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BI 1

TNG QUAN V VI IU KHIN PIC


MT S C TNH CHUNG CA VI IU KHIN PIC
CC C TNH NGOI VI
CC C TNH V TNG T
CC C TNH C BIT CA VI IU KHIN
CNG NGH CMOS

VI IU KHIN PIC 16F877A
CU HNH PIC16F877A
S KHI BN TRONG PIC16F877A
S CHN V CHC NNG CC CHN PIC16F877A






Ca. -: :x ea ey :xa: :e Wq% 7-a a.e a.e :x 7,xye C. 7x
8 Ca. ,.a,. qax :-x: ae 79q
I. TNG QUAN V VI IU KHIN PIC
PIC l mt h vi iu khin RISC c sn xut bi cng ty Microchip Technology. Th h PIC u
tin l PIC1650 c pht trin bi Microelectronics Division thuc General Instrument.
PIC l vit tt ca "Programmable Intelligent Computer" l mt sn phm ca hng General
Instruments t cho dng sn phm u tin l PIC1650. Thi im PIC1650 c dng giao tip vi
cc thit b ngoi vi cho my ch 16 bit CP1600, v vy, ngi ta cng gi PIC vi ci tn "Peripheral
Interface Controller" b iu khin giao tip ngoi vi.
CP1600 l mt CPU mnh nhng li yu v cc hot ng xut nhp v vy PIC 8-bit c pht trin
vo nm 1975 h tr cho hot ng xut nhp ca CP1600.
ROM cha m, mc d khi nim RISC cha c s dng thi by gi, nhng PIC thc s l mt
vi iu khin vi kin trc RISC, chy mt lnh vi mt chu k my gm 4 chu k ca b dao ng.
Nm 1985 General Instruments bn cng ngh cc vi in t ca h, v ch s hu mi hy b hu
ht cc d n - lc qu li thi. Tuy nhin PIC c b sung EEPROM to thnh 1 b iu khin
vo ra lp trnh.
Ngy nay rt nhiu dng PIC c xut xng vi hng lot cc module ngoi vi tch hp sn (nh
USART, PWM, ADC...), vi b nh chng trnh t 512 Word n 32K Word.
II. MT S C TNH CHUNG CA VI IU KHIN PIC
Hin nay c kh nhiu dng PIC v c rt nhiu khc bit v phn cng, nhng chng ta c th im
qua mt vi nt nh sau:
L CPU 8/16 bit, xy dng theo kin trc Harvard.
C b nh Flash v ROM c th tu chn t 256 byte n 256 Kbyte.
C cc cng xut nhp (I/O ports).
C timer 8/16 bit.
C cc chun giao tip ni tip ng b/khng ng b USART.
C cc b chuyn i ADC 10/12 bit.
C cc b so snh in p (Voltage Comparators).
C cc khi Capture/Compare/PWM.
C h tr giao tip LCD.
C MSSP Peripheral dng cho cc giao tip IC, SPI, v IS.
C b nh ni EEPROM - c th ghi/xo ln ti 1 triu ln.
C khi iu khin ng c, c encoder.
C h tr giao tip USB.
C h tr iu khin Ethernet.
C h tr giao tip CAN.
c im thc thi tc cao CPU RISC ca h vi iu khin PIC16F87XA l:
Ch gm 35 lnh n.
Thi gian thc hin tt c cc lnh l 1 chu k my, ngoi tr lnh gi chng trnh con l 2.
Tc hot ng:
* DC- 20MHz ng vo xung clock.
* DC- 200ns chu k lnh.
Dung lng ca b nh chng trnh Flash l 8K14words.
Dung lng ca b nh d liu RAM l 3688bytes.
Dung lng ca b nh d liu EEPROM l 2568 bytes.
1. CC C TNH NGOI VI
Timer0: l b nh thi timer/counter 8 bit c b chia trc.
Ca. -: :x ea ey :xa: :e Wq% 7-a a.e a.e :x 7,xye C. 7x
Ca. ,.a,. qax :-x: ae 79q 3
Timer1: l b nh thi timer/counter 16 bit c b chia trc, c th m khi CPU ang
trong ch ng vi ngun xung t t thch anh hoc ngun xung bn ngoi.
Timer2: b nh thi timer/counter 8 bit vi thanh ghi 8-bit, chia trc v b chia sau.
Hai khi Capture, Compare, PWM.
Capture c rng 16-bit, phn gii 12.5ns
Compare c rng 16-bit, phn gii 200ns
phn gii ln nht ca PWM l 10-bit.
2. CC C TNH TNG T
C 8 knh chuyn i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s ADC 10-bit.
C reset BOR (Brown Out Reset).
Khi so snh in p tng t:
Hai b so snh tng t.
Khi to in p chun V
REF
tch hp bn trong c th lp trnh.
a hp ng vo lp trnh t ng vo ca CPU vi in p chun bn trong.
Cc ng ra ca b so snh c th truy xut t bn ngoi.
3. CC C TNH C BIT CA VI IU KHIN
B nh chng trnh Enhanced Flash cho php xa v ghi 100,000 ln.
B nh d liu EEPROM cho php xa v ghi 1,000,000 ln.
B nh EEPROM c th lu gi d liu hn 40 nm v c th t lp trnh li.
Mch lp trnh ni tip ISP thng qua 2 chn (In-Circuit Serial Programming).
Ngun s dng l ngun n 5V cp cho mch lp trnh ni tip.
C Watchdog Timer (WDT) vi b dao ng RC tch hp trn Chip.
C th lp trnh m bo mt.
C th hot ng ch ng tit kim nng lng.
C th la chn b dao ng.
C mch in g ri ICD (In-Circuit Debug).
4. CNG NGH CMOS:
C cc c tnh: cng sut thp, cng ngh b nh Flash/EEPROM tc cao. in p hot ng t
2V n 5,5V v tiu tn nng lng thp. Ph hp vi nhit lm vic trong cng nghip v thng mi.
Bng 1-1 trnh by tm tt cu trc ca 4 loi PIC16F87X.

