ODA v s pht trin ca Vit Nam

TH HAI, 08 THNG 12 2008 22:00 XUN DANH / THANH NIN

15 nm k t Hi ngh cc nh ti tr dnh cho Vit Nam hp ti Paris din ra vo thng 11.1993, nh du mc Vit Nam bt u nhn vin tr ODA, ngun vn ny tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu c trong s pht trin kinh t - x hi ca t nc. Nh c s h tr bi cc khon vn v nhng kinh nghim pht trin qu bu t ngun ODA, c s h tng kinh t - x hi ca Vit Nam c ci thin v Vit Nam t c nhiu thnh tu trong cc lnh vc nh x hi, y t, gio dc, tng cng th ch, bo v mi trng, pht trin nng thn, c bit l trong cng tc xa i gim ngho...

nh minh ha bn : ngun bo Tin Phong

Cng nm , sau khi ni li quan h vi cc nh ch ti chnh quc t, n nay c gn 50 nh ti tr a phng v song phng cng 350 t chc chnh ph vi 1.500 chng trnh, d n dnh cho Vit Nam. ng u trong cc quc gia v t chc trn l Nht Bn, Ngn hng Th gii, Ngn hng Pht trin chu vi s vn cam kt chim 70 - 80% tng ngun vn ODA hng nm m cc nh ti tr dnh cho Vit Nam. K t n nay, c ti 22 t USD c gii ngn trong tng s 42,5 t USD vn ODA cam kt. Cho n gn y, Vit Nam lun c coi l mt trong nhng quc gia s dng hiu qu vn ODA nht trn th gii, a t l i ngho gim t khong 58% nm 1992 xung khong 15% nm 2007. Trong giai on t nm 2000 n nay, khi iu kin ngun vn ca cc nc pht trin dnh cho cc nc ang pht trin ngy cng gim st th ngun vn cam kt ODA dnh cho Vit Nam nm sau lun cao hn nm trc. Nhn li 15 nm tip nhn ngun vn ODA, bc tranh thu ht v s dng ODA khng phi hon ton l mu hng. Nguyn nhn l do vn cn tn ti mt s vn . Trc tin l do quy trnh v th tc ni b ca Vit Nam i vi vic qun l v s dng ODA cn mt s im gy tr ngi cho qu trnh chun b v thc hin d n.

nh bn : D n i l ng - ty TP.HCM v hm Th Thim theo tin s hon thnh vo qu 1-2010 vi tng mc u t 9.800 t ng bng ngun vn vay ODA ca Chnh ph Nht Bn Ngun: Tui Tr.

Cc quy trnh th tc qun l ODA ca Vit Nam v nh ti tr cha hi ha, gy chm tr trong qu trnh thc hin cc chng trnh, d n, lm gim hiu qu u t v tng chi ph giao dch. Gim c Ngn hng Pht trin chu , Ayumi Konishi mi y nhn nh: " m bo pht trin, thu hi vn v hon tr vn, VN cn m bo d n khng b chm. Nu khng, khi ht thi gian n hn, VN s khng th hon vn. Nu gi nhp gii ngn hin nay, VN c nguy c n nc ngoi ln khi tr thnh nc thu nhp trung bnh. Ngi ng u Chnh ph Vit Nam khng nh Vit Nam lun trn trng tng ng vn ODA. Trong khi B trng B K hoch - u t V Hng Phc sau khi c c kt qu cam kt ti tr ODA nm nay ni rng ng rt cm ng vi cam kt ca cc nh ti tr trong bi cnh nh hin nay. Hy vng Chnh ph s bin iu thnh hnh ng c th quyt lit thng qua vic y nhanh tc gii ngn v nng cao hn na hiu qu s dng ng vn qu bu ny.

