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GIS AND REMOTE SENSING

Question No. 2: GIS role and implementation in Infrastructure Life Cycle.


An advanced information system like GIS plays a vital role and serves as a complete platform in every phase of infrastructure life cycle Advancement and availability of technology has set new marks for the professionals in the infrastructure development areas. Now more and more professionals are seeking help of these technologically smart and improved information systems like GIS for infrastructure development. Each and every phase of infrastructure life cycle is greatly effected and enhanced by the enrollment of GIS.

Planning:
GIS is tool which enables us to have an intensively precise and smart planning technique. GIS is capable of handling those problems which are most of the enormously complicated and require tedious calculations. In planning its major contribution is to give us with an organized set of data which can help professionals to combat complex scenarios relating to the selection of site, environmental impact, study of ecosystem, managing risk regarding the use of natural resources, sustainability issues, managing traffic congestion, routing of roads and pipelines etc. The cost and economic decisions (Economic worth of project) regarding a project can also be visualized by overlaying of layers of interest and by optimizing the interrelated variables. The trend of people towards a newly constructed infrastructure like airports or stadium can be observed by GIS in an efficient way.

Data Collection:
Precise and accurate data is the core driving factor of any successful project. GIS is equipped with almost all those tools and functions that enables user to have access to the required data within a reasonable time. It helps us in the management of data regarding: Construction site Surveying, Elevations Subsurface geology Structural geology collection and

Seismic data Hydrological (like rainfall, snow, temperature and humidity etc.) Vegetation Traffic Runoffs and floods Air pressure Seepage Settlements in soils Availability of construction materials etc.

Various forms of data which provide foundation for analysis are Arial maps, topographic maps, contours sheets and satellite imagery.

Analysis:
Analysis is one of the major and most influential phase of infrastructure life cycle. Analysis guides us about the validity or correctness of design or we can say that analysis is a method which supports our design. Some of the analyses that can be performed by GIS are: Water distribution analysis Traffic management analysis Soil analysis Site feasibility analysis Environment impact analysis Volume or Area analysis of catchment River or canals pattern analysis Temperature and humidity analysis Floods and droughts analysis

Understanding or analysis of data requires the study of pattern, relationship (Spatial) and dependency of the data on one another. This requires overlaying of data and a visualizing pattern to understand the trends in data.

Design:
In design most of the governing factors and criteria are hidden due to lack of understanding of the dependency and relationship of required data with one another. GIS allows

us to have a clear visualization and understanding of these factors used in design. Some of them are: Cross sectional dimensions buildings) Longitudinal dimensions Volume calculations Mass hawl plans Landform patterns Routes for equipment (Earth moving) Quarry site location (of

The optimization of the various factors taking part in design is essential for an efficient and accurate design.

Construction:
It is the stage when all layout plans and paper work design came into existence in the real world. The GIS helps the professionals to understand the site conditions that affect the schedule baseline and cost baseline. To keep the construction within budget and schedule GIS guides us about how to utilize our resources on site efficiency. Various aspects are Timely usage of construction equipment Working hours Effects of seasonal fluctuations (high temperature and rainfall etc.) Hawl distances of machines Optimizing routes of dumpers and concrete trucks Earth filling and cutting Calculations of volume and area of constructed phase Stacking and utilization of materials etc.

Operations:
Operations are controlled by modeling of site data and compared by the baselines prepared in planning phase. Modeling of site may be in the form of raster images or CAD drawings. These can help us to keep track of timely operations of activities. GIS can help to make a record of work that has been completed and can give us visualization in the form of thematic maps which will guide us about rate of operations, completed operations and pending operations etc.

Maintenance:
Maintenance charts and logs can be updated digitally by entering the data in the form of attribute data having a relationship with the spatial feature (building or infrastructure). Maintenance cost can be calculated by using GIS as we can run queries and can be visualize easily. The relation of maintenance cost with other dependent factors can be easily visualized. These factors are: Usage of infrastructure Climatic effects (temperature, snowfall and rainfall) Air pollution Machine vibrations Earthquake Floods Soil Behavior Traffic volume etc.

Question No.1 Flow chart diagram


Surveying Total Stations, EDM, Levels and theodolites GIS and remote sensing

Data collection
Countering (Same Elevations) Leveling (Reduced Levels) Site selection Topography

Mapping

Photogrammetry Lidar Survey Imagery Cad Environmental analysis Transportation route identification Location identification Coordinates

Topographic maps Location maps Thematic maps (climate map) Infra-structure maps Sewerage maps

Transportation

Geotechnical

Hydraulics Engineering

Engineering

Engineering

Construction Management

Civil Engineering

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