TRNG I HC CN TH

Bo co
CHT CHNG OXY HO TRONG THC PHM
Mn: Ho Mi Trng Gio Vin: Nguyn Th Dip Chi

Nhm thc hin: Nguyn Th Ngc Nhn 3093456 Nguyn Th Ngc H 3093435 Thi Hng Cc 3093427 Nguyn Th Hng Xuyn3093485

I. Khi qut chung v gc t do v cht chng oxy ho. 1. Gc t do, v s oxy ho. a. Gc t do Nguyn t l thnh phn c bn nht v nh nht cu to nn vt cht. Mt nguyn t bao gm mt ht nhn v cc N-tron. Thng thng, mt cp electron bay trn mt qu o quanh ht nhn, ging nh cc hnh tinh quay quanh Mt tri. Phn t bao gm cc nhm nguyn t gn kt vi nhau bi hot ng ca cc cp electron ny. i khi trong qu trnh phn ng ha hc, mt electron b ko ra khi ch c hu ca n trong phn t, v to thnh mt gc t do. . V bn cht, gc t do l mt electron c thn. Cc gc t do rt khng n nh v nhy cm. Chng tm kim nhng electron khc hnh thnh mt cp electron mi. Cc gc t do gy hi khi chng ko nhng electron t cc t bo bnh thng. nh hng ca gc t do: Chng c th gy ra tn thng cho tt c cc cht liu v m trong c th. M m l ni b tn thng sm nht v thng gp nht, v l loi m c xu hng c bit d b oxy ha. Gc t do gy ra mt chui phn ng lin tc xy ra trn cc cht m v chng ch c th b chn ng bi cht chng oxy ha. Cc gc t do c th gy tn hi cho cc acid nucleic c bn Gc t do cn lm tn thng protein.

Qu trnh gy hi ca gc t do

b. S oxy ho S oxy ha l loi phn ng ha hc trong electron c chuyn sang cht oxi ha, c kh nng to cc gc t do sinh ra phn ng dy chuyn ph hy t bo sinh vt. Trong sn xut, bo qun v ch bin thc phm, s oxy ho cht bo l nguyn nhn hn ch thi gian bo qun thc phm. Cc cht bo cha nhiu acid bo khng no nh oleic, linoleic, linolenic, trong phn t cha nhiu ni i nn rt d b oxy ha to thnh cc hydroperoxide, hp chat ny tip tc phn gii thnh cc sn phm c mi kh chu (mi i, tanh, mi kim loi, mi thc phm c, ). Do cht bo khng no c xem l hp cht khng bn.

hydroperoxide

D phn ng oxi ha thuc loi c bn trong i sng nhng c th ngn chn n, chng hn ng thc vt duy tr h thng rt nhiu loi cht chng oxi ha nh glutathione, vitamin C, Vitamin E, enzime catalase, superoxide dismutase. Cht chng oxi ha yu hay cn gi l cht c ch c th ph hy t bo. C hai kiu phn ng oxy ha khng no: Phn ng t oxy ha Phn ng oxy ha di tc dng ca enzyme lipoxygenase: mt s enzyme c kh nng xc tc phn ng to sn phm trung gian, gp phn thc y qu trnh oxy ha cht bo din ra nhanh hn. C ch phn ng oxy t ho cht bo Bao gm 3 gian on: khi to, lan truyn, kt thc. Khi to: s to thnh cc gc t do nh peroxy, alkoxy, alkyl. RH R. + H. 3

RCOOH +

M3+

ROO.

+ H. +

M2+

RCOOH + M2+ RO. + .OH + M3+ 2RCOOH RO. + ROO. + H2O S khi ng chui phn ng ca cc gc t do C hai nhm phn ng c bn lien quan n vic khi ng qu trnh oxy ha: Cc phn ng vt qua ro cn nng lng ngn cn phn ng gia oxy v cht bo, phn ng chuyn cc hydroperoxide thnh cc gc t do. Ngoi ra, cc enzyme xc tc phn ng to H2O2 cng ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh oxy ha cht bo.

