Phn loi Mt s dng ton t l thc lp 7

A. t vn Qua thc t ging dy v trao i cng cc ng nghip ti nhn thy cc bi ton dng kin thc v t l thc gii l mt phn hay c mi ngi quan tm c v phng php ging dy, c v ni dung kin thc, trong vic phn loi bi tp v phng php suy lun tm ti li gii i vi tng dng, c chng ti xut em ra trao i t chuyn mn, ri c p dng vo cc tit ging cc lp i tr v cc lp bi dng HSG t kt qu tt, nay chng ti em trnh by y hy vng gp c mt phn nh b ca mnh vo kho tng kinh nghim chung trong vic nng cao cht lng dy hc. Cc bi ton v t l thc l mt mng ton rt rng nn chng ti khng c nh cp ti tt c cc dng cc khi lp m ch hn ch mc ton 7 s dng trong ging dy v bi dng hc sinh kh, gii lp 7 B.thc trng dy hc: Khi ging dy phn ton t l thc do khng phn loi tt tng dng bi nn khi hng dn hc sinhh gio vin thng an xen cc dng bi tp vi nhau, lm cho hc sinh b ri trong trnh by v t duy tm ti li gii, khi trnh by li gii nhiu em cn ln ln gia cc cch gii vi nhau. C.iu tra c bn Chng ti tin hnh kho st cht lng hc sinh mng ton t l thckhi cha dy theo kiu phn loi bi tp vao cui nm hc 2008- 2009 c kt qu nh sau: Tng s gii Kh tb Yu km HS 1 5 20 10 4 40 2,5% 12,5% 50% 25% 10% d.gii quyt vn Chng ti tm lc phn kin thc c bn v phn dng bi tp gip cho hc sinh nm bi c d dng hn I. 1. T l thc nh ngha: T l thc l ng thc ca hai t s 1 Kin thc c bn
a c = . b d

T l thc

a c = cn c vit l a:b = c:d. b d

2. Tnh cht Tnh cht 1 (tnh cht c bn ca t l thc) Nu

a c = th a.d = b.c b d

Tnh cht 2 (iu kin 4 s lp thnh t l thc) Nu ad = bc v a, b, c, d 0 th ta c cc t l thc:

a c a b d c d b = , = , = , = . b d c d b a c a

3. Tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau T dy t s bng nhau

a c e = = ta suy ra: b d f a c e a+c+e ac+e = = = = b d f b+d + f bd + f

(gi thit cc t s u c ngha) 4. Tng nqut cho dy t s bng nhau:

a ( a + a + ... + an ) ( a1 a2 + ... + an ) 1= 1 2 = b1 ( b1 + b2 + ... + bn ) ( b1 b2 + ... + bn ) a c e ma + nb + he = + = b d f mb + nd + hf a a1 a2 a3 = = = ... = n b1 b2 b3 bn

(n 2; n Z)

Nu ni: Cc s x, y, z t l vi cc s a, b, c ta c th vit nh sau:

x y z = = a b c

hoc x: y: z = a: b: c

II. cc dng bi tp v phng php gii Dng 1: Nhn bit t l thc: ch yu l ta dng php th trc tip 1) Tm cc t s bng nhau trong cc t s sau ri lp cc t l thc: 28:14; 2 : 2 ; 8: 4;
1 2 1 2 : ; 3:10; 2,1: 7; 3: 03. 2 3

Gii: 28:14 = 8:4 ; 3 : 10 = 2,1 : 7 2) T cc t s sau y c lp c t l thc khng? a) 3,5: 5,25 v 14:21: c) 6,51: 15,19 v 3: 7;
3 2 : 52 v 2,1: 3,5; 10 5 2 d) -7: 4 v 0,9: (-0,5). 3

b) 39

Gii: a), c) c Dng 2: Tnh s cha bit bng cch p dng tnh cht t l thc: Tm x bit: 2

a) 2x:6 = 5:3
1 1 4 : 2 12 21 (2 x + 1) 3 = c) 5 (2 x 1)

b) 1 : (3x 2) =

Gii: a) 2x: 6= 5: 3 => 2x = 6.5 : 3 => 2x = 10 => x = 10 :2 => x = 5

1 4 1 1 4 24 : => 3x -2 = 1 : ( : ) => 3x -2 = 12 21 2 12 21 7 38 => x= (24/7 +2 ):3 = 21 (2 x + 1) 3 = c) => 4x2 -1 = 15 => x2 = 4=> x= 2 hoc x = -2 5 (2 x 1)

