Thiet Ke He Thong XL Nuoc Thai Benh Vien 500m3ngay

Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.
-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
M U
t vn .
Hot ng ca cc bnh vin Vit Nam hin nay ang c ci thin hng
ngy c v cht lng ln s lng. Nhng nm gn y nhu cu khm cha bnh
ca ngi dn rt ln. Hn na vi ch trng a thy thuc n vi tt c cc
bnh nhn trn ton quc k c vng su v vng xa nh nc u t xy dng,
ci to nng cp nhiu bnh vin, trm y t khp c nc nhm phc v ngi dn
c tt hn. Bn cnh ngy nay c rt nhiu bnh vin c nh v va do cc
t chc, c nhn xy dng ln. Tuy nhin song song vi vic tng cng kh nng
phc v khm cha bnh cho nhn dn, cc hot ng ca bnh vin cng thi ra
mt lng ln cht thi gy nh hng n con ngi v mi trng.
Theo quyt nh s 23 ngy 26/12/2006/Q-BTNMT ca B TI NGUYN
MI TRNG th cht thi t ngnh y t v th y (tr cht thi sinh hot t
ngnh ny) c xp vo danh mc cht thi nguy hi c tc ng trc tip n
con ngi v mi trng nu khng c kim sot, qun l v x l tt. V vy,
vic kim sot, qun l v x l tt l mt nhim v cp bch ca ngnh y t v
cc ban ngnh c lin quan nhm bo v mi trng, bo v sc kho cho nhn
vin y t, bnh nhn v cng ng.
Vit Nam, cng tc qun l v x l cht thi y t c ban, ngnh cc
cp quan tm. Tuy nhin, n nay vn cha c ch trng u t ng mc, qun
l cha hiu qu nh cng tc phn loi, vn chuynx l cha ng quy nh,
vn cn tp trung x l cng vi cc loi cht thi khc ti bi chn lp, cn h
thng x l nc thi ca bnh vin th thit k s si, khng hiu qu, ch yu
che mt cc c quan c thm quyn hoc khng c h thng x l nc thi.
Vi s gia tng ngy cng nhiu cc loi cht thi, c bit l cht thi y t
nguy hi, cng vi s qun l cn nhiu bt cp nh hin nay s l mt ngun gy
nhim mi trng, nh hng ti sc khe cng ng dn c nghim trng
hin ti v tng lai nu nh ngay t by gi chng ta khng c cc bin php tch
cc hn
Cc vn bn ti liu c s lin quan n qun l v x l cht thi bnh
vin.
Cc vn bn php l:
- Lut bo v mi trng ngy 29/11/2005.
H Ni 5/2009
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
- Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 ca th tng chnh ph v vic

hng dn thi hnh lut bo v mi trng.
- B y t, quyt nh s 43 ngy 30/11/2007 Q-BYT ban hnh quy ch qun l
cht thi bnh vin thay cho quyt nh s 2575/1999/Q-BYT.
Cc vn bn k thut:
- Tiu chun Vit nam TCVN 7382-2004. Cht lng nc-nc thi bnh vintiu chun thi.
- Tiu chun Vit nam. TCVN 6772-2000. Nc thi sinh hot. Tiu chun thi.
- Tiu chun ngnh. TCVNVN 51-2008. Thot nc-mng li v cng trnh bn
ngoi-tiu chun thit k.
H Ni 5/2009
CHNG I:
TNG QUAN
I.1.Khi qut v ngnh Y T v hin trng mi trng bnh vin Vit Nam.
I.1.1. Ngnh Y T Vit Nam.
Theo kt qu iu tra ca d n Quy hoch tng th mng li bnh vin
tnh n nm 2005 nc ta c 1027 bnh vin vi 134.707 ging bnh v d
tnh n nm 2010 c nc s c khong 1049 bnh vin vi 161.255 ging
bnh. Trong bnh vin nh nc chim 98,5% cn li 1,5% l bnh vin t
nhn (bao gm c bnh vin 100% vn nc ngoi, cc bnh vin lin doanh). S
bnh vin t nhn l 14 bnh vin vi 928 ging bnh.
Bng 1.1: bng thng k h thng bnh vin Vit Nam
Loi bnh vin
s lng
s ging bnh
Bnh vin a khoa trung ng
10
6.430
Bnh vin chuyn khoa trung ng
20
5.510
Bnh vin a khoa tnh
115
35.639
Bnh vin chuyn khoa tnh
224
23.463
Bnh vin huyn
586
51.345
Bnh vin ngnh
72
4.715
Cng
1027
134707
Trm y t x
10.257
45.303
V mt qun l phn cp nh sau:
- 32 bnh vin gm 10 bnh vin a khoa (BVK), 2 bnh vin y hc c truyn,
20 bnh vin chuyn khoa (BVCK) do B Y t qun l
- 981 bnh vin gm 224 bnh vin a khoa tnh, 46 bnh vin y hc c truyn,
142 bnh vin chuyn khoa v 659 bnh vin huyn, th x do a phng qun l.
- 72 bnh vin do cc b ngnh khc qun l.
Da trn cc s liu bng trn th s ging bnh tnh trung bnh trn 10.000
dn l 20, cn s ging bnh trung bnh xt quy m cc loi bnh vin nh sau:
- Bnh vin a khoa trung ng: 550 ging.
- Bnh vin chuyn khoa trung ng: 268 ging.
- Bnh vin a khoa tnh: 400 ging.
- Bnh vin chuyn khoa tnh: 156 ging.
- Bnh vin huyn: 104 ging.
- Bnh vin ngnh: 125 ging.
H Ni 5/2009
- Bnh vin t nhn: 62 ging.

I.1.2. Hin trng mi trng bnh vin.
Khi cp n mi trng trong bnh vin l ni n vic pht sinh v x l
cht thi y t.
- Cht thi y t: l cht thi pht sinh c s y t, trong cc hot ng khm cha
bnh, chm sc, xt nghim, phng bnh, nghin cu, o to...
- Cht thi y t c th dng rn, lng v dng kh. Nguy hi nht l nhng cht
thi y t nh: mu, dch c th, cht bi tit, cc b phn c th, bm kim tim, vt
sc nhn, dc phm, ho cht v cc cht phng x. Vic tip xc vi cht thi y
t c th c nhng nguy c nh mc nhng bnh truyn nhim: vim gan,
HIV/AIDS, ly cho trong bnh vin, nhim khun ngoi bnh vin.
I.1.2.1. Hin trng cht thi rn.
Khi qut chung.
Theo kt qu kho st, khong 33% bnh vin tuyn hyn v tnh khng c h
thng l t chuyn dng, phi x l cht thi y t nguy hi bng cc l t th
cng. Cn li 27% t cht thi y t ngoi tri hoc chn lp trong khu t ca
bnh vin.
Thng tin trn c TS L Ngc Knh, cc trng cc qun l khm cha
bnh (B Y t) a ra ti Hi ngh Bo co Tng kt cng tc khm cha bnh
nm 2008 v nh hng k hoch hot ng 2009 din ra sng 14/4/2009 ti H
Ni.
Theo , v cng tc x l rc thi y t vn cn rt nhiu kh khn, bt cp.
Tnh n nay, c nc ch c gn 200 chic l t chuyn dng (nhit cao v c
hai bung). Trong c 02 x nghip t rc tp trung ti H Ni v TPHCM, cnf
li l cc l t rc c trung bnh v nh. Tng s l t l gn 200 l nhng hin
phi x l rc thi y t cho 435 bnh vin (chim khong 40% s bnh vin). Hn
na, cc l t rc ch yu tp trung cc bnh vin tnh tr ln v mt s bnh
vin tuyn huyn thuc cc thnh ph, th x. Cn li khong 33% bnh vin
tuyn huyn v mt vi bnh vin tuyn tnh khng c h thng l t ny, phi
x l cht thi bng cc l t th cng (t xy). Cn li 27% t cht thi y t
ngoi tri hoc chn lp trong khu t ca bnh vin.
Cng theo mt iu tra mi y ca Vin Y hc lao ng v v sinh moi
trng-B Y t ti 854 bnh vin cho thy: c 73% cc bnh vin x l cht thi
H Ni 5/2009
rn y t nguy hi bng phng php t, c 95,6% bnh vin thc hin phn
loi cht thi trong 91,1% x dng dng c tch ring vt sc nhn. Tuy
nhin, nhiu a phng khng c c s x l cht thi y t nguy hi tp trung,
nn cc bnh vin sau khi phn loi rc y t v rc sinh hot phi t x l.
Theo TS Knh, qua thc t bo co ca cc a phng cho thy, cng tc thu
gom, x l rc thi y t hin nay vn cn nhiu bt cp. Cc phng tin thu gom
nh ti, thng ng cht thi cn thiu v cha ng b, hu ht cha t tiu
chun, x l v tiu hu cht thi rn y t nguy hi cn gp nhiu kh khn do
thiu c s x l cht thi nguy hi trn a bn, thiu ngun kinh ph u t xy
dng v vn hnh h thng x l cht thi rn v nc thi bnh vin
y mnh cng tc x l cht thi bnh vin, trong nm 2009, B Y t s
tng cng kim tra v kin quyt x l cc trng hp vi phm cc quy nh v
phn loi, thu gom v x l cht thi y t. Kin quyt t mc tiu n nm 2010
c trn 80% v n nm 2020 tt c cc bnh vin c h thng x l cht thi theo
quy nh ca B Y t.
(Ngun:http://dantri.com.vn/c7/s7-319163/van-con-nhieu-chat-thai-y-te-chuaduoc-xu-ly.htm)
Thnh phn cht thi rn bnh vin.
Thnh phn vt l:
- bng vi si: gm bng gc, bng, qun o c, khn lau, vi tri
- giy: hp ng dng c, giy gi, giy thi t nh v sinh
- thu tinh: chai l, ng tim, bm tim thu tinh, ng nghim
- nha: hp ng, bm tim, dy truyn mu, ti ng hng
- kim loi: kim tim, dao m, hp ng
- Bnh phm, mu m dnh bng gc
- Rc ri, l cy, t
Thnh phn ho hc:
- Nhng cht v c, kim loi, bt b, chai l thu tinh, si , ho cht, thuc th.
- Nhng cht hu c: vi si, giy, phn c th, nha
Nu phn tch nguyn t th thy gm nhng thnh phn: C, H, O, N, S, Cl v mt
phn tro.
Thnh phn sinh hc:
H Ni 5/2009
- Mu, nhng loi dch tit, nhng ng vt lm th nghim, bnh phm v c

bit l nhng vi trng gy bnh.
Phn loi cht thi rn bnh vin.
Cht thi rn ti c s y t c th c phn thnh 5 loi nh sau:
Cht thi lm sng: bng, bng, gc, cc vt sc nhn, ng nghim
Cht thi phng x: pht sinh t hot ng chun on, tr liu hoc nghin
cu nh 125I, 153Se (chun on hnh nh)
Cht thi ho hc: pht sinh t cc ngun khc nhau nh: xt nghim, v sinh,
kh khun
Cc bnh cha kh c p: bnh ng oxy, CO2
Cht thi sinh hot: pht sinh t cc bung bnh, nh n, nh git, phng lm
vicbao gm giy, ti nilon, thng cacton
Tc hi ca cht thi rn bnh vin.

Ngoi tr cht thi rn sinh hot hu ht cc cht thi rn cn li u c nguy
c gy tc ng ti sc kho con ngi (cc vt sc nhn, ho cht, mu, bng
bng) qua nhiu con ng nh: h hp, tiu ho
i tng chu tc ng c th l: bnh nhn, ngi nh bnh nhn, bc s v
cc cn b lm vic trong bnh vin
Nhng loi cht thi rn trn nu khng c thu gom v x l ng quy nh s
l ngun ly lan dch bnh v nhim mi trng nghim trng.
Phng php qun l v x l:
Cc phng php qun l v x l cht thi rn thng p dng gm c:
- Phn loi ti ngun
- Thu gom v vn chuyn v lu gi cht thi bn trong c s y t.
- Vn chuyn cht thi y t n ni x l
- X l bng cc phng php: Ty u, t, chn lp hoc ti ch.
I.1.2.2. Hin trng nc thi.
Khi qut chung
Nhiu nghin cu v thc trng kim sot nhim do nc thi ti cc bnh
vin Vit Nam cho thy mt s vn nh sau:
- Phn ln cc bnh vin u c tht k c h thng thot nc thi v trm x
l nc thi. Mt s thit k tch ring h thng thot nc thi v nc ma,
H Ni 5/2009
nc thi theo ng cng v trm x l nc thi ca bnh vin cn nc ma

x trc tip vo cng thi chung ca thnh ph hoc vo ngun tip nhn khc.
Tuy nhin hin nay hu ht h thng thot nc v trm x l nc thi ca cc
bnh vin ny u khng hot ng v tnh trng xung cp nghim trng, nhiu
on cng b h hng, mt np, st lun bn ct rc thi vo nhiu, kh nng thot
nc b gim nn nhiu lc bnh vin b ngp ng vo ma ma.
Tnh trng ny do mt s nguyn nhn sau:
Cc cng trnh xy dng t lu, mt s trn nn t yu.
Qun l yu km, khng c bo dng u n.
Bnh vin lun trong tnh trng qu ti v s lng bnh nhn nn lng
nc thi cao hn so vi thit k dn n qu ti h thng.
Trm x l nc thi khng c vn hnh thng xuyn do thiu kinh ph
vn hnh v mua ho cht.
Cng nhn khng nm c quy trnh vn hnh.
- Mt s bnh vin khng thit k trm x l nc thi, nn cae nc ma ln
nc thi u c thi trc tip vo cng thot nc thi chung ca thnh ph,
th x hoc thi vo ngun tip nhn bn ngoi bnh vin nh h, sng , sui, ng
runghoc t ngm vo t.
- Cc bnh vin c trm x l nhng do khng hot ng v mt s bnh vin
khng c trm x l nc thi nn nc thi cha x l khi x ra ngun l nguyn
nhn gy ra tnh trng nhim mi trng trm trng cho dn c xung quanh c
bit l s ly lan dch bnh. Mt s bnh vin thi nc thi trc tip vo sng,
sui, h, ao. y l ngun nc sinh hot chnh ca ngui dn nn e do trc tip
n tnh trng sc kho v tnh mng ca h.
- Mt s bnh vin do cc h thng thot nc u b xung cp v h hng nhiu
nn kh nng tiu thot nc rt km dn n tnh trng ngp ng trong bnh vin
v l him ho gy bnh tr li cho bnh nhn, ngi nh bnh nhn v cc cn
b ca bnh vin. Ngoi ra do din tch ngun tip nhn nc thi (h) b hp li
do nhiu nguyn nhn nn mt s bnh vin khi tri ma c hin tng nc
thi chy ngc t ngun tip nhn vo bn trong bnh vin gy ngp ng bnh
vin do cng lm tng s nhim v nguy c ly lan dch bnh trong bnh vin
- Nhng nm gn y do c s quan tm ca chnh ph, cc c quan chc nng
nhiu bnh vin c u t xy dng mi hoc ci to nng cp h thng
H Ni 5/2009
thot nc thi v trm x l nc thi. Hin nay c nhiu cng ngh x l

nc thi bnh vin khc nhau ang c p dng ti Vit Nam.
L lng nc thi bnh vin
Thng thng tnh ton h thng thot nc v la chn s cng ngh
x l nc thi bnh vin th phi xc nh lng nc thi trong mt ngy. Thc
t cho thy lu lng nc thi bnh vin dao ng theo gi trong ngy v theo
ngy trong tun. Chnh v vy trong tnh ton ngi ta a ra h s hiu chnh tnh
khng ng u K cho quy m bnh vin (tnh theo s ging bnh hoc s nhn
vin phc v). thng th K khng vt qu 2.5 [1] Ngoi ra tnh ton cn chp
nhn tiu chun thot nc bng tiu chun cp nc, do vy lng nc m bnh
vin dng trong mt ngy chnh l lng nc thi trong mt ngy. Cng c th
tnh ton lu lng nc thi bnh vin theo nh mc s dng nc tnh ton trn
ging bnh c trnh by trn bng 1.2 [1]
Bng 1.2. nh mc s dng nc tnh theo ging bnh
i tng
S ging bnh
S cn b cng nhn vin
Ngi nh bnh nhn
Sinh vin thc tp, khch
Tng s nc dng thc
t
Tnh c nhu cu pht
trin
S lng/ngy
N
(0.8 1.1)N
(0.9 1.3)N
(0.7 1.0)N
(3.4 4.4)N
Nhu cu tiu th, l/ngy

