AC thanh dong in mt chiu DC hoc ngc lai. S bin i o c thc hin da trn c s cu tao cua may in mt chiu. Vi sc in ng cam ng trn dy qun phn ng la dong in xoay chiu va co th biu thi bng a giac sc in ng nn m im cach u dy qun o sc in ng se lch pha nhau mt goc 1200. Ni m vanh trt vi m im o thi t cac chi than tip xuc vi cac vanh trt o ta se c sc in ng m pha. Nu may dung bin i in xoay chiu sang mt chiu, thi i vi ngun xoay chiu may lam vic nh ng c ng b, i vi li in mt chiu may lam vic nh may phat in mt chiu . Nu dung bin i mt chiu sang xoay chiu thi i vi ngun mt chiu may lam vic nh ng c in mt chiu va i vi li in xoay chiu may lam vic nh may phat in ng b. Vi may phat bin i mt phn ng ng thi lam vic hai ch may phat va ng c nn dong in trog dy qun phn ng la hiu s gia dong in xoay chiu va dong in mt chiu. Do o tn hao trong dy qun phn ng nho hn tn hao tng ng i vi may in mt chiu. Nu s pha m cang ln thi tn hao o cang nho.. Co th m may theo phng phap m may khng ng b cua ng c ng b nu co t dy qun m may mt cc hoc co th m may nh ng c mt chiu sau o hoa ng b vi li in xoay chiu tc la cho may lam vic ch ng c mt chiu va iu chinh U,f cua h thng ba pha hoa vi li sau o tt ngun mt chiu cung cp cho no. 4.2 ng c t tr : Cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec:

Hnh 4.1 Stator va rotor cua ong c t tre

Hnh 4.2 Cau tao ong c t tre ong c t tre la ong c ong bo, momen quay cua no c sinh ra nh hien tng t tre khi t hoa vat lieu t cua rotor. Stator trong o c t tre co cau tao giong nh trong cac may ien xoay chieu khac. Day quan stator co hai hoac 3 pha. Rotor cua ong c la mot khoi thep hnh tru lam t vat lieu t cng khong co cuon day (vat lieu t cng la vat lieu t co vong t tre rong). Viec s dung cac loai thep ky thuat ien thong thng e che tao rotor khong cho phep nhan c momen ien t u ln. Rotor ong c t tre c ghep t hai phan: vong hp kim ac hoac cac la hp kim ep lai c at len ong thep hay ong nhom. Khi quay vi tan so quay ong bo, rotor c t hoa di tac ong cua t trng quay stator. Do hien tng t tre truc t hoa cham sau truc cua t trng quay mot goc T (goc t tre). Nh vay, xuat hien thanh phan lc tiep tuyen vi be mat cua rotor, tao bi s tng tac gia cac cc t rotor va t trng stator. Goc t tre T xac nh bi cac tnh chat cua vat lieu rotor nen lc tiep tuyen f1 va momen quay do no tao ra con goi la momen t tre M T , khong phu thoc vao tan so quay. Vong t tre cua vat lieu t rotor cang rong, goc tre va momen tre cang ln. Khi khi ong tan so quay cua rotor bien thien, toc o n ndb, ngoai momen t tre M T con xuat hien momen khong ong bo M a , sinh ra bi s tng tac gia t trng quay stator va dong ien xoay cam ng bi chnh t trng tren trong rotor. V ien tr cua rotor ln nen ac tnh c M a = f ( s) gan nh tuyen tnh, momen khong ong bo M a co gia tr cc ai khi s = 1. Momen tong trong qua trnh khi ong la:

M = MT + Ma

Hnh 4.3 ong c t tre u iem: Momen m may va momen vao ong bo ln. Momen vao ong bo khong phu thuoc vao momen quan tnh. S thay oi dong ien khong ang ke. Hieu suat ong c tng oi cao.

o ben c cao va rotor co oi xng ln, cho phep ong c lam viec vi tan so cao, tieng on nho. Nhc iem:
o He so cong suat nho, C s thng khong vt qua 0,3 0,45.

