Cad-Cam - DH

Trng i Hc SPKT Hng Yn Cng bi ging CAD/CAM-CNC
Phn I
khi qut v cng ngh CAD/CAM-CNC

1. Mt s thut ng v cc cm t vit tt bng ting anh trong lnh vc
CAD/CAM/CNC s dng trong ti liu.
NC (Numerical control): iu khin bng s.
CNC (Numerical control with integrated computer): iu khin bng s vi
s tch hp ca my tnh.
FMS (Flexible manufacturing system): H thng sn xut linh hot.
CAD (Computer aided drawing/design): Thit k (v) vi s tr gip ca my
tnh.
CAM (Computer aided manufacturing): Sn xut vi s tr gip ca my
tnh.
CIM (Computer itegrated manufacturing with planning, design and
manufacturing): H thng sn xut vi s tch hp ca my tnh vi
chc nng lp k hoch, thit k v t ng sn xut.
SOLID MODEL M hnh vt rn
SURFACE MODEL M hnh dng mt
WIREFRAME MODEL M hnh khung dy
CONTURE ng chu tuyn

Ths. L Ngc Quyt

1

2. Lch s pht trin cng ngh CAD/CAM
Lch s pht trin ca cng ngh CAD/CAM lin quan trc tip vi s
pht trin ca cng ngh my tnh. Mt trong nhng d n quan trng u tin
trong lnh vc ho my tnh l d n trin khai ngn ng APT ti Hc vin
cng ngh Masschusetts vo gia thp k 50 ca th k th 20. Ch APT l
vit tt ca thut ng Automatically programed tools. (Tm hiu l: My
cng c c lp trnh t ng). D n ny c quan h mt thit vi tng
trin khai mt phng thc thun tin thng qua my tnh xc nh cc yu
t hnh hc phc v cho vic lp trnh cho my cng c iu khin s.
T nhng nm 60 ca th k 20 nhiu tp on cng nghip nh
General Motors, IBM, Lockheed Georgia, Itek Corp thc hin cc d n
v ho my tnh. n cui thp k 60 mt s nh cung cp h thng
CAD/CAM c thnh lp trong phi k n hng Calma vo nm
1968, Applicon v Computervision vo nm 1969. Cc hng ny bn trn gi
theo kiu cha kho trao tay trong c hu ht hoc ton b phn cng v
phn mm theo yu cu ca khch hng. Mt s hng khc pht trin theo xu
hng cung cp phn mm ho nh hng Par Hanratti m cng ty thnh
vin ca n cho ra i AD2000
C th ni y l mt trong nhng ngi m ng tiu biu. Ngy nay
CAD/CAM thc s tr thnh mt cng ngh c tc pht trin cc k
nhanh chng trn nhiu lnh vc khoa hc v cng ngh khc nhau v cng
tht kh c th lit k y cc hng sn xut v cung cp dch v, sn phm
trong lnh vc ny. Trong lnh vc ny phi k n mt vi hng quen thuc
nh Soft Desk ni ting vi phn mm ho Autocad ra i t cui nm
1982, hng Gulf Publishing vi cc phn mm thit k my, hng MTS vi
gi phn mm MTS - CAD/CAM.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

2

3. Khi nim v CAD/CAM
CAD/CAM l mt cng ngh lin quan n vic s dng my tnh
thc hin nhng chc nng xc nh trong lnh vc Thit k v sn xut, ch
to [1].
Trc y hai lnh vc thit k v sn xut ch to c thc hin tch bit
v c lp vi nhau ngay c trong cng mt cng ty, x nghip.
Ngy nay cng ngh CAD/CAM ang pht trin theo hng lin kt cht ch
hai lnh vc ny vi nhau, nhm to ra c s cng ngh cho m hnh nh my
c tch hp vi my tnh trong tng lai. CAD/CAM l mt sn phm ca
CIM; CIM c s dng trong 3 lnh vc chnh:
- Qun l qu trnh sn xut, nh m bo vn hnh mt cch c hiu
qu qu trnh sn xut.
- T ng ho qu trnh sn xut (Bt u xut hin t nhng nm 60).
t c mc ch ny ngi ta a vo qu trnh sn xut cc loi my
tnh mi gi l minicomputer. Cc my tnh ny c th s l c cc
thng tin iu khin qu trnh sn xut trong mt thi gian ngn. Thc ra
y cng khng phi l mt tng mi, t nhng nm 40 ngi ta cng
s dng bng c l iu khin my cng c gi l my iu khin
s NC. Cc thng s iu khin ban u c tnh bng tay. Sau ny khi
c my tnh th n c tnh bng my v xut hin my iu khin s
bng my tnh CNC (Computer numerically controll).
- S dng my tnh trong vn phng thit k. y cc h thng c to
ra gip ngi k s xy dng cc bn v, sa cha cc bn v v thit
k (CAD). Tip theo l vic ni kt h thng CAD vi my CNC
iu khin qu trnh gia cng (CAM).
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

3

4. Mi quan h CAD/CAM
T hp CAD/CAM c th c nh ngha nh l mt h thng m
mi lin kt gia thit k v ch to c hon thin bi vic s dng my
tnh. Khi nim v nhng h thng nh vy c da trn c s s dng thng
tin v d liu ca qu trnh CAD trc tip trong th tc CAM, nh vy trnh
c s hnh thnh mt cch c lp cc d liu cho cc chng trnh ca
my tnh trong lnh vc sn xut. V vy thng tin chung cho s lng ln ca
chng trnh lun lun c tch t trong cc thit b tch t khi (mass
storage units) ca my tnh v n thng xuyn c quy vo c s d liu.
Mt c s d liu nh vy cho t hp CAD/CAM c th hin nh trn hnh
v (H 1.1) v s phn chia tng qut nhng nhim v thng nht trong h
thng CAD/CAM trong ngnh k thut c kh c th hin trn hnh (H1..2).

