i hc s phm k thut Hng Yn

n mn hc

LI NI U
Ngy nay vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca k thut bn dn cng sut ln, cc
thit b bin i in nng dng cc linh kin bn dn cng sut c s dng
nhiu trong cng nghip v i sng nhm p ng cc nhu cu ngy cng cao ca x
hi. Trong thc t s dng in nng ta cn thay i tn s ca ngun cung cp, cc
b bin tn c s dng rng ri trong truyn ng in, trong cc thit b t nng
bng cm ng, trong thit b chiu sng... B nghch lu l b bin tn gin tip bin
i mt chiu thnh xoay chiu c ng dng rt ln trong thc t nh trong cc h
truyn ng my bay, tu thu, xe la...
Trong thi gian hc tp v nghin cu, c hc tp v nghin cu mn in t
cng sut v ng dng ca n trong cc lnh vc ca h thng sn xut hin i. V
vy c th nm vng phn l thuyt v p dng kin thc vo trong thc t,
chng em c nhn n mn hc vi ti: Thit k va ch to mch nghch
lu mt pha. Vi ti c giao, chng em vn dng kin thc ca mnh
tm hiu v nghin cu l thuyt, c bit chng em tm hiu su vo tnh ton thit
k phc v cho vic hon thin sn phm.
Di s hng dn ch bo nhit tnh ca thy Quang Huy cng vi s c
gng n lc ca cc thnh vin trong nhm chng em hon thnh xong n ca
mnh. Tuy nhin do thi gian v kin thc cn hn ch nn khng trnh khi thiu
st khi thc hin n ny. V vy chng em rt mong s nhn c nhiu kin
nh gi, gp ca thy c gio, cng bn b ti c hon thin hn.

Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

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NHN XET CUA GIAO VIN

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Hng Yn, thng 1 nm 2010.

Giao vin hng dn
Quang Huy

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MC LC
A.LI M U
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN.
PHN I : YU CU V MC TIU CA TI.
1.1.

Phn tch yu cu ca ti.

1.2.

Mc tiu ca ti.

1.3.

Cc phng n thc hin.

1.4.

ngha ca ti.

PHN II : C S L THUYT.
1. Gii thiu v cc van bn dn cng sut.
1.1. it cng sut.
1.2. Tiristor cng sut.
1.3. Tric.
1.4. Transistor cng sut.
1.4.1. Transistor lng cc ( BJT ).
1.4.2. Transistor MOS cng sut ( MOSFET ).
2. Gii thiu tng quan v nghch lu v mt s mch ng dng
2.1 Gii thiu tng quan v nghch lu
2.2Mt s mch ng dng
3. My bin p v c quy.
3.1. My bin p.
3.2. c quy.

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PHN II : TNH TON V THIT K SN PHM.

41. Tnh ton my bin p
4.2. MOSFET cng sut K956
4.3. Thit k mch iu khin
4.4.Mch cch ly
4.5. Nguyn l hot ng ton h thng v s Board
PHN III : NG DNG CA SN PHM
B. KT LUN

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TN TAI

Thit k va ch tao mach nghich lu mt pha

* S liu cho trc

- Cac giao trinh va tai liu chuyn mn
- Cac trang thit bi o, kim tra tai xng thc tp, thi nghim.

1.1 Phn tch yu cu ca ti.

Vi yu cu ca ti khi chng ta phi i thit k mt b nghch lu cho ra
in p xoay chiu l 220V t ngun c quy 12V, tn s trong mch o c l
50Hz, cng sut ra ca b nghch lu l 300W.
Mch ly ngun c quy 12V cp trc tip cho mch v cho bin p. Bin p
y s dng nh mt b kch nhm kch ngun p ln gi tr cao hn nhiu ln so
vi gi tr p ban u. Chnh v mch c kh nng bin i ngun mt chiu thnh
ngun xoay chiu nn mch c tnh thit thc rt ln trong thc t.
Mch l mch cng sut v vy linh kin c s dng phn ln l linh kin
cng sut. Mch s dng cc van bn dn cng sut nh Transistor, MOSFET,
IGBTTrong qu trnh chy mch th xung to ra l xung vung v c khuych
i ln bng cc van bn dn l Transistor, IGBT

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1.2 Mc tiu ca ti.