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010 305 MT S GII PHP NHM GP PHN NNG CAO HIU QU TRONG VIC HUY NG V S DNG VN ODA TI VIT NAM SOLUTIONS TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF EFECTS IN MOBILIZATION AND EXPENDITURE OF THE ODA CAPITAL IN VIET NAM Nguyn Ngc V i hc Nng TM TT i vi Vit Nam, p ng nhu cu vn u t pht trin trong iu kin ngun vn tch lu t ni b ca nn kinh t cn thp th ngun vn u t nc ngoi bao gm u t trc tip (FDI) v u t gin tip m trong quan trng nht l h tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) l rt quan trng, gp phn ng k vo s tng trng kinh t cao ca nc ta trong nhng nm qua. Chnh v vy, ng ta nh gi ngun vn trong nc c tnh cht quyt nh, ngun vn nc ngoi c vai tr quan trng. Tuy nhin, thc trng huy ng, qun l v s dng ngun vn ODA nc ta cn nhiu tn ti, bt cp, hiu qu cha cao. V vy, mc ch ca bi vit ny l phn tch, nh gi thc trng cng tc thu ht v s dng vn ODA nc ta trong thi gian qua; t xut cc gii php nhm nng cao hn na hiu qu ca vic s dng ngun vn ny trong thi gian n; gp phn quan trng vo s tng trng kinh t bn vng ca Vit Nam. ABSTRACT At present, while accumulated capital of the Vietnamese economy is still low, the issue of mobilizing foreign investment capital including Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and indirect investment is very important. Of many indirect inflows of foreign investment, the Official

Development Assistance (ODA) is a crucial fund that meets current high demands of capital for national development. ODA has been contributing significantly to the solid growth of our economy so far. Consequently, it is affirmed by the Communist Party of Vietnam that while domestic sources of capital are pivotal to the nations economy, the infusion of foreign investment also plays a vital role. However, there have been many problems in the mobilization, management and spending of the ODA, which bring about ineffectiveness. This article, therefore, aims at making an overall analysis and evaluation on recent mobilization and expenditure of the ODA in Vietnam and providing solutions to its future outcome improvement, creating a robust and sustainable development for Vietnamese economy. 1. t vn Nh chng ta bit u t c vai tr ht sc quan trng i vi s tng trng ca mt nn kinh t, khng c u t l khng c tng trng. V vy, u t c xem l c hch ca s tng trng. i vi Vit Nam, p ng nhu cu vn u t pht trin trong iu kin ngun vn tch lu t ni b ca nn kinh t cn thp th ngun vn u t nc ngoi bao gm u t trc tip (FDI) v ngun ODA (Official Development Assistance) l rt quan trng, gp phn ng k vo s tng trng kinh t cao ca nc ta trong nhng nm qua. Tuy nhin, thc trng huy ng, qun l v s dng ngun vn ODA nc ta cn nhiu tn ti, bt cp, hiu qu cha cao. V vy, TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010 306 mc ch ca bi vit ny l phn tch, nh gi thc trng cng tc thu ht v s dng vn ODA nc ta trong thi gian qua; t xut cc gii php nhm nng cao hn na hiu qu ca vic s dng ngun vn ny trong thi gian n; gp phn quan trng vo s tng trng kinh t bn vng ca Vit Nam. 2. Tnh hnh huy ng v s dng ODA ti Vit Nam Trc ht, chng ta bit rng ODA l ngun vn h tr pht trin chnh thc. y l mt hnh thc u t nc ngoi c gii thch nh sau: - Gi l h tr, bi v cc khon u t ny thng l cc khon cho vay vi thi hn di khng li sut hoc li sut thp, i khi cn gi l vin tr. - Gi l Pht trin v mc tiu danh ngha ca cc khon u t ny l nhm pht trin kinh t v nng cao phc li nc c u t. - Gi l Chnh thc, v thng l cho Nh nc vay. Nh vy, vn ODA l ngun vn ca cc nc pht trin hay ca cc t chc quc t cho chnh ph cc nc ang pht trin vay nhm mc tiu pht trin kinh t v gp phn xa i gim ngho nc c nhn u t. T nm 1993, khi Vit Nam bt u bnh thng ha quan h vi cc t chc ti chnh quc t, nhiu Chnh ph v t chc ni li vin tr ODA cho Vit Nam. Nhng n lc t c 2 pha cc nh ti tr v Chnh ph Vit Nam t nhng kt qu quan trng. n nay, Vit Nam thit lp quan h vi hn 50 nh ti tr song phng v a phng cng khong 600 t chc phi Chnh ph vi hn 1500 chng trnh d n. Hin nay, ngn hng th gii l c quan vin tr a phng ln nht, Nht Bn l

