Bai1 DanNhap

i Hc Si Gn Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin B Mn H Thng Thng Tin C S D LIU
$1. Dn Nhp
Ging vin: ThS. Trn nh Ngha
Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin
Ni dung
1. C S D Liu L G? 2. H Qun Tr CSDL 3. Cc M Hnh D Liu 4. Qun L D Liu Phn Tn 5. M Hnh Thc Th Kt Hp 6. Bi tp
$1.1. C S D Liu L G?
Nhu cu: tin hc ha cng tc qun l
D liu: l nhng thng tin ta mun lu tr v s dng li Qun l d liu trong thc t:
Vic tin hc ha trong cc n v thng thc hin c lp vi nhau v thi gian, cng c v ni dung Do yu cu qun l, mi b phn u t chc lu tr h s ring cho mnh da trn h s gc ban u c b sung thm 1 s thng tin cn thit ring
Tn ti nhiu bt cp trong qun l

Phng php c qun l theo hng cng vic dn n
D liu cha gi tr trng (NULL) nn d dn n s nhp nhng v mt ng ngha Kh m rng hoc kt ni cc h thng Trng lp thng tin Nhu cu truy xut ng thi Vn phn quyn
Bt cp trong qun l
D liu cha gi tr trng Ten th Phai So con (NULL) nn d dn n Trang N 2 s nhp nhng v mt Hung N 0 ng ngha
Trang Quoc Hau Chau N 3 Nam Nam N 0
Bt cp trong qun l
Kh m rng hoc kt ni cc h thng

Thng tin lu tr khng th chia s gia cc h thng. V vy khng c qun l giao dch v x l ng thi gia nhiu ngi dng
Ten th
Phai
Nam sinh
Que quan
Cac thong tin khac
... ...
Ten th
... ... ... ...
... ...
... ...
Bac lng Tham nien
... ...
Cac thong tin khac
Trnh o chuyen mon
... ...
...
...
...
6
. . . Cng . . Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin . Ngh ... Khoa
Bt cp trong qun l
Trng lp thng tin nn gy ra :

Lng ph:
Cng 1 thng tin phi nhp nhiu ln. Vn bo tr khi c thay i. Lu tr .
Thiu nht qun ca d liu: ti 1 thi im, thng tin v mt ngi c th khng nht qun
Tn NV Thy An Thu Phng QTKD QYKD QTKD Thng 1/2007 1/2007 Lng 32000 35000
7
Khoa Cng Ngh 13/2007 Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin 3200
nh ngha CSDL
L mt tp hp d liu c t chc v lu tr theo mt cu trc cht ch nhm phc v cho nhiu i tng vi cc mc ch khc nhau
Nhanvien.doc
Nhanvien.xls
Nhanvien.dat
CSDL
Cc i tng s dng CSDL

Ngi s dng khng chuyn v lnh vc tin hc v CSDL Chuyn vin tin hc bit khai thc CSDL Ngi qun tr CSDL
Ba cp th hin d liu
Ngi dng
Chuyn vin
Qun tr vin
Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin 10
Nh th no l 1 CSDL km?
D tha (redundancy) Mu thun tim n (potential inconsistancy) Bt thng khi chn (insertion anomaly) Bt thng khi xa (deletetion anomaly)
Hng Nokia N82 Nokia N73 Nokia N82 VT b b b SL n gi Ngy nhp 20/12/2007 20/12/2007 NCC Cng ty FPT Khu vc TpHCM
50 xxx 10 yyy 20 xx
Thnh Cong Mobile Tp HCM Tp.HCM
03/05/2008 Cong ty FPT
11
Ni dung
12
$1.2. H Qun Tr CSDL