Hnh 1.1 Mi lin h gia c s d liu (CAD/CAM)
vi hai lnh vc CAD & CAM

Ths. L Ngc Quyt

4


Automatic Drafting
(V t ng)

NC Part - Programing
(Lp trnh iu khin s)

COMMON
DATA - BASE
(C s d liu
dng chung)
Scheduling
(Lp trnh)
Inventory, Control
(Kim k)
Inspection
(Thm tra)
Tool & Picture Design
(Thit k nh & dng c)

Creation of Data & Drawings
(To c s d liu v bn v)

Graphics Display
(Th hin ho)

Design & Analysis
(Thit k v Phn tch)
Costing
(nh gi)

Hnh: 1..2 S phn chia tng qut nhng nhim v thng nht h thng
CAD/CAM trong ngnh c kh
(General division of tasks in an intergrated CAD/CAM system in mechanical engineering)

Ths. L Ngc Quyt

5

5. Mc tiu v ngha ca h thng CAD/CAM
Dng thng tin chnh trong mt doanh nghip c xut pht t
cc lnh vc xc nh khi nim sn phm (thit k, cu trc, chun b
gia cng) n cc lnh vc gia cng ch to sn phm. cho cht
lng sn phm tt hn, thi gian sn xut ngn hn, tnh linh hot
tng ln v nh vy tnh kinh t v s cnh tranh cao hn bt buc
tt c cc khu ca qu trnh sn xut sn phm cn phi tm v ng
dng cc kh nng quay vng sn xut; c bit l s quay vng sn
xut cao trong lnh vc ch to sn phm.
T u th k 20 nhiu doanh nghip s dng cc phng
php mi cho cc lnh vc gia cng c hiu qu cao v t nhm a
dng ho gia cng (Tt c cc khu tng hn 1000%) th trong lnh vc
xc nh sn phm ch tng c khong 20%. Mt khc vic to ra
cu trc v pht trin chim khong 75% v chun b sn xut chim
khong 10% trong vic n nh mt sn phm.
Vic xy dng cu trc c ngi ta s dng lao ng th cng
trong vic xy dng khi nim sn phm. Ngi ta xc nh r vic lm
bng th cng l do ngi c nhiu kinh nghim thc hin. hnh v
(H5.1) ch r pha bn tri vic thit k cc kt cu bng tay do ngi
giu kinh nghim thc hin. Vic lm th cng ny chim mt khong
50%. Nhng cng vic ny hon ton c th m t bng thut ton
di s h tr ca my tnh trong trng hp nh ngha sn phm
bng mt h thng CAD/CAM.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

6


N
n
g

l
c

t
h
i
t

k

t
r
c

t
i
p

6
0
%

N
n
g

l
c

t
h
i
t

k

g
i
n

t
i
p

4
0
%

Thi gian ph 20%

Lp li 3%

Thng tin 13%

Kim tra 7%

Danh sch sn phm 5%

Thay i 9%

V 33%

Tnh ton 3%

Pht trin 15%

Rt ngn thi gian thc hin cng
nh kh nng s dng thng qua:
- Nng cao cht lng
- Hnh hc tt hn
- Tnh ton nhanh, chnh xc

Khng qua tc ng ca
CAD/CAM

Khng qua tc ng ca
CAD/CAM

Khong 10%

Khong 5%

Khong 3%

Khong 5%
Thit k truyn thng Thit k vi CAD/CAM
Hnh 5-1: Tc ng ca h thng CAD ti kh nng to hnh dng trong thit k
Thc cht mc ch ng dng k thut CAD/CAM ngy nay c
th nng cao cht lng sn phm. bc th nht l phi nhn bit
c cc li v gii quyt li nh vy s khng lm nh hng n
cng on k cn hay khng nh hng n cc chc nng sn xut
sau ny. Lm nh vy sn phm s t c li v gi thnh sn phm
mi gim, hnh 5.2 cho thy ngha ca vic s dng thit b pht
hin li sm.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

7

Pht trin
kt cu
Chun b
cng vic
Gia cng mu Xc nhn
Gia cng Qun l SX
Kh nng pht
hin li sm
Chi ph cho vic
khc phc li
Phn tch gi tr Gii php hp l ho

100% 100%

80% 80%

60% 60%

40% 40%

20% 20%

0% 0%

Hnh 5 - 2 Kh nng pht hin li v chi ph cho vic khc phc trong qu
trnh thit k
H thng CAD/CAM c th h tr nng cao cht lng sn phm
qua:
- To hnh dng chnh xc cho sn phm v thuyt minh sn phm
mi bng s h tr ca my tnh (To mu cho sn phm nhanh v
chnh xc).
- Xy dng ti liu nhanh v chnh xc (Tiu chun ho v cng
ngh chun).
- Linh hot trong thit k v gia cng.
Mc tiu ny ph hp cho mi trng hp, n khng ph thuc vo h
thng CAD/CAM c l mt phn ca phng n gii quyt vn hay
khng hay n l mt khu ca h thng CIM. Thm vo vic t
mc tiu trang b cho s kt ni gia chi tit ca CAD/CAM trong mt
mi lin kt thng tin ng b.
- tng thm kh nng p ng cho cc khch hng c bit bng
mt h thng CAD/CAM c kh nng trong mi cng on ca s
pht trin (Thit k) sn phm u c th quay vng mt cch linh
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

