Ansoft RMxprt Application Note

A Three-phase Induction Motor Problem

This application note describes how to set up, solve, and analyze the results of a two-pole, three-phase induction motor using RMxprt. The model created by RMxprt will then be used as an input for EMpulse as a basis for performing more detailed analysis and for increasing the accuracy of the performance predictions. RMxprt uses a combination of analytical and magnetic circuit equations to predict the performance of this three-phase induction motor. EMpulse is a nonlinear time-domain nite element analysis (FEA) software package that solves electromagnetic eld equations, electric circuit equations, and equations of motion. You can create the project from scratch or open the pre-solved project called 3ph.pjt, in the /ansoft/examples/rmxprt/ directory. If you are creating a project from scratch, select Three Phase Induction Motor as the motor type in RMxprt. This project was created using version 2.3 of RMxprt and version 7.0 of the Maxwell 2D Field Simulator.

Application Note

AP067-9911

General Data
Use the General window to specify the motor characteristics.

Define the general data: 1. Enter 70.87 kW in the Rated Output Power field for this two -pole motor. This is equal to a 95 horsepower motor. 2. Enter 460 V in the driving RMS line-to-line Rated Voltage field. 3. Enter 60 Hz in the Frequency field. 4. Enter 3502 rpm in the Rated Speed field. 5. Enter 1276 W in the Stray Loss field. If the measured stray load loss is unavailable, NEMA MG1 [1], paragraph 20.52, states that this value shall be assumed to be 1.2% of the rated output for motors rated less than 2500 hp and 0.9% for motors rated 2500 hp and greater. IEEE Standard 112 [2] gives different assumed stray load loss values for motors rated less than 2500 hp. They are as follows: 1-125 hp 1.8% 126-500 hp 1.5% 501-2499 hp 1.2% In this example, follow the IEEE guidelines and use 1.8% or 1276 watts. 6. Enter 700 W in the Friction Loss field. This value contains both the friction and wind losses. 7. Choose Tools/Model Units, and select Inches as the units. Choose OK to accept the units and close the window. 8. Enter 9.5 inches in the Iron Core Length field to define the length of the stator. 9. Enter 0.95 in the Stacking Factor field. This gives a value of 9.025 inches as the net length of the steel, after taking lamination into account. 10. Select D23 as the nonlinear Steel Type used in the manufacturing of the stator lamination. To examine the material BH-curve for D23, choose Materials/BH, and then, in the Material Data window, choose Open, and select D23.h-b. Once the data is loaded in the left window, you can plot the B-H curve for this material. The standard loss and specific weight of the material are also displayed. This information is necessary to calculate the iron core loss. Exit this window, and continue the general data input. 11. Select Wye as the Winding Connection. 12. Select Constant Power as the Load Type.

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Stator Data
Use the Stator1 and Stator2 windows to dene the stator dimensions and stator windings.

Dene the Dimensions

Use the Stator1 window to dene the stator dimensions.

Define the stator: 1. Enter 5.525 inches in the Inner Diameter field. 2. Enter 10.125 inches in the Outer Diameter field. 3. Enter 36 in the Number of Slots field. 4. Select 2 as the Slot Type for the shape of the slot. 5. Deselect Auto Design if it is selected, and enter the following Slot Dimensions (inch): Enter 0.055 in the Hr0 field. Enter 0.065 in the Hs1 field. Enter 0.698 in the Hs2 field. Enter 0.16 in the Bs0 field. Enter 0.309 in the Bs1 field. Enter 0.432 in the Bs2 field.

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Dene the Windings

Use the Stator2 window to dene the stator windings.

Define the windings: 1. Select 21 in the Winding Type field. The winding is a double layer lap winding. 2. Enter 0 in both the Top Spare Space and Bottom Spare Space fields. The spare spaces in the slot are 0% of the slot's area. 3. Enter 0.01 inches in the Slot Insulation field. The slot insulation is the thickness on one side of the stator slot. 4. Enter 0 in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the length that the stator windings extend beyond the end of the stator. For this motor, the windings do not extend beyond the stator. 5. Enter 1 in the number of Parallel Branches field. This means the coils making up one phase are connected in series. 6. Enter 11 in the number of Conductors per Slot field. 7. Enter 16 in the Coil Pitch field. Had the stator used a full pitch winding, then the coil pitch would be 18 slots (36 slots/2 poles). The winding is wound 2 slots shorter, which results in a coil pitch of 16 slots. 8. Enter 4.378 in the number of Wires per Conductor field. This is not the actual number but the equivalent number that gives the total wire cross-sectional area. (One conductor is made up of two 15 AWG wires and of three 16 AWG wires.) 9. Enter 0.01 inches in the thickness of the Wire Wrap field. 10. Enter 0.05708 inches in the Wire Diameter field. 11. Enter 15 in the Gauge field. Gauge settings are given in AWG.

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Rotor Data
Use the Rotor1 and Rotor2 windows to dene the rotor.

Dene the Slot Data

Use the Rotor1 window to dene the rotor measurements and the characteristics of the rotor slots.

Define the rotor measurements and rotor slot characteristics: 1. Enter 0.046 inches in the Air Gap field to define the width of the air gap between the rotor and the stator. 2. Enter 1.875 inches in the Inner Diameter field to define the inner diameter of the rotor. This value is the same as the diameter of the shaft. 3. Enter 28 in the Number of Slots field to define the number of rotor slots. 4. Select 6 as the Slot Type.

Dene the Vent Data

Use the Rotor2 window to dene the rotor vent characteristics and other rotor measurements.

Define the rotor vent characteristics and rotor measurements: 1. Enter 0 in the Numbers of Vents field. There are no vents in the rotor. 2. Under Skew Width, select Other, and enter 0 inches as the skew. 3. Enter 0.815 inches in the End-Ring Height field. 4. Enter 1.276 inches in the End-Ring Width field. 5. Under Conductor Resistivity, select Aluminum to define the resistivity. This is the material used in manufacturing the bars and the end ring.

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Process the Analytical Design

With the motor data dened, you are ready to generate the model.

Generate the model: 1. Choose Tools/Options to make certain that the Wire Setting is American, and then choose OK to close the window. 2. Choose Analysis/Analytical Design. RMxprt calculates the motor performance parameters for this design.

Displaying the Lamination

Once the analysis is completed, you can display the laminations on the objects.

Display the laminations: 1. Choose Tools/Options/Lamination and make sure that all the items are checked. Choose OK to close this window when you are finished. 2. Choose Post Process/View Lamination to examine the cross-section of the motor. Choose OK to close the window when have finished viewing. 3. Choose Post Process/View Winding Layout to see the winding arrangement. 4. Choose Exit when you have finished viewing.

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Design Output
Choose Post/Process/Design Output to examine the motor's parameters. The Design Output window is broken down into the following sections: General Data, Stator Data, Rotor Data, Rated-Load Operation, NoLoad Operation, Break-Down Operation, Locked Rotor Operation, Detailed Data at Rated Operation, Winding Arrangement, and Transient FEA Input Data.

General Data
This information is the same as the data you entered in the General window.

Stator Data
This information is generally the same as the data you entered in the Stator1 and Stator2 windows. If Auto Design was selected, RMxprt displays the optimized values for the windings.

Rotor Data
This information is the same as the data you entered in the Rotor1 and Rotor2 windows.

Rated-Load Operation
This section displays information about the main performance parameters in the steady state: current, losses, mechanical torque, and input power, as well as the parameters of the one-phase equivalent circuit: resistance and leakage reactance for the stator winding, and magnetizing reactance for the rotor.

No-load, Break-Down, and Locked Rotor Operation

These sections display information about the motor parameters at different operating conditions.

Detailed Data at Rated Operation

The detailed data includes the slot, end-winding, differential, and skewing leakage reactance for the stator winding and the rotor. The sum of these values gives the main leakage reactance as displayed in the Rated-Load Operation section. Other data listed in this area include the windings factor; the ux density for the stator-teeth, rotor-teeth, stator-yoke, rotor-yoke, and air gap; and magnetomotive force: Slot Fill Factor The percentage of the available slot area (total slot area minus slot insulation) that is lled with the wire (copper plus insulation). Correction Factor The correction factor for the magnetic circuit length for the stator yoke and rotor yoke. Saturation factor The saturation factor for the Teeth and the Teeth and Yoke elds. Stator Current Density The current density of the stator. Specic Electric Loading The ampere-conductors per meter of armature periphery. Mean Half-Turns Length The mean number of half-turns for the main and auxiliary phases. Stator Thermal Load The current density in each slot multiplied by the Specic Electric Loading. Half-Turns Length of Stator Winding The half-turns length of the stator windings.

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Winding Arrangement
This is the winding arrangement for one full A phase, B phase, and C phase winding. Only one layer arrangement is displayed; the second can be deduced rapidly from the coil pitch. For this example, the winding arrangement is:

Top layer: Bottom layer:

AAAAAAZZZZZZBBBBBBXXXXXXCCCCCCYYYYYY YYAAAAAAZZZZZZBBBBBBXXXXXXCCCCCCCYYYYYAA

The Winding Arrangement section also displays the following values (in electrical degrees): Angle per slot 180 electrical degrees divided by the number of slots per pole. Phase-A axis The center of the A phase winding with respect to the phase rst slot. First slot center The reference used to calculate phase.