S on nh cua toc o quay thap, rotor dao ong khi tai thay oi ot ngot. Gia thanh vat lieu t cng cao va phc tap trong gia cong c kh rotor. 4.3 ng c in phan khang : Cau tao nguyen ly lam viec : ong c phan khang la ong c ong bo, vi rotor cc loi khong kch thch(khong co cuon kch t hoac nam cham vnh cu), trong o t trng c tao ra do day quan Stator. Momen quay trong ong c hnh thanh nh s khac biet ln cua o dan t theo doc truc va ngang truc. Khi o cac cc t cua rotor luon nh v tng oi vi t trng quay cua stator sao cho t tr tren ng i cua cac ng sc t trng la nho nhat nh vay thanh phan lc tiep tuyen vi be mat

rotor f T xuat hien tao thanh momen quay va rotor quay cung pha va cung van toc vi t trng stator.
fT

Hnh 4.4 Stator cua ong c phan khang ong c phan khang

Hnh 4.5 Rotor cua

Hnh 4.6 Ranh o nhom thep rotor

Hnh 4.7 Truc nhng la

Day quan stator thng la day quan rai ba pha hoac hai pha vi tu trong mot pha. Rotor cua ong c co nhieu dang ket cau khac nhau. Rotor c ghep t cac la thep ky thuat ien, tren o cac cho lom e tao ra ien khang khac nhau theo truc q, d. e khi ong ong c tren rotor co at cuon ngan mach long soc. Tuy nhien cac ong c nh tren co cac ch so kinh te ky- thuat thap. e cai thien cac thong so ky thuat ngi ta dung phng phap o nhom vao ranh hoac cac khoang khong cua la thep. ong c phan khang vi ket cau nay co cac ch so kinh te -ky thuat gan giong nh cua ong c ong bo vi cc t kch thch va ong c khong ong bo. Cac ac iem chnh cua ong c phan khang. ac iem cua ong c phan khang la momen che o ong bo cung nh khong ong bo t le thuan vi bnh phng ien ap lam cho ong c rat nhay vi ien ap li. Momen quay ien t:

M t =

mU2 xd xq
2 2.wb. rs

+ xd.xq

c2 + d2 sin2 + r x x u dq s d q

Momen quay cua ong c che o ong bo t le thuan vi hieu o t dan theo cac truc d va q, tng ng vi ( xd xq ) ieu o co ngha la phan lom gia cac cc rotor co the lam cang sau va cang rong. Tuy nhien trong thc te khong nh vay. Tiet dien cho lom gia cac cc tang khong ch lam tang momen ong bo ma ong thi lam giam momen khong ong bo khi khi ong (n = 0) cung nh khi vao ong bo ( n nb) do gia tr trung bnh cua khe h khong kh tang. o cung la nguyen nhan lam cho dong t hoa tang, luong t thong chnh giam, dong ien tieu thu tang va cos giam. Gia tr momen quay khi khi ong M a ( che o ong bo) c xac nh nh sau:
M a=M a1M a2

Trong o: quay thuan.

M a1: Momen chnh khong ong bo tao bi t trng

nghch co tac dung nh momen can ien t tren truc.

M a2 : Momen khong ong bo tao bi t trng quay

Giong nh trong ong c vi nam cham vnh cu, s khong oi xng ve ien khang cua cuon khi ong dang long soc lam cho t trng quay co dang elip, gay ra momen can M a2 . e giam momen can M a2 cac thanh dan cua cuon ngan mach c chon tng t nh trong ong c vi nam cham vnh cu. u, nhc iem cua ong c phan khang. u iem: ong c phan khang co ket cau n gian hn, o tin cay cao hn va re hn so vi ong c ong bo co cuon kch thch tren rotor, khi s dung khong can nguon ien mot chieu e nuoi cuon kch t. Nhc iem: Nhc iem chu yeu cua ong c phan khang la momen khi ong khong cao, va he so cong suat cos thap, thng khong vt qua 0,5. 4.4 ng c bc : (STEPPER MOTOR)