b) 1 : (3x 2) =

1 2

Dng3: Tm s cha bit (p dng tnh cht dy t s bng nhau): I. Tm x, y 0 bit:

x 3 = v 2x+ 5y = 10 y 4 2x 1 = b) v 2x + 3y = 7 3y 3

a)

c) 21x = 19y v x- y = 4
x = 3 x e) = 5

d)

y v x.y = 84 7 y v x2 y2 = 4 (x, y > 0). 3

Gii:
x 3 x y 2x 5 y = => = = => y 4 3 4 6 20 2 x 5 y 2 x + 5 y 10 = = = Ta c 6 20 6 + 20 26 15 20 x= ; y = 13 13

a)

b), c) gii tng t. d) Do x 0 Nn t

x y = => 3 7

+252 => x2 = 36 => x = 6 hoc x = -6 e) T

x 2 xy x2 + xy x2 + 84 = = = => 10x2 = 3x2 3 7 3+ 7 10

x y x 2 y 2 x2 y2 4 = = = = => 5 3 25 9 25 9 16 5 3 5 =>x= v y= hoc x= - v 2 2 2

y= -

3 2

II. Tnh x, y, z bit rng: a)

x y y z = , = , x + y + z = 92 2 3 5 7

b) 2x = 3y = 5z, x+y-z = 95. 3

c)

x y z = = = x+ y+z y + z +1 x + z +1 x + y 2 x y y z x y y z = ; = thnh = ; = 2 3 5 7 10 15 15 21 2 x 3 y 5z x y z = = = = kt hp vi tc l 30 30 30 15 10 6

Gii: a)Bin i Kt hp vi x + y + z = 92 ta c x= 20; y = 30; z = 42 b) T 2x = 3y = 5z ta c x+y-z = 95 Ta c x= 75 ; y = 50 ; z = 30. c) T :

x y z = = = x + y + z (1) y + z +1 x + z +1 x + y 2

p dng tnh cht dy t s bng nhau cho ba t s u ta c:

x+ y+z = x + y + z (2) 2( x + y + z )

Nu x+y+z = 0 th t (1) ta suy ra x= y = z = 0 Nu x +y +z 0 th t (2) suy ra tr thnh

x y z 1 = = = 1 1 1 Do x +1 y +1 z2 2 2 2 2 3 2x = x 2 3 2y = y 2 3 2z = - z 2 1 = x + y+ z Khi (1) 2

x= => y=

1 2

1 2 1 z=2 1 1 1 Vy (x, y, z) = ( 0, 0, 0) hoc (x, y, z) = ( , ,- ) 2 2 2

Dng4: Chng minh t l thc:y l mt phn kh trong cc bi ton ti l thc, khi chng ti ging dy phn ny, nhiu hc sinh ngc nhin khng bit do u m thy ,c li c c li gii nh vy, do chng ti c gng gip cho hc sinh nn c mt s cch gii v phng php c bn tm ti li gii, l: Cch1 -Phn tch ngc pht hin biu thc cn thm hoc bt vo ng thc cho suy ra biu thc cn chng minh. Cch 2 -t n ph ri ch ra hai v ca ng thc cn phi chng minh cng bng mt biu thc th ba. Cch3- Lp cc tch trung t v cc tch ngoi t ri so snh chng kt hp vi ng thc suy ra c t gi thit. V d1 Cho t l thc
a c = . Chng minh rng ta c cc t l b d

thc sau( gi thit cc t l thc phi chng minh u c ngha): 4

a b c d = ; a+b c+d 2a + 5b 2c + 5d = ; b) 3a 4b 3c 4d ab (a b) 2 c) = cd (c d ) 2

a)

Cu a) Tm ti li gii: + bc ad bd Gii: Cch 1

a b c d = ; <= (a-b)(c+d) = (c-d)(a+b) <= ac +ad bc- bd = ac a+b c+d

<= ad bc = bc ad <= 2ad = 2bc <= ad = bc <=

a c = b d

a c = => ad = bc => 2ad = 2bc => ad bc = bc ad b d

ac + ad bc bd = ac + bc ad bd => (a-b)(c+d) = (c-d) (a+b)

a b c d = ; a+b c+d

Cch 2 : Dng n ph t
a b a+b cd a+b a c = = k => a = bk ; c = dk => b d bk b b(k 1) k 1 = = = (1) bk + b b(k + 1) k + 1 dk d d ( k 1) k 1 = = = (2) bk + b d ( k + 1) k + 1