Nm c mt cch tng quan v cc phn t bn dn cng sut.
Nghin cu v cc mch nghch lu, hiu c nguyn l lm vic ca mch
nghch lu, cc phng php bin i t la chn mt phng n ti u nht
c p dng trn n ca mnh v ngoi thc tin.
C kh nng tnh ton, thit k v ch to mch nghch lu in p mt pha vi
cng sut cho trc.

1.3 ngha ca ti.

gip sinh vin c th c th cng c kin thc, tng hp v nng cao kin
thc chuyn nghnh cng nh kin thc ngoi thc t. ti cn thit k ch to
thit b, m hnh cc sinh vin trong trng c bit l sinh vin khoa in
in t tham kho, hc hi to tin ngun ti liu cho cc hc sinh, sinh vin
kho sau c thm ngun ti liu nghin cu v hc tp.
Nhng kt qu thu c sau khi hon thnh ti ny trc tin l s gip
chng em c th hiu su hn v cc b nghch lu, cc phng php bin i in
p. T s tch lu c kin thc cho cc nm hc sau v ra ngoi thc t.

1.4 Ni dung cn hon thnh:

- Lp k hoach thc hin.
- Gii thiu mt s ng dng v c im ca mch nghch lu mt pha.
- Phn tch nguyn l lm vic v cc thng s trong mch nghch lu mt
v ba pha.

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- Thit k, ch to mch nghch lu mt pha m bo yu cu:

+ in p u vo mt chiu U = 12V ly t c quy.
+ in p u ra dng cho cc thit b in xoay chiu U = 220V

f = 50HZ , P = 300VA.
+ Th nghim, kim tra sn phm, sn phm phi m bo yu cu k
thut, m thut. Quyn thuyt minh.v cc bn v Ao, Folie m t y ni
dung ca ti.

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PHN I :C S L THUYT

I. Gii thiu v cc van bn dn cng sut.

Cc phn t bn dn cng sut u c nhng c tnh c bn chung, l :
Cc van bn dn ch lm vic trong ch kho, khi m cho dng chy qua th
c in tr tng ng rt nh, khi kho khng cho dng chy qua th c in tr
tng ng rt ln.
Cc van bn dn ch dn dng theo mt chiu khi phn t c t di in p
phn cc ngc, dng qua phn t ch c gi tr rt nh, c mA, gi l dng r.

1.1. it cng sut.

it do hai lp vt liu bn dn P N ghp li thnh. in tch mt ghp c khi
t ti hng chc cm2, vi mt dng in 10A/mm.

Anot
p
J

Ung.max

I r
0 Uo

Katot

nh 1 : Cu to v ng c tnh V A ca it

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1.2. Tiristor : ( SCR ).

Tirirtor l mt thit b gm bn lp bn dn P 1,N1,P2,N2 to thnh, tirirtor phi
c cp mt xung dng th n mi hot ng. Do SCR thit k phi c 3
chn : chn Anot, Katot v chn iu khin G.
G
K

N2 P2 N1 P1
J3 J2 J1

a : Cu to ca tiristor
K
A

BT...

A
K

A G

b : K hiu v hnh dng thc

i
IV
Ung.max

IG2 > IG1 > IGO

I r
0 Uv.th

IG = 0

Uth.max

c : c tnh V A ca tiristorHnh

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1.3. Tric.
Tric l thit b bn bn ba cc, bn lp c ng c tnh volt ampe i
xng, nhn gc m cho c hai chiu. Thc cht Tric c ch to ging nh 2
SCR ghp song song vi nhau, dng dn dng AC c hai chiu khi cc G c
kch xung dng hoc p m.

A2

A1

A1

A2
G

Hnh 3 : K hiu ca tric

1.4. Transistor cng sut.

1.4.1. Transistor lng cc ( BJT ).
Transistor lng cc l thit b gm ba lp bn dn NPN hoc PNP, c dng
ng ct dng in mt chiu c cng tng i ln.
H s khuych i dng, k hiu l = 10 100. in p Vbe 1V;

Vcc =

( 1 1,5 ) V.