300 - 500
100 150
50 70
20 30
470 - 600
650 950 l/ging.ngy
Vit nam c th xc nh lu lng nc thi ca bnh vin a khoa theo

bng sau 1.3 [1]
Bng 1.3. Tiu chun cp nc v lng nc thi bnh vin. [1]
STT
1
2
3
4
5
Quy m bnh vin

(s ging bnh)
<100
100 300
300 - 500
500 -700
>700
Tiu chun cp nc Lng nc thi

(l/ging.ngy)
(m3/ngy)
700
70
700
100 200
600
200 300
600
300 400
600
>400
H Ni 5/2009
Bnh vin kt hp
1000
>500
nghin cu v o to
>700
(BV Vit c H Ni,
BV ch Ry TPHCM)
Tuy nhin do nhiu nguyn nhn m thc t lng nc thi ca mt ging
bnh trong mt ngy m ln hn nhiu ln so vi quy nh hin hnh ca tiu
chun Vit nam, v thng mc t 600 1000l/ging.ngy ph thuc vo cc
loi bnh vin v cc cp bnh vin [1]
Ngun gc, tnh cht v thnh phn nc thi bnh vin.
Nc thi bnh vin l mt dng ca nc thi sinh hot th. Trong nc
thi cha ch yu cc cht hu c c ngun gc do sinh hot ca con ngi. Tuy
nhin do nc dng trong qu trnh khm cha bnh v chm sc bnh nhn nn
v mt v sinh v dch t hc th trong nc thi bnh vin cha nhiu vi khun
gy bnh, d ly lan qua ng nc.
Nc thi bnh vin pht sinh t ba ngun chnh sau [1]
- Nc thi t cc phng iu tr, t cc phng xt nghim (gii phu bnh, huyt
hc, truyn mu, lau ra sau cc ca m, khoa ly). y l ngun to ra cc cht
thi nguy hi
- Nc thi cha cc ho cht (c cc ho cht c hi) sinh ra t cc phng dc
nh cc loi thuc, vc xin, huyt thanh, dung mi hu c, ho cht xt nghim,
cc hp cht v c
- Nc thi sinh hot t cc phng cn b, cng nhn vin, nh bp, nh n cha
nhiu cht hu c d phn hu, cc hp cht v c.
Nc thi bnh vin l mt ngun thi gy nguy him cho mi trng v kh
nng lan rng trong mi trng, mc nhim khun cao, kh nng tn ti lu v
nhn ln ca vi khun gy bnh trong iu kin giu cht hu c ca nc thi.
Nc thi bnh vin c th mang cc tc nhn mm bnh nh t, thng hn, ph
thng hn, bnh than, lao, l
Theo nghi cu ca o Ngc Phong v cng s (2003) cho thy nc thi
bnh vin lm nhim cc ngun nc b mt nh nc sng, nc ao, m h,
ging khi v cn gy nhim t. Nc thi bnh vin gy nhim v gieo rc
mm bnh theo tuyn sng thot nc thi, nghin cu cho rng s bnh nhn
H Ni 5/2009
khu dn c dc tuyn sng thot nc thi bnh vin thng cao hn cc khu
vc khc, c bit l bnh v ng tiu ho. [1]
Cc ch tiu nhim chnh ca nc thi bnh vin c trnh by trong bng
1.4
Bng 1.4. Cc ch tiu nhim chnh ca nc thi bnh vin [1]
Ch tiu
nh nht
Ph
SS(mg/l)
BOD5, mg/l
COD, mg/l
NT, mg/l
PT, mg/l
Coliform,
MPN/100ml
6.4
150
120
150
15
5
106
Gi tr
Trung bnh
7.54
160
150
200
28
9
107
ln nht
8.15
220
200
350
36
12
109
TCVN
7382-2004
(mc II)
6.5 8.5
100
30
80
30
6
5000
nh gi chung v nc thi bnh vin vit nam:

- Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Nguyn Xun Nguyn v cng s (Ban ch o
quc gia v cung cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng), Trn c H (HXD) v
Phm Th Bch Ngc (B XD) th c th nu ln mt s nh gi v nc thi
bnh vin nh sau [1].
i vi cc bnh vin tuyn thnh ph: nc thi cha hm lng cn l lng
cao nht, BOD trong nc thi kh ln. Nng oxy ho tan nm trong
khong 0-1mg/l, tng coliform tuy khng cao nhng u vt qu gii hn cho
php theo TCVN 5945-1995. Cc bnh vin tuyn thnh ph ch yu x nc
thi vo mng li thot nc thnh ph.
Nc thi cc bnh vin a khoa cp tnh, c hm lng cn l lng khng ln
nhng cc ch tiu BOD, nit amoni, phosphat, coliform tng i cao. Hm
lng oxy ho tan trong nc thi thp. Nc thi cc bnh vin ny x vo h
thng thot nc th x hoc sng, h, ng, rung xung quanh.
i vi cc bnh vin tuyn huyn, hm lng cn l lng trong nc thi
mc trung bnh, oxy ho tan cao, hm lng nit amoni nh. Tuy nhin tng
s coliform ca nc thi bnh vin ny li rt cao. phn ln cc bnh vin cp
huyn ny x thi trc tip ra ngun nc mt nh sng, h, ng rung
H Ni 5/2009
10
i vi cc bnh vin chuyn khoa, hm lng cn l lng, BOD trong nc

thi khng ln lm do lng nc s dng ln. Tuy nhin trong nc thi loi
ny cha nhiu cht nhim c trng v vi khun gy bnh c th. Phn ln
nc thi bnh vin loi ny thng x vo h thng thot nc thnh ph.
- Nghin cu ca Trn Quang Ton v cng s (vin y hc lao ng v v sinh
Mi Trng 2003) v nh gi nhim theo cc ch tiu ho l ca cc bnh vin
theo cc tuyn (TW, Tnh, ngnh), theo cc khoa (hnh chnh, ly, xt nghim,
dc), theo chuyn khoa (a khoa, lao, ph sn) c th hin trong cc bng sau
[1]
Bng 1.5. nh gi ch tiu nhim cho tng tuyn
Bnh vin
TW
Tnh
Ngnh
TCVN
7382-2004
(mc II)
pH
H2 S
mg/l
BOD5
mg/l
COD
mg/l
PT
mg/l
NT
mg/l
SS
mg/l
6.97
6.91
7.12
4.05
7.48
4.84
99.8
163.9
139.2
163.2
214.4
179.9
2.55
1.71
1.44
16.6
18.93
18.85
18.6
10.0
46.0
6,5-8,5
30
10
100
Bng 1.6. c tnh nhim nc thi bnh vin theo cc khoa

Khoa
pH
H2 S
mg/l
BOD5
mg/l
COD
mg/l
2.07
87.14
126.58
0.94
9.54
37.99
7.04
7.04
6.55
5.5
3.32
5.95
117.60
105.41
181.83
168.98
149.25
235.05
1.54
1.103
1.56
12.82
10.12
20.74
55.82
23.46
51.48
6,5-8,5
30
10
100
NT
mg/l
17.24
SS
mg/l
37.96
Hnh 6.4
chnh
Ly
Xt nghim
Dc
TCVN
7382-2004
(mc II)
PT
mg/l
NT
mg/l
SS
mg/l
Bng 1.7. nh gi nc thi bnh vin theo cc khoa

Chuyn
khoa
a khoa
pH
6.91
H2 S
mg/l
5.61
BOD5
mg/l
147.56
COD
mg/l
201.4
H Ni 5/2009
PT
mg/l
1.57
11
Lao
Ph sn
TCVN
7382-2004
(mc II)
6.72
7.21
2.98
7.73
143.23
167
207.25
221.9
1.15
0.99
16.04
13.19
22.23
51.25
6,5-8,5
30
10
100
Nhn xt: Nh vy qua cc bng trn ta thy nhn chung tt c cc bnh vin
u c mc nhim cao so vi tiu chun cho php.
Theo cc khoa th khoa dc c hm lng cht nhim cao nht, khoa hnh
chnh c hm lng nhim thp nht.
Theo tuyn th bnh vin tuyn tnh nhim hn so vi tuyn TW v tuyn
ngnh nguyn nhn c th l lng nc m bnh vin tuyn tnh s dng c
th thp hn so vi cc tuyn khc.
Theo chuyn khoa khng c s khc bit ng k.
- Nghin cu ca T Hi Bng v cng s (vin Y Hc lao ng v VSMT) v ch
tiu vi sinh trong nc thi bnh vin (32 bnh vin t tuyn huyn n TW, t
bc vo nam) c th hin trong bng sau [10]
Bng 1.8. Ch tiu vi sinh trong nc thi bnh vin
Vi sinh vt
Tng s vi khun hiu
kh/ml
Cl.perfrigen/10ml
Coliform/100ml
Feacal
Coliform/100ml
Trng giun/1000ml
nh nht
2000
Trung bnh
942.107
30
15.104
93.103
9412
234.106
150.106
63
ln nht
32.1010
855.102
23.108
23.108
9.102
- Nghin cu ca Dng Hng Anh v cng s (trung tm nghin cu Cng Ngh

Mi Trng v Pht trin bn vng - Trng HKHTN HQGHN) v d
lng cht khng sinh floquinolon (c th l Ciprofoxacin-CIP v norfoxacinNOR) trong nc thi ca mt s bnh vin H Ni th hin trong bng sau.[11]
Bng 1.9. D lng cht khng sinh trong nc thi bnh vin cha qua x l
Tn bnh vin
Thanh Nhn
Nng
CIP (mg/l)
7,0.10-3
H Ni 5/2009
NOR (mg/l)
15,2.10-3
12
Vit c
Vin K
Ph sn TW
Ph sn H Ni
Hu Ngh
10,9.10-3
1,2.10-3
2,1.10-3
1,1.10-3
25,8.10-3
3,7.10-3 *
3,4.10-3
13,6.10-3
8,4.10-3
1,5.10-3 *
*: Nc thi sau x l.
Qua bng trn cho thy trong nc thi bnh vin cha qua x l c d lng
cht khng sinh CIP vi nng dao ng 1,1.10-3 25,8.10-3 (mg/l) v NOR t
3,4.10-3 15,2.10-3 (mg/l), trong dng ch l trong nc thi sau x l ti
bnh vin hu ngh th nng CIP gim 85.66% v NOR gim 82.14%. Nh vy
x l nc thi bnh vin lm gim nng CIP v NOR trong nc thi v
cc tc gi trn nhn xt (vi trng hp nc thi bnh vin Hu Ngh) vi
nc thi cha qua x l th vi khun E-coli khng c vi CIP v NOR (vi s
lng khun lac/100ml ln hn 100.000) nhng vi nc thi sau x l th E-coli
tr nn nhy cm vi CIP v NOR (vi s lng khun lc/100ml t 2000-13000).
Qua cc s liu trn cho thy nhn chung cc thnh phn nhim ch yu ca
nc thi bnh vin bao gm COD, BOD5, tng N, tng P v ch tiu vi sinh.
Tc ng ca nc thi bnh vin n mi trng.
T tnh cht ca nc thi bnh vin ni trn, ta thy nc thi bnh vin l
ngun gy nhim mi trng nc v l phng tin lan truyn cc loi bnh tt.
Ti cc khu vc tip nhn ngun nc thi, v ni s dng cn tim n nhiu nguy
c tim tng ln hn nu nc thi ny khng c x l .
- Khi i vo mi trng nc, do hm lng nit, pht phocao, cht hu c ln
lm gim kh nng t lm sch ca nc v d gy ra hin tng ph dng.
- Qu trnh phn hu sinh hc cht hu c cng lm lng xy ho tan trong nc
gim i. y l iu kin thun li cho qu trnh phn hu k kh pht sinh mi hi
thi.
- Ngun nc thi Bnh vin cn l nguyn nhn lm ly lan cc vi sinh vt gy
bnh nh hng rt ln ti sc khe c dn khu vc ln cn
H Ni 5/2009
13
CHNG II:
CNG NGH X L NC THI BNH VIN VIT NAM
II.1. Cng ngh x l.
Theo thng bo ca B Y T v qun l v x l cht thi bnh vin cho thy
cc trm x l nc thi bnh vin ca vit nam ang hot ng nhng trnh
khc nhau v c th quy v cc nhm cng ngh nh sau.
Bng 1.10. Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin vit nam. [1]
STT
1
2
3
4
Tn cng ngh
X l c hc
X l c hc phi hp vi x l sinh hc t nhin
X l sinh hc hiu kh thng dng
Lc sinh hc nhiu bc
II.1.1. X l c hc.
Nc thi sau khi qua b t hoi, c x l c hc ti b lng v kh trng
bng clo ri x ra ngoi. y l loi hnh cng ngh x l n gin c dng ph
bin cc bnh vin c ca H Ni v cc tnh (bnh vin Ph sn H Ni, bnh
vin Nhi Hi Phng..) cht lng nc nhn chung khng t tiu chun thi
TCVN 7382-2004.
S cng ngh c th hin trong hnh v sau:
Nc thi
Lng s b
Kh trng
Thi ra ngun
Hnh 2.1. S cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin bng c hc.
II.1.2. X l c hc phi hp vi lc sinh nh git hoc x l sinh hc t
nhin.
Nc thi t b t hoi c x l c hc trong b lng, x l sinh hc trong
b lc sinh hc nh git sau kh trng ri x ra h thng cng chung ca thnh
ph (bnh vin Hai B Trng). mt s bnh vin, nc thi sau khi qua b t
hoi, c x l s b ti b lng ri c bm vo cc b hoc ao x l sinh hc
H Ni 5/2009
14
t nhin trc khi thi ra bn ngoi (bnh vin ng Anh H Ni). Ngun tip
nhn thng l ng rung
S cng ngh c th hin trn hnh sau:
Nc thi
iu ho
Lng I
Lc sinh hc nh git
Gom bn
Lng II
kh trng
Thi ra ngun
Hnh 2.2. x l nc thi bnh vin bng lc sinh hc nh git
Nc thi
Lng s b
H sinh hc
kh trng
Thi ra ngun
Hnh 2.3. x l nc thi bnh vin bng h sinh hc t nhin.
II.1.3. X l sinh hc hiu kh.
Nc thi sau khi qua b t hoi c x l sinh hc trong Aeroten vi bn
hot tnh tun hon v kh trng trc khi x ra ngoi (bnh vin Giao thng,
bnh vin Khng qun, bnh vin Bch Mai).
S x l nc thi bng bn hot tnh truyn thng c th hin trn hnh
sau:
H Ni 5/2009
15
Nc thi
Song chn
Lng I
Aeroten
Gom bn
Lng II
Kh trng
X ra ngun
Hnh 2.4. S cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin bng bn hot tnh.
II.1.4. Lc sinh hc nhiu bc c m vi sinh (c m vi sinh ).
Nc thi sau chn rc c lng trong c x dng cht keo t, s l sinh hc
ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh qua lp vt liu m sau lng v kh trng trc
khi x vo ngun tip nhn . Thit b hp khi gn, kt hp cc qu trnh x l c
bn bng phng php sinh hc vi vic b sung ch phm vi sinh gia tng qu
trnh kh cht bn hu c.
S x l nc thi bnh vin bng lc sinh hc nhiu bc th hin trong
hnh sau:
Nc thi
Chn rc
Lng I
B phn
hu bn
thit b hp khi
Lng II
Kh trng
16
H Ni 5/2009
X ra ngun
Hnh 1.4. S x l nc thi bnh vin bng lc sinh hc nhiu bc