T (1) v (2) ta c ng thc cn phi chng minh. Cu b) Cch th nht l ta c th so snh tch cc trung t v tch cc ngoi t Gii: Xt tch A = (2a + 5b)(3c 4d) = 6ac 8ad + 15bc 20bd B = (3a 4b)(2c + 5d) = 6ac +15ad 8bc 20bd Mt khc theo gi thit ta li c:
a c = => ad = bc b d 2a + 5b 2c + 5d = ; Nn B = 6ac + 15bc 8ad 20bd = A => 3a 4b 3c 4d

Cch 2: lm tng t cch 2 ca cu a) Ch ra 2 v ca ng thc cn chng minh u bng chng minh.

2k + 5 t suy ra iu phi 3k 4

a c ac a 2 + c 2 = = V d2: Cho t l thc: Chng minh rng b d bd b 2 + d 2 a c Gii:Cch1: t = = k => a = bk; c = dk. Ta c: b d

T (1) v (2) ta suy ra iu phi chng minh. Cch 2:

a c a c a c a 2 c 2 ac T: = => = = . , do 2 = 2 = (1) b d b d bd b d b d
2 2

ac bk .dk = = k2 (1) bd bd a 2 + c 2 (bk )2 + (dk )2 k 2 (b2 + d 2 ) = = = k 2 (2) 2 2 2 2 2 2 b +d b +d b +d

Theo tnh cht dy t s bng nhau, ta c:

a 2 c 2 a 2 + c2 = = (2) b 2 d 2 b2 + d 2

T (1) v (2) Ta suy ra iu phi chng minh. Cch 3: Xt tch ac(b2 + d2) v bd(a2 + c2), ta c: ac(b2 +d2) = ab2c+ acd2 =ab.bc + ad.cd (1) bd(a2+ c2) = a2bd + bc2d = ab.ad = bc.cd (2) Mt khc ta li c:
a c = => ad = bc b d

Kt hp vi (1) v (2) suy ra: ac(b2 +d2) = bd(a2+ c2). Suy ra iu phi chng minh. Bi tp t gii Bi1. Cho bn s khc khng a1, a2 , a3, a4 tha mn iu kin a22 = a1.a3 v a32 = a2.a4. Chng minh:
a13 + a23 + a33 a1 = a23 + a33 + a43 a4

Gi cch gii: T iu kin cho, p dng tnh cht t l thc c c dy t s bng nhau a = a = a 2 3 4 Bi 2. Cho bn s nguyn dng a, b, c, d trong b l trung bnh cng ca a v c v
1 1 1 1 = ( + ). c 2 b d a1 a2 a3

Chng minh bn s cho lp thnh mt t l thc. Gi cch gii: Ch ra tn ti ng thc ad = bc. Dng 5: Mt s bi ton thng quy v t l thc gii: i vi dng ton ny ta thng tin hnh theo 3 bc l : -Xc nh xem y l bi ton t l thun hay t l nghch. -Xc nh cc i lng v da vo tnh cht lp t l thc. -p dng cc cnh gii nu trn tnh cc i lng phi tm. Bi 1:Bi ton t l thun Ba lp 7A, 7B, 7C c s hc sinh gii phn b theo t l 3, 5, 7. Tnh s hc sinh gi ca c ba lp, bit rng lp 7C c s hc sinh gii nhiu hn lp 7A l 12 em. Gii: Gi s hc sinh gii ca cc lp 7A,7B, 7C ln lt l x, y, z. Theo bi ra ta c: 6

x y z = = v z x = 12 3 5 7 x y z z x 12 = T: = = = => x = 3.3 = 9 3 5 7 7 3 4

y = 5.3 = 15 z = 7.3 = 21 Vy lp 7A, 7B, 7C ln lt c 9, 15, 21 hc sinh gii v s hc sinh gii c 3 lp l 9 + 15 + 21 = 45 (em). Bi 2: Bi ton t l thun Bit rng hin gi l 3 gi, vi gi thit rng cc kim ng h chy ng. Hy tnh xem sau bao nhiu pht na thkim pht ui kp kim gi. Gii: Gi x, y l s vng m kim pht v kim gi quay c khi kim pht ui kp kim gi. Ta c x- y =
1 vng (1) 4