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C
Ic

N
B

Ib

V ce

P
Vbe

Ie
E

a : Cu trc k hiu ca Transistor cng sut NPN

Ic
Ib2

Ib2 > Ib1

Ib1
Ib = 0
0

b : c tnh vn ampe ca Transistor cng sut NPN

Hnh 4 : Cu to v c tnh V A ca Transistor cng sut NPN
Cng sut tn tht trong Tr khi lm vic vi ti xc nh nh hn nhiu ln so
vi cng sut tn tht khi transistor chuyn trng thi. Tch cng sut chuyn trng
thi pc vi thi gian chuyn trng thi tc l nng lng tn tht trong qu trnh
chuyn trng thi. Nng lng tn tht t l thun vi tn s hot ng ca
transistor, khi nhit bn trong Tr khng c vt qu 200oC.

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gim nh nng lng tn tht do Tr chuyn trng thi gy nn ngi ta dng

cc mch tr gip. Vic s dng cc mch tr gip c xem l bt buc khi Tr lm
vic cc iu kin sau :
f > 5 kHz hoc VC 60V, IC > 5A.

1.4.2. Transistor MOS cng sut ( MOSFET ).

Transistor MOS c ba cc :
D - cc mng ( drain ) : cc in tch a s t thanh bn dn chy ra mng.
S - cc ngun ( source ) : cc in tch a s t cc ngun chy vo thanh bn
dn.
G - cc cng ( gate ) : cc iu khin.
Tng ng v thut ng gia Transistor MOS v Transistor lng cc.
Transistor MOS

Transistor lng cc

Colect C

Emit E

Baz B

VDD : ngun in mng.

VCC

VGG : ngun in cng.

VBB

ID : dng in mng.

IC

2. Tng quan v nghch lu v mt s mch ng dng .

2.1.Tng quan v nghch lu
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Trong cng ngh, ta thng gp vn bin i in p mt chiu thnh in

xoay chiu v ngc li bng cc thit b nn in. Cc thit b c gi l nghch lu.
Khi nim: Nghch lu l qu trnh bin i nng lng mt chiu thnh nng lng
xoay chiu.
Phn loi: Cc s nghch lu c chia lm hai loi.
- S nghch lu lm vic ch ph thuc vo li xoay chiu.
- S nghch lu lm vic ch c lp (vi cc ngun c lp nh c quy, my
pht mt chiu ....)
Nghch lu ph thuc c s nguyn l ging nh chnh lu c iu khin.
Mch nghch lu ph thuc l mch chnh lu trong c ngun mt chiu c i
du so vi chnh lu v gc m ca cc tiristo tho mn iu kin ( /2 < < )
lc cng xut ca my pht in mt chiu tr v li xoay. Tn s v in p
nghch lu ny ph thuc vo tn s in p li xoay chiu.
Nghch lu c lp lm nhim v bin i in p mt chiu t cc ngun c lp
(khng ph thuc vo li xoay chiu) thnh xoay chiu vi tn s pha tu . Tn s
v in p nghch lu. Ni chung c th iu chnh tu . C hai dng s nghch
lu c lp l mch cu v mch dng bin p c trung tnh.
S nghch lu lp c chia l ba loi c bn:
- Nghch lu c lp in p .
-

Nghch lu c lp dng in.

Nghch lu c lp cng hng.

2.2 Mt s mch ng dng .

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a.Phng n 1: Dng Transistor cng sut : Dng hai Transistor cng sut T 1
v T 2 dao ng a hi pht ra tn hiu ng. Hai Transistor T 1 v T 2 mc cng
vi bn in tr, trong c s dng tr cng sut thnh mch to ra xung vung.
Dng cc cng logic : C th dng cc cng logic nh cc cng NAND, NOR,
cng oc th dng IC 4011 hoc IC SN7400.
Dng cc con trig v vi mch : C th dng vi mch 555 hoc IC 4047B, l
nhng IC pht xung ch o v xung ny c qua mt IC khuych i thut ton.
S :

Phng n ny tuy chuyn c ngun mt chiu 12V ln 220V xoay chiu

nhng c nhc im n nh khng cao .

b.phng n 2

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-Dng IC 4047 to xung a hi .in p u ra ca 4047 l 11 V mc cao v