Nguyn l cng ngh hp khi:
Nguyn l hp khi cho php thc hin kt hp nhiu qu trnh c bn x l
nc thi bit trong khng gian thit b ca mi mo-un tng hiu qu v
gim chi ph vn hnh x l nc thi. Thit b x l hp khi cng mt lc thc
hin ng thi qu trnh x l sinh hc thiu kh v hiu kh. Vic kt hp a dng
ny s to mt mng vi sinh ti a m khng gy tc cc lp m, ng thi
thc hin oxy ha mnh v trit cc cht hu c trong nc thi. Thit b hp
khi cn p dng phng php lng c lp bn mng (lamen) cho php tng b
mt lng v rt ngn thi gian lu.
i km vi gii php cng ngh hp khi ny c cc ha cht ph tr gm: cht
keo t PACN-95 v ch phm vi sinh DWH-97 gip nng cao hiu sut x l, tng
cng sut thit b.
Vic p dng cng ngh hp khi ny s khng nhng m bo loi tr cc
cht gy nhim xung di tiu chun cho php trc khi thi ra mi trng, m
cn, tit kim din tch t xy dng, kim sot cc nhim th cp nh ting n
v mi hi.
Hai dng thit b x l: Vi nguyn l hot ng trn trung tm CTC (Trung tm
t vn chuyn giao cng ngh nc sch v mi trng) thit k 2 dng thit b
hp khi in hnh l V-69 v CN-2000.
- Thit b V-69: cng ngh ny c trung tm CTC thit k xy dng t nm
1997 ti bnh vin V-69 thuc B t lnh lng ch tch H Ch Minh. T n
H Ni 5/2009
17
nay V-69 c pht trin v hon thin nhiu ln. Chc nng ca cc thit b hp
khi kiu V-69 l x l sinh hc hiu kh, lng bc 2 kiu lamen v kh trng
nc thi. u im ca thit b l tng kh nng tip xc ca nc thi vi vi sinh
vt v oxy c trong nc nh lp m vi sinh c rng cao, b mt ring ln.
qu trnh trao i cht v oxy t hiu qu cao.
- Thit b CN-2000: Trn nguyn l ca thit b V-69, thit b x l nc thi
CN-2000 c ch to theo kiu thp sinh hc vi qu trnh cp kh v khng cp
kh an xen nhau tng kh nng kh nit. Mi modun thit b c cng sut 150250m3/ng.. Thit b CN-2000 c cc bo s hu ch tu bo h s hu cng
nghip t thng 9/2003.
II.2. nh gi hiu qu x l ca cc cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin
Vit Nam.
- Nghin cu nh gi hiu qu x l cc ch tiu vi sinh v ha l theo cc nhm
cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin Vit Nam ca T Hi Bng, Nguyn Khc
Hi v cc cng s cho thy. [10]
II.2.1. i vi cng ngh lc sinh hc nh git.
Bng 2.1. Hiu qu x l ch tiu ha l.
Ch tiu
Ph
H2S
BOD5
COD
NT
PT
SS
Trc x l
Sau x l
6.9
8.0
123.8
177.1
14.4
1.7
37.7
7.3
1.7
104.9
137.0
14.2
0.9
31.3
Hiu xut (%)
79.2
15.27
22.62
0.98
47.75
17.08
TCVN
(7382-2004)
6.5-8.5
1
30
80
30
6
100
Bng 2.2. Hiu qu x l vi sinh ca lc sinh hc nh git.

Ch tiu
Tng hiu kh (1ml)
Cl.perfrigen (10ml)
Tng
Trc x l
Sau x l
Hiu sut(%)
531490
1690
58762220
107160
1060
12711590
79.84
37.29
78.36
H Ni 5/2009
TCVN
(7382-2004)
5000
18
Coliform(100ml)
Fecal
coliform(100ml)
Enterococci (100ml)
45871750
7930250
82.71
4040240
733470
81.85
II.2.2. i vi h sinh hc.

Bng 2.3. Hiu qu x l ha l.
Ch tiu
Ph
H2S
BOD5
COD
NT
PT
SS
Trc x l
Sau x l
6.9
11.6
264.3
334.8
18.1
2.2
54.7
7.0
1.7
204.5
298.4
8.8
0.3
21.3
Hiu xut (%)
85.34
22.63
10.87
51.30
83.80
61.06
TCVN
(7382-2004)
6.5-8.5
1
30
80
30
6
100
Bng 2.4. Hiu qu x l vi sinh.

Ch tiu
Tng hiu kh (1ml)
Cl.perfrigen (10ml)
Tng
Coliform(100ml)
Fecal
coliform(100ml)
Enterococci (100ml)
Trc x l
Sau x l
Hiu sut(%)
TCVN
(7382-2004)
5000
746630
651
15896390
27230
37
30580
96.35
94.38
99.81
15243030
12280
99.92
14105770
46480
99.67
II.2.3. i vi cng ngh bn hot tnh

Bng 2.5. Hiu qu ha l.
Ch tiu
Ph
H2S
BOD5
COD
NT
PT
Trc x l
6.6
5.3
116.1
168.0
18.5
1.4
Sau x l
7.03
0.66
71.66
107.29
5.91
1.04
H Ni 5/2009
Hiu xut (%)
87.35
38.26
36.15
68.03
23.37
TCVN
(7382-2004)
6.5-8.5
1
30
80
30
6
19
SS
29.0
11.5
60.39
100
Hiu sut(%)
TCVN
(7382-2004)
5000
Bng 2.6. Hiu qu vi sinh.

Ch tiu
Trc x l
Tng hiu kh (1ml)

Cl.perfrigen (10ml)
Tng
Coliform(100ml)
Fecal
coliform(100ml)
Enterococci (100ml)
Sau x l
321290
5580
4549230
46
199
79
99.99
96.43
99.99
2074990
47
99.99
3110680
1100
99.96
II.2.4. Cng ngh lc sinh hc nhiu bc.

Bng 2.7. Hiu qu ha l.
Ch tiu
Ph
H2S
BOD5
COD
NT
PT
SS
Trc x l
Sau x l
7.1
4.3
130.5
178.5
16.4
1.4
32.0
8
1
70
103
8
1
13
Hiu xut (%)
82.10
46.37
42.39
48.22
28.23
60.50
TCVN
(7382-2004)
6.5-8.5
1
30
80
30
6
100
Bng 2.8. Hiu qu vi sinh.

Ch tiu
Tng hiu kh (1ml)
Cl.perfrigen (10ml)
Tng
Coliform(100ml)
Fecal
coliform(100ml)
Enterococci (100ml)
Trc x l
Sau x l
Hiu sut(%)
TCVN
(7382-2004)
5000
820770
2080
19836050
200
153
63
99.98
92.66
99.99
6590790
219
99.99
138180
245
99.82
H Ni 5/2009
20
- Nghin cu nm 2003 ca Trn Quang Ton v cng s (vin Y hoc lao ng v

VSMT) v nh gi hiu qu x l nc thi bnh vin ca 29 bnh vin theo cc
ch tiu ha l c th hin trong bng sau [1]
Bng 2.9. nh gi hiu qu theo ch tiu ha l.
Ch tiu
BOD
COD
H2S
NT
PT
SS
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Lc sinh hc nh git
Vo
Ra
Hiu
suat
129.9
83.5
35.72
183.1
116.1
36.59
9.00
3.86
57.11
16.56
12.37
25.3
1.76
1.09
38.07
36.0
22.9
36.39
Ch tiu
Vo
BOD
COD
H2S
NT
PT
SS
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
118.6
172.0
4.50
17.08
1.60
28.4
Aeroten
Ra
Hiu
suat
89.6
24.45
142.9
16.92
2.53
43.78
12.75
15.35
1.65
28.5
-
Vo
179.2
221.5
3.74
12.29
1.23
53.3
H sinh hc
Ra
Hiu suat
140.7
186.2
0.1
7.23
0.28
29.6
21.48
15.94
97.33
41.17
77.24
44.47
Lc sinh hc nhiu bc
Vo
Ra
Hiu suat
165.7
227.5
4.85
17.23
1.95
37.8
94.8
130.8
0.8
9.09
1.05
14.8
42.79
42.51
83.51
47.24
46.15
60.85
Nhn xt: Qua cc bng trn thy rng hiu qu x l ca cc trm x l theo
cc nhm cng ngh khc nhau l rt khc nhau v cha p ng nhu cu ngy
cng cht ch theo TCVN i vi cc dng nc thi hin nay. Trong nhm
cng ngh sinh hc nhiu bc t hiu qu hn c, tuy cha t yu cu l thuyt
v trong qu trnh vn hnh cc trm cn cha tun th cc yu cu v ch cng
ngh, trm khng c vn hnh thng xuyn v n nh. Ngoi ra tnh khng
ng u ca ngun nc cng l mt nguyn nhn.
II.3. nh hng trin khai cng ngh x l nc thi Vit Nam.
- Phn ln cc h thng x l nc thi bnh vin theo cng ngh x l c hc,
bn hot tnh truyn thng khng c kt hp hiu kh - thiu kh xy dng
H Ni 5/2009
21
khng p ng tiu chun thi theo TCVN 7382-2004 c bit v ch tiu vi sinh
v nit. Trong nhng nm gn y nhm cng ngh hp khi c p dng
thnh cng nhiu bnh vin (bnh vin Thanh Nhn, Xanh Pn) v m bo
yu cu, tuy nhin h thng cn c s vn hnh nghim tc, thng xuyn tng
cng k nng cho i ng cn b vn hnh.
- m bo ch tiu thi theo nit nht thit h x l phi c thm hay ch trng
x l thiu kh. Vic kt hp gia thi kh v khuy trn (thiu kh) cn c thc
hin t ng ho. H x l ny s ko theo tng gi thnh xy dng v vn hnh,
mc tng tu thuc vo cc yu t iu kin t nhin (nc thi, nhit , c
h sinh hc x l tip theo hay khng..)
- Xy dng mi h thng x l nc thi phi da trn c im ca tng c s.
trn c s nhng tiu chun chung cn c s vn dng c th vi nhng hiu chnh
nht nh
- Vic p dng x l sinh hc t nhin c ngha quan trng v gim c vn
u t x l, c bit i vi cc bnh vin tuyn tnh hay huyn khi c din tch
t ln.
- xy dng v vn hnh tt mt h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cn phi
o to i ng cn b, k thut p ng yu cu v s lng v cht lng
- Kh trng l bc bt buc trong x l nc thi bnh vin. Vic s dng clo
dng NaClO hay Ca(OCl)2 l ph hp vi cc c s bnh vin.
H Ni 5/2009
22
CHNG III:
PHN TCH LA CHN PHNG PHP X L NC THI.
III.1. C s la chn phng php x l nc thi.
Cc yu t cn ch khi la chn phng php x l nc thi.
- c tnh ca nc thi u vo: cn xc nh c th thnh phn cc cht nhim
trong nc thi, dng tn ti ca chng (l lng, dng keo, hay dng ha tan), kh
nng phn hy sinh hc v c ca cc thnh phn v c, hu c.
Bng 3.1.c tnh nc thi u vo c c th hin trong bng sau:
(s liu nc thi u vo ti bnh vin Vit c: s 41 Ph Trng Thi, H Ni)
Thng
s
pH
7.14
SS
(mg/l)
94.8
COD
(mg/l)
198.8
BOD5
(mg/l)
157.8
NO3(mg/l)
23.74
Ptng
(mg/l)
4.22
NH4+
(mg/l)
14.2
Coliform
MPN/100ml
12.106
- Mc yu cu khi x l : Cht lng nc thi u ra phi tha mn cc yu

cu c th ( theo tiu chun), v cht lng nc trong tng lai.
Bng 3.2. Mc x l nc thi theo TCVN 7382-2004
TT
1
2
3
Thng s
pH
Cht rn l
lng
BOD5
n v
mg/l
mg/l
Gi tr gii hn
Mc I
50
30
H Ni 5/2009
Mc II
100
30
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Sunfua(S2-)
mg/l
+
Amoni (NH4 )
mg/l
Nitrat(NO3-)
mg/l
Du m
mg/l
Octophosphat
mg/l
(PO43-)
Tng coliform MPN/100ml
Vi khun gy
bnh
ng
rut
Salmonella
Shigella
Vibrio cholera
Tng hot
Bq/l
phng x
Tng hot
Bq/l
phng x
1
10
30
5
4
1000
KPHD
1
10
30
10
6
5000
KPHD
0.1
0.1
- Chi ph x l v din tch t hin c xy dng trm x l. Trc khi tin

hnh chn la qu trnh x l ph hp, ta cng cn phn tch chi tit chi ph ca
phng n la chn, m bo hiu qu nht
- m bo kh nng x l khi bnh vin m rng cng sut xut.
Phng php x l nc thi.
Trn c s phn tch trn cho thy: c im chung ca cc bnh vin l u
c cc ch tiu nhim chung l nhim hu c ( th hin qua gi tr BOD5,
COD) , d tha dinh dng ( th hin qua ch tiu v N v P) v nhim v mt
v sinh dch t ( th hin qua ch s Coliform)
Nh vy v mt nhim nc thi bnh vin c nhng im tng ng vi
nc thi sinh hot v mt cc thng s gy nhim. Qua tm hiu cc cng ngh
v ang p dng x l nc thi bnh vin cho thy phng php x dng
ch yu l phng php sinh hc ( k thut bn hot tnh hoc k thut mng sinh
hc)
La chn: Phng php x l bng tc nhn sinh hc.
III.2. Phn tch nguyn l v la chn s cng ngh x l:
III.2.1. xut.
H Ni 5/2009
24
Phng n 1:k thut bn hot tnh (hnh v):
Nc thi t cc
ng ng thu gom
Ch phm vi sinh DW97-H
Ngn thu gom nc

thi
Sng rc
Nc chy trn
v b iu ha
Bn a v
x l
Rc a dn khu
x l cht thi
rn bnh vin
Ngn iu ha
Ngn nn bn
B phn ng
hiu kh thiu kh
Bn hot
tnh tun
hon
B lng II
Ha cht kh trng
H Ni 5/2009
B tip xc kh trng
Nc ra ngun
25
Phng n 2: k thut mng sinh hc. (hnh v):