Kh nng qun l nhng d liu c nh Kh nng truy xut c hiu qu mt s lng ln d liu H tr t nht mt m hnh d liu (data model): gip ngi s dng c th xem c d liu nhanh chng, d dng. H tr ngn ng vn tin (query language): cho php ngi s dng nh ngha cc cu trc d liu, truy xut d liu v thao tc d liu. Qun l cc giao dch (transaction): cho php nhiu ngi s dng truy xut ng thi v chnh xc n mt CSDL.
13
$1.2. H Qun Tr CSDL
iu khin cc qu trnh truy xut: l kh nng gii hn cc qu trnh truy xut d liu ca nhng ngi khng c php v kh nng kim tra tin cy ca d liu. C c tnh t thch ng: l kh nng t phc hi li d liu ca h thng khi gp s c m khng lm mt d liu. Cc h qun tr CSDL ph bin:
Access SQL Server Oracle
14
$1.2. H Qun Tr CSDL
Kin trc ca HQT CSDL 3 lc

Ngi dng Ngi dng Mt phn ca CSDL cho 1 nhm ngi dng
Mc ngoi
Lc ngoi 1
Mc quan nim nh x ngoi (nh x quan nim) nh x quan nim (nh x trong)
Lc ngoi n
Lc quan nim
Ton b cu trc CSDL cho 1 cng ng ngi s dng
Mc trong
Lc trong
Cu trc lu tr vt l
15
$1.2. H Qun Tr CSDL

trc ca HQT CSDL (tt) c lp d liu
Kin
c lp logic
Kh nng thay i lc quan nim m khng thay i lc ngoi hoc cc CTD
c lp vt l
Kh nng thay i lc trong m khng lm thay i lc quan nim cng nh lc ngoi
Kin trc ca HQT CSDL (tt)

User/Application
Queries, Updates Transaction Commands
Database Administrator
DDL Commands
Query Compiler
Query plan Metadata, Statistics
Transaction Manager
DDL Compiler
Metadata
Execution Engine
Index, File & Record Request
Logging & Recovery
Concurrency Control
Index/File/ Record Manager

Page Commands
Log Pages Data, Metadata, Indexes
Lock Table
Buffer Manager
Read/Write Pages
Buffers
Storage Manager
Storage
Ngun: Database System: The Complete Book.
17
Ni dung
18
$1.3. Cc m hnh d liu
M hnh d liu l mt h hnh thc ton hc gm 2 phn: Ni cch khc, m hnh d liu l mt tp hp k hiu v quy tc cho php m t d liu, mi lin h trn d liu, ng ngha v cc rng buc trn d liu Mi loi m hnh c trng cho mt phng php tip cn d liu ca ngi phn tch-thit k
Kh nng qun l nhng d liu c nh Mt tp hp cc php ton thao tc trn d liu
19
M hnh logic trn c s i tng (Objectbased logical models) M hnh Thc th Kt hp (Entity-Relation) M hnh hng i tng (Object-Oriented Model) M hnh logic trn c s mu tin (Record-based logical models) M hnh quan h M hnh mng M hnh phn cp M hnh vt l (Physical Models)
M hnh thc th - kt hp
Mc ch:
M t lc khi nim ca 1 t chc m khng cn ch n tnh hiu qu hoc thit k vt l nh nhng m hnh khc. Thng c chuyn thnh lc khi nim trong m hnh khc.
Cc thnh phn:
Loi thc th Mi kt hp
21
M hnh thc th - kt hp
M SV M Lp Tn Lp
Lp
(1,1)
(1,n)
G m
(1,1)
Sinh Vin
(1,n)
H Tn SV Phi Ngy Sinh
Thu c
(1,n) M Khoa Tn Khoa
Hc
M MH Tn MH S Tit
(1,n)
Khoa
Mn Hc
22
M hnh hng i tng

Mc ch: tip cn hng i tng (trong cc phng php lp trnh hng i tng). c trng:
Tnh ng gi (encapsulation) Tnh a hnh (polymorphism) Tnh ti s dng (reusability).
Cc khi nim:
Lp (class) S k tha (inheritance) K tha bi (tc l k tha t nhiu lp c s - multiinheritance)
23
M hnh hng i tng