0.05 V mc thp.
-Dng in v in p lm vic ca IC nh, cn mch ng lc dng lm vic
ln. cchly gia mch iu khin v mch ng lc ta s dng PC817
Khi c cp ngun 4047 s hoat ng to xung 50Hz v lch pha nhau 180 .
Diode ca PC phat sng c xung trn Colecto ca PC. Xung in p i xng kch m
cho K956, K956 dn dng lm cho my bin p im gia xut hin dng in trong
cun s cp c hai na chu k.
- Khi xay ra s c qu ti dng tng s ct in p cp cho mch

3. My bin p v c quy.
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3.1. My bin p.
-My bin p l mt thit b in t tnh, lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng in
t, dng bin i in p ca h thng dng in xoay chiu nhng vn gi
nguyn tn s. H thng in u vo my bin p ( trc lc bin i ) c : in p
U1, dng in I1, tn s f. H thng in u ra ca my bin p ( sau khi bin i ) c
: in p U2, dng in I2 v tn s f.
-u vo ca my bin p ni vi ngun in, c gi l s cp. u ra ni
vi ti gi l th cp. Cc i lng, cc thng s s cp trong k hiu c ghi ch s 1
: s vng dy s cp w1, in p s cp U1, dng in s cp I1, cng sut s cp P1.
Cc i lng v thng s th cp c ch s 2 : s vng dy th cp w2, in p th
cp U2, dng in th cp I2, cng sut th cp P2.
-Nu in p th cp ln hn s cp l my bin p tng p. Nu in p th cp
nh hn in p s cp gi l my bin p gim p.
My bin p c hai b phn chnh : li thp v dy qun.
+ Li thp my bin p :
-Li thp my bin p dng dn t thng chnh ca my, c ch to t
nhng vt liu dn t tt, thng l thp k thut in. Li thp gm hai b
phn :
- Tr l ni t dy qun.
- Gng l phn khp kn mch t gia cc tr.
Tr v khng to thnh mch t khp kn.
gim dng in xoy trong li thp, ngi ta dng l thp k thut in ( dy
0,35mm n 0,5mm, hai mch c sn cch in ) ghp li vi nhau thnh li
thp.
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+ Dy qun my bin p :
-Dy qun my bin p thng c ch to bng dy ng ( hoc nhm ), c
tit din trn hoc ch nht, bn ngoi dy dn c bc cch in.
-Dy qun gm nhiu vng dy v lng vo tr li thp. Gia cc vng dy,
gia cc dy qun c cch in vi nhau v cc dy qun c cch in vi li
thp. My bin p c hai thng c hai hoc nhiu dy qun. Khi cc dy qun t
trn cng mt tr, th dy qun thp p t st tr thp, dy qun cao p t ra lng
ngoi. Lm nh vy s gim c vt liu cch in.
Dy qun
thp p

Gng
w2
Tr

w1

Dy qun
cao p

a : Li thp my bin p

b : Dy qun my bin p

Hnh 11 : Li thp v dy qun my bin p

- lm mt v tng cng cch in cho my bin p, ngi ta thng t li
thp v dy qun trong mt thng cha du my bin p. i vi bin p cng sut
ln, v thng du du c cha cnh tn nhit.
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3.2. cquy.
-cquy l loi bnh ho hc dng tch tr nng lng in v lm ngun in
cung cp cho cc thit b in nh ng c in, bng n lm ngun nui cho cc
linh kin in t vv...
- Sc in ng ln, t thay i khi phng np in.
- S t phng np in.
- Nng lng np in v bao gi cng b hn nng lng in m cquy
phng ra.
-

in tr trong ca c quy nh. N bao gm in tr ca cc bn cc, in tr

dung dch in phn c xt n s ngn cch ca cc tm ngn cc bn cc.

Thng tr s in tr trong ca ac quy khi np in y l 0.001 n 0.0015
v khi cquy phng in hon ton l 0.02 n 0.025 .
-C hai loi cquy l : cquy axit ( hay cquy ch ) v cquy km (cquy st kn
hay cquy cadimi - kn ). Trong cquy axit c dng rng ri v ph bin hn.
-Hnh 12 : Qu trnh np in cho cquy

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PHN II
TNH TON V THIT K SN PHM.