Quang oxy ha l qu trnh oxy ha vt ro cn nng lng. Ngi ta nhn thy bn ca thc phm cha cht bo gim khi c mt ng sng. ng sng l nguyn nhn gy ra qu trnh oxy ha theo mt trong hai cch sau: Cc cht nhy cm (sensitizer) c mt trong thc phm c kch hot bi nh sng s phn ng vi c cht to cc gc t do, cc gc ny s khi ng qu trnh oxy ha cht bo. Mt dng cht nhy cm khc c kh nng chuyn oxy t trng thi c bn sang trng thi kch thch. Oxy c hot ha s phn ng vi acid bo khng no theo c ch cyclo addition to hydroperoxide: Cc kim loi nng gp phn khi ng qu trnh oxy ha cht bo do chng tham gia vo phn ng phn hy cc hydroperoxide to thnh cc gc t do. Trong du m v thc phm ni chung lun cha mt lng vt cc ion kim loi nng (Fe,Cu,Co,), chng c th l thnh phn ca nguyn liu thc phm hoc xm nhp vo thc phm t thit b ch bin, bao b thc phm. Cc 4

ion kim loi trng thi oxy ha thp s phn hy hdroperoxide d hn cc kim loi thi oxy ha cao hn. Protein cha heme c mt trong thc phm nh hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrom C thng lm tng qu trnh oxy ha ch bo ng vt, to nn mi kh chu. i vi cc cht bo thc vt, qu trnh ny din ra khi c mt cc enzyme catalase, peroxidase. Cc hp cht heme phn hy hydroperoxide vi tc cao hn so vi ion Fe, do chng lm tc phn ng din ra nhanh hn. Lan truyn: to cc sn phm trung gian l cc monohydroxyperoxide khng mi, khng v. R . + O2 ROO. ROO. + RH RCOOH + R. RO. + RH ROH + R. Kt thc phn ng: to thnh cc hp cht alkan v alken phn t lng thp,d bay hi nh elthan, pentan; cc hp cht carbonyl (aldehyde, ceton) gy mi cho thc phm. R. + R. 2R . . R + ROO ROOR . . ROO + ROO ROOR _+ O2 T oxy ha cht bo l qu trnh bin i acid bo khng no khi c mt oxy. Qu trnh ny c khi to bng vic to thnh cc gc t do. Thng thng phn ng xy ra trn nhm Mtyl cn k ni i ca C =C. Sn phm u tin ca qu trnh oxy ha l cc hydroperoxide (ROOH).

Tc phn ng oxy ha ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: S ni i c trong cht bo Hm lng cht bo c trong thc phm Trng thi cht bo: b mt tip xc gia khng kh v cht bo cng ln th vn tc oxy ha cng cao. S c mt ca cht chng oxy ha: c tc dng km hm hoc lm chm dt cc phn ng oxy ha cht bo. p sut ring phn ca oxy, vn tc phn ng t oxy ha ph thuc vo lng oxy trong mi trng. Nhit : khi tng nhit , lng peroxide to thnh tng, nhit cao hn 450C tc phn gii hydroperoxide tng. ng sng m Cc ion kim loi : s hin din ca ion kim loi s xc tc qu trnh oxy ha cht bo. Cc xc tc sinh hc 2. Khi nim cht chng oxy ho (COH) Cc ph gia thc phm l cc cht c b sung thm vo thc phm bo qun hay ci thin hng v v b ngoi ca chng. Mt s ph gia thc phm c s dng trong nhiu th k; v d bo qun bng lm da chua (vi dm), p mui- chng hn nh vi tht p mui xng khi, hay s dng ixt lu hunh nh trong mt s loi ru vang. Vi s ra i v pht trin ca cng nghip ch bin thc phm trong na sau th k 20 th c thm nhiu ph gia thc phm c gii thiu, c t nhin ln nhn to. Cht chng oxi ha l mt loi ph gia gip ngn chn hoc lm chm qu trnh oxi ha cht khc. Cht chng oxi ha ngn qu trnh ph hy ny bng cch kh i cc gc t do, km hm s oxi ha bng cch oxi ha chnh chng. Cht chng oxy ha, chng oxy ha, lm gim tc dng ca cc qu trnh oxy ha nguy him bng cch lin kt vi nhau vi cc phn t c hi, gim sc mnh hu dit ca chng. . Bt k cht no ngn nga hay lm chm s oxy ha u c gi l cht chng oxy ha.