Hnh 1-1 trnh by s chn ca cc loi PIC16F87XA.

Ca. -: :x ea ey :xa: :e Wq% 7-a a.e a.e :x 7,xye C. 7x
4 Ca. ,.a,. qax :-x: ae 79q


Hnh 1-1: S chn h PIC16F87XA.
III. VI IU KHIN PIC 16F877A
1. CU HNH PIC16F877A:
PIC16F877A c 40/44 chn vi cu trc nh sau:
C 5 port xut/ nhp.
C 8 knh chuyn i A/D.
C port giao tip song song.
C b nh gp i so vi PIC16F873A/PIC16F874A.
Bng 1-2 s tm tt c im PIC16F877A:
c im PIC16F877A
Tn s hot ng DC- 20MHz
Reset (v Delay) POR, BOR (PWRT, OST)
B nh chng trnh Flash (14-bit word) 8K
B nh d liu (byte) 368
B nh d liu EEPROM (byte) 256
Cc ngun ngt 15
Cc port xut nhp Cc port A, B, C, D, E
Timer 3
Cc module capture/compare/PWM 2
Giao tip ni tip MSSP, USART
Giao tip song song PSP
Module A/D 10bit 8 knh ng vo
B so snh tng t 2
Tp lnh 35 lnh

S chn
40 chn PDIP
44 chn PLCC
44 chn TQFP
44 chn QFN
Cu hnh c minh ha nh hnh sau:
Ca. -: :x ea ey :xa: :e Wq% 7-a a.e a.e :x 7,xye C. 7x
Ca. ,.a,. qax :-x: ae 79q 5

Hnh 1-2: Cu hnh PIC16.
2. S KHI BN TRONG PIC16F877A:
Hnh 1-3 trnh by s khi ca PIC16F877A, gm cc khi:
Khi ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit.
Khi b nh cha chng trnh Flash Program Memory.
Khi b nh cha d liu EEPROM Data EPROM.
Khi b nh file thanh ghi RAM RAM file Register.
Khi gii m lnh v iu khin Instruction Decode Control.
Khi thanh ghi c bit.
Khi b nh ngn xp.
Khi reset mch khi c in, khi nh thi reset mch khi c in, khi nh thi n nh
dao ng khi c in, khi nh thi gim st, khi reset khi st gim ngun, khi g ri,
khi lp trnh b nh in p thp.
Khi ngoi vi timer T0, T1,T2.
Khi giao tip ni tip.
Khi chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang s ADC.
Khi so snh in p tng t.
Khi to in p tham chiu.
Khi cc port xut nhp.
3. S CHN V CHC NNG CC CHN PIC16F877A:
S chn ca PIC gm nhiu loi nhng y kho st loi PIC 40 chn nh hnh 1-4.
Chc nng ca cc chn nh sau:

Ca. -: :x ea ey :xa: :e Wq% 7-a a.e a.e :x 7,xye C. 7x
6 Ca. ,.a,. qax :-x: ae 79q

Hnh 1-3: S khi PIC16F87XA.
Chn /V
PP
(1): c 2 chc nng:
: l ng vo reset tch cc mc thp.
V
PP
: ng vo nhn in p khi ghi d liu vo b nh ni flash.
Chn RA0/AN0 (2): c 2 chc nng:
RA0: xut/ nhp s.
AN0: ng vo tng t ca knh th 0.
Chn RA1/AN1(3):
RA1: xut/nhp s.
AN1: ng vo tng t ca knh th 1.
Chn RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF (4):
RA2: xut/nhp s.
MCLR
MCLR
Ca. -: :x ea ey :xa: :e Wq% 7-a a.e a.e :x 7,xye C. 7x
Ca. ,.a,. qax :-x: ae 79q 7
AN2: ng vo tng t ca knh th 2.
VREF-: ng vo in p chun (thp) ca b ADC.
CVREF: in p tham chiu VREF ng ra b so snh


Hnh 1-4: S chn.
Chn RA3/AN3/VREF+ (5):
RA3: xut/nhp s.
AN3: ng vo tng t knh th 3.
VREF+: ng vo in p chun (cao) ca b A/D.
Chn RA4/TOCKI/C1OUT (6):
RA4: xut/nhp s m khi c cu to l ng ra.
TOCKI: ng vo xung clock t bn ngoi cho Timer0.
C1OUT: ng ra b so snh 1.
Chn RA5/AN4/ SS /C2OUT (7):
RA5: xut/nhp s.
AN4: ng vo tng t knh th 4.
SS : ng vo chn la SPI ph.
C2OUT: ng ra b so snh 2.
Chn RE0/ RD/AN5 (8):
RE0: xut/nhp s.
RD: iu khin c port song song.
AN5: ng vo tng t 5.
Chn RE1/WR/AN6 (9):
RE1: xut/nhp s.
WR: iu khin ghi port song song.
AN6: ng vo tng t knh th 6.
Chn RE2/ CS /AN7 (10):
RE2: xut/nhp s.
CS : Chip chn la iu khin port song song.
AN7: ng vo tng t knh th 7.
Ca. -: :x ea ey :xa: :e Wq% 7-a a.e a.e :x 7,xye C. 7x
x Ca. ,.a,. qax :-x: ae 79q
Chn OSC1/CLKI (13): l ng vo kt ni vi dao ng thch anh hoc ng vo nhn xung clock
bn ngoi.
OSC1: ng vo dao ng thch anh hoc ng vo ngun xung bn ngoi. Ng vo c mch
Schmitt Trigger nu s dng dao ng RC.
CLKI: ng vo ngun xung bn ngoi.
Chn OSC2/CLKO (14): ng ra dao ng thch anh hoc ng ra cp xung clock.
OSC2: ng ra dao ng thch anh. Kt ni n thch anh hoc b cng hng.
CLKO: ch RC, ng ra ca OSC2, bng tn s ca OSC1 v chnh l tc ca chu
k lnh.
Chn RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI (15):
RC0: xut/nhp s.
T1OSO: ng ra ca b dao ng Timer1.
T1CKI: ng vo xung clock t bn ngoi Timer1.
Chn RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 (16):
RC1: xut/nhp s.
T1OSI: ng vo ca b dao ng Timer1.
CCP2: ng vo Capture2, ng ra compare2, ng ra PWM2.
Chn RC2/CCP1 (17):
RC2: xut/nhp s
CCP1: ng vo Capture1, ng ra compare1, ng ra PWM1
Chn RC3/SCK/SCL (18):
RC3: xut/nhp s.
SCK: ng vo xung clock ni tip ng b/ng ra ca ch SPI.
SCL: ng vo xung clock ni tip ng b/ng ra ca ch I
2
C.
Chn RD0/PSP0 (19):
RD0: xut/nhp s.
PSP0: d liu port song song.
Chn RD1/PSP1 (20):
RD1: xut/nhp s.
PSP1: d liu port song song.
Cc chn RD2/PSP2 (21), RD3/PSP3 (22), RD4/PSP4 (27), RD5/PSP5 (28), RD6/PSP6 (29),
RD7/PSP7 (30) tng t chn 19, 20.
Chn RB0/INT (33):
RB0: xut/nhp s.
INT: ng vo nhn tn hiu ngt ngoi.
Chn RB1 (34): xut/nhp s.
Chn RB2 (35): xut/nhp s.
Chn RB3/PGM:
RB3: xut/nhp s.
PGM: Chn cho php lp trnh in p thp ICSP.
Chn RB4 (37), RB5 (38): xut/nhp s.
Chn RB6/PGC (39):
RB6: xut/nhp s.
PGC: mch g ri v xung clock lp trnh ICSP.
Chn RB7/PGD (40):
RB7: xut/nhp s.
Ca. -: :x ea ey :xa: :e Wq% 7-a a.e a.e :x 7,xye C. 7x
Ca. ,.a,. qax :-x: ae 79q ?
PGD: mch g ri v d liu lp trnh ICSP.
Chn RC4/SDI/SDA (23):
RC4: xut/nhp s.
SDI: d liu vo SPI.
SDA: xut/nhp d liu I
2
C.
Chn RC5/SDO (24):
RC5: xut/nhp s.
SDO: d liu ra SPI.
Chn RC6/TX/CK (25):
RC6: xut/nhp s.
TX: truyn bt ng b USART.
CK: xung ng b USART.
Chn RC7/RX/DT (26):
RC7: xut/nhp s.
RX: nhn bt ng USART.
DT: d liu ng b USART.
Chn VDD (11,32) v VSS (12, 31): l cc chn ngun ca PIC.
d tip cn chc nng cc chn th ta phn loi theo chc nng chung:
Khi tt c cc chn l port xut nhp (I/O): c tng cng 5 port, 33 ng IO: xem hnh 1-5.
Ca. -: :x ea ey :xa: :e Wq% 7-a a.e a.e :x 7,xye C. 7x
I0 Ca. ,.a,. qax :-x: ae 79q
RD0
RD1
P
O
R
T