8

hot p ng nguyn vng ca khch hng, c th s thay
i d liu c trc hay thc hin gii quyt cc vn theo tiu
chun ho v t cc thay i s tc ng n cc ti liu cng
ngh mt cch nh nhng.
- C kh nng ng thi cng mt lc CAD/CAM thng nht c
cc kt qu ca qu trnh pht trin (thit k), kt cu (cu trc) v
chun b sn xut, n s b gim khi quyt nh s dng dng c
tnh ca k thut v m.
- Ti nc c thi gian chu trnh l rt ln (chu k) n s c gim
khi s dng CAD/CAM, cng vic quay vng sn xut vi s h tr
ca CAD/CAM s c thc hin nhanh hn so vi cc hnh thc
trc y (tng tc v d hn trong phm vi nh ngha sn phm)
n trnh c s tng gi v chm thi gian sn xut.
- T c s thi gian thng thng khng ly phng n c bit nht
m ly theo phng n ti u nht ginh ly thi gian thng qua
vic thit k trn h thng CAD/CAM, ci n gip cho ta pht
trin v nh gi cc gii php (thit k). Qua n cho php tm
ra kt qu tt nht cho d n cng nh cho quy trnh mu.
- S dng CAD/CAM c kh nng s dng tip cc d liu sn xut
m my tnh lu d cho cc cng on k cn hay cho ton b qu
trnh sn xut sn phm (v d chuyn cc d liu v hnh dng
hnh hc ca cu trc chi tit n lp k hoch sn xut, gia cng
v lp rp).
- Cc doanh nghip c trang b CAD/CAM mnh h s lun c u
th trong vic cung cp khi lng ln sn phm, cc ti liu ca
sn phm c c v vit di dng s ho, i khi ngha ny
c coi nh ngha v trong vic s dng h thng CAD/CAM. Khi
cc d liu sn xut hy cn tn ti trn my m ta s dng h
thng CAD/CAM s cho php cc doanh nghip tng sc cnh
tranh.
- Do nhiu doanh nghip tnh lu ng (thuyn chuyn) ca cc k
s v cc nh qun l theo nguyn vng tr thnh mt vn . Yu
cu s dng h thng CAD/CAM tr thnh mt h thng lu tr
cc Know-how (Kinh nghim sn sut, phng thc sn xut) ca
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

9

doanh nghip v vi ci gi c cc kin thc ca cc
thnh vin trong doanh nghip. Ngoi ra n cn gip cho cc ng
nghip tr nhanh chng tip cn c vi CAD/CAM [3].
6. CAD K thut.
6.1. Khi nim v CAD (Computer Aided Design)
CAD c nh ngha l " S dng h thng my tnh cng vi phn
mm thch hp tr gip vic thit lp, sa i, phn tch hoc ti u ho
mt n thit k".[1].
6.2. Phn cng trong CAD.
6.2.1. Xc nh mt h CAD k thut
Vic thit k trn my tnh in t c lin quan ti vic s dng my
tnh trin khai, phn tch hay ci tin mt bn thit k k thut. Cc h
CAD hin i c xy dng trn c s ho my tnh tng tc vit tt l
ICG (Interative Computer graphics) H thng ho my tnh l mt h
hng ngi s dng, trong my tnh c dng to ra, chuyn i v
hin th d liu di dng cc hnh v hay biu tng. Ngi thit k np d
liu v ra lnh cho my tnh thng qua mt s thit b vo nh chut, bn
phm Cn my tnh th lin lc vi ngi thit k thng qua mn hnh hoc
cc thit b u ra khc. Ngi s dng to ra mt hnh nh trn mn hnh
bng cch vo lnh gi nhng chng trnh con cn thit ca phn mm
lu tr trong b nh my tnh. Hnh nh c xy dng trn nhng phn t
hnh hc c bn nh im, ng thng, vng trn vv. Nhng hnh nh c
th c sa cha, bin i theo lnh ca nh thit k, thng qua nhng thao
tc ny nh thit k thu c nhng m hnh, hnh nh theo mun.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

10

6.2.2. Phn cng trong CAD
Phn cng gm c mt b phn x l trung tm (CPU) mt hoc nhiu
trm cng tc (Work Station) k cc mn hin th ho (Terminal) v cc
thit b ngoi vi nh my v, my in,vv
Mt h CAD in hnh thng c cu hnh phn cng sau y (H6.1 v H6.2).

Lu tr
ngoi

My tnh
Thit b u
cui ho
Cc thit b
vo
Trm thit k
My v v
cc thit b
ra khc

H 6-1: Cu hnh phn cng ca mt h CAD bit lp [1]

Trm thit k1

Lu tr
ngoi
My tnh
trung tm
My v &
cc thit b
ra khc
Thit b u
cui ho
Cc thit b
vo
Trm thit k 2
Thit b u
cui ho
Cc thit b
vo
Thit b u
cui ho
Cc thit b
vo
Trm thit k 3.v.v

H6-2: Cu hnh phn cng ca mt h CAD ni mng [1].

Ths. L Ngc Quyt

11

6.2.3. Trm thit k
Trm thit k hay cn gi l trm cng tc ca mt h CAD l mt h thng
giao din vi th gii bn ngoi, Chc nng ch yu ca mt trm thit k
ha l:
- Giao din vi my tnh
- To ra cc bn v n nh cho ngi thit k
- Cung cp cc bn m t di dng s ca cc bn v trn.
- Chuyn cc lnh my tnh thnh cc chc nng vn hnh.
- To thun li cho vic truyn thng gia ngi thit k v h thng.
Hnh 6.3 Trm thit k c lp
6.2.4. Cc thit b u vo v u cui
a. Cc thit b u vo
Cc thit b u vo c trang b ti mt trm thit k nhm cung cp cho
ngi s dng nhng phng tin thun li trong vic giao thng lin lc vi
h thng. Mt trm thit k thng thng c mt s thit b thch hp
ngi s dng la chn cc chc nng Input c lp trnh sn. Chng loi
ca cc thit b ny rt a dng, ph thuc vo nh cung cp dch v v c th
chia ra lm thnh cc loi chnh sau:
- Thit b iu khin con tr mn hnh
- Bn ha
- My qut.
- Bn phm k t v bn phm chuyn dng.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

12

b. Cc thit b u ra

L nhng thit b c chc nng Output cc thng tin, d liu t h thng.
Mn hnh ha cng l mt thit b Output. Ngoi ra cn c cc thit b ra
nh:
- My v
- My copy mn hnh.
- Cc thit b vi phim
- My in...

Nhng thit b ra ny c kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cc cng kt
ni. bo m s kt ni ny c thc hin thnh cng cn c cc chng
trnh iu khin cc thit b ny thng qua cc x l ngt ca BIOS, DOS hoc
thng qua cc lnh ca DOS.
c. Cc thit b nh ngoi
Cc h CAD hin i u s dng cc thit b nh ngoi nh bng t, a
t, a quang s.
Mc ch ca vic s dng cc thit b nh ngoi l h tr cho b
nh trong vn t tin v dung lng thng b hn ch. Thit b nh ngoi
thng dng vo vic lu tr cc tp tin d liu d ln RAM khi cn
hoc DOWNLOAD cho tng trm thit k.
Cc thit b nh ngoi c chia lm 2 loi l:
- RAM: l loi b nh c th cp nht c trong qu trnh s dng.
- ROM: L b nh khng th cp nht c trong qu trnh s dng.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

13

6.3. Phn mm v c s d liu ha trong CAD
Tt c cc phn cng ni trn s ch l nhng vt th ri rc v dng
nu nh khng c nhng chng trnh my tnh c a vo iu khin s
hot ng ca chng theo mt trnh t l gc cht ch nh trc nhm t
mc ch mong mun.
Phn mm l nhng chng trnh c vit ra bng cc ngn ng my
tnh thch hp gii quyt nhng vn , nhng bi ton do ngi s dng
ra v cui cng giao cho my tnh chy a ra kt qu.
Phn mm c nhiu loi khc nhau nh:
- Phn mm ho l mt chng trnh c vit ra nhm to thun
li cho ngi s dng vn hnh h thng my tnh.
- Phn mm ng dng l nhng phn mm phn tch thit k hay l
phn mm lp k hoch sn xut.
- Phn mm h thng.
- Phn mm tin ch...
6.2.4. Nguyn tc thit k phn mm CAD
Khi xy dng phn mm trong CAD cn tun th cc nguyn tc sau:
a) H thng ho v hon thin qu trnh thit k trn c s ng dng cc
phng php ton hc v cc phng tin k thut tnh ton.
b) T ng ho t hp cng vic thit k trong t chc thit k .
c) Nng cao cht lng iu kin thit k trn c s xy dng cc kinh
nghim, cc chc nng ca CAD.
d) ng dng m hnh ton hc hu hiu ca cc i tng thit k vo cc
sn phm v cht lng ca vt liu thit k.
e) Nht th ho v tiu chun ho cc phng php thit k.
f) S dng cc phng php thit k a chc nng v cc phng php ti u
ho.
g) Xy dng cc ngn hng m hnh cc i tng thit k, xy dng ngn
hng cc phng php v cc th tc thit k.
h) Xy dng cc ngn hng d liu nht qun bao hm cc ch dn c tnh
cht cm nang cn thit cho vic t ng ho thit k cc i tng.
i) Thay th cc php tnh th t nhin bi vic m phng trn my tnh in t.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

14

6.3. Qu trnh thit k
6.3.1. Qu trnh thit k theo cng ngh truyn thng
Theo truyn thng, cng tc thit k k thut c tin hnh trn bn v
trong bn thit k c thit lp di dng cc bn v k thut. Tu theo
tng lnh vc m bn thit k c nhng yu cu ring, chng hn bn v thit
k c kh, ngoi bn v tng th, cc bn v chi tit v cc bn v cm, cn
km theo bn v dng c ct gt v bn v g ch to ra sn phm. Thit
k in gm cc s mch, c tnh k thut ca cc linh kin in t,
v.vBn v thit k ca cc lnh vc khc nh Xy dng, Ho cht, Ch to
my bay, t, May & Thit k thi trang, ngoi c im chung c bn,
cng c nhng c th ring trong tng lnh vc chuyn mn, phng php
tip cn truyn thng l tng hp mt bn thit k s b theo cch th cng
ri mi qua phn tch di mt dng no . Bc phn tch ny c th gm
nhng bn tnh ton k thut phc tp hoc phi qua nh gi hon ton ch
quan v phng din thm m m bn thit k yu cu. Qu trnh phn tch l
t c nhng ci thin trong nhng ch tiu c th v nh ni trn v
qu trnh thit k l mt qu trnh lp, c mi ln lp ch tiu c ci thin
hn mt t ng thi cng tiu hao thm mt lng lao ng tng ng. Nu
khng c s tham gia ca my tnh th lng tiu hao ny c th l rt ln
hon thin mt bn n thit k.

Xc nh vn
Tng hp
Phn tch v ti u ho
nh gi
Th hin
Pht hin nhu cu

Hnh 6-4 Qu trnh thit k truyn thng
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

15

6.3.2. Qu trnh thit k c s h tr ca my tnh
Cc mhim v lin quan n thit k m mt h CAD hin i thc hin c
th chia ra lm bn lnh vc sau:
M hnh hnh hc.
Phn tch k thut.
R sot v nh gi thit k.
V t ng.
Bn lnh vc ny tng ng vi bn bc sau cng hnh 6- 4 .