4.1.Tnh ton my bin p

La chn my bin p im gia v so snh v mt kinh t v mt k thut phng
n la chn ny l ti u

i2
k2
n11
-

u
i1
= +

n2

u2

zt

n12
k1

My bin p c cc thng s: U11 = 12V, U2 = 220V, f = 50HZ, P = 300VA

Do my bin p im gia nn in p U1 = 2.U11 = 2.12 = 24( V )
Cng sut ca my bin p:

P = .U2.I2

Trong : P l cng sut ca my bin p

U2 l in p ca cun th cp my bin p
I2 l dng in ca cun th cp my bin p
l hiu sut my bin p

Chn = 0,85 ta tnh c dng in th cp ca my bin p

P

I2 = .U
2

= 1.6 ( A )

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p dng t s my bin p
U 1 I2
=

U2
I1

I1 = U 2 .I 2
U1

Do my bin p im gia nn in p s cp c tnh bng U1 = 24( V )

I1 =

220 .1.6
24

= 14,67( A )

Cng sut may bin ap cn chon:

P1 = U1 . I1 = 24 . 14.67 = 352 (W)
Vy ta chon may bin ap co cng sut P = 352W vi I = 15A

4.2. MOSFET cng sut K956

a.Hnh dng

Transistor MOS c ba cc :
D - cc mng ( drain ) : cc in tch a s t thanh bn dn chy ra mng.
S - cc ngun ( source ) : cc in tch a s t cc ngun chy vo thanh bn
dn.

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G - cc cng ( gate ) : cc iu khin.

Tng ng v thut ng gia Transistor MOS v Transistor lng cc.
Transistor MOS

Transistor lng cc

Colect C

Emit E

Baz B

VDD : ngun in mng.

VCC

VGG : ngun in cng.

VBB

ID : dng in mng.

IC

b.c tnh

4.3. Thit k mch iu khin

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4.3.1. Nhim v v chc nng ca mch iu khin :

*

Nhim v

- iu chnh c rng xung trong na chu k dng ca in p t ln

colector v emitor ca van .
-

To ra c xung m c bin cn thit kho van trong na chu k cn li

.
- Xung iu khin phi c bin v nng lng m v kho van chc
chn .

To ra c tn s theo yu cu .

D dng lp rp, thay th khi cn thit, vn hnh tin cy, n nh .

Cch ly vi mch ng lc

Yu cu chung v mch iu khin l :

- Mch iu khin l khu quan trng trong h thng, n l b phn quyt nh ch

yu n cht lng v tin cy ca b bin i nn cn c nhng yu cu sau :
*

V ln ca dng in v in p iu khin:

Cc gi tr ln nht khng vt qu gi tr cho php. Gi tr nh nht cng phi m

bo c rng cung cp cho cc van m v kho an ton. Tn tht cng sut trung
bnh cc iu khin nh hn gi tr cho php .
*

Yu cu v tnh cht ca xung iu khin :

Gia cc xung m ca cc cp van phi c thi gian cht, thi gian cht ny phi ln
hn hoc bng thi gian khi phc tnh cht iu khin ca van .
*

Yu cu v tin cy ca mch iu khin :

Phi lm vic tin cy trong mi mi trng nh trng hp nhit thay i , c t

trung...
*

Yu cu v lp rp v vn hnh :S dng d dng , d thay th , lp rp . . .

4.3.2. Tnh ton mch iu khin:

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to ra khi pht xung ta s dng vi mch CD4047B c cc thng s sau :

S chn ca vi mch nh sau:

Cu trc ca vi mch nh sau:

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Hot ng ca IC nh sau:
-

Hot ng ca chn astable c php khi t u vo chn 5 mc cao hoc

mc thp cua chn 4 hoc cua 2 chn.