SVien Ten Lop Nganh 1..* LapTKB() InBangDiem() Diem DiemTH DiemLT DiemPrj SuaDiem() hoc 0..* HPhan Ten SLuong
mo
0..* MHoc Ten Khoa SoTinChi CapNhatSTC() 0..* +MHoc sau Dieu kien +MHoc truoc 0..*
24
M hnh quan h
Mc ch: m t c d liu dng vt l. u im:
n gin, hiu qu. H tr cc ngn ng khai bo, cc php ton trn d liu. Thuc tnh - Quan h Lc quan h - B - Kha
Cc thnh phn:
25
M hnh quan h
Lp
M Lp Tn Lp M Khoa
Sinh Vin
M SV H Tn SV Phi Ngy sinh M Lp
Khoa
M Khoa Tn Khoa
Kt Qu
M SV M MH im
Mn Hc
M MH Tn MH
26
M hnh d liu mng

Mc ch: dng th c hng cho cc d liu. u im: a ra mt cch ngn gn m t cc mi lin h. Khuyt im: khi CSDL qu ln, vic ci t cc mi lin h nhiu nhiu lm cho hiu nng gim n mc khng th chp nhn c. Thnh phn:
Loi mu tin (Record Type) Mu tin (Record) Loi lin h (Set Type)
27
M hnh d liu mng

1n 11 L LCH NHN VIN C thn nhn
1n PHNG BAN Gm
n1 Thuc
11 PHNG BAN
28
M hnh d liu phn cp

Mc ch: biu din d liu di dng hnh cy. Trong cc ng ni ch i theo hng t con n cha. u im: a ra mt cch ngn gn m t cc mi lin h. Khuyt im: ch biu din kiu mu tin o. Thnh phn: Loi mu tin: ging khi nim mu tin trong m hnh d liu mng. Loi mi lin h: Kiu lin h l phn cp, theo cch: Gia 2 loi mu tin ch tn ti 1 mi lin h duy nht
29
M hnh d liu phn cp
30
M hnh d liu tt nht?

Khng c m hnh no c xem l tt nht cho cc h thng CSDL Nn xem xt theo kiu: Chng c s dng tt nht u v vo lc no? Phn ln cc m hnh:
E-R dng thit k lc khi nim M hnh hng i tng gii quyt d tha tt
Mc ch dng nh h thng k hiu cho d liu, v Lm h thng k hiu nn tng cho ngn ng thao tc d liu
31
Ni dung
32
$1.4. Qun l d liu phn tn
CSDL phn tn bao gm mt tp cc nt (node) lin kt (link) vi nhau, mi nt biu din cho 1 my tnh v 1 thit b lu tr th cp km theo. Cc nt c th ch l thit b lu tr nh hoc khng c thit b lu tr (ch thun c chc nng tnh ton). Trong mt mng LAN (Local Area Network), mi my trm (workstation) ng vai tr mt node. Mi node s lu tr d liu ca ring mnh.

Node 1 Node n ... Node 3 Node 2
... Node 4
... ... ... ... ...
34

D t chc theo mng cc b hay mng phn tn th chi ph phi tr cho vic truyn thng cho cc nt l khng nh. CSDL phn tn s b thng tn do rt nhiu s c nh: ng lin lc b hng, my ti 1 nt b h hoc b mt in, V vy h thng phi c kh nng t thch ng khi c s c v mng.
35

A C B D F H E G
Nu s c xy ra:
Trn ng truyn CD: cy s b tch thnh 2 phn {A, B, C} v {D, E, F, G, H} Ti nt D: cy s tch thnh 3 phn {A, B, C}, {E} v {F, G, H}
Cn mt thit k tt
36
tng cng s thch ng, ngi ta cn to ra nhiu bn sao v phi m bo rng cc bn sao ny u phi ging nhau.
Khi c thao tc thay i trn mt mc ti nt A th nhng thay i phi c cp nht trn tt c cc bn sao. Khi nt A g p s c cp nht d liu cc nt khc vn cn c cp nht cho nhau. Sau khi nt A c khi phc, th iu cn thit l bn sao mi nht (c th do nt khc cp nht) phi c cp nht li trn nt A.
37
Ni dung
38
$1.5. M hnh thc th - kt hp