 ng c bc la loai ng c ng b c bit, no quay tng bc c inh vi goc bc co th t 0,9 900. ng c bc c s dung trong cac ng dung iu khin, b iu khin co th bit c chinh xac vi tri cua rotor ma khng cn n cac sensor. iu nay c thc hin bng cach m s bc bit c vi tri. Goc bc cua ng c phu thuc vao s rng cua stator va rotor. o Goc bc =
NS Nr 360

ng c bc thng hoat ng ch vong h. Thng hoat ng vi tc thp. Co 3 loai ng c bc : o ng c bc PM (loai rotor la nam chm vinh cu). o ng c bc VR (loai rotor lam bng thep). o ng c bc Hibrid (Loai rotor kt hp va thep va nam chm vinh cu). u im : Cu tao n gian, chc chn. Gia thanh thp. Co th iu khin vi tri, goc quay. Tn hao cng sut thp, hiu sut cao. Nhc im : Moment co nhp nh, khng n inh. Cng sut nho. Chi hoat ng vi tc thp. D xay ra hin tng trt khi nng tai hoc tn s xung cao lam giam chinh xac cua ng c. Cu tao : Stator : c lam bng thep, trn gng t co cac cc t c b tri i din nhau, dy qun stator c qun trn cac cc t.

Hinh 4.8 cu tao ng c bc Rotor : Co 3 loai Rotor lam bng nam chm vinh cu, trn rotor cung co nhiu cc t. Rotor lam bng thep, rotor co nhiu rng.

Rotor hn hp, kt hp u im cua 2 loai trn.

Hinh 4.9 cac dang rotor ng c bc

So sanh u nhc im : PM motor - Moment ln - Hoat ng c tc cao hn. - Kho ch tao c nhiu rng do nam chm rt don, goc bc ln. VR motor - Moment nho - Hoat ng vi tc thp hn. - Co th ch tao nhiu rng trn rotor nn co goc bc nho

kt hp u im cua 2 loai motor trn, ngi ta ch tao loai hibrid, rotor va la nam chm vinh cu bn trong va la thep bn ngoai. Nhn dang mt s loai ng c bc : Loai 2 pha co 4 u dy ra.

Hinh 4.10 Loai ng c 2 pha bn u dy ra Loai 2 pha co 6 u dy ra - Loai 4 pha co 5 u dy ra va 6 u dy ra.

Hinh 4.11 Loai 2 pha co 6 u dy ra

Loai 5 pha co 5 u dy ra - Loai 5 pha co 10 u dy ra.

Hinh 4.12 Loai co 5 u va 10 u dy ra Nguyn ly lam vic : Nguyn ly lam vic chung da trn nguyn tc 2 nam chm co cung cc tin thi y nhau va trai cc tinh thi hut nhau. Cu th phai tim hiu cac nguyn tc iu khin. iu khin u bc : Kich t n : Tai mi thi im chi cp in cho 1 cun dy

Hinh 4.13 Qui lut kich t n Bc 1 2 3 4 ABA+ B+ Qui lut iu khin kich t n Cun dy C+ D+ CD-

Hinh 4.14 Gian xung kich Kich t kep : Tai mi thi im cp in cho 2 cun dy cung luc

Hinh 4.15 Qui lut kich t kep Bc 1 2 3 4 AA+ A+ AC+ CCC+ Cun dy BBB+ B+ D+ D+ DD-

Qui lut iu khin kich t kep

Hinh 4.16 Gian xung kich So sanh gia kich t n va kich t kep : Kich t n Kich t kep

Tc thp Moment nho iu khin n gian. It tn hao nng lng hn

Tc cao hn Moment ln hn iu khin phc tap Tn hao nng lng hn.

iu khin na bc : Kt hp hai phng phap kich t n va kich t kep ta c phng phap kich t hn hp hay con goi la phng phap iu khin na bc.