Nc thi t cc
ng ng thu gom
Ch phm vi sinh DW97-H
Ngn thu gom nc

thi
Sng rc
Nc chy trn
v b iu ha
Bn a v
x l
Rc a dn khu
x l cht thi
rn bnh vin
Ngn iu ha
Ngn nn bn
Thit b hp khi
(lc sinh hc)
Bn hot
tnh tun
hon
B lng lamen
Ha cht keo t
PACN - 95
B tip xc kh trng
Ha cht kh trng
Nc ra ngun
H Ni 5/2009
26
III.2.2. Phn tch la chn phng n.

Phng n 1:
u im:
- Hiu qu x l nhim hu c cao ng thi x l c c ch tiu nit
- Vn hnh n gin, chi ph mc trung bnh.
Nhc im:
- Tn nng lng do phi tun hon bn hot tnh.
- Din tch t xy dng tng i ln.
Phng n 2:
u im:
- Hiu qu x l c ch tiu nhim hu c ln cc ch tiu v nit, photpho t
mc cao.
- kt cu thit b gn nh theo nguyn l modun, t ng, hp khi. Chim din
tch nh ph hp vi cc bnh vin c qu t nh hp.
- Gim nhim th cp nh ting n, mi hi.
Nhc im:
- Gi thnh u t mc cao
- Quy ch vn hnh nghim ngt i hi ngi vn hnh phi c trnh chuyn
mn cao.
Nh vy vi mi phng n u c nhng u im v nhc im nht nh
vic la chn phng n no cn cn c vo c im tnh hnh c th ca tng
bnh vin (lu lng nc thi, ch tiu gy nhim, qu t, ngun vn u
t)
La chn s : trong khun kh n ny em xin xut m hnh thit k
theo phng n 1 (x l sinh hc bng bn hot tnh c kt hp thiu kh hiu
kh)
III.2.3. C s qu trnh x l bng bn hot tnh.
III.2.3.1. Nguyn l:
H bn hot tnh c pht minh Anh u th k 20. trong x l nc thi
bng h bn hot tnh c in, nc thi c a vo ngn phn ng xc kh. ti
h vi sinh phn tn trong nc s thc hin cc phn ng oxy ho cc hp cht
hu c thnh CO2, cn nit amoni thnh NO3-. Sau nc thi cng lng vi
sinh phn tn t chy vo b lng. ti y qu trnh lng xy ra, khi vi sinh lng
H Ni 5/2009
27
xung lm trong nc. nc c x l lin tc chy ra ngoi. Lp bn vi sinh

y b lng mt phn c quay tr li ngn hiu kh (hay cn gi l xc kh)
thc hin tip qu trnh, phn bn d c thi ra ngoi x l tip. Qu trnh ny
x l tt cc hp cht hu c cha cacbon ng thi nit hu c v nit amoni
c oxy ho thnh NO3-.
kh nitrat, nc hoc bn tun hon v c a v ngn phn ng thiu
kh (anoxic) t trc ngn hiu kh. Khi NO3- trong nc tun hon s phn
ng vi hu c c trong nc vo thc hin qu trnh kh nitrat. Nh vy nc
ra va gim N-amoni ln N-NO3- [13]
S nguyn l:
b xc kh
b lng
Nc ra
Nc vo
Bn quay vng
Bn d
Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh x l hiu kh:
- Kh cc hp cht hu c:
(1) oxi ha cc cht hu c:
enzym
CxHyOzN + O2
CO2 + H2O + NH3 + nng lng
(2) tng hp xy dng t bo:
enzym
CxHyOzN + O2
C5H7NO2 + CO2 + H2O + NH3 + nng lng
Trong :
CxHyOzN : k hu cc cht hu c trong nc thi
C5H7NO2: k hiu thnh phn ha hc ca vi khun thi im h hp ni
bo
(3) t oxi ha cht liu t bo (t phn hy)
enzym
C5H7NO2 + 5O2
5CO2 + 2H2O + NH3 + nng lng
H Ni 5/2009
28
- Nitrat ho:
(1) NH4+ b chuyn ha thnh NO2- nh vi khun nitrosomonas theo phn ng:
nitrosomonas
55NH4+ + 76O2 + 5CO2
C5H8NO2 + 54NO2- + 109H+ + 52H2O
(2) NO2- chuyn ha thnh NO3- nh vi khun nitrobacter
400NO2- + 195O2 + NH3 + 2H2O + 5CO2
C 5H7NO2
+ 400NO3Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh thiu kh (kh NO3-):

NO3 + 1.183CH 3OH+0.273H 2CO 3 0.091C 5H 7O 2N +0.454N 2+1.82H 2O+H CO3
NO2 + 0.681CH3 OH + 0.555 H2 CO3 0.047C5 H7 NO2 + 0.476 N2 + 1.251H2 O + HCO3

O2 + 0.952CH3OH + 0.061NO3 0.061C5 H7 O2 N + 1.075 H2 O + 0.585 H2 CO3 + 0.061HCO3
T cc phng trnh trn rt ra:

Khi cn kh 1 mg NO3- thnh kh N2 cn 2,7 mg CH3OH to ra 0,74 mg t bo
mi v 3,57 mg kim tnh theo CaCO3. [7]
Lng CH3OH cn cho c qu trnh:
CH3OHcn = 2.79(NO3-) + 1.56(NO2-) + 0.95DO
Bi v 1,5 mg COD tng ng vi 1 mg CH3OH nn lng COD cn l:
CODcn = 4.05(NO3-) + 2.34(NO2-) + 1,43DO.
III.2.3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l hiu kh - thiu kh.
III.2.3.2.1. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l hiu kh.
C rt nhiu yu t c nh hng n qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nh:
nhit , pH, DO, dinh dng, cc cht c..
1). nh hng ca nhit :
S ph thuc ca qu trnh x l sinh hc vo nhit c c trng bng
tc tng trng.
H Ni 5/2009
29
0
(T ) max = (20 C ) max k (T 20)
T: nhit . (0C)
- Khi nhit tng th max tng dn n tc tng trng tng.
- Khi tng nhit qu ngng cho php (ngng chu ng ca vi sinh vt)
gy c ch qu trnh trao i cht (l cc phn ng mem trong t bo vi sinh vt)
dn n tc tng trng gim.
- Khi tng nhit th DO gim dn n hiu qu x l sinh hc hiu kh gim.
- Thng thng trong cc h thng x l sinh hc t0 = 10 350C
2). nh hng ca pH.
pH trong cc h thng x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc thng l :
5-9 v ti u trong khong 6,5-8,5. Nu pH nm ngoi [5-9] th cn phi iu
chnh pH trong h thng.
3). nh hng ca oxy ho tan.
thc hin qu trnh oxy ha, vi sinh vt cn oxy di dng oxy ha tan.
Trong cc h thng x l hiu kh, oxy c cp lin tc p ng nhu cu oxy
cho qu trnh oxy ha.
Thiu oxy ha tan cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm phng bn do vi
khun dng si pht trin. Vic cp oxy cn c tc dng to ra ng nht trong
thit b, lm r cc khi bng ln, gim cc im cht trong thit b, nng cao hiu
qu lm sch v rt ngn thi gian lu ca nc trong h thng x l. m bo
tc oxy ha, oxy ha tan cn t t 2-4mg/l. khi DO qu ln th hiu qu x
l khng tng hn nhiu nhng chi ph cp nng lng ln.
4). nh hng ca cc cht dinh dng.
Vi sinh vt tiu th cc cht hu c sng v hot ng i hi mt lng
cht dinh dng Nit v photpho pht trin, t l ny thng trong khong
BOD5 : N : P = 100:5:1. Ngoi ra cn mt lng nh cc nguyn t khong nh
Ca, Mg, FeCc cht khong ny thng c trong nc thi.
5). nh hng ca cc cht c.
Trong qu trnh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc th cc vi sinh vt
rt nhy cm vi cc cht c nh:
- Cc kim loi nng v mui ca chng: As, Hg, Cu
- Cc hp cht hu c c nh: phenol, hp cht cht ca phenol, cc cht oxy
ho mnh nh clo v hp cht ca clo..
H Ni 5/2009
30
III.3. La chn cc hng mc v thuyt minh s cng ngh.

III.3.2. La chn cc hng mc.
Cc hng mc chnh trong dy chuyn c th phn ra lm cc nhm nh sau:
1) Khi x l s b: Bao gm b thu gom nc thi, sng rc, b iu ho.
2) Khi x l sinh hc c kt hp x l thiu kh - hiu kh: b phn ng chia 2
ngn thiu kh - hiu kh.
3) Khi lng v kh trng nc thi.
4) Khi x l bn cn.
- B thu gom nc thi:
Mc ch: tp trung nc thi t cc ngun thi ca bnh vin v khu x l
Trong b thu gom lp t my nh cn nhm nh tan phn cn t cc b pht.
Ti b ny nc thi c nh k thm ch phm vi sinh DW-97 gip qu trnh
phn hu cc cht bn tt hn.
- sng rc: ty thuc vo kch thc cc vt c th chn sng rc ph hp nhm
gi li cc vt cng , giy ba.. gy cn tr cc thit b trong cng trnh.
- B iu ha:
Mc ch: n nh dng v lu lng qu trnh x l sinh hc tip theo c hiu
qu. Di y b t my sc kh gip cc ht vt cht trng thi l lng, trnh
hin tng phn tn cc b y b. Ti b iu ha c lp thit b o pH nhm
kim tra s n nh ca pH trc khi a vo x l sinh hc.
Nc thi t b iu ha c bm chm t trong b bm sang b phn ng sinh
hc.
chn loi b;
Cc loi b iu ha:
- B iu ha hot ng gin on: y l b hot ng theo chu k lp i lp li.
Khi mt b tch ly th b kia x nc v ngc li. u im ca nhng b ny l
m bo iu ha hon ton, song phi xy dng t nht 2 b, tc l gi thnh xy
dng v qun l s t.
- B iu ha hot ng lin tc: theo nguyn tc chuyn ng ca nc li chia ra
b iu ha hot ng theo nguyn tc y (ch chy tng) v b iu ha theo
nguyn tc xo trn (ch chy ri). Cc thnh phn nc thi c xo trn
H Ni 5/2009
31
bng cc thit b nh my khuy, my nn kh.. hoc xo trn bng cc bin php

t nhin do chnh lch nhit , t trng nc
Mt c trng ca nc thi bnh vin l hm lng BOD kh cao nn thng
c mi kh chu do nhng kh sinh ra trong qu trnh phn hy ca cht hu c.
Trong b iu ha c lp t h thng sc kh, ngoi nhim v khuy trn lm
ng u nng ca cc cht nhim cn c tc dng kh bt mi nc thi.
La chn: B iu ha hot ng lin tc c h thng sc kh.
- B phn ng sinh hc vi 2 ngn thiu kh v ym kh:
Mc ch: y l b thc hin nhim v chnh trong vic loi b cc cht bn
BOD, NO3-, NH4+ nhm a nc u ra t tiu chun TCVN 7382 mc II.
Ngn hiu kh: lp t h thng cp kh l cc ng dn c l nhm o trn dung
dch bn lng v cung cung cp oxi cho phn ng sinh ha.
Ngn thiu kh: Ngn ny t trc ngn hiu kh vi nhim v kh bt mt lng
NO3- trong iu kin khng cn cp thm oxy m ch thc hin khuy trn bn
hot tnh.
- B lng II:
Mc ch: lng bn sau qu trnh x l sinh hc. Mt phn bn c bm tun
hon tr li b phn ng duy tr nng bn hot tnh trong b phn ng sinh
hc.
La chn b lng: chn loi b lng ng c tit din hnh trn nhm gim din
tch thi cng so vi b lng ngang.
- B tip xc kh trng:
Mc ch: y l cng on x l cc mm bnh nguy him c trong nc thi
m bo v sinh dch t cho ngun tip nhn. Ha cht dng kh trng thng
dng trong x l nc thi bnh vin l dung dch javen hoc dung dch cloruavoi
do tnh cht dit khun mnh ca tc nhn ClO-.
La chn ho cht kh trng:
Nc thi bnh vin l loi nc thi cha nhiu mm bnh c kh nng ly
lan nu khng c x l. Khu kh trng nc thi l mt trong nhng khu rt
quan trng nhm x l ch tiu vi sinh t tiu chun thi trc khi thi ra mi
trng. c nhiu phng php kh trng ph bin hin nay nh:
H Ni 5/2009
32
- Kh trng bng clo v cc hp cht ca clo (nc javen, clorua vi)