Cc giai on thit k CSDL Mt v d Cc khi nim v m hnh Thc th Kt hp Cc k hiu trong m hnh ER Hon chnh thit k cho v d
39
Cc giai on thit k CSDL

Cc yu cu sau khi phn tch
Th gii thc cn tin hc ha c lp vi DBMS Ph thuc vo mt DBMS c th
Phn tch & chn lc yu cu
Thit k quan nim

M hnh quan nim d liu
M hnh d liu mc vt l
Thit k vt l
M hnh d liu mc logic
Thit k logic
40
Tin hc ha Qun l phn cng n ti mt cng ty

Cng ty c nhiu phng ban: tn, m s v mt nhn vin lm trng phng. Ngy m nhn vin bt u lm trng phng cng c quan tm. Mt phng ban c th nh v nhiu a im khc nhau. Mt phng ban ph trch mt s n. Mi n c tn, m s v ni thc hin n. V nhn vin, cn quan tm: m, tn, a ch, mc lng, gii tnh v ngy sinh. Mi nhn vin thuc mt phng ban nhng c th lm vic cho nhiu n. Mi n do mt phng ban ph trch.
Tin hc ha Qun l phn cng n ti mt cng ty

Cn lu li gi lm vic ca mt nhn vin lm cho mt n. Ngoi ra cng cn bit c ngi ph trch trc tip ca mt nhn vin qun l cc thng tin c lin quan n bo him, ngi s dng cng c nhu cu v thng tin ca mi quan h thn nhn (v, chng, con) ca nhn vin. Cc thng tin m ngi s dng quan tm bao gm tn thn nhn, gii tnh v mi quan h vi nhn vin.
42
Cc khi nim trong m hnh E-R
Thc th (Entity): L 1 i tng tn ti trong th gii thc, c th l c th hoc tru tng v c th nhn bit. V d: 1 nhn vin c m l NV010, 1 sinh vin c m l TH98020 Thuc tnh (Attribute): Mi thc th c nhiu c trng, mi c trng c gi l mt thuc tnh. V d: M NV, Tn, a ch, Nm sinh, in thoi l cc thuc tnh ca thc th nhn vin, dng nhn bit mt i tng nhn vin c th. Tng thc th ring bit c gi tr ring bit cho mi thuc tnh.
Phn loi thuc tnh:

Thuc tnh n (Single attribute) Thuc tnh hp (Composite attribute)
Gi tr ca thuc tnh:
n tr (single-valued) a tr (multi-valued) Null
Thuc tnh dn xut.

Loi thc th (Entity set): L tp hp cc thc th c cng cc thuc tnh.

V d: Loi thc th NHAN VIEN, loi thc th EAN.
Kha ca loi thc th: Tp hp nh nht cc thuc tnh ca mt loi thc th m gi tr ca tp hp ny l duy nht i vi mi thc th c gi l kha ca loi thc th.
Kha dng nhn bit tng thc th.
45
Mi kt hp: Mt mi kt hp (relationship) l mi quan h gia hai hay nhiu thc th mang mt ngha no . V d: Nguyn Vn A trc thuc phng Nghin cu. Trn Th B trc thuc phng Kinh doanh. Loi mi kt hp: Mt loi mi kt hp l tp tt c cc mi kt hp cng loi. V d: Tp tt c nhng mi quan h trc_thuc trn c din t bi loi mi kt hp TRUC_THUOC.
Bc ca loi mi kt hp: L s lng loi thc th tham gia vo mi kt hp

Loi mi kt hp bc 2 cn gi l mi kt hp nh phn. Hu ht cc loi mi kt hp trong CSDL l nh phn.
Thuc tnh ca loi mi kt hp