-

rng ca xung vung ca Q v

l hm ca u vo ph thuc vo RC

Chn 5 astable cho php mch lm b to dao ng a hi qua cng 5. rng xung
chn 13 bng 1/2 u ra Q trong ch astable. Tuy nhin iu ny ch ng 50%
Trong ch n nh n khi c sn dng u vo +trigger(8) khi chn
trigger(6) mc thp cc xung u vo c th thuc bt k thi im no tng ng
vi xung u ra
Chn 12 cho php kch m tr li khi n l xung dng
c im ca vi mch nh sau:
-

Cng sut tiu th thp

Hot ng trng thi n l ch khng n nh

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- Cc u ra n nh mc cc th b b xung ch yu cu mt tn hiu duy

nht ngoi R hoc C cc u vo c im kim tra tnh in p 20Vc chun ho
c tnh , c tnh u ra chun v i xng.
Ta tnh ton c c xung ra l 50Hz nh sau:

Thay s:

V DD = 12 V
V TR = 50% V DD

Vi f = 50 (hz)

T = 0.02 (s)

4.4 RC = 0.02 RC = 4.55*10 3

Chn t c C = 10-4 f
U max Q v

= 11 V

Dng sng u ra:

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Tn hiu xung vung u ra IC

4.4.Mch cch ly:

in p u ra ca 4047 l 11 V mc cao v 0.05 V mc thp.
Dng in v in p lm vic ca IC nh, cn mch ng lc dng lm vic ln.
cchly gia mch iu khin v mch ng lc ta s dng PC817 c cu trc v
thng s nh sau:

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in p vo lm vic ca PC ln nht l 6V v th khi ni gia u ra Q v Q

ca 4047 v PC ta ni qua in tr gy st p trn in tr. Suy ra ta chn R= 1 k
.

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4.5. Nguyn l hot ng ton h thng:

-Ton b h thng mch s dng ngun 12v t c quy.c quy trong mch s
dng vi thng s l in p u ra 12v v dng in l 4A.
-Khi c cp ngun IC 4047 s hoat ng to xung 50Hz v lch pha nhau
180 , xung cua Ic 4047 ph thuc vo in tr v 1 t (yu cu t in ngoi ni
gia chn 1 v chn 3 ,1 in tr gia chn 2 v chn s 3cu IC). tn hiu phng
v c t dao ng ta chn in tr 1k v 1 t in phn cc 4.7 uf.
- c th iu chnh c tn s pht ra ta mc ni tip in tr vi 1 bin
tr 100k c th d dng gii tn s ca n .
-Tn hiu xung ra 2 chn 10 v 11 lun lch pha nhau . c dn qua Diode
1N4047 v ni qua in tr gy st p trn in tr. Suy ra ta chn R= 1 k .
-Tn hiu xung lc ny khong 1.1v c cp trc tip vo chn s 1 cu
PC817.optoPC817 gm 1led pht quang v 1 tran khuch i cng sut
-Led trn PC pht sng c xung trn Colecto ca PC. in p vo lm vic
ca PC ln nht l 6V .Xung in p i xng kch m cho K956, K956 dn dng
lm cho my bin p im gia xut hin dng in trong cun s cp c hai na
chu k.
+ Khi xay ra s c qu ti dng tng s ct in p cp cho mch.

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1.s nguyn l mch

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2.S boad:

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Phn III. NG DNG CA SN PHM.

-in p ca b i in 220V c th dng thp n ng hunh quang, hay
dng cho qut my khi ct in...
-Mt ng dng khc ca phng php PWM dng i khin tc ng c
mt pha

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kT LUN
Sau qu trnh thc hin bn n chng em thu c mt s kt qu nh sau:
- Gii thiu mt s ng dng v c im ca mch nghch lu mt pha
- Phn tch nguyn l lm vic v cc thng s trong mch nghch lu mt v ba pha.
- Gii thiu mt s ng dng v c im ca mch nghch lu mt pha.
-c bit l chng em hon thin sn phm ca mnh theo yu cu t ra c th:
* in p ra dng cho ti URMS = 220 V
Tuy nhin ban an cua chung em con co nhc im la cha n inh c in ap
ra khi tai ln.
Vi s c gng n lc ca mi thnh vin trong nhm chng em hon thnh n
ca mnh theo ng thi gian. Mt ln na chng em xin gi li cm n ti cc thy
c trong khoa in - in T, c bit l thy Quang Huy trc tip hng
dn chng em trong vic hon thnh n. Chng em rt mong nhn c nhng
kin nhn xt, gp ca cc thy c v cc bn bn n ca cng em hon thin
hn.

Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

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