quc gia vin tr song phng ln nht cho Vit Nam. Xt v vin tr khng hon li th Php l ln nht v an Mch l th nh. Tnh hnh cam kt ODA v thc hin ODA ca nc ta t nm 1993 n nay c cho bng sau: Bng 1. Tnh hnh cam kt, k kt, gii ngn ODA t nm 2000-2009 (vt: t USD) Ngun: Bo co chuyn cao hc mn Ti chnh quc t nm 8/2009 ca Nguyn Tch Hin, Hunh B Tng v cc tc gi trong nhm NM 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CAM KT 2,40 2,40 2,50 2,83 3,44 3,44 3,75 4,50 5,43 8,1 K KT 1,77 1,77 2,42 1,81 1,76 2,57 2,52 2,82 3,80 7,0 GII NGN 1,5 1,53 1,42 1,65 1,85 1,82 2,2 1,85 2,18 % K KT 73,75 73,75 96,8 63,9 51,1 74,7 67,2 62,6 69,9 86,4 % Gii ngn 84,7 86,4 58,7 91,1 105,5 70,8 87,3 63,8 57,3 TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010 307 BIU CAM KT, K KT T 1993 - 2008 0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00 6,00 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

2008 CAM KT K KT Qua bng trn cho thy tng lng vn ODA cam kt trong 17 nm qua t khong 57,5 t USD, c bit nm 2010 l 8,1 t USD, mc cam kt cao nht t trc n nay. Nh vy, tc tng trng thu ht vn ODA ca nc ta tng kh nhanh v n nh trong sut giai on t 1993- 2009 vi mc tng trng bnh qun 10%/nm, c bit trong 3 nm tr li y vn ODA cam kt tng kh mnh. T l vn k kt trn vn cam kt cng t kh cao, trung bnh c giai on t 1993 n 2009 l trn 86%. iu th hin s ng h chnh tr v lng tin ca cc nh ti tr i vi cng cuc i mi ca Vit Nam. Mt khc, n cng th hin nhu cu v ngun vn ca Vit Nam l rt ln u t cho h tng kinh t - x hi phc v cho vic pht trin v xo i gim ngho. Trong tng ODA cam kt th 20% l vin tr khng hon li v 80% l vn cho vay vi thi hn di (thng ln n 30- 40 nm), li sut cho vay kh thp so vi li sut vay thng mi (thi gian u thng khong trn 1%/nm), thi gian n hn kh di (khong 10 nm). Cc khon n nc ngoi ni chung v ngun vay n ODA ni ring hin ti m bo trong gii hn an ton cho php; c li sut, thi hn v ng tin vay hp l. Ngun ODA chim khong 10% vn u t ton x hi; y l ngun ti chnh quan trng b sung cho ngn sch nh nc, m bo cho u t pht trin, tng trng kinh t, u t c s h tng, gii quyt cc vn v an sinh x hi, c bit l vn xa i gim ngho, tng cng v cng c th ch php l, php trin quan h i tc cht ch vi nc ngoi. Tuy nhin, kh nng thu ht ODA ca chng ta tng trng mc kh nhng vic thc hin vn cam kt hay ni cch khc l qu trnh s dng ODA ca Vit Nam cha t c hiu qu nh mong mun. Qua bng trn cho thy t l gii ngn cha cao, trung bnh trong giai on t 2000 n 2008 khong trn 69%, nhiu nm t l gii ngn ch t trn 50%. Chnh vic s dng cha c hiu qu nn gy ra vic lng ph, tht thot vn, to ra gnh nng n khng cn thit cho th h sau v gy nh hng xu cho kh nng thu ht cc ngun u t quc t khc. TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010 308 V tnh hnh thu ht vn ODA theo ngnh c phn nh bng sau: Bng 2. Tnh hnh ODA k kt theo ngnh, lnh vc trong giai on 1993-2007 Ngnh, lnh vc % 1. Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn 15,9 2. Nng lng v cng nghip 23,1 3. Giao thng vn ti, bu chnh vin thng 25,6 4. Cp thot nc v pht trin th 9,5 5. Y t, gio dc, mi trng, khoa hc v cc ngnh khc 25,9 Tng s 100 Qua bng trn cho thy cc ngnh thuc h tng nh giao thng, th, nc sch v mi trng; thuc lnh vc xo i gim ngho, thuc lnh vc pht trin con ngi (y t/ gio dc), nng nghip (thu sn) l nhng ngnh thu ht c ODA nhiu nht. V vy, vn ODA trong thi gian qua c nhng ng gp quan trng trong vic xa i gim ngho v hin i ha nng nghip, nng thn ti Vit Nam. nh gi tnh hnh s dng vn ODA theo vng lnh th thi k 1993 2008