Gi lm vic ca nhn vin khi nhn vin tham gia lm n.
47
Cc rng buc trn loi mi kt hp: gm 2 loi:

Rng buc t l lc lng (Cardinality ratio constraint ): k hiu (min, max). Rng buc tham gia (Participation constraint): gm 2 loi:
Ton phn Bn phn
Nhn Vin Qun L
Phng Ban
48
Loi thc th yu: Loi thc th khng c tp thuc tnh kha gi l loi thc th yu (weak entity type).
Loi thc th yu phi tham gia trong mt loi mi kt hp xc nh (Identifying ralationship type) trong c mt loi thc th ch hay loi thc th xc nh (Identifying entity).
49
Mt thc th yu c xc nh bng s kt hp ca:

Kha ring phn (partial key) ca mt thc th yu. Kha ca mt thc th ch xc nh thc th yu ny.
V d: Thc th yu
Thc th n ph thuc Chi tit ha n Ha n Cc thn nhn Nhn vin

K hiu
ngha Loi thc th Loi thc th yu Loi mi kt hp
Loi mi kt hp xc nh
51
K hiu
ngha Thuc tnh Thuc tnh kha Thuc tnh a tr
Thuc tnh a hp
52
K hiu
ngha Thuc tnh dn xut E2 tham gia ton phn vo R E1 tham gia vo R vi t l (min,max)
E1
E2
E1
(min,max)
53
Thit k m hnh E-R cho v d
Cng ty c nhiu phng ban: tn, m s v mt nhn vin lm trng phng. Ngy m nhn vin bt u lm trng phng cng c quan tm. Mt phng ban c th nh v nhiu a im khc nhau
TnPB MaPB DiaDiem PHONGBAN
54
Mt phng ban ph trch mt s n. Mi n c tn, m s v ni thc hin n.
TnDA MaDA
DDIEM_DA DEAN
55
V nhn vin, cn quan tm: m, tn, a ch, mc lng, gii tnh v ngy sinh. Mi nhn vin thuc mt phng ban nhng c th lm vic cho nhiu n. Mi n do mt phng ban ph trch
Lot Ten DiaChi Luong Phai NgSinh NHANVIEN
Ho
TnNV MaNV
Cn lu li gi lm vic ca mt nhn vin lm cho mt n. Ngoi ra cng cn bit c ngi ph trch trc tip ca mt nhn vin.
qun l cc thng tin c lin quan n bo him, ngi s dng cng c nhu cu v thng tin ca mi quan h thn nhn (v, chng, con) ca nhn vin. Cc thng tin m ngi s dng quan tm bao gm tn thn nhn, gii tnh v mi quan h vi nhn vin.
THANNHAN
TenTN
Phai
QuanHe
57
Cng ty c nhiu phng ban: tn, m s v mt nhn vin lm trng phng. Ngy m nhn vin bt u lm trng phng cng c quan tm
Ho
Lot
Ten DiaChi Luong Phai NgSinh NHANVIEN

(0,1)
TnPB MaPB
NgayBD
(1,1)
TnNV MaNV
DiaDiem PHONGBAN
Qun L

Mt phng ban ph trch mt s n. Mi n c tn, m s v ni thc hin n. Mi n do mt phng ban ph trch.
TnPB MaPB DiaDiem PHONGBAN

(1,n)
Ph Trch
(1,1)
MaDA TnDA DDIEM_DA
DEAN
59
Mi nhn vin thuc mt phng ban nhng c th lm vic cho nhiu n
Ho
Lot
Ten DiaChi
Luong Phai NgSinh Thuc

NgayBD
TnPB MaPB
(1,n) (1,1)
TnNV MaNV NHANVIEN
DiaDiem PHONGBAN
(1,1) (0,1)
Qun L
60
Cn lu li gi lm vic ca mt nhn vin lm cho mt n.