- Kh trng bng ozon.
- Kh trng bng tia cc tm.
Phng php kh trng bng clo v cc hp cht ca clo l phng php n
gin v hiu qu.
Chn ha cht kh trng l dung dch Hypochloride Natri NaClO (c th dng
dung dch Ca(OCl)2).
- B phn hu bn:
Mc ch: x l phn bn t b lng a v
III.3.3. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh:
Nc thi t cc ng ng thu gom c dn v b thu gom chung. Ti y
nc thi c b sung ch phm vi sinh DW- 97 nhm phn hy cc hp cht
hu c nhanh hn gip cho cc qu trnh x l tip theo c hiu qu.
T b thu gom nc c chy trn sang b iu ha, gia b thu gom v b
iu ha c lp t sng rc nhm loi b cc vt c kch thc ln nh hng n
cc thit b v cc cng trnh x l pha sau.
Ti b iu ha nc thi c lm cn bng dng v nng m bo
nc thi i vo cc b sinh hc lun n nh. duy tr cc ht vt cht lun
trng thi l lng di y b ta t h thng sc kh c l.
T b iu ha nc thi c bm v b phn ng AO. B c chia thnh 2
ngn, u tin nc qua ngn thiu kh loi b NO 3- sau l ngn hiu kh
kh BOD v chuyn NH4+ thnh NO3-. Nc sau khi qua ngn hiu kh c sang
b lng th cp tch bn hot tnh. Mt phn bn hot tnh c bm tun hon
tr li b phn ng AO duy tr nng sinh khi trong b phn ng. Phn bn
cn li c bm bn a v b phn hu bn. Ti dy di tc dng ca qu
trnh ln men ym kh (c b sung ch phm vi sinh DWH-97) phn ln cn s
c khong ha cng vi s to thnh s sn phm kh nh CH 4, NH3, H2S
phn nc sau b lng c a sang b tip xc kh trng vi ha cht kh trng
l dung dch javen (NaClO) hoc clorua vi (Ca(ClO)2). Sau cng on kh trng
nc c x ra ngun tip nhn.
H Ni 5/2009
33
CHNG IV.
TNH TON CC HNG MC TRONG CNG TRNH X L
IV.1. Yu cu x l.
Cc thng s u vo:
T s liu thc tp: cc thng s u vo c ly t kt qu phn tch mu
nc ti khu x l s 1 bnh vin Vit c (a im: s 41 Ph Trng Thi-H
Ni)
Bng thng s u vo v yu cu x l.
Thng s
u vo
u ra
(TCVN 7382-2004 mc II)
Lu lng
500
500
(m3/ng.)
pH
7,14
6,5-8,5
COD (mg/l)
230,8
BOD5 (mg/l)
157,8
30
NO3- (mg/l)
38,74
30
NH4+ (mg/l)
14,2
10
Ptng (mg/l)
4,22
98,8
100
12.106
5000
SS (mg/l)
Tng coliform
(MPN/100ml)
H Ni 5/2009
34
IV.2. H gom nc thi.

IV.2.1. Kt cu h thu gom.
Ngn thu gom nc thi nhm mc ch thu gom nc t cc ng ng thot
nc thi ca bnh vin v khu x l.
- Lu lng nc thi: Q ng. = 500m3/ng.
Qh =
Qng .d
24
500
21 (m3/h)
24
- Th tch ngn thu gom nc thi:

V = Qh .T = 21.1 = 21 (m3)
Trong : Qh (m3/h): lu lng nc thi

T (h): thi gian lu nc trong ngn thu gom
Chn T = 1h
- Kch thc xy dng ngn thu gom:
Chiu cao ngn h = 2,5m (chiu cao bo v l 0,3m)
Din tch b mt ngn: F =
V
21
=
= 8.4 m2
h 2,5
F = B L (rng di)
Chiu rng ngn B =2,5m

Chiu di ngn L = 3,5m
kch thc ngn: 3,5 2,5 2,5 (rng di cao)
Bng thng k thng s
B thu gom
3,5 2,5 2,5

Kch thc
Thi gian lu nc
1h
My nh cn
P = 3kW
Ha cht ph tr
Ch phm vi sinh DWH-97
IV.2.2. Thit b v ha cht ph tr.
IV.2.2.1. Ha cht:
S dng ch phm vi sinh DW-97-H (Digester of waste for Hospital, 1997).
y l men x l cht thi bnh vin do Vin khoa cng ngh sinh hc thuc
Vin khoa hc cng ngh Vit Nam v Lin hip Khoa hc sn xut cng ngh
ha hc phi hp nghin cu thnh cng nm 1997.
- thnh phn:
H Ni 5/2009
35
DW97-H l t hp ca cc vi sinh vt hu hiu (nm si, nm men, x khun

v vi khun), cc enzym thy phn ngoi bo (amilaza, xenluloza, proteaza,
lipaza), cc thnh phn dinh dng v mt s hot cht sinh hc.
- Vai tr tc dng:
DW97-H c kh nng phn hy nhanh cc hp cht hu c cao phn t (tinh
bt, xenluloza, protein v lipit)
DW97-H c kh nng tiu dit trng giun k sinh v mt s vi sinh vt gy
bnh ng tiu ha ngi.
DW97-H hon ton v hi i vi ngi, vt nui v cy trng.
DW97-H tham gia thy phn cc cao phn t kh tan, kh tiu thnh cc n
phn t d tan, d tiu.
- cch s dng:
DW97-H hng ngy (c th hng tun) theo cch phn b u vo bt ca
nh v sinh ca bnh vin, x nc cho ch phm tri xung cc b t hoi v vo
ngn thu gom nc thi. Liu lng s dng l 2g DW97-H /1m3 nc thi trong
mt ngy. Nh vy vi lu lng nc thi mt ngy khong 500m3 th cn s
dng mt gi 1000g DW97-H.
- bo qun:
DW97-H c bo qun trong ti polietylen hai lp cc ti ng trong thng
cactong chng chut, gin. ni kh mt. [1]
IV.2.2.2. Thit b.
- My nh cn: y l thit b c lp t di dy b nhm nh tan phn cn
t cc b pht v cc ht c kch c ln
Chn my nh cn do EU, M hoc nht sn xut c P = 3kW
- sng rc: sng rc c t trc khe dn nc t ngn thu gom sang ngn iu
ha nhm loi b cc tp vt kch thc ln cun theo nc trnh nh hng n
cc thit b trong cng trnh.
IV.3. Sng rc.
IV.3.1. S lng thanh chn.
tnh ton sng rc cn xc nh s lng khe h n theo cng thc
n=
q Kz
,
b h1 vtt
[2]
Trong : q : lu lng nc thi tnh ton, m3/s.

H Ni 5/2009
36
b : chiu rng khe h gia cc thanh an, m
Thng b t 30 200mm i vi sng chn th v t 5 25mm i vi sng chn

trung bnh.
h1 : chiu su lp nc trc song chn rc, m.
vtt : vn tc trung bnh qua cc khe h, theo TCXDVN 51-2006
vtt = 0,8-1,0 m/s.
K z : h s nn dng do cc thit b vt rc, thng ly bng 1,05.
Thay s vi:
q = 21m3/h = 5,8.10-3m3/s.
Chn b = 8 mm = 0,008m
Chn h1 = 0,2m.
Chn vtt = 0,8m/s.
n=
Ta c:
5,8 103 1, 05
= 4, 7
0, 008 0, 2 0,8
Chn s khe h l 5 khe h, vy s lng thanh chn l 6 thanh.

IV.3.2. Tn tht p lc ca dng chy khi qua sng chn.
- Tn tht p lu:
v
h=
2g
ko
4
S 3
= sin
b
[2]
Trong : h : tn tht p sut, m

v : vn tc dng thi trc sng chn, v = 0,8m / s
ko : h s tnh n s tng tn tht do vng mc rc sng chn,
ko=3
: h s sc khng cc b ca song chn.
: h s ph thuc vo tit din ngang ca thanh sng chn, vi tit
din hnh trn tra bng ta c =1,97.

S : chiu dy mi thanh, S =0,008m
b : chiu rng mi khe h, b =0,008m
: gc nghing so vi mt phng ngang, =60o
H Ni 5/2009
37
4
0, 008 3
S = 1,97
sin 60o = 1, 7
0, 008
Nh vy:
0,82
h = 1, 7
3 = 0,166m
2 9.81
- Din tch hu ch ca tm sng tnh theo cng thc:

Fc =
Q 5,8 103
=
= 7,3 103 m2
v
0,8
[1]
IV.4. B iu ha.
IV.4.1. Kt cu b.
Vic tnh ton thit k b iu ha da trn cc s liu v lu lng nc thi,
s bin i ca nng cc cht nhim v lu lng nc thi trong ngy. Lp
cc hm Q = f(t) v C = f(t) v t tm ra thi gian iu ha cn thit.
Do khng c iu kin o c cc gi tr lu lng v nng cc cht bn
cc thi im khc nhau nn s b chn thi gian iu ha l Tdh =2h.
- Th tch b iu ha:
Vdh = Q Tdh , m3
Trong : Vdh : th tch b iu ha, m3

Q : lu lng nc thi, m3/h
Tdh : Thi gian iu ha cn thit, chn Tdh =2h.
Thay s:
Vdh = 21 2 = 42m3
- kch thc b:
Chn chiu cao b l h = 2,5m (chiu cao bo v l 0,3m)
Din tch b mt b l F =
Vdh 42
=
16m 2
h
2,5
F = B L (rng di)
Chn chiu rng b 4m.
Chn chiu di b 4m.
kch thc b 4 4 2,5 (rng di cao).
IV.4.2. H thng cp kh b iu ha.
- Lng kh cn cp cho b iu ha.
H Ni 5/2009
38
Qkk = n qkk L , m3/h [5]
Trong : Qkk : lng khng kh cn cp vo b, m3/h.

qkk : cng thi kh cho mt mt chiu di, thng qkk =2-5m3/mh
L : chiu di ca b iu ha = chiu di ca ng cp kh trong b.
n : s ng phn phi kh. S dng 2 ng phn phi kh n =2.
Thay s vi qkk = 4 m3/mh, n =2, L =4m.

Qkk = 2 4 4=32 m3/h.
B tr h thng ng phn phi.

ng knh ng phn phi kh thng chn d = 50 100mm
H thng gm mt ng ng d = 75mm chnh dn t gian my kh n b.
Di b gm 2 ng nhnh vi d = 50mm.
Cc ng c lm t nha PVC
- Tnh ton my thi kh.
p lc ca my thi kh, P c tnh theo cng thc:
P = 98066,5(1 +
Hs
), Pa [2]
10,33
Trong : P : p lc my thi kh, Pa

H s : chiu su t h thng phn phi
Chiu cao b l h=2,5m, do la chn H s =2,3m

Thay s:
P = 98066,5(1 +
2,3
) 120 kPa. [2]
10,33
Cng sut ca my thi kh ca h thng c tnh theo cng thc.

N=
3, 64( P 0,29 26,3)Qkk

, KW
1000n
Trong : Qkk : Lu lng kh nn

n : h s s dng hu ch ca my thi kh, n = 0,5 0, 75
Thay s:
N=
3, 64(1200000,29 26,3)32
1 kW
1000 0,5
Nh vy cn dng 2 my thi kh c:
H Ni 5/2009
39
Q = 32m3/h, H = 3m, N=1kW. Trong 1 my lm vic v 1 my d phng.

IV.4.3. Bm nc thi.
- La chn loi bm.
dng bm nc thi loi bm chm, cnh h. Khe h ca bnh xe cng tc c
th cho php bn sn i qua. Ton b thn, v my c ch to bng inox,
ring bnh xe cng tc c ch to bng hp kim chng n mn.
lp t 2 my bm ti b iu ha. Mt my lm vic v mt my d
phng. Cc my bm ny c ni vi h thng phao t ng cho php t
ng bm khi c nc thi v t ng ngt khi nc thi t.
Chn 2 bm c cc thng s: Q = 20-24m3/h, H=6m, P = 1,5kW do Nht,

M hoc EU sn xut.
IV.4.4. Ha cht ph tr v thit b khc.
Ha cht iu chnh pH:
- Axit:
Thng cha: V=0,5m3. lm bng vt liu compozite hoc thp khng r (sn
xut ti Vit Nam)
Bm nh lng: Q = 75l/ph; H =6bar; P = 0,2kW (xut x t Italy, M
hoc c)
- Xt:
Thng cha: V = 0,5m3.
Bm nh lng: Q = 75l/ph; H = 6bar; P = 0,2kW.
- My khuy ha cht P = 0,12kW, tc vng quay n = 60-80 vng/pht.(xut
x t Italy hoc i Loan)
Thit b o pH: B Transitter pH.
- pha trn np y b c lp ng thng hi cc kh thot ra t b i vo khng
kh.
Bng thng k thng s
B iu ha
Kch thc
4 4 2,5
Thi gian lu nc
2h
Lng kh cn cp
32m3/h
Thit b ph tr
Axit, xt, u d pH
H Ni 5/2009
40
IV.5. B phn ng sinh hc.

IV.5.1. Bin lun s liu
Qua b iu ha ta xem nh nc thi n nh c v lu lng v nng d.
Nh vy s liu u vo b sinh hc nh sau:
Q = 500m3/ngy m.
COD = 230,8 mg/l.
BOD5 = 157,8mg/l.
SS = 98.8mg/l.
NO3- = 38,74
NH4+ = 14,2mg/l
Ptng = 4,22mg/l
pH = 7,2.
T0: 20oC
Coliform: 12.106 MPN/100ml.
- Cn c tiu chun nc thi bnh vin 7382-2004 v nh hng cng ngh x
l nc thi nhng nm gn y nc thi bnh vin ngoi vic x l nhim hu
co cn c thm phn x l nit (khi hm lng nit d tha s gy nhim th
cp cho ngun tip nhn sau x l). Tc l phi kt hp gia x l thiu kh hiu
kh.
IV.5.2. Thit k.
IV.5.2.1. Ngn hiu kh (Oxic)
Vng hiu kh c chc nng tng t nh b aeroten. Do vy vic tnh ton
da trn cc cng thc p dng trong tnh ton b aeroten.
Vng hiu kh c chc nng kh BOD5 v thc hin qu trnh nitorat ha tuy
nhin theo phn tch trn ta thy rng lng NH4+ tng i thp v ch cho
nhu cu dinh dng nn ngn hiu kh lm nhim v ch yu l kh BOD5
Thng s u vo ngn hiu kh:
- lu lng nc thi vo: Q=500m3/ngy.m.
-
lng BOD5 u vo: 157,8 mg/l
nhit nc thi t =20oC
Yu cu u ra:
H Ni 5/2009
41
Nc x l xong t tiu chun BOD 20mg/l (theo tiu chun
BOD530mg/l l m bo tiu chun loi II 7382-2004 nc thi bnh vin

nhng khi tnh ton m bo hiu qu v tiu chun nc nghim ngt
trong tng lai c th tnh ton x l t mc tt hn tiu chun ra)
Cn l lng u ra b lng SS = 30mg/l cha 65% cn hu c phn hy
BOD20
Mt s thng s khc la chn khi tnh ton.
- Lng bn hot tnh trong nc thi u vo Xo = 0
-
Nng bn hot tnh trong b la chn theo nng cht nn vo b
Khi So(BOD5) = 150-200mg/l, X 2800mg/l [7].