Cho n cch y 10 15 nm vn cha c nhiu nh nghin cu kho st v gc t do v cht chng oxy ha. Nm 1959, ch c vi chuyn gia nghin cu v vai tr ca cc dng cht chng oxy ha trn tui tc, ung th, bnh tim mch v i vi sc khe ni chung. Ngy nay c n hng nghn nh khoa hc nghin cu v vn ny, v chng ta tht kh tri qua mt ngy m khng c hay nghe ni v cc cht chng oxy ha. c c thnh tu nh ngy hm nay, cc nh khoa hc phi tri qua mt qu trnh lao ng kh khn v vt v trong vic thng dng ha v chuyn dng ha vai tr v li ch ca cc dng cht chng oxy ha.

C ch hot ng ca cht chng oxy ho: Cht chng oxy ha l cht dinh dng, c th lm sch cc gc t do bng cch a ln mt electron. Khi mt phn t gc t do nhn thm mt electron t mt phn t chng oxy ha, cc gc t do tr nn n nh v khng cn kh nng gy ra hi. Ngoi ra, cht chng oxy ho cn gip hn ch s phn hu cc hydroperoxide.

II. Phn loi cht chng oxy ho trong thc phm Cht chng oxy ha trong thc phm bao gm hai nhm chnh: Cht chng oxy ho t nhin. Cht chng oxy ho tng hp. 1. Cht chng oxy ho t nhin Cc cht bo khng no trong m sinh hc tng i bn. Nguyn nhn l do trong m sinh hc c cha cc cht chng oxy ho cng nh cc enzim ngn nga hin tng oxy ho. a. Acid ascorbic (Vitamin C) Vitamin C hay ascorbic acid l cht dinh dng ch yu cho ng vt bc cao v cc loi khc. S hin din ca ascorbate c vai tr quan trng cho nhng phn ng trao i cht cho ng vt, cy trng v hot ng bn trong ca c quan con ngi. N c bit n nh vitamin m s thiu ht ca n l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh scorbus (do thiu vitamin C trong cuc sng hng ngy). 8

Cu trc vitamin C

Vitamin C c hot cht chng oxy ha khi n lm gim oxy ha cht nh hydrogen peroxide. Ngoi ra, n cng s lm gim cc ion kim loi to ra cc gc t do thng qua cc phn ng Fenton. 2 Fe3+ + ascorbate 2 Fe2+ + Dehydroascorbate 2 Fe2+ + 2 H2O2 2 Fe3+ + 2OH + 2 OH-

Qu trnh hot ng ca vitamin 9

b. Tocopherol (Vitamin E) Vitamin E l tn gi chung cho mt b tm tocopherols lin quan v tocotrienols, l vitamin tan trong cht bo c tnh cht chng oxy ha. Trong , Hnh thc -tocopherol l cc cht chng oxy ha quan trng nht ha tan trong cht bo, N c kh nng bo v mng t bo khi qu trnh oxy ha bng cch phn ng vi cc gc lipid c sn sinh trong phn ng dy truyn. T , loi b cc gc t do trung gian v ngn nga cc phn ng lan truyn lin tc din ra. Vitamin E c tch ra trong qu trnh tinh luyn du. Vitanim E c nhiu trong du u nnh, ng cc.

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c. Mt s cht chng oxy ho t nhin khc Carctenoids: cng th hin hot tnh chng oxy ho. Trong , caroten th hin hot tnh chng oxy ho mnh nht.

Flavanone v flavonol l cc cht c hot tnh chng oxy ho cao c th tm thy trong thc vt nh trong l tr xanh, dc tho, g,

flavonol

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 Vanilin ngoi c vai tr to mi, n cng ng vai tr l cht chng oxy ho tt.

Vainilin Ngoi ra, cc reduction to thnh trong phn ng Maillard cng l cc cht chng oxy ho hnh thnh trong thc phm.