Luong DiaChi Phai NgSinh NHANVIEN
(1,n)
Ho
Lot
Ten
TnNV MaNV
ThoiGian
Phn Cng
(1,n)
MaDA DEAN TnDA DDIEM_DA

61
Ngoi ra cng cn bit c ngi ph trch trc tip ca mt nhn vin

Ten DiaChi Luong Phai NgSinh NHANVIEN
(0,n) (0,1)
Ho
Lot
TnNV MaNV
Gim St
62
ngi s dng cng c nhu cu v thng tin ca mi quan h thn nhn (v, chng, con) ca nhn vin
Ho
Lot
Ten DiaChi
Luong Phai NgSinh
TnNV MaNV NHANVIEN

(0,n)
C TN
(1,1)
THANNHAN TenTN Phai QuanHe

63
Ho
Lot
Ten DiaChi
Luong Phai NgSinh Thuc

NgayBD
TnPB MaPB
(1,n) (1,1)
TnNV MaNV
(0,n)
DiaDiem PHONGBAN
(1,n)
NHANVIEN
(0,1) (0,n) (1,n)
(1,1) (0,1)
Qun L
Gim St
ThoiGian
Ph Trch
C TN
Phn Cng
(1,1)
THANNHAN TenTN Phai
(1,n)
(1,1)
MaDA TnDA
64 DDIEM_DA
DEAN
QuanHe Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B

Mn H Thng Thng Tin
Ni dung
65
$1.6. Bi tp lm ngay
Tin hc ha Qun l sinh vin ti mt trng trung cp
Cc thng tin cn qun l v mt sinh vin gm: h tn, phi, a ch, in thoi. Ngoi ra, ta cng cn bit sinh vin ny ang theo hc ngnh no. Mi ngnh s c mt tn ngnh v s lng gio vin thuc ngnh . Cn qun l h tn ca gio vin v thng tin v ngnh m gio vin trc thuc
66
$1.6. Bi tp lm ngay
Tin hc ha Qun l sinh vin ti mt trng trung cp
Trng cn qun l thm thng tin v cc mn hc gm: tn v s tn ch Cng tc ging dy ca trng c qun l theo tng kha hc. Mi kha s c t chc theo tng hc k ca tng nm do mt gio vin ph trch mt mn hc c th Sinh vin s c im khi tham gia cc kha hc

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i Hc Si Gn Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin B Mn H Thng Thng Tin C S D LIU

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

Nhu cu: tin hc ha cng tc qun l

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

Tn ti nhiu bt cp trong qun l

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

Kh m rng hoc kt ni cc h thng

Cac thong tin khac

... ... ... ...

Trnh o chuyen mon

. . . Cng . . Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin . Ngh ... Khoa

Trng lp thng tin nn gy ra :

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

Cc i tng s dng CSDL

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

Thnh Cong Mobile Tp HCM Tp.HCM

03/05/2008 Cong ty FPT

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.2. H Qun Tr CSDL

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.2. H Qun Tr CSDL

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.2. H Qun Tr CSDL

Kin trc ca HQT CSDL 3 lc

Ton b cu trc CSDL cho 1 cng ng ngi s dng

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.2. H Qun Tr CSDL

Kin trc ca HQT CSDL (tt)

Logging & Recovery

Index/File/ Record Manager

Log Pages Data, Metadata, Indexes

Ngun: Database System: The Complete Book.

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.3. Cc m hnh d liu

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.3. Cc m hnh d liu

$1.3. Cc m hnh d liu

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.3. Cc m hnh d liu

H Tn SV Phi Ngy Sinh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.3. Cc m hnh d liu

M hnh hng i tng

Lp (class) S k tha (inheritance) K tha bi (tc l k tha t nhiu lp c s - multiinheritance)

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.3. Cc m hnh d liu

M hnh hng i tng

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.3. Cc m hnh d liu

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.3. Cc m hnh d liu

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.3. Cc m hnh d liu

M hnh d liu mng

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.3. Cc m hnh d liu

M hnh d liu mng

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - B Mn H Thng Thng Tin

$1.3. Cc m hnh d liu