Mt khc v khong cc t ln thun vi khong cch m vn tc kim pht gp 12 ln vn tc kim gi nn:

x x y x y = 12 = = (2) y 12 1 12 1 3 3 4 Thay (1) vo (2) Tnh c x = (vng) ng vi .60 = 16 (pht) 11 11 11 4 Vy sau 16 pht th kim pht ui kp kim gi. 11

Bi 3 Bi ton t l nghch Mt tu thy chy t bn sng A n bn sng B vi vn tc 20km/h v quay v A vi vn tc 24km/h. Thi gian c i ln v mt 5h30pht. Tm chiu di qung sng t A n B. Gii: Gi Vn tc V1 = 20 km/h v t1 l thi gian tu thy i t bn A n bn B , vn tc V2 = 24 km/h v thi gian t2 ca tu thy i t bn B v bn A.
1 2 1 2 Ta c: V1t1 = V2t2 => t = t = t + t = 5,5 = 5,5 2 1 1 2

V +V

20 + 24

44

Ta c t1= V2 :

44 44 = 24 : = 3 (h) 5,5 5,5

Chiu di qung sng t A n B l: S = V1t1 = 20.3 = 60 (km). Cc bi tp t gii: Bi 1: i I c 10 cng nhn mi ngi lm 18 ngy o p c 648 m3 t. Hi 8 cng nhn ca i II mi ngi lam 25 ngy o p c bao nhiu m3 t? (gi thit rng nng sut ca mi cng nhn l nh nhau). Bi 2*: Lc ri nh i hc bn Tng xem gi thy kim ng h ch hn 1 gi v khi n trng thy hai kim ng h i v tr cho nhau (trong thi gian ny hai kim ng h khng chp vi 7

nhau ln no). Tnh thi gian Tng i t nh n trng? Xc nh thi im Tng xut pht t nh v n trng? Bi 3: di cc cnh ca mt tam gic t l vi nhau theo 2: 3: 4. Hi cc chiu cao tng ng ca cc cnh trong tam gic t l vi nhau theo t s no? e. Kt qu thc nghim: Sau mt s nm chng ti cho tin hnh kim chng trn cc nhm hc sinh c lc hc nh nhau khi 7, th nhm hc sinh khi hc c phn dng bi tp bao gi cng c kt qu bi lm tt hn v dung lng, sng sa hn v ni dung. Kt qu kho st nm hoc 2009-2010 Khi cha dy phn loi bi tp: S hc gii Kh tb Yu km sinh 2 5 20 10 3 40 5% 12,5% 50% 25% 7,5% Sau khi dy phn loi bi tp: S hc sinh 40 gii 5 12,5% Kh 10 25% tb 20 50% Yu 5 12,5% km 0 0%

g. bi hc kinh nghim: Trong khi ging dy ton ni chung, c bit l dy cc tit luyn tp v bi dng hc sinh gii th vic phn dng cc bi tp l rt cn thit, n va gp cho hc sinh nm bi mt cch r rng, va rn luyn cho hc sinh thi quen thng xuyn tng hp li cc n v kin thc hc theo cc nhim v, iu ny khng ch l mt thi quen tt trong hc tp m cn l mt phm cht tt trong cuc sng. * *** Trn y ch l mt phn nh trong cc dng ton v t l thc v cc bi ton c lin quan thng gp lp 7 v mt s kt qu thu c trong qu trnh ging dy, chng ti xin c mnh dn trnh by, mc d c gng nhiu nhng cc chn vn cn nhiu khim khuyt. Rt mong c s gp ca cc ng nghip. Ti liu tham kho: 8

-Ton bi dng hc sinh lp 7 (V Hu Bnh- Tn Thn- Quang Thiu) -Ton nng cao v cc chuyn i s 7 (V Dng ThyNguyn Ngc m) -Tuyn tp 306 bi tp ton i s lp 7 (Phan Hong Ngn) -Mt s vn pht trin i s 7 (V Hu Bnh ) Hon chnh ngy 14/4/2010