Transient FEA Input Data

This information is used when calculating the motor performance using the 2D time transient nite element eld solver. For the main and auxiliary windings, this section displays: the numbers of turns, as seen from the terminal. the number of parallel branches. the terminal resistance. the end leakage inductance. For the rotor end ring, this section displays both the end ring resistance and the end ring inductance between two bars at one of the ends. When you have reviewed the output data, choose Exit to exit the window and begin plotting the performance curves.

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Plotting the Performance Curves

Plot the curves: 1. Choose Post Process/Performance Curves. The PlotData window appears, with an Open window visible. The following plot titles are available to open: n_curr.dat Input Current vs Speed n_ef.dat Efciency vs Speed n_pow2.dat Output Power vs Speed n_powf.dat Power Factor vs Speed n_torq.dat Output Torque vs Speed 2. Select the name of the plot to view. 3. Choose OK. The plot appears in the PlotData window. After youve opened one plot, to open a different plot, choose Plot/Open. The speed is measured per unit of the synchronous speed. The following figures show the performance plots for the sample problem:

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4. When you have finished viewing the performance curves, choose File/Exit to exit PlotData.

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Create the Maxwell 2D Project

Now you can create the Maxwell 2D project.

Create the Maxwell project: 1. Choose Tools/Options, and make certain that the Periodic and Teeth-Teeth options are selected, and then choose OK to close the window. These options allow you to take advantage of the motor symmetry. 2. Choose Analysis/View Geometry. The Maxwell 2D Modeler appears, displaying the geometry. 3. Choose File/Exit to exit the Maxwell 2D Modeler. 4. Choose Analysis/Create Maxwell 2D Project. A message window appears, informing you that the Maxwell 2D project has been created. 5. Choose OK to close the message window. 6. Return to the Project Manager to continue with the rest of this example. Leave RMxprt open to refer to later in the example.

Exporting the BH-Curve

Once the project has been created, you can export the BH-curve for the magnetic material HP76F to use for the materials in the Maxwell project.

Export the BH-curve: 1. Choose Materials/BH. The Material Data window appears. 2. Choose Open. A file browser appears. 3. Locate and select the D23.h-b file. 4. Choose Open. The data for the material appears. 5. Choose Save as and save the file as a .bh file (not an .h-b file). This file can be directly used by the 2D transient solver. 6. Choose OK to save the file and close the browser. 7. Choose Exit to close the Material Data window.

This le can now be directly used by the 2D transient solver.

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Some Exercises
This section provides some useful exercises for analyzing changes in the motor's performance in different situations.

Y - Delta Switching
Create an induction motor designed for a delta armature connection. Examine the starting torque and current for the two cases of the Y connection and the delta connection. You should obtain the following results: For the delta connection, the torque is 535 Nm, and the phase current is 512 A. For the Y connection, the torque is 125 Nm, and the phase current is 247 A.

Multiple Parallel Circuits

The windings forming one phase may be connected in series or in parallel, providing multiple parallel circuits (parallel branches). Examine the changes in the winding resistance and the phase current at the rated-load operation. You should obtain the following results: For one parallel branch, the resistance is 0.232 ohms, and the phase current is 64 A. For two parallel branches, the resistance is 0.058 ohms, and the phase current is 214 A.

Influence of Rotor Resistivity on Locked-Rotor Torque

Change the material for the rotor bar. Use copper instead of aluminum, and examine the changes in the value of the locked-rotor torque. Keep the Y connection and two parallel paths. You should obtain the following results: For aluminum, the locked-rotor torque is 753 Nm. For copper, the locked-rotor torque is 582 Nm.

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Three-Phase Induction Motor Simulation Using EMpulse

Now that the Maxwell 2D project is created, use the EMPulse environment to predict the operating performance of the motor. EMpulse is a nonlinear time-domain FEA software package that analyzes the electromagnetic (plane parallel) phenomena in electromagnetic devices, combined with electric circuits and motion. If you want to simply open and inspect the nished project, the pre-solved project is included in 3ph_fea.pjt. If you want to step through the project yourself, open the project you previously exported from RMxprt.

Set Up the Geometry

The geometry of the model is already created by RMxprt.

Open the project, and set up the geometry: 1. From the Project Manager in the Maxwell Control Panel, open the Maxwell 2D project that was created in the previous section. If using the pre-solved project, its name is 3ph_fea.pjt. Upon opening the project, notice that the Transient solver, the XY drawing plane, and Dene Model are already set. 2. Choose Dene Model/Draw Model to open the Maxwell 2D Modeler. 3. Choose View/Zoom In, and zoom in on the air gap. There is an additional object in the air gap called Band. This object is used during the solution process to determine which objects are stationary and which objects rotate. 4. Choose File/Save, and then File/Exit, to save the file and exit the Maxwell 2D Modeler. 