D


8

B
I
T
RD2
RD3
RD4
RD5
RD6
RD7
RA0
RA1
RA2
RA3
RA5
RE0
RE1
RE2
RA4
RB0
RB1 P
O
R
T

B


8

B
I
T
RB2
RB3
RB4
RB5
RB6
RB7
P
O
R
T

A


6

B
I
T
P
O
R
T

E

3

B
I
T
RC0
RC1
P
O
R
T

C


8

B
I
T
RC2
RC3
RC4
RC5
RC6
RC7

Hnh 1-5: PIC vi cc chn c chc nng l IO.
Cc chc nng ngoi vi: xem hnh 1-6.
Ca. -: :x ea ey :xa: :e Wq% 7-a a.e a.e :x 7,xye C. 7x
Ca. ,.a,. qax :-x: ae 79q II
TRUYN D
LIU I2C
U
S
A
R
T
SCL
SDA
SCK
SDI
SDO
TRUYN D
LIU SPI
SS
TRUYN D
UART
RX
TX
DT
CK
TRUYN D
SART
AN0
AN1
B
CHUYN
I ADC
10 BIT -
A HP 8
KNH
AN2/VREF-
AN3/VREF+
AN4
AN5
AN6
AN7
GIAO
TIP VI
PORT
SONG
SONG
PSP0
PSP1
PSP2
PSP3
PSP4
PSP5
PSP6
PSP7
RD
WR
CS
CCP1
CAPTURE
COMPARE
PWM - CCP
CCP2
COUNTER
T0CKI
T1CKI
T1OSO
TO DAO NG
CHO T1
T1OSI

Hnh 1-6: PIC vi cc chn c chc nng l ngoi vi.
Cc chc nng so snh, ngun cung cp, dao ng, np v g ri: xem hnh 1-7.
NI GND
VSS
VSS
V
PP
PGD
PGC
GIAO TIP
MCH NP
CHNG TRNH
V G RI
PGM
INT
INTERRUPT
VDD
NI NGUN
DNG
VDD
NI THCH
ANH TO DAO
NG
OSC1
OSC2
NG RA CP XUNG
CK CHO CC THIT
B KHC
CLKO
CLKI
NHN CLC T
MCH DAO NG
BN NGOI
C1OUT
IN P SO
SNH
NG RA MCH
SO SNH 1 V 2
C2OUT
CV
REF

Hnh 1-7: PIC vi cc chn c chc nng l ngoi vi.
IV. TI LIU THAM KHO
Ca. -: :x ea ey :xa: :e Wq% 7-a a.e a.e :x 7,xye C. 7x
I8 Ca. ,.a,. qax :-x: ae 79q

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