Hinh 4.17 Qui lut iu khin nua bc Bc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 AAC+ C+ Qui lut iu khin kich t kep A+ A+ A+ CCCB+ B+ B+ DDDAC+ Cun dy BBBD+ D+ D+

Hinh 4.18 Gian xung kich iu khin vi bc : Goc bc c chia nho phu thuc vao in ap cp vao cac cun dy.

Hinh 4.19 iu khin vi bc Goc bc nay phu thuc vao b chuyn i D/A. Goc bc trong hinh ve trn c tinh nh sau :
=
90 / 0.1 = 0.9 0 10

Ngoai ra ta con co th thay i dong in qua cac cun co c cac goc bc nh mong mun. iu khin ng c bc 5 pha :

Hinh 4.20 cu cng sut iu khin ng c 5 pha Cu cng sut 10 Transistor ong ngt in cho cac cun dy stator

Hinh 4.21 Qui lut kich xung cho cac cun dy stator ng dung :

Hinh 4.22 Mt s loai driver motor cua hang Vexta

Hinh 4.23 S dung trong cac may khc CNC

Hinh 4.24 S dung thng inh vi

Hinh 4.25 Trong iu khin goc quay

Chng 5 : ONG C IEN XOAY CHIEU CO VANH GOP 5.1. ong c ba pha co vanh gop Cac loai ong c xoay chieu ba pha thong thng khong the ieu chnh c toc o trong pham vi rong, bang phang va kinh te; dung ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha co vanh gop se giai quyet c nhc iem tren, ong thi co the van o hanh vi he so cong suat C s at en 1. Tat nhien e at c nhng u iem o, ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha co vanh gop phai co cau tao phc tap, at tien, van hanh kho khan va khong am bao bang cac loai ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha thong thng.

Hnh 3.8 ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha co vanh gop

Hnh 3.9 Cau tao ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha co vanh gop ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha co vanh gop kch thch song song. Cau tao: Rotor gom hai day quan: day quan R la loai day quan ba pha thong thng, no c noi qua ba vanh trt, ti mang ien xoay chieu ba pha co ien ap U 1 va tan so f1 . Day quan phu P la loai day quan phan ng may ien mot chieu, no c at trong cac ranh cung vi day quan R va noi en vanh gop.

Hnh 3.10 S khac nhau gia rotor day quan va rotor long soc Nguyen ly hoat ong: Neu ta cho dong ien chay vao day quan R, t trng quay do no sinh ra se cam ng trong cac pha day quan stator (cuon S) nhng sc ien ong va dong ien. Tac dung tng ho gia t trng quay va dong ien cam ng tao nen momen keo rotor quay ngc chieu t trng quay. T trng quay cung cam ng trong cac phan t day quan P nhng sc ien ong. Nhng v tr cac cap choi than chap nhau, nhng sc ien ong nay khong co anh hng en mach ien cuon S, ong c lam viec nh ong c khong ong bo ba pha thong thng nhng lap ngc (rotor la mach s cap, stator la mach th cap). e ieu chnh toc o ong c mot cach bang phang ta em dch cac cap choi than ve hai pha oi xng vi truc cac cuon day stator (cuon S). u nhc iem va ng dung:

u iem: Loai ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha co vanh gop kch thch song song co the ieu chnh c toc o trong pham vi tng oi rong. Nhc iem: Phai a ien qua he thong vanh trt choi than e vao phan quay, eu nay lam han che ien ap lam viec cua ong c (thng ch di 500V). Do ieu kien oi chieu cua dong ien xoay chieu tan so 50 Hz ma loai ong c nay c che tao cong suat khong ln. ng dung: ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha co vanh gop kch thch song song thng c dung trong cac nganh cong nghiep det, giay, in ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha co vanh gop kch thch noi tiep. Cau tao:

Hnh 3.11 Cau tao ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha co vanh gop kch thch noi tiep ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha co vanh gop kch thch noi tiep co hai bo day quan: day quan S stator giong nh day quan xoay chieu ba pha at stator cua ong c khong ong bo. Con day quan R rotor, quan theo kieu cam ng may ien mot chieu. Co vanh at rotor. Nguyen ly hoat ong: Chieu quay cua rotor phu thuoc vao v tr choi than dch ngc chieu hay cung chieu t trng quay max so vi truc cua day quan S. Nhng thong thng ngi ta dch choi than theo chieu ngc chieu quay max, e cho rotor quay theo chieu max, giam c ton hao trong thep va cai thien ieu kien oi chieu. Khi gi cho momen can tren truc ong c khong thay oi, he so trt s la mot ham so phu thuoc goc lech gia hai truc cac cuon day, do o thay oi v tr choi than ta co the ieu chnh toc o quay cua ong c trong pham vi t 20 30% toc o

ong bo hoac thap hn 50% toc o ong bo. Con trong trng hp phu tai thay oi, toc o ong c cung thay oi. u nhc iem va ng dung: u iem: Viec ieu chnh toc o kha de dang, moi toc o co mot momen tng ng tren truc. Nhc iem: Do han che ieu kien oi chieu nen ien ap gia cac choi than khong vt qua 30 40 , do o ong c thng phai co V may bien ap at vao day quan rotor. ng dung: ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha co vanh gop kch thch noi tiep c dung e truyen ong ma moi toc o can phai co mot momen tng ng tren truc nh bm, quat gio, may nen, thiet b truc hang, may in 5.2. ong c ien mot pha co vanh gop Trong cac loai ong c khong ong bo vanh gop co cong suat nho th ong c khong ong bo mot pha co kch thch noi tiep c s dung rong rai nhat. Cau tao: Cac ong c nay co cau tao giong nh ong c mot chieu kch thch noi tiep. S khac nhau gia chung la loi thep cua phan ng va loi thep cua phan cam cua ong c khong ong bo mot pha co kch thch noi tiep eu c c ghep t cac la thep ky thuat ien nham giam ton hao cua dong ien xoay do s bien thien theo thi gian cua luong t thong. Nguyen ly hoat ong: ong c hoat ong da tren hien tng cam ng ien t. Momen quay cua ong c giong nh ong c mot chieu, tao bi s tng tac gia dong ien I trong cuon day phan ng va luong t thong cc t :
M = C M .I .

Neu dong ien I trong cuon day phan ng va luong t thong cc t trung pha nhau theo thi gian th momen quay tao thanh khong oi chieu bi v I va oi dau ong thi vi nhau. Khi goc lech pha theo thi gian gia I va la 0 , th trong mot khoang thi gian nhat nh, momen quay M se oi dau.
I = I m sint

 = m sin( t )

Ta co:
M = CM I m sint.m sin(t )
M= 1 1 C M mI m cos C M mI m cos( t ) 2 2 2

M = M const+ M var

Momen cua ong c khong ong bo mot pha co kch thch noi tiep co hai thanh phan: Thanh phan khong oi M const. Thanh phan thay oi M var , bien thien theo thi gian vi tan so gap hai lan tan so li. ac tnh c cua ong c khong ong bo mot pha co kch thch noi tiep giong nh ac tnh c cua ong c mot chieu kch thch noi tiep, co dang hyperbola. ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo mot pha co kch thch noi tiep bang cach dung bien ap thay oi ien ap at vao ong c. ieu chnh bang phng phap nay co li va rat t ton hao, ng ac tnh c khong thay oi hnh dang ma ch ha thap khi ien ap giam va nang cao khi ien ap tang. u nhc iem va ng dung: u iem: Kha nang nhan c tan so quay bat ky vi tan so cong nghiep 50 Hz. Kha nang ieu chnh van toc quay trong day rong mot cach n gian, lien tuc va kinh te. Nhc iem: Gay ra tia la ien choi than. Gay tieng o khi van hanh. Gay nhieu vo tuyen. ng dung: ong c khong ong bo mot pha co kch thch noi tiep c ng dung chu yeu trong viec ien kh hoa ng sat bang dong ien xoay chieu mot pha.