Chn X = 2500mg/l
tro ca bn hot tnh Z = 0,3, nng cn lng y b lng 2 v cng
l nng bn tun hon 10 000mg/l [7].

BOD5=0,68 BOD20 [7].
Thi gian lu bn hot tnh trong b chn c = 8 ngy [7].
Ch thy lc ca b: khuy trn hon chnh.
IV.5.2.1.1. Cn bng vt cht:

1) Xc nh hiu qu x l ca b
- Lng BOD21 cha trong cn l lng ra khi b lng:
+ BOD21 = 0,65 30=19,5mg/l cn s b phn hy tip tc.
+ Lng BOD21 kh b oxy ha ht chuyn thnh cn tng ln 1,42 ln (1
mg BOD21 tiu th 1,42 mgO2): 14,3 1,42 = 20,3 mg/l.
+ Lng BOD5 cha trong cn l lng u ra: 20,3 0,68 = 13,8 mg/l.
+ Lng BOD5 ha tan cn li trong nc khi ra khi b lng
20 13,8 = 6,2 mg/l.
Hiu qu lm sch:
E=
So S 157,8 6, 2
=
100% = 96,1%
So
157,8
Trong : So: BOD5 u vo

S: BOD5 ra khi b lng.
2) Tnh th tch ngn hiu kh.
Th tch ngn hiu kh c tnh theo cng thc:
H Ni 5/2009
42
V=
QY ( So S )c 3
,m
X (1 + K dc )
[7]
Trong : V: th tch b, m3
Q: lu lng nc thi, m3/ngy.m.
Q = 500 m3/ngy.m.
So(BOD5 vo) = 157,8mg/l
S(BOD5 ra) = 6,2mg/l
Y: h s sinh trng cc i (mg bn hot tnh/mg BOD5 tiu th)
Y = 0,5
bng 5-1 [7]
Kd: H s phn hy ni bo (ngay-1)
Kd = 0,06/ngy
bng 5-1 [7]
c : tui ca bn (ngy)
c = 0, 75 15 (ngy)
bng 6-1 [7]
Chn c = 8 (ngy)
X: nng bn hot tnh, mg/l
X = 2500mg/l
Thay s c:
Th tch ngn hiu kh l:
V=
500 0,5 (157,8 6, 2) 8

82m3
2500 (1 + 0, 06 8)
Vi th tch b V = 82 m3, la chn kch thc hnh hc ca b nh sau:

- Thit k b su 4m (thng khi dng h thng thi kh nn chn chiu cao t 47m tng cng kh nng ha tan kh), chiu cao bo v 0,3m.
- Chiu rng B = 3m
- Chiu di L = 7m.
kch thc xy dng: 3 7 4 (rng di cao)
3) thi gian lu nc trong b.
=
V 82
=
= 0,1625 ngy =3,9 (h)
Q 21
4) Tnh lu lng cn d phi x i hng ngy sau khi h thng hot ng n

nh.
a) H s to cn t BOD5:
H Ni 5/2009
43
yb =
Y
0,5
=
= 0,338
1 + K d c 1 + 0, 06 8
yb : T l lng cn (bn hot tnh) sinh ra do gim cht nn.
Trong :
Y : h s sinh trng cc i (mg bn hot tnh/mg BOD5 tiu th)

Y = 0,5 (mg bn hot tnh/mg BOD5 tiu th) [7]
K d : H s phn hy ni bo, ngay-1 K d = 0, 06 /ngy
b) Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra do kh BOD5:

Px = yb Q ( So S ) 103 , kg/ngy
Px : lng bn sinh ra do kh BOD5 , kg/ngy.
Trong :
Thay s:
Px = 0,338 500 (157,8 6, 2) 103 = 25, 62 (kg/ngy.m)
c) Tng lng cn sinh ra theo tro ca cn Z =0,3:

Px1 =
25, 62
= 36, 6 (kg/ngy.m)
1 0,3
Px1 : tng lng cn sinh ra hng ngy (kg/ngy.m)
d) Lng cn d hng ngy phi x i:

Pxa = Px1 Q 30 103
Pxa = 36, 6 500 30 103 = 21, 6 (kg/ngy.m)
5) Tnh lu lng x bn
T biu thc tui ca bn c :
c =
VX
Qxa X T + Qr X r
Qxa =
V X Qr X r c
X T c
Trong : V: th tch b, V = 82m3.

Qr = Qvao = 500m3 (coi lng nc theo bn l khng ng k)
X = 2500mg/l
c = 8 ngy
X T: nng bn hot tnh (cn khng tro) ly t b lng tun
hon li b hiu kh, mg/l
H Ni 5/2009
44
XT = 0,7 10 000 = 7000mg/l

Xr: Nng bn hot tnh trong nc lng, mg/l
Xr = 19,5 0,7 = 13,65mg/l
(0,7 l t l lng cn bay hi trong tng s cn hu c, cn khng tro)
Thay s:
82 2500 500 13, 65 8
= 2,7m3/ngy
7000 8
6) Xc nh h s tun hon :
Qxa =
nng bn hot tnh trong b lun gi gi tr X = 2500 mg/l ta c phng

trnh cn bng vt cht:
QT X T = (QV + QT ) X
Q
X
2500
= T =
=
0,55
QV X X 7000 2500
T
Lu lng tun hon:

QT = 0,55 QV = 0,55 500 = 275 (m3/ngy)
7) Kim tra ch tiu lm vic ca b

a) T s
F
:
M
S
F
= o
M X
[7]
F
157,8
=
= 0,388 (mgBOD5/mg bn.ngy)
M 0,1625 2500
Gi tr ny nm trong khong cho php ca thng s thit k F/M=0,2-1 theo

bng 6-1. [7]
b) Tc s dng cht nn (BOD5) ca 1 gram bn hot tnh trong 1 gi:
=
=
So S 1
[7]
157,8 6, 2 1
= 15,5 mg BOD5/1 gram bn.h

2500
3,9
c) Ti trng th tch:
L=
L=
So Q
V
[7]
157,8 103 500

= 0,96 kgBOD5/m3ngy
82
H Ni 5/2009
45
Gi tr ny nm trong khong cho php ca thng s thit k theo bng 6-1 [7]
d) Ch s th tch bn SVI (ml/g) c tnh theo cng thc:
=
X
1000
X
SVI
[2]
Trong : : H s tun hon

X = 2500mg / l
Thay s SVI= 142 (ml/g)

Gi tr ny nm trong khong 80-150(ml/g). Nh vy bn lng tt.
IV.5.2.1.2. Lng khng kh cn thit cung cp cho ngn hiu kh v la
chn h thng cp kh.
1) Lng khng kh cn thit.
Vi gi thit rng lng N-NH4+ tng i thp ch l ngun dinh dng cho
vi sinh vt. Lng khng kh cp vo ch nhm mc ch kh BOD5.
- Theo l thuyt lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh kh BOD l:
OCo =
Q( So S )
1, 42 Px
1000 f
(kg O2/ngy)
[7]
Trong : OCo : lng oxy cn thit theo iu kin tiu chun ca phn ng
20oC.
Q : Lu lng nc thi cn x l (m3/ngy).
So : Nng BOD5 u vo (g/m3)
S : Nng BOD5 u ra (g/m3)
f : H s chuyn i t BOD5 sang COD hay BOD20; f =
BOD5
COD
Thng f = 0, 45 0, 68 ; chn f = 0, 68
Px : Phn t bo x ra ngoi theo bn d, kg/ngy.m
Px = 25,62 (kg/ngy.m)
1,42: H s chuyn i t t bo sang COD.

Thay s:
OCo =
500 (157, 7 6, 2)
1, 42 25, 62 = 75, 09 (kg/ngy)
1000 0, 68
- Lng oxy cn thit trong iu kin thc t l;
H Ni 5/2009
46
Cs 20
OCt = OCo
Csh Cd
Trong :
1
1
(T 20)
1, 024
(kg/ngy) [7]
OCt : lng oxy thc t, kg/ngy.
: H s iu chnh lc cng b mt theo hm lng mui, i
vi nc thi thng ly = 1 .
Csh : Nng oxy bo ha trong nc sch ng vi nhit (ToC)
v cao so vi mt bin ti nh my x l. T 0 =200C, Csh = 9,08 (mg/l)

CS 20 : Nng oxy bo ha trong nc sch 20oC, mg/l
CS 20 = 9, 08 (mg/l).
Cd : Nng oxy cn duy tr trong cng trnh (mg/l). Khi x l
nc thi thng ly Cd = 1,5 2mg / l .

Ly Cd = 2mg / l .
: H s iu chnh lng oxy ngm vo nc thi do nh hng
ca hm lng cn, cht hot ng b mt, loi thit b lm thong, hnh dng v
kch thc b, =0,6-0,94. Chn = 0,7.
Thay s:
9, 08 1
OCt = 75, 09
= 137,57
9, 08 2 0, 7
(kg/ngy)
- Tnh lng khng kh cn thit:

Qk =
OCt
f , m3/ngy.
OU
[7]
Trong : OCt : lng oxy cn thit.

f : h s an ton, thng t 1,5-2.
Chn f = 2
OU = Ou h : Cng sut ha tan oxy vo nc thi ca thit b phn
phi tnh theo gram oxy cho 1m3 khng kh.

Ou : Cng sut ha tan oxy vo nc thi ca thit b phn phi tnh
theo gram oxy cho 1 m3 khng kh. (tra bng)
Ou = 7 grO2 / m3 .m [7]
h : su ngp nc ca thit b phn phi kh.
h 4m = su ngp nc ca b.
H Ni 5/2009
47
Thay s:
Qk =
120, 4
2 = 9826, 43 m3/ngy = 409,43 m3/h.
7 103 4
2) Tnh ton v la chn h thng phn phi kh.

a) H thng phn phi kh.
- la chn loi ng dn khng kh: dn khng kh ta chn ng dn lm bng
PVC do kh nng chu n mn, chu nhit tt v gn nh d lp t.
- Tnh ng knh ng dn khng kh:
Wo
, mm
0, 785
Dkhi =
Trong :
[1]
Wo : Lu lng khng kh, m3/s
: vn tc trung bnh trong ng dn, = 10 15m / s [7]
chn = 12m / s
Thay s:
Dkhi =
409, 43
= 110mm
0, 785 12 3600
Chn ng c D = 110 mm.

Kim tra vn tc kh:
=
409, 43
= 11,97 m / s (m bo =10-15m/s)
3600 0, 785 0,112
- S dng thit b lm thong to ra cc bt kh nh v mn.

Chn loi a xp c ng knh 0,3m, din tch b mt 0,07m2, cng thi
kh t 0,7-1,4 (l/s) [7].
Chn cng thi kh l 1,4 (l/s)
S a trong ngn hiu kh l:
N=
409, 43 1000
81 (a)
1, 4 3600
Chn s a l 80.
Cch b tr h thng phn phi kh:
+ dn ng phn phi kh t cch y 0,2m.
+ ng dn kh chnh t nm trng vi trc di ca ngn.
+ b tr 10 ng PVC ngang nm dc theo trc chnh, cch nhau 0,6m. Thanh u
v thanh cui cch thnh b 0,5m.
H Ni 5/2009
48
+ trn mi thanh b tr 8 a (mi bn trc 4 a). Cc a kh cch nhau 0,4m. a

u v cui cch thnh b 0,1m.
- ng knh cc ng nhnh:
Xem nh lng kh c phn b u vo cc ng nhnh. Lng kh qua mi
nhnh l:
Qnhanh =
Qkhi 409, 43
=
41 (m3/h)
10
10
Chn vn tc phn phi kh trong ng nhnh l = 12m / s ( = 10 15m / s )

ng knh ng nhnh l:
Dnhanh =
41
= 35mm
0, 785 12 3600
b) My thi kh.
- p lc cn thit ca my thi kh tnh theo cng thc:
P = 98066,5(1 +
Trong :
Hs
), Pa
10,33
[2]
P : p lc my thi kh, Pa
H s : ngp ca thit b phn tn kh trong nc
H s 4m = chiu su b.
Thay s:
P = 98066,5(1 +
4
) = 136040 Pa 136kPa
10,33
- Cng sut ca my thi kh tnh theo cng thc:

N=
Trong :
3, 64 ( P 0,29 26,3) Qk
1000
, kW
Qk : tng lu lng kh nn, m3/h

Qk = 409,43 (m3/h)
: h s s dng hu ch ca my thi kh, = 0,5 0, 75
Chn = 0, 7
Thay s:
N=
3, 64 ( 1360400,29 26,3) 409, 43

1000 0, 7
H Ni 5/2009
= 9, 6kW
49
Chn 2 my thi kh c N = 10kW , P = 136kPa . Trong 1 my d phng v

1 my lm vic.
IV.5.2.2. Ngn thiu kh (Anoxic).
Ngn thiu kh c t trc ngn hiu kh nhm kh bt mt phn hm
lng nit di dng NO3-.
- Vi nng NO3- u vo l 38,74mg/l t tiu chun nc thi bnh vin
7382-2004 th nc thi u ra phi t NO3- 30mg/l. m bo hiu qu ta x
l NO3- 25 mg/l. Khi dung tch phn anoxic s c tnh theo cng thc:
Vanoxic = Q , m3
Trong : Vanoxic : th tch ngn thiu kh kh NO3Q : lu lng nc thi vo, m3/h
: thi gian lu nc kh NO3NO3 vao NO3 ra

=
, ngy [7]
N2 X
Thay s vi:
X = 2500 mg/l
NO3-(vo) = 38,74mg/l
NO3-(ra) = 25mg/l
N (200C) = 0,1 mg/mg ngy (tc kh NO3-)
2
0, 05 ngy = 1,2h
V=
500 (38, 74 25)

27 m3
0,1 2500
- kch thc xy dng: 3 3 3. ngn ny c ni lin vi ngn hiu kh. Trong

ngn ta khng lp t h thng cp kh m dng my khuy trn c hc dt tm
b nhm o trn nng bn hot tnh tun hon t b lng. khng cn b sung
lng cacbon do tn dng ngay c lng cc bon trong nc thi u vo v
dng tun hon kh NO3-.
Bng thng k cc thng s ngn hiu kh.
Ngn hiu kh
Kch thc (m)
3 7 4
Tui ca bn (ngy)
8
F/M (g BOD/g bn hot tnh)
0,388
3
Ti trng BOD5 (kg BOD5/m ngy)
0,96
Nng bn hot tnh trong b (mg/l)
2500
H Ni 5/2009
50
Thi gian lu nc (h)

T l tun hon
Lng khng kh cn cp (m3/h)
3,9
0,55
409,43
Bng thng s ngn thiu kh.