c cho bng sau: Bng 3. Tnh hnh vn ODA c k kt trong giai on 1993-2007 theo vng lnh th Vng, lnh th % 1. Vng ng bng sng Hng 13,69 2. Vng trung du min ni Bc b 8,07 3. Vng Bc Trung B v duyn hi Min Trung 12,82 4. Vng Ty Nguyn 4,43 5. Vng ng Nam B 15,62 6. Vng ng bng sng Cu Long 9,36 7. Lin Vng 36,01 T bng trn cho thy ngun vn ODA phn b khng ng u gia cc vng lnh th. Tht vy, vn ODA u t vo cc vng Ty Nguyn, vng Trung du min ni pha Bc v Bc trung b v Duyn hi Min trung l rt thp, trong khi cc vng ny tht s cn vn pht trin c s h tng kinh t x hi, gp phn pht trin kinh t xo i gim ngho. T s liu phn tch trn, chng ta c th nh gi thnh tu ca 17 nm huy ng v s dng ODA ti Vit Nam nh sau: TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010 309 - ODA l ngun vn thng ln, tp trung nn cho php gii quyt nhanh v dt im nhu cu ca cc nc nhn u t trong vic xy dng, pht trin c s h tng; qua to mi trng thun li trong vic thu ht cc ngun vn u t nc ngoi khc nh FDI hay cc ngun vn ti tr khc ca cc cng ty, t chc kinh t quc t khc pht trin kinh t. Chng ta c th thy c vai tr ca vn u t th hin qua mt s cng trnh quan trng nh cu M Thun, Hm o Hi Vn... - Ngun vn ODA c vai tr quan trng trong vic xo i gim ngho, pht trin x hi, tng cng bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng, tng cng th ch thng qua cc chng trnh, d n h tr cng cuc ci cch php lut, ci cch hnh chnh v xy dng chnh sch qun l kinh t theo lch trnh ph hp vi ch trng, chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc v l trnh ch ng hi nhp kinh t quc t, tng cng nng lc con ngi v gp phn y mnh quan h i tc vi cc nc trn th gii. Bn cnh nhng kt qu t c, th cc nc khi thu ht ngun vn ODA cng gp khng t nhng kh khn, bt li nh: - y l ngun vn vay nn phi c ngha v tr n nn s dn ti gnh nng n cho quc gia trong tng lai. - Cc nc tip nhn ODA phi chp nhn d b dn hng ro thu quan bo h cc ngnh cng nghip non tr v bng thu xut nhp khu hng ho ca nc ti tr. Nc tip nhn ODA cng c yu cu tng bc m ca th trng bo h cho nhng danh mc hng ho mi ca nc ti tr; yu cu c nhng u i i vi cc nh u t trc tip nc ngoi nh cho php h u t vo nhng lnh vc hn ch, c kh nng sinh li cao. - Ngun vn ODA t cc nc giu cung cp cho cc nc ngho cng thng gn vi vic mua cc sn phm t cc nc ny m khng hon ton ph hp, thm ch l khng cn thit i vi cc nc ngho. V d: cc d n ODA trong lnh vc o to, lp d n v t vn k thut, phn tr cho cc chuyn gia nc ngoi thng chim