Phn ng Maillard 2. Cht chng oxy ho tng hp Cc cht chng oxy ho tng hp phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: Khng c. C hot tnh chng oxy ho cao nng thp. C th tp trung c trn b mt pha du. Bn trong cc iu kin k thut ca qu trnh ch bin thc phm. Cc cht chng oxy ha tng hp thng c s dng l: BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluen), BHA (Butylate hydroxyanisole), tocopherol tng hp, TBHQ (Tertbutyl hydroquinone), dodecyl gallate, propyl gallate, ascorbyl palmitate,

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BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluen) Cn c gi l 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene; methyl-ditertbutylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-para-cresol. BHT c to thnh phn ng ca p-cresol (4-methylphenol) vi isobutylen (2methylpropene) xc tc bi acid sulfuric. Cng thc phn t: C15H24O Bt mu trng BHT ngn nga oxy ha cht bo. N c s dng bo qun thc phm c mi, mu sc v hng v. Nhiu vt liu ng gi kt hp BHT. N cng c b sung trc tip rt ngn, ng cc, v cc loi thc phm khc c cha cht bo v du. BHA (Butylate hydroxyanisole) BHA l mt hn hp ca cc ng phn 3 -tert-butyl-4hydroxyanisole v 2 -tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. Cng thc phn t C11H16O2 Mu trng hoc hi vng Mi thm c trng BHA thng c s dng gi cht bo khi b i. BHA c tm thy trong b, tht, ng cc, ko cao su, nng, thc phm snack, khoai ty kh nc, v bia. N cng c tm thy trong thc n ng vt, bao b thc phm, m phm, sn phm cao su, v cc sn phm du kh.

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BHT v BHA c gy hi hay khng? Nghin cu cho thy: Cc tnh cht ha hc lm cho BHA v BHT bo qun tt thc phm cng c th nh hng n sc khe con ngi. Cc c tnh oxy ha hoc cht chuyn ha ca BHA v BHT c th gp phn vo vic gy ung th. Tuy nhin cc phn ng tng t c th c tc dng chng oxy ha. C bng chng cho thy nu nh c th mt ngi no gp kh khn trong chuyn ha BHA v BHT, s dn n nhng thay i v sc khe v hnh vi. BHA v BHT cng c th khng virus v khng khun. Mt s nghin cu ang c tin hnh lin quan n vic s dng BHT trong iu tr herpes simplex v AIDS. TBHQ (Tertbutyl hydroquinone)

Tertbutyl hydroquinone TBHQ l mt cht chng oxy ha c dng rng ri trong thc phm, m phm, cao su, c bit l trong bo qun cc loi du v cht bo. N cn c s dng nh mt cht n nh hn ch s trng hp t ng ca cc peroxit hu c. TBHQ l mt tinh th rn mu trng c mi c trng, khng tan trong nc nhng ha tan trong ru v ete. Cc cht h tr chng oxy ha: Nhng cht c kh nng tng cng hot tnh chng oxy ha gi l cht h tr chng oxy ha. Cc cht ny c th c lp hay loi b cc ion kim loi nng, gip ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha cht bo: hoc chng c th hot ng nh cc tc nhn kh gip khi phc hot tnh ca c cht chng oxy ha.

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III. Nguyn l bo qun thc phm bng cht chng oxy ha Theo thc nghim cho thy khi c s phi hp cc cht chng oxy ha s c tc dng tt hn trong bo qun thc phm. BHT v BHA l hai cht c s dng rng ri, c th dng ring hoc phi hp theo t l thch hp hai cht ny trong bo qun thc phm. BHA s dng vi liu lng: 0,01 0,02% so vi hm lng cht bo. BHT cng s dng vi liu lng: 0,01 0,02% nhng ch yu dng trong qu trnh chng oxy ha sinh ra mu vng lm gim cht lng sn phm. Vitamin E c dng vi liu lng l: 0,03 0,1% so vi cht bo. Mt s ng dng Thy sn p mui phi kh: cho 0,01% cht chng oxy ha (so vi nc mui) vo nc mui ri em p c, phi kh. Thy sn nu chn phi kh: cho cht chng oxy ha vo trong nc luc cng vi nguyn liu, sau em phi kh. Sn phm m n lin: rt cn cht chng oxy ha du, cho cht chng oxy ha du vo du khi chin.

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c thm: Ch s ORAC Nu bn theo di thng cc tin tc v siu thc, c l bn ang quen thuc vi thut ng "ORAC": Nng lc hp th oxy cp tin. l mt thc o sc mnh chng oxy ha ca mt loi thc phm hay cht. C mt s my mi kim tra ORAC cao cp hin nay: ORACFN. ORACFN o

Ch s ORAC

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XIN CHN THNH CM N!

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XIN CHN THNH CM N!