Ngn thiu kh
Kch thc (m)
Thi gian lu nc (h)
My khuy chm
ng knh cnh khuy
3 3 3
1,2
P = 1,1kW
250mm
IV.6. Tnh ton b lng II.

S dng b lng ng tit din hnh trn nhm hn ch din tch thi cng.
IV.6.1. Tnh din tch b.
- Din tch mt bng c b lng II tnh theo cng thc:
Q (1 + ) Co
S=
, m2
[7]
Ct VL
Trong : S : din tch mt bng ca b lng, m2

Q : lu lng nc thi a vo x l, m3/h.
: h s tun hon
Co : Nng bn hot tnh trong b aeroten, g/m3.
Ct : Nng bn trong dng tun hon, g/m3.
VL : vn tc lng ca mt phn chia, m/h.
Tnh VL theo cng thc thc nghim:

6
VL = Vmax e KCL .10 , m/h
Trong :
[7]
Vmax =7m/h [7]

K = 600
1
1
CL = Ct = 10000 = 5000( g / m3 )
2
2
Thay s:
VL = 7 e 600500010 = 0,34(m / h)
Q = 500m3 / h = 21m3 / h , = 0,55
Co =
X
2500
=
3571( g / m3 )
0, 7 0, 7
H Ni 5/2009
51
Ct =
10000
14286( g / m3 )
0, 7
VL = 0,34(m / h)
S=
21 ( 1 + 0,55 ) 3571
35m 2
10000 0,34
- Din tch b nu k c din tch bung phn phi trung tm

Sbe = 1,1 S = 1,1 35 = 38,5m 2
- ng knh b:
Dbe =
4 Sbe
4 38,5
=
7m
3,14
- ng knh bung phn phi trung tm:

d = 0, 25 Dbe = 0, 25 7 = 1, 75m
- Din tch bung phn phi trung tm:

f =
d2
= 2, 4m 2
4
- Din tch vng lng ca b:

S L = Sbe f = 35,5 2, 4 = 33m 2
- Ti trng thy lc:

a=
Q 500
=
= 15,15 m3/m2ngy.
SL
33
- Vn tc i ln ca dng nc trong b:
V=
15,15
= 0, 63 m/h
24
- Mng thu nc t vng trn c ng knh 0,8 ng knh b:

Dmang = 0,8 7 = 5, 6m
- Chiu di mng thu nc:

L = Dmang = 3,14 5, 6 = 17, 6m
- Ti trng thu nc trn 1m di ca mng:
aL =
Q 500
=
= 28, 41 m3/m di.ngy
L 17, 6
- Ti trng bn:
H Ni 5/2009
52
b=
( Q + Qt ) Co
24 S
500 1,55 3571103

= 3,5kg / m 2 / h
24 33
IV.6.2. La chn chiu cao b.

- chn chiu cao b: H = 3,8m , chiu cao d tr trn mt thong: h1 = 0,3m , chiu
cao ct cha nc trong b : 3,5 gm:
- chiu cao phn nc trong h2 = 2m
- chiu cao phn chp y b c dc 5% v tm
h3 = 0, 05 3,5 = 0,175m
- chiu cao phn cha bn hnh tr:

h4 = H h1 h2 h3 = 3,8 0,3 2 0,175 = 1,325m
- Th tch phn cha bn:

vb = S h4 = 38,5 1,325 = 51m3
- Nng bn trung bnh trong b:

Ctb =
CL + Ct 5000 + 10000
=
= 7,5kg / m3
2
2
- Lng bn cha trong b lng:

Gbun = vb Ctb = 7,5 51 = 382,5kg
IV. 6.3. Thi gian lu nc trong b lng

- Dung tch b lng:
V = S H = 38,5 3,5 = 134, 75m3
- Lng nc i vo b lng:
Qt = ( 1 + ) Q = ( 1 + 0,55 ) 21 = 32,55m3 / h m3/ngy. m
- Thi gian lng:

t=
V 134, 75
=
= 4, 2h
Qt 32,55
Sau b lng nc thi qua ng ng dn sang b kh trng. Bn cn mt

phn c tun hon v u b sinh hc, phn cn li c a v b cha bn.
Bng thng s b lng II.

B lng
Kch thc
H Ni 5/2009
53
ng knh (m)
7
3,8
15,15
3,5
4,2
- Chiu cao (m)

Ti trng thy lc (m3/m2 ngy)
Ti trng bn (kg/m2/h)
Thi gian lng (h)
IV.7. Kh trng.
IV.7.1. Lng ha cht cn thit trong mt ngy m.
Tnh ton lng clojaven cn dng:
- Hm lng clo hot tnh dng cho mt m3 nc thi: 3,5g/m3 [2]
- Lng clo dng trong mt ngy: 3,5 500=1750g/ngy.m.
- S dng dung dch clojaven NaClO 6%.
Khi lng clojaven (NaClO 6%) cho mt ngy l:
mNaClO =
1750 74,5 100
= 61, 2 (kg/ngy.dm)
35,5
6
Trong : MNaClO = 74,5g, MCl = 35,5g

Chn b thit b kh trng bng clojaven gm:
- Thng pha trn ha cht c V=0,5m3 bng vt liu compozit
- Bm nh lng ha cht: Q = 35l/pht; H= 6bar; P=0,2kW [9]
- ng dn ha cht kh trng lm bng PVC_DN21.
IV.7.2. Kt cu b kh trng.
Dung tch b kh trung:
Vkt = Q Tkt , m3
Trong : Vkt : dung tch b kh trng.

Q = 21m3 / h
Tkt : thi gian kh trng cn thit.
Chn Tkt =45 pht.

Thay s:
V = 21 0, 75 = 15, 75m3 16m3
- La chn kch thc b: 2,5 3 2.

Bng thng s b kh trng
B kh trng
Kch thc (m)
2,5 3 2.
Thi gian tip xc kh trng (pht)
45
H Ni 5/2009
54
Ha cht kh trng
dd NaClO 6%
IV.8. X l bn cn.
Phn bn cn b lng s c my bm bn hi lu mt phn bn hot tnh
tr v b x l sinh hc m bo nng x l cn phn bn d tha c
bm v b cha bn. Ti y c b sung ch phm vi sinh DWH-97 gip qu trnh
phn hy bn cn din ra nhanh hn v dit tr cc loi trng giun gy bnh.
Trong b cha ny di tc dng ca vi khun ym kh, cc cht c trong bn cn
s phn hy thnh kh Metan, H2S v b bn. Trn thc t cng ngh ny c
p dng thnh cng nhiu bnh vin trn ton quc ( BV Thanh Nhn, BV Hu
Ngh ) v cho thy, qua qu trnh vn hnh lng bn tch t li b nn bn ca
h thng ny l rt t hng nm c ht i bng xe ht ca cng ty v sinh mi
trng 1 n 2 ln ty vo cng sut x l ca bnh vin. Trn np b b tr ng
thng hi dn kh thot ra ngoi cao m bo khng nh hng n mi
trng xung quanh. [2]
Tnh ton kch thc b cha:
- theo tiu chun ngnh ca Nga v tiu chun ngnh Vit Nam, tng lng bn
sn ra tnh theo cng thc:
Gbun = [0,8( SS ) + 0,3( BOD5 )]Q [7]
Trong : SS: Hm lng cn l lng c trong nc thi (kg/ngy)

BOD5: Hm lng BOD5 b kh (kg/ngy).
Thay s:
SS = 98,8mg / l = 0, 0988kg / m3
BOD5 (b kh) = 151,6mg/l =0,1516 kg/m3
Gbun = 500(0,8 0, 0988 + 0,3 0,1516) = 62, 66 kg/ngy 0,063T/ngy
- T trng cn : S = 1,005
- Nng cn: P = 1%=0,01.
Th tch cn a v b cha:
Vcan =
bng 13-1 [7]

bng 13-5 [7]
0, 063
6,3 (m3/ngy).
1, 005 0, 01
- Thit k b lu c lng cn trong thi gian 10 ngy.

V cha cn = 10 6,3 =63 (m3)
- B c tit din trn vi chiu cao hc = 1,5m
H Ni 5/2009
55
- ng knh b: Dc =
Vc
63
=
= 3, 7m
hc
1,5 3,14
Chn Dc = 4m.
Chn bm bn c: Q = 15-20m3/h, H = 10-8m sn xut ti Vit Nam
S lng: 4 bm (2 bm lm vic, 2 bm d phng)
Bng thng k b cha bn
B cha bn
Kch thc
- ng knh
4m
1,5m
- Chiu cao
Ha cht ph tr
Ch phm vi sinh DWH-97
IV.9. B tr mt bng.
Thc t cho thy rng a s cc bnh vin din tch u rt nh hp ( mt s
bnh vin quy nh: BV Bch Mai, BV Vit c, BV K) do vic b tr h
thng x l thng l nh chm mt s hng mc nhm gim thiu nhim mi
cho moi trng xung quanh v bn trn tn dng lm nh iu hnh hoc khu
xe...
S b tr mt bng thng phi m bo cc tiu ch sau:
- Chim t din tch t
- m bo thm m quan cho bnh vin
- khng gy ra cc nhim th cp cho bnh vin (mi hi thi thot ra t cc qu
trnh phn hy cht bn)
(chi tit b tr mt bng xem trn bn v phn ph lc)
CHNG V: D TON S B CHI PH X L V XUT

VN HNH, QUN L H THNG.
V. 1. Khi ton s b chi ph vn hnh.
V.1.1. Chi ph ha cht.
STT
I.1
Tn ha cht
Ha cht kh trng
Gi tr
H Ni 5/2009
n v
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cng sut h thng

Hm lng clo dng cho mt
m3 nc thi
Lng clo dng cho 1 ngy
Nng dung dch nc javen
Khi lng dung dch nc
javen cho mt ngy hot ng
n gi ca dung dch javen
Chi ph vn hnh ha cht kh
trng cho mt ngy m
m3/ngy m
g/m3
500
3,5
1.750
6
61,2
g/ngy m
%
Kg dd NaClO,
6%/ngy m
Vn/kg
Vn/1m3
1.600
195.9
V.1.2. Chi ph in nng.

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
Hng mc
V tr
My khuy cho nh iu
bn pha ho hnh
cht
Bm nh lng Nh iu
hnh
Thit b nh H thu
cn
gom
My sc kh b Nh iu
iu ha
hnh
My sc kh nh iu
ngn hiu kh
hnh
My khuy trn trong
ngn thiu kh
ngn
thiu kh
My bm nc Trong b
thi chm
iu ha
My khuy ha
cht
Bm nh lng
ha cht
Bm bn chm
Nh iu
hnh
Nh iu
hnh
Cng sut
kW
0,12
in nng
Ghi ch
(kWh/ngy)
0,1
Cp cho b iu
ha
0,2
60
20
10
200
1,1
20
1,5
24
0,12
0,1
0,2
H Ni 5/2009
Cp cho b iu
ha
Cp cho b iu
ha
Cp cho ngn
hiu kh
o trn trong
ngn thiu kh
Bm nc sang
b x l sinh
hc
cp cho b kh
trng
Cp ha cht b
kh trng
Tun hon bn
57
11
Bm bn chm
12
13
14
Tng cng
Gi in
Chi ph in
nng
Lu lng x l
Chi ph in
nng cho x l
1m3 nc thi
15
16
338,1
1000
338100
hot tnh t lng

II v b sinh hc
Bm bn d v
b phn hy bn
kW/ngy
Vn
Vn/ngy
500m3/ng.
676,2
Vn/m3
V.1.3 chi ph nhn cng.

STT
III
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Hng mc
Chi ph nhn cng
Cng sut h thng
Mt ngy lm vic
Mi ca c s ngi
Lng tr cho mt ngi
Tng lng tr cho cng nhn
vn hnh
S ngy hot ng ca h thng
Lng tr cho mt ngy vn
hnh
Lng tr cho 1 m3 nc thi
cn x l
n gi
n v
500
2
3
1.500.000
9.000.000
m3/ngy m
ca
ngi.
Vn/thng.
Vn/thng.
30
300.000
Ngy/thng
Vn/thng
600
Vn/m3
V.1.4. Tng hp chi ph.

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hng mc
Tng hp chi ph
Cng sut h thng
Chi ph ha cht
Chi ph nhn cng
Chi ph in nng
Chi ph vn hnh
K hiu
Cch tnh
Q
C1
C2
C3
C4
500
Tnh trn
Tnh trn
Tnh trn
C4=C1+C2+C3
H Ni 5/2009
Gi thnh
n v
195,9
600
676,2
1472,1
m3/ngy.
Vn/ngy
Vn/ngy
Vn/ngy
Vn/ngy
58
7
8
cho 1 ngy
Chi ph cho 1 nm
chy h thng
Chi ph cho 1 m3
nc thi
C5
C5 = C4 365
537.361.5
Vn/nm
C6
C6 = C4/Q
1,472
Vn/m3
Vy chi ph vn hnh cho 1 m3 nc thi l 1,472 Vn/m3

Chi ph vn hnh cho mt nm chy l 537.361.5 Vn/nm
V.2. Vn hnh v qun l h thng.
V.2.1. Yu cu nhn lc vn hnh.
- Trm x l phi t di s iu hnh ca bnh vin
- Trm hot ng 2 ca/ngy
- Yu cu i ng vn hnh:
TT
Cn b
S lng
Cng nhn k thut

ngnh mi trng hoc
cp thot nc
02
Cng nhn k
ngnh c in
01
Tng s
thut
Cng vic
Trc tip theo
di hot ng
ca trm.
(1 ngi/ca) sa
cha nhng trc
trc
thng
thng
Trc tip theo
di hot ng c
in ca trm v
phn cc thit b
c in. Sa
cha nhng trc
trc
thng
thng
Yu cu
chuyn mn
Trung cp k
thut ngnh cp
thot nc hoc
mi
trng,
c o to v
vic vn hnh
trm XLNT
Trung cp k
thut c in
03
V.2.2. T chc qun l.

1) Nhng quy nh chung:
H Ni 5/2009
59
- Trm x l nc thi t di s qun l ca bnh vin

- Chi ph v in, ha cht, lng do b phn ti chnh ca bnh vin thc hin
- i ng vn hnh v bo dng mng li thu gom v trm x l nc thi s
c t chc thnh mt i trc thuc bnh vin.
2) T chc v qun l h thng thu gom v trm x l nc thi.
S t chc qun l vn hnh:
Bnh vin
i vn hnh
(i trng 01 ngi)
T cp thot
nc (01 ngi)
T c in
(01 ngi)
H Ni 5/2009
60
CHNG VI: KT LUN V KIN NGH

VI.1. Kt lun.
Vi nh hng x l nc thi trong nhng nm gn y cho thy ngoi vic
x l nhim hu c (BOD5) v kh trng cn yu cu thm khu x l nhim
nit. xut pht t nh hng ny n hon thnh c cc vn sau.
1). Trn c s s liu thu thp c trong qu trnh thc tp, ra cc phng
n v la chn cng ngh x l ph hp x l cc ch tiu gy nhim trong
nc thi bnh vin.
2). Thit k cc cng trnh n v trong dy chuyn x l (h gom, b iu ho, b
phn ng sinh hc AO, b lng, b kh trng, b phn hu bn cn)
3). lp d ton s b chi ph vn hnh v chi ph x l nc thi.
4). thc hin bn v thit k cho ton b h thng.
Vi kinh nghim v kin thc thc t cn hn ch, n khng th trnh khi
nhng sai st rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc thy c
VI.2. Kin ngh xut gim thiu nhim mi trng trong bnh vin.
1) B Y T, B Xy Dng, B TNMT cn phi hp vi chnh quyn cc tnh
thnh, tin hnh nghin cu, nh gi v lp nh hng quy hoch tng th mng
li y t n nm 2020.
2) a khu x l nc thi, khong cch ly v sinh t cc cng trnh x l cht
thi y t vo quy chun xy dng vit nam
3) V vn cht thi rn: gii php thu gom phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun, m
hnh thiu t tp trung kt hp vi vic pht trin cc dch v th thu gom,
vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn nn c p dng. i vi cc th ln nh H
Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, nng cn p dng m hnh thiu t phi hp
(tp trung + cm bnh vin)
4) V vn nc thi: Phng php x l nc thi bnh vin trong cc b
aeroten, biophin l phng php ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam. Trong tng lai,
nc thi bnh vin cn c phn lung v x l s b ti ngun (khoa, phng).
Cc bnh vin cha c trm x l nc thi cn xy dng trm, cc bnh vin
xy dng nhng hot ng km cn phc hi.
H Ni 5/2009
61
Ti liu tham kho

Ti liu ting vit.
[1]. cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin. (NXB KHKT H Ni -2004)
(PGS.TS: Nguyn Xun Nguyn; TS: Phm Hng Hi)
[2]. x l nc thi th (NXB KHKT H Ni -2006)
(PGS.TS Trn c H)
[3]. S tay ha cng tp 1.
[4]. gio trnh cng ngh x l nc thi. (NXB KHKT H Ni-2004)
(PGS.TS Trn Vn Nhn, PGS.TS Ng Th Nga)
[5]. Bi ging k thut x l nc thi.
(TS ng Xun Hin)
[6]. cng ngh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc. (NXB Gio Dc 2007)
(PGS.TS Lng c Thm)
[7]. Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi. (NXB Xy Dng 2000)
(TS Trnh Xun Lai)
[8]. X l nc cp cho sinh hot v cng nghip. (NXB Xy Dng 2004)
(TS Trnh Xun Lai)
[9]. Thuyt minh thit k k thut thi cng cng trnh: H thng x l nc thi
bnh vin Vit c (a im: 41 Trng Thi-H Ni)
(Cng ty CP t vn xy dng cng nghip v th Vit Nam 7/2007)
[10]. nh gi thc trng nhim vi khun gy bnh trong nc thi bnh vin v
hiu qu x l hin hnh ca cc cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin hin hnh
(T Hi Bng, Nguyn Khc Nguyn v cng s: Bo co khoa hc ton vn Hi
ngh khoa hc quc t Y hc lao ng v VSMT ln th II. NXB Y Hc H Ni
2003)
[11]. . Phn tch nh gi s c mt ca d lng khng sinh floquinolon trong
nc thi bnh vin.
(Dng Hng Anh v cng s. Tuyn tp hi ngh khoa hc phn tch ho l v
sinh hc Vit Nam ln th II. NXB Y hc H Ni 2003).
[12]. Qun l v x l cht thi bnh vin.
(B Y T, Vin Y Hc lao ng v VSMT. NXB Y Hc H Ni 2006)
H Ni 5/2009
62
Ti liu ting nc ngoi:

[13]. Wastewater engineering treatment, Disposal and reuse
(Metcalf & Eddy forth edition 1991) (ting anh)
WEBSITE
[14]. http://dantri.com.vn
[15]. http://vietnamnet.vn.
[16]. http://khcn.com.vn.
H Ni 5/2009
63
MC LC
M U..............................................................1
CHNG I:
TNG QUAN...................................................3
I.1.Khi qut v ngnh Y T v hin trng mi trng bnh vin Vit Nam.......3
I.1.1. Ngnh Y T Vit Nam...............................................................................3
I.1.2. Hin trng mi trng bnh vin...................................................................4
I.1.2.1. Hin trng cht thi rn...............................................................................4
I.1.2.2. Hin trng nc thi....................................................................................6
CHNG II: ........................................................................................................14
II.1. Cng ngh x l.............................................................................................14
II.1.1. X l c hc...............................................................................................14
II.1.2. X l c hc phi hp vi lc sinh nh git hoc x l sinh hc t nhin. 14
II.1.3. X l sinh hc hiu kh...............................................................................15
II.1.4. Lc sinh hc nhiu bc c m vi sinh (c m vi sinh )............................16
II.2. nh gi hiu qu x l ca cc cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin Vit
Nam.......................................................................................................................18
II.2.1. i vi cng ngh lc sinh hc nh git.....................................................18
II.2.2. i vi h sinh hc.....................................................................................19
II.2.3. i vi cng ngh bn hot tnh.................................................................19
II.2.4. Cng ngh lc sinh hc nhiu bc...............................................................20
II.3. nh hng trin khai cng ngh x l nc thi Vit Nam. ....................21
CHNG III: ......................................................................................................23
III.1. C s la chn phng php x l nc thi...............................................23
III.2. Phn tch nguyn l v la chn s cng ngh x l:..............................24
III.2.1. xut......................................................................................................24
III.2.2. Phn tch la chn phng n....................................................................27
III.2.3. C s qu trnh x l bng bn hot tnh...................................................27
III.2.3.1. Nguyn l: .............................................................................................27
III.2.3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l hiu kh - thiu kh...............29
III.2.3.2.1. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l hiu kh.............................29
III.3. La chn cc hng mc v thuyt minh s cng ngh.............................31
III.3.2. La chn cc hng mc. ...........................................................................31
III.3.3. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh:.........................................................33
CHNG IV. ......................................................................................................34
IV.1. Yu cu x l...............................................................................................34
IV.2. H gom nc thi.........................................................................................35
IV.2.1. Kt cu h thu gom...................................................................................35
IV.2.2. Thit b v ha cht ph tr.......................................................................35
IV.2.2.1. Ha cht: ...............................................................................................35
IV.2.2.2. Thit b...................................................................................................36
IV.3. Sng rc........................................................................................................36
H Ni 5/2009
64
IV.3.1. S lng thanh chn..................................................................................36

IV.3.2. Tn tht p lc ca dng chy khi qua sng chn......................................37
IV.4. B iu ha...................................................................................................38
IV.4.1. Kt cu b..................................................................................................38
IV.4.2. H thng cp kh b iu ha....................................................................38
IV.4.3. Bm nc thi...........................................................................................40
IV.4.4. Ha cht ph tr v thit b khc...............................................................40
IV.5. B phn ng sinh hc...................................................................................41
IV.5.1. Bin lun s liu ......................................................................................41
IV.5.2. Thit k.....................................................................................................41
IV.5.2.1. Ngn hiu kh (Oxic)..............................................................................41
IV.5.2.1.1. Cn bng vt cht:...............................................................................42
1) Xc nh hiu qu x l ca b.........................................................................42
2) Tnh th tch ngn hiu kh................................................................................42
3) thi gian lu nc trong b...............................................................................43
4) Tnh lu lng cn d phi x i hng ngy sau khi h thng hot ng n nh.
..............................................................................................................................43
5) Tnh lu lng x bn.......................................................................................44
T biu thc tui ca bn :....................................................................................44
6) Xc nh h s tun hon : .............................................................................45
7) Kim tra ch tiu lm vic ca b......................................................................45
IV.5.2.1.2. Lng khng kh cn thit cung cp cho ngn hiu kh v la chn h
thng cp kh.........................................................................................................46
1) Lng khng kh cn thit................................................................................46
2) Tnh ton v la chn h thng phn phi kh..................................................48
IV.5.2.2. Ngn thiu kh (Anoxic).........................................................................50
IV.6. Tnh ton b lng II......................................................................................51
IV.6.1. Tnh din tch b........................................................................................51
IV.6.2. La chn chiu cao b...............................................................................53
IV. 6.3. Thi gian lu nc trong b lng.............................................................53
IV.7. Kh trng.....................................................................................................54
IV.7.1. Lng ha cht cn thit trong mt ngy m..........................................54
IV.7.2. Kt cu b kh trng.................................................................................54
IV.8. X l bn cn...............................................................................................55
IV.9. B tr mt bng.............................................................................................56
CHNG V: D TON S B CHI PH X L V XUT...................56
V. 1. Khi ton s b chi ph vn hnh..................................................................56
V.1.1. Chi ph ha cht..........................................................................................56
V.1.2. Chi ph in nng........................................................................................57
V.1.3 chi ph nhn cng.........................................................................................58
V.1.4. Tng hp chi ph.........................................................................................58
V.2. Vn hnh v qun l h thng.......................................................................59
V.2.1. Yu cu nhn lc vn hnh.........................................................................59
H Ni 5/2009
65
V.2.2. T chc qun l..........................................................................................59

CHNG VI: KT LUN V KIN NGH ...................................................61
VI.1. Kt lun........................................................................................................61
Vi nh hng x l nc thi trong nhng nm gn y cho thy ngoi vic x
l nhim hu c (BOD5) v kh trng cn yu cu thm khu x l nhim
nit. xut pht t nh hng ny n hon thnh c cc vn sau. .....61
1). Trn c s s liu thu thp c trong qu trnh thc tp, ra cc phng
n v la chn cng ngh x l ph hp x l cc ch tiu gy nhim trong
nc thi bnh vin...............................................................................................61
2). Thit k cc cng trnh n v trong dy chuyn x l (h gom, b iu ho, b
phn ng sinh hc AO, b lng, b kh trng, b phn hu bn cn)...................61
3). lp d ton s b chi ph vn hnh v chi ph x l nc thi....................61
4). thc hin bn v thit k cho ton b h thng...........................................61
Vi kinh nghim v kin thc thc t cn hn ch, n khng th trnh khi
nhng sai st rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc thy c.................61
.............................................................................................................................61
VI.2. Kin ngh xut gim thiu nhim mi trng trong bnh vin.............61
MC LC.........................................................64
..............................................................................................................................66
H Ni 5/2009
66

Thiet Ke He Thong XL Nuoc Thai Benh Vien 500m3ngay

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Thiet Ke He Thong XL Nuoc Thai Benh Vien 500m3ngay

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Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.

-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49

- Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 ca th tng chnh ph v vic

- Bnh vin t nhn: 62 ging.

Thnh phn ho hc:

- Mu, nhng loi dch tit, nhng ng vt lm th nghim, bnh phm v c

Cc bnh cha kh c p: bnh ng oxy, CO2

Tc hi ca cht thi rn bnh vin.

nc thi theo ng cng v trm x l nc thi ca bnh vin cn nc ma

thot nc thi v trm x l nc thi. Hin nay c nhiu cng ngh x l

Nhu cu tiu th, l/ngy

Vit nam c th xc nh lu lng nc thi ca bnh vin a khoa theo

Quy m bnh vin

Tiu chun cp nc Lng nc thi

nh gi chung v nc thi bnh vin vit nam:

i vi cc bnh vin chuyn khoa, hm lng cn l lng, BOD trong nc

Bng 1.6. c tnh nhim nc thi bnh vin theo cc khoa

Bng 1.7. nh gi nc thi bnh vin theo cc khoa

- Nghin cu ca Dng Hng Anh v cng s (trung tm nghin cu Cng Ngh

Hnh 2.2. x l nc thi bnh vin bng lc sinh hc nh git

Hnh 1.4. S x l nc thi bnh vin bng lc sinh hc nhiu bc

Hiu xut (%)

Bng 2.2. Hiu qu x l vi sinh ca lc sinh hc nh git.

II.2.2. i vi h sinh hc.

Hiu xut (%)

Bng 2.4. Hiu qu x l vi sinh.

II.2.3. i vi cng ngh bn hot tnh

Hiu xut (%)

Bng 2.6. Hiu qu vi sinh.

Tng hiu kh (1ml)

II.2.4. Cng ngh lc sinh hc nhiu bc.

Hiu xut (%)

Bng 2.8. Hiu qu vi sinh.

- Nghin cu nm 2003 ca Trn Quang Ton v cng s (vin Y hoc lao ng v

- Mc yu cu khi x l : Cht lng nc thi u ra phi tha mn cc yu

- Chi ph x l v din tch t hin c xy dng trm x l. Trc khi tin

Phng n 1:k thut bn hot tnh (hnh v):

Ngn thu gom nc

Phng n 2: k thut mng sinh hc. (hnh v):

Ngn thu gom nc

III.2.2. Phn tch la chn phng n.

xung lm trong nc. nc c x l lin tc chy ra ngoi. Lp bn vi sinh

C5H8NO2 + 54NO2- + 109H+ + 52H2O

(2) NO2- chuyn ha thnh NO3- nh vi khun nitrobacter

400NO2- + 195O2 + NH3 + 2H2O + 5CO2

+ 400NO3Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh thiu kh (kh NO3-):

NO2 + 0.681CH3 OH + 0.555 H2 CO3 0.047C5 H7 NO2 + 0.476 N2 + 1.251H2 O + HCO3

T cc phng trnh trn rt ra:

(T ) max = (20 C ) max k (T 20)

III.3. La chn cc hng mc v thuyt minh s cng ngh.

bng cc thit b nh my khuy, my nn kh.. hoc xo trn bng cc bin php

- Kh trng bng clo v cc hp cht ca clo (nc javen, clorua vi)

IV.2. H gom nc thi.

- Th tch ngn thu gom nc thi:

Trong : Qh (m3/h): lu lng nc thi

Chiu rng ngn B =2,5m

3,5 2,5 2,5

DW97-H l t hp ca cc vi sinh vt hu hiu (nm si, nm men, x khun

Trong : q : lu lng nc thi tnh ton, m3/s.

b : chiu rng khe h gia cc thanh an, m

Thng b t 30 200mm i vi sng chn th v t 5 25mm i vi sng chn

Chn s khe h l 5 khe h, vy s lng thanh chn l 6 thanh.

Trong : h : tn tht p sut, m