Pht hin nhu cu
Xc nh vn
Tng hp
Phn tch v ti u ho
nh gi
Th hin
M hnh hnh hc
Phn tch k thut
R sot v nh gi
V t ng
Hnh 6-5 Qu trnh thit k c s tham gia ca my tnh

Ths. L Ngc Quyt

16

6.3.3. Cc loi m hnh hnh hc trong CAD
6.3.3.1. M hnh hnh hc
6.3.3.1. a. Khi nim v m hnh
Theo ngha chung nht m hnh c hiu l mt th hin bng thc
th hay bng khi nim mt s thuc tnh v quan h c trng ca mt i
tng no (gi l nguyn hnh) nhm mc ch nhn thc sau:
Lm i tng quan st thay cho nguyn hnh, hoc/v
Lm i tng nghin cu (thc nghim hay suy din) v nguyn
hnh.
6.3.3.1. b. Nhim v (yu cu) ca l thuyt m hnh
M hnh phi tho mn cc iu kin cho trc ca bi ton v
nguyn hnh (t cch i din hay tnh hp thc ca m hnh).
Cc php bin i kt qu t m hnh thnh kt qu tng ng v
nguyn hnh [4].
6.3.3.1. c. M hnh hnh hc trong CAD
Trong CAD, m hnh hnh hc tng ng vi giai on tng hp. N
i hi m t hnh dng hnh hc ca mt i tng di dng ton hc theo
cch my tnh c th x l c. M hnh ton hc cho php hnh nh ca i
tng c th hin th v thao tc trn mn hnh my tnh thng qua tn hiu ly
t CPU ca h CAD. Phn mm ha phi c thit k sao cho thun tin
v c hiu qu vi my tnh v vi c ngi s dng.
Trong lnh vc m hnh hnh hc, ngi thit k xy dng nhng hnh
nh ca i tng trn mn hnh my tnh bng cch Input ba loi lnh:
Loi lnh th nht to nn nhng yu t hnh hc c bn nh im,
ng thng, vng trn
Loi lnh th hai thc hin cc php bin i nh thu phng, quay, dch
chuyn
Loi lnh th ba lm cho cc yu t hnh hc lin kt li thnh mt hnh
dng mong mun.
Trong qu trnh m hnh hnh hc ny, my tnh chuyn i cc lnh
thnh nhng m hnh ton hc tng ng ri lu tr m hnh ton vo cc
tp d liu ca my tnh v hin th n thnh mt hnh nh trn mn hnh
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

17

CRT. M hnh ton ni trn cui cng c th gi ra t cc tp d liu xem
xt li, phn tch hoc sa i. Hn na khi CAD v CAM c giao din th
m hnh hnh hc c s dng nh l u vo to ra cc chng trnh NC
ch to cc chi tit trn cc my cng c iu khin s hay l to ra cc
bn v, quy trnh cng ngh nh r nhng bc cn thit sn xut sn
phm.
biu din i tng thnh m hnh hnh hc trong cc h
CAD/CAM c my phng php khc nhau sau y:
a) M hnh khung dy (Wireframe models)
M hnh khung dy cn c gi l edge - verfex (nh - cnh) l phng
php n gin nht ca m hnh hnh hc v thng c dng nht xc
nh cc m hnh tnh ton ca cc chi tit, c bit trong cc h thng v tr
gip bng my tnh. L do l cc m hnh khung dy n gian, d to v
thng chng i hi tng i t thi gian tnh ton v vi b nh khng ln
c th thao tc vi nhng cng vic cn thit.
Mc du m hnh khung dy cung cp thng tin chnh xc v v tr ca
nhng b mt gin on trn chi tit, chng khng m t ton b chi tit.
Thng xuyn m hnh s c dng nh l mt c s ti to mt cch t
ng nhng ng ct iu khin my cng c CNC ch to chi tit. M
hnh khung dy khng cha ng thng tin v b mt ca chi tit cng khng
phn bit pha trong v pha ngoi ca b mt. M hnh khung dy thng
khng r rng c bit khi biu din chi tit 3D v i lc c th biu din
bng nhiu kiu khc nhau. M hnh khng gian dng khung dy a ra
mt vt th thc nhng cha hon chnh, n ch a ra c cc dng khung
ca vt th m cha th hin c cc b mt thc t ca vt th.
l:
M hnh 2D hay ho hai chiu dng cho i tng hai chiu.
M hnh 2 D th hin nhng i tng ba chiu n gin nh tr,
lp phng.
1
2
M hnh 3D hay ho ba chiu dng th hin nhng i tng ba
chiu phc tp. i khi ngay c 3D cng cha th hin mt i phc
tp, do vy m hnh khung dy c m rng ra thnh loi c nt khut v
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

18

loi khng c nt khut. a s h CAD trc y khng c kh nng t
ng kh b nt khut, do ngi thit k phi ch ra nt no l nt khut
n kh b. Ngy nay hu ht cc h CAD u c kh nng t ng kh
b nt khut.
b) M hnh dng mt (Surface modele)
Mc cao hn ca s tinh xo trong m hnh hnh hc l m hnh b mt.
N khc phc c tnh khng xc nh ca m hnh khung dy. Quy trnh
thit k m hnh b mt tng t s dn b mt mng vt liu trn khung
dy. Bi v m hnh hnh hc b mt xc nh mt cch chnh xc hnh hc
chi tit nh cc b mt, cc ng vin cu trc, chng c th h tr gia
cng nhng lnh NC t ng.
M hnh b mt c th c thit k s dng mt cch rng ri cc tnh
cht b mt thng xuyn c cung cp bi nhiu h CAD/CAM. Mt
phng l tnh cht c bn nht biu din phn t b mt. Cc bin dng
phc hp hn c th c xc nh bng cc mt tr, cc b mt k (rule)
pht trin, cc b mt tri (sweep) hay cc b mt ln.
Biu din b mt chung nht v phc hp nht l nhng b mt iu
khc m chng ta thng bit nh b mt li ng cong (curve- merh
surfaces), B - surface. B mt iu khc c th c coi nh b mt to ra
bi t hp hai h ng cong ct nhau trn criss- cross manner, to mng
mnh ni nhau.
c) M hnh c (Solid modele)
Mc cao nht trong m hnh hnh hc l m hnh 3D, M hnh vt th
rn. N cng ging nh m hnh khung dy hay m hnh b mt l cc ng
khut c xo. Tuy nhin s khc nhau ch: M hnh khung dy v m
hnh dng mt ch dng li ch m t vt th nh l mt m hnh ton hc
m khng th hin c c tnh khi lng ca chng. M hnh solid khc
phc c thiu st ny. Tnh cht khi lng ca m hnh chi tit rt quan
trng d on cc tnh cht tng t nh trng lng, s n nh, m men
qun tnh, th tch... ca sn phm cui cng cha chi tit. Mt im mnh
na l ta c th d dng ct qua m hnh vt rn ti nhng chi tit bn trong.
M hnh vt rn thng c ghi li trong my di dng ton hc nh cc
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

19

th tch vin bi b mt hn l stick - figure structures. Kt qu l nh chng
c th tnh ton c nhng tnh cht khi lng ca chi tit thng xuyn
c s dng cho cc cng vic phn tch k thut nh phn tch trng thi vt
l bng phng php phn t hu hn v nghin cu ng hc kim tra
giao thoa.
V d i vi hnh tr:
- M hnh khung dy ca hnh tr trong my tnh c nh ngha nh l 2
ng trn ni vi nhau bng 2 ng thng. Trong m hnh c (solid
model) ca hnh tr c biu din nh l mt i tng 3D cha th tch.
- Vic ng solid model c th to ra cc hnh khi v lin kt chng
thnh mt vt th phc tp nhanh cng hn nhiu so vi Wireframe v
surface. Tuy nhin solid model cn tn nhiu b nh, chng i hi qu
trnh thao tc rng i vi cu trc d liu v lin kt ton hc phc tp v
ch thch hp cho nhng b mt khng qu phc tp.
M hnh 3D (solid model) l cch th hin tt nht mt vt th ba chiu,
y ngi ta s dng nhng hnh dng hnh hc c, gi l cc nguyn th
dng nn i tng 3D. ho mu l kh nng th v m ngy nay h
CAD no cng c. Nh c mu m hnh nh c hin th ln mn hnh mang
nhiu ni dung thng tin hn. N gip cho cc chi tit trong mt bn v lp
tr nn d phn bit, lm ni bt nhng kch thc quan trng hoc nhng b
phn ch cht v nhiu li ch khc na.
6.3.3.2. Phn tch k thut.
Khi trin khai mt n thit k k thut thng cn n mt s phn
tch no tu theo mt cng trnh. V d trong cc n cng nghip, s
phn tch thng lin quan ti cc bi ton v ng sut - bin dng, tnh ton
truyn nhit hoc vn dng cc phng trnh vi phn m t s ng x ng
lc hc ca h thng c thit k ra. My tnh c th gip thc hin cc
nhim v ny mt cch nhanh chng v c hiu qu.
i vi nhng bi ton thit k c th, nhm phn tch k thut c th
t vit ly phn mm chuyn bit s dng trong ni b, cn i vi cc bi
ton c tnh cht ph dng th thng c gii quyt bi cc gi phn mm
mua th trng.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

20

Cc h CAD/ CAM kiu cha kha trao tay c bn th trng thng
bao gm cc phn mm phn tch k thut hoc t ra cng c th giao din vi
cc phn mm ny. Chng ta s xem xt hai v d quan trng v cc phn
mm phn tch k thut.
- Phn tch thuc tnh khi lng. y l mt c im ca mt h CAD
c ng dng rng ri nht. N cung cp cho ta cc thuc tnh ca mt i
tng m ta cn phn tch nh: Din tch b mt, trng lng, th tch,
trng tm, m men qun tnh ,v.v... i vi mt mt phng (hoc tit din
ngang ca mt vt th) th n cn cho ta bit c chu vi, din tch v cc
thuc tnh qun tnh na.
- Phn tch phn t hu hn l mt trong nhng kh nng mnh nht ca h
CAD. Vi k thut ny, vt th c chia thnh nhiu phn t vi s lng
tu (nhng khng phi nhiu v hn). Mi phn t l mt ch nht hay
tam gic, tt c to nn mt mng li gm cc nt. Bng cch s dng
my tnh c kh nng tnh ton mnh, thng qua tnh ton trng thi ca tt
c cc nt m ton b vt th c phn tch v ng sut - bin dng, truyn
nhit hoc cc c tnh khc tu theo tng bi ton c th. Nhiu h CAD
c kh nng t ng phn chia cc nt v xc nh cu trc mng li ca
ton vt th, ngi s dng ch cn a ra mt s thng s cn thit cho m
hnh phn t hu hn ri h CAD s lm cc
cng vic tnh ton tip theo.
u ra (Output) ca bi ton phn tch phn t hu
hn thng c th hin di dng ho ln mn
hnh CRT ngi s dng d quan st. Chng hn
khi phn tch ng sut - bin dng ca mt vt th,
u ra (Output) c th hin thnh mt hnh b
bin dng ( nt t hnh bn).
a ra (Output) di dng th mu cng c th dng lm ni bt
i snh hnh dng trc v sau bin dng ca vt th. Sau khi xem xt, nu
thy trng thi ca vt th khng t yu cu th ngi thit k s sa i mt
vi c tnh ca n nh hnh dng hnh hc hay vt liu chng hn ri thc
hin li bi ton phn tch phn t hu hn, c nh vy cho n khi va th
thi.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

21

6.4. Xy dng m hnh hnh hc trong CAD
Trong CAD vic xy dng m hnh hnh hc d trn cc i tng hnh
hc c bn nh: im, on thng, cung trn, cung ellip...(2D) hoc khi lp
phng, cu, chp...(3D). xy dng m hnh ngi thit k ch vic gi
nhng i tng v c bn trn c lu tr trong b nh ca phn mm
xp t, bin i sa cha hoc lin kt chng li theo nhng quy lut, t l
nht nh.
6.5. Ta v h to s dng trong CAD
6.5.1. Cc h ta s dng trong CAD
Trong CAD s dng rt a dng cc h to . Cc h to ny lun
lun c chung im gc (origines system ). Cc h to l
H to cc
H to tr (dist<angle,Z)
Trong : Dist = Khong cch t im ti gc to .
Angle = Gc trong mt phng XY so vi trc X.
Z = Cao .
H to cu: (dist<angle<angle)
Trong : Dist = Khong cch t im ti gc to .
Angle = Gc trong mt phng XY so vi trc X.
Angle = Gc hp vi mt phng XY.
trong mt phng 2D ngi ta cn s dng to cc (Dist<Angle).
Dist = Khong cch t im ti gc to
Angle = Gc trong mt phng XY so vi trc X
Thng thng ngi ta s dng to cc v quy c chiu ca cc trc
to c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi, trc X lun c mc nh
nm ngang v c chiu t tri qua phi, trc Y theo chiu thng ng chiu
dng hng t di ln trn.
6.5.2. Ta tng i, ta tuyt i
biu din ta mt im trong CAD ngi ta c 2 hnh thc biu
din l to tuyt i v tng i.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

22

To tuyt i l: Gi tr to ca im biu din c tham
chiu vi gc to ca h thng lm chun o ta ca im
trong khng gian ta .
To tng i l: Gi tr to ca im biu din c tham
chiu vi im va xc nh lin ngay trc lm chun o ta
ca im trong khng gian ta my theo phng php tng
i. Vi im u tin c xc nh l im gc to my.
6.5.3. Phng php xc nh to mt im trong CAD
Trong CAD ngi ta xc nh ta ca mt im bng nhiu phng
thc khc nhau. Vi nhng h CAD ngy nay ngi ta c th:
- Nhp trc tip ta im thng qua bn phm
- Click chut trc tip trong vng ha
- S dng cc chc nng d hnh, lc im, truy bt i tng
6.5.4. Phng php sa cha hnh hc trong CAD
Cc i tng hnh hc c to ra trong CAD thng thng phi qua
cc php bin i, sa cha hnh hc t c kt qu nh mong mun.
Hu ht cc h cc u c cc chc nng Edit hnh hc 2D, 3D. Ta c th xem
xt mt vi chc nng c bn nh:
- Sao chp i tng (Copy).
- Di chuyn i tng (Move).
- Thay i t l (Scale).
- Quay cc i tng (Rotate).
- Kt ni cc i tng (Attecht, polyline)
- Ct xn, ko di, trt, dui cc i tng.

Ths. L Ngc Quyt

23

7. CAM
7.1. Khi nim v CAM
nh ngha 1:
CAM l ngnh khoa hc dng my tnh lp k hoch, iu hnh,
iu khin cc thao tc ca mt giai on, mt cng ngh trc tip hay gin
tip thng qua my tnh [2].
nh ngha 2:
CAM c nh ngha l: "S dng h thng my tnh cng vi phn
mm thch hp lp k hoch, qun l v iu khin cc hot ng ca mt
nh my thng qua giao din trc tip hoc gin tip gia my tnh vi cc ti
nguyn sn xut ca nh my "[1].
7.2. Phn loi CAM
Cn c vo ng dng ca CAM i vi h thng sn xut c th chia
CAM thnh hai loi:
a) CAM theo di v iu khin:
y l nhng ng dng trc tip ca CAM. My tnh c ghp ni
trc tip vi i tngca h thng sn xut theo di v iu khin
cc qu trnh.
- Chc nng theo di c th hin qua vic thu thp s liu t qu
trnh sn xut.
- Chc nng iu khin l da vo nhng s liu thu thp c t qu
trnh sn xut s l v a ra nhng tn hiu iu khin trc tip
ti cc qu trnh trn c s thut ton iu khin ca phn mm.
(H.7.2.a)

D liu ca
Q
u

t
r
n
h

s
n

x
u
t

M
y

t
n
h

Cc tn hiu
iu khin
Qu trnh
sn xut
D liu ca
Q
u

t
r
n
h

s
n

x
u
t

M
y

t
n
h

Qu trnh
sn xut
Hnh 7.2.a. Chc nng theo di v iu khin ca CAM
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

24

b) CAM tr gip sn xut:
y l nhng ng dng gin tip ca CAM. Trong my tnh c
dng lp k hoch, tin , d bo, cung cp thng tin, a ra cc
ch th qun l v iu hnh cng vic sn xut, cn con ngi th
thng xuyn phi c mt thc hin cng vic theo di v iu
khin qu trnh. (Hnh 7.2 b)
Q
u

t
r
n
h

s
n

x
u
t

M
y

t
n
h

Qu trnh sn xut
D liu ca
Cc tn hiu
iu khin (gin tip)

Hnh 7.2.b. Chc nng tr gip ca CAM trong sn xut
(ng khut th hin s h tr gin tip ca CAM)
7.3. Chu trnh sn phm v CAD/CAM
a. Chu trnh sn phm
Chu trnh sn phm nu xt trong lnh vc thit k v ch to sn phm l qu
trnh xut pht t nhu cu ca khch hng v th trng m xy dng mt khi
nim v sn phm ph hp. Vic thc hin cc bc trong chu trnh sn phm
c quyt nh bi khch hng. Trong thc t c hai cch sau:
- Sn xut theo yu cu thit k ca khch hng. Nh vy giai on
thit k do khch hng m nhim. Giai on ch to v hon thin
sn phm s do mt hoc mt nhm x nghip, cng ty thc hin.
- C giai on thit k v ch to u c thc hin ti mt nh my,
cng ty.
Khi nim sn phm ch c hnh thnh khi nghin cu k v khch
hng v th trng. C ngha l sn phm phi p ng tt nht cc yu cu
ca th trng v khch hng. Sau nhng khi nim v sn phm phi c
xem xt, sng lc, phn tch, ci tin tr thnh mt n thit k. y l
bc thit k k thut. Tip theo n c t liu ha bng cc bn v k
thut. Cc bn thit k k thut ch ra cng ngh ch to, km theo cc bn
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

25

thuyt minh lm r cc c tnh k thut v hot ng ca sn phm v cc
tc ng ca chng trong tng lai.
Lnh vc ch to l giai on tip theo sau giai on thit k, bao gm:
- Lp quy trnh cng ngh:
- Trang thit b phc v cho quy trnh cng ngh ch to sn phm.
- Tin thc hin.

Khch hng
v th trng
nim v
sn phm
Thit k KT
& cng trnh
V K thut
Quy trnh
cng ngh
Mua TB &
dng c mi
K H. tin
sn xut
Sn xut Kim tra SP
Hnh 7.3 Chu trnh sn phm (khu thit k v ch to)

Ths. L Ngc Quyt

26

b. Chu trnh sn phm vi s tham gia ca CAD/CAM
Ty theo mc tin tin v qui m sn xut ca mi nh sn xut m
CAD/CAM c ng dng vo nhng khu no trong qu trnh sn xut v
kinh doanh.

Khch hng
v th trng
nim v
sn phm
Thit k KT
& cng
V K thut
Quy trnh
cng ngh
Mua TB &
dng c
K H. tin
sn xut
Sn xut Kim tra
SP
Thit k trn my tnh Ch bn t
p

Q
T
C
N

t
r
n

m
y

t
n
h

Lp KHSX trn
my tnh
SX trn my cng c
CNC v R bt CN
Kim tra SP
bng my tnh
Hnh 7- 4 Chu trnh sn phm v CAD/CAM (khu thit k v ch to)
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

27

Phn II
Gii thiu mt s h thng CAD/CAM
I. H thng CAD/CAM CIMATRON
1. Cu trc ca h thng CAD/CAM CIMATRON

CIMATRON
NC
CIMATRON
FEM
CIMATRON
DRAFTING
CIMATRON
MODELING
Post -
processing
Pre -
processing
Solid Wire frame -
Surface
Analyze
CIMATRON
2. Nhim v ca cc m dun trong h thng CAD/CAM CIMATRON
CIMATRON - MODELING
Trang b cc cng c v & thit k xy dng cc m hnh:
- Wire frame
- Surface
- Solid
CIMATRON DRAFTING
Xut cc bn v k thut t cc m hnh c xy dng
CIMATRON FEM (Finite Element Modeling)
To ra cc phn t hu hn trong m hnh phc v cho vic phn tch k
thut.
CIMATRON FEM (Finite Element Modeling)
m nhim vic xut cc chng trnh NC iu khin my CNC gia
cng m hnh c xy dng.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

28

II. H thng CAD/CAM Pro Engineer
1. Cu trc ca h thng CAD/CAM Pro Engineer

Sketch Assembly Drawing Menufacturing
Pro Engineer
2. Chc nng ca cc modul trong h thng CAD/CAM Pro Engineer

Sketch
Cung cp cc cng c v v thit k xy dng m hnh
Assembly
Cung cp cc chc nng lp rp m hnh
Drawing
To cc bn v k thut t m hnh
Menufacturing
Xut cc chng trnh NC gia cng m hnh.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

29

III. H thng Master CAM
1. Cu trc ca h thng Master CAM

Design Drafting Menufacturing
2. Chc nng ca cc m un trong h thng Master CAM
Design
Cung cp cc cng c v v thit k xy dng m hnh
Drafting
To cc bn v k thut t m hnh c xy dng
Menufacturing
Xut cc chng trnh NC iu khin my CNC gia cng m hnh c
xy dng.

Ths. L Ngc Quyt

30

IV. H thng CAD/CAM - MTS
1. Cu trc ca h thng CAD/CAM- MTS

Top CAM Top MILL Top TURN
MTS
2. Chc nng ca cc modul chnh ca h thng CAD/CAM- MTS
Top CAM
Thc hin chc nng:
- Thit k
- Qun l file & giao din ho
- Thc hin chc nng CAM phay v tin

Top MILL
- Thc hin cc chc nng lp trnh phay CNC
- M phng phay CNC

Top TURN
- Thc hin cc chc nng lp trnh tin CNC
- M phng tin CNC

Ths. L Ngc Quyt

31

Phn III
thc hnh vi h thng CAD/CAM - MTS

1. Thc hnh thit k vi MTS In CAD
- V thit k
- Giao din ho
- Qun l & X l d liu CAD
2. Thc hnh chuyn i v x l d liu CAD/CAM phay
- Chun b d liu
- Xc nh h iu khin
- M phng CNC v lu chng trnh NC
3. Thc hnh chuyn i v x l d liu CAD/CAM tin
- Chun b d liu
- Xc nh h iu khin
- M phng CNC v lu chng trnh NC

Ths. L Ngc Quyt

32


Ti liu tham kho
1. CAD/CAM tp 1 + 2 Phan hu Phc - NXBGD/2000
2. CAD/CAM CIMATRON - Bnh Tin Long - NXBKHKT/2000
3. CAD/CAM fuer Enginere (Bn ting c) - NXB VIEWEG 1994
Sndor Vajna; Christion Weber; Juergen Schlingensiepen; Dietrich
Schlott mann.
4. cng bi ging cng ngh dy hc - GS.TSKH. Nguyn
Xun Lc HBK HN/2001.
5. Ti liu CAD/CAM - MTS - Bn ting Vit ca trng HSPKT TP. HCM
6. Ti liu CAD/CAM - MTS - Bn ting c - MTS - Berlin.
7. Autocad 14 tp 1+2+3, Autocad 2000 Tp 1+2 - Nguyn Hu Lc -
HBK TPHCM.
8. Thit k c kh vi MECANICAL DESTOP 5.0 - Nguyn Hu Lc -
HBK TPHCM.
Ths. L Ngc Quyt

33

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