n hn 90% (bn nc ti tr ODA thng yu cu tr lng cho cc chuyn gia, c vn d n ca h qu cao so vi chi ph thc t cn thu chuyn gia nh vy trn th trng lao ng th gii). - Ngun vn vin tr ODA cn c gn vi cc iu khon mu dch c bit nhp khu ti a cc sn phm ca h. C th l nc cp ODA buc nc tip nhn ODA phi chp nhn mt khon ODA l hng ho, dch v do h sn xut. Nc tip nhn ODA tuy c ton quyn qun l s dng ODA nhng thng thng, cc danh mc d n ODA cng phi c s tho thun, ng ca nc vin tr, d khng trc tip iu hnh d n nhng h c th tham gia gin tip di hnh thc nh thu hoc h tr chuyn gia. Tc ng ca yu t t gi hi oi c th lm cho gi tr vn ODA phi hon li tng ln. Ngoi ra, tnh trng tht thot, lng ph; xy dng chin lc, quy hoch thu ht v s dng vn ODA vo cc lnh vc cha hp l; trnh qun l thp, thiu kinh nghim trong qu trnh tip nhn cng nh x l, iu hnh d n khin TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010 310 cho hiu qu v cht lng cc cng trnh u t bng ngun vn ny cn thp... c th y nc tip nhn ODA vo tnh trng n nnThc t cho thy ODA l ngun vn qu, c vai tr quan trng i vi s pht trin kinh t v gp phn xo i gim ngho cho cc quc gia ang pht trin. - Cc nc tip nhn vn ODA thng phi p ng nhng iu kin a ra ca nc cung cp ODA i khi lin quan n mt s vn nhy cm thuc cng vic ni b ca nc nhn u t nh chuyn dch c cu kinh t, kim sot mc thm ht ngn sch, chng tham nhng... 3. Mt s gii php nhm gp phn nng cao hiu qu trong cng tc huy ng v s dng vn ODA ca Vit Nam gp phn nng cao hn na vic thu ht v s dng ODA ti Vit Nam, chng ta cn phi c mt s gii php trong vic thu ht v s dng ngun vn ODA nh sau : Th nht, phi c quan nim ng n v ngun vn ODA. y khng phi l ngun vn cho khng. Mc d c mt t l khng hon li (khong 20%) nhng phn ln l vn vay (khong trn 80%), m vay th phi tr n. V vy, nu vay m s dng khng c hiu qu th gnh nng n quc gia s ngy cng trm trng, t quc gia trc p lc ca s v n. Do , chng ta cn thay i quan im nhn thc v ngun vn ny v t c k hoch chun b d n v thm nh d n mt cch cn thn v khoa hc gp phn nng cao hiu qu s dng ngun vn ny. ng thi cn xy dng k hoch tr n mt cch chi tit, c th khng to p lc cho ngn sch Nh nc. Th hai, li sut vay ca ODA thng l thp nhng c xu hng ngy cng tng ln. Hn na, y l li sut vay ngoi t nn phi tnh thm vo li sut phn gim gi ca VN theo cng thc: li sut ca khon vay ngoi t = li sut ngoi t + s gim gi ca ni t. Vi cch tnh ton nh trn th li sut vay s khng qu thp nh chng ta tng. V vy, khi m phn vay vn chng ta cn phi tnh n yu t trt gi ca VN tho thun li sut cho ph hp, Th ba, cng vi vic thu ht ODA l vn ngun vn i ng trong nc. Cn khc phc t tng li, trng ch vo ngun vn ngn sch Nh Nc, vo ngun vn Trung ng. Hin nay, mt s a phng, n v xem y l ngun vn cp

pht ca ngn sch Nh Nc nn xin c cng nhiu cng tt, khng quan tm hiu qu s dng. V vy, cn a dng ho ngun vn i ng v ch r trch nhim ca c quan, n v tip nhn ngun vn ODA gp phn nng cao trch nhim trong vic s dng hiu qu vn ODA. - Th t, ngun vn ny pht huy vai tr trong vic xy dng c s h tng kinh t - x hi, pht trin kinh t, gp phn xo i gim ngho, chng ta cn xy dng k hoch thu ht v s dng vn ODA mt cch hp l trnh u t dn tri, manh mn nhng cng khng nn tp trung qu nhiu vo mt s a phng v mt s ngnh dn n mt cn i trong qu trnh pht trin bn vng quc gia. TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010 311 - Th nm, cn c s phi hp ng b gia cc B, ngnh, a phng v ch u t nng cao t l gii ngn trn c s y nhanh tin thc hin d n, rt ngn thi gian xy dng nhanh chng a cng trnh vo khai thc, s dng l mt vic lm ht sc cn thit v quan trng tn dng thi gian n hn v nng cao hiu qu s dng vn u t. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] TS. Nguyn Vn S, Gii php tip nhn v s dng hiu qu ngun vn ODA ti Vit Nam giai on 2010-2020, Tp ch ngn hng, s 10 thng 5 nm 2010, trang 5-6. [2] Nguyn Tch Hin, Hunh B Tng v cc tc gi trong nhm, Bo co chuyn cao hc mn Ti chnh quc t nm 8/2009, Trng i hc Kinh t - i hc Nng. [3] PGS.TS Ngyn Ngc V, Bi ging mn Ti chnh quc t nm 2009, Khoa Ti chnh- Ngn hng, Trng i hc Kinh t thuc i hc Nng. [4] L Th Vn Anh, Vay n nc ngoi ca Vit Nam: lng tng, cht tng..., Tp ch Ti chnh s thng 8/2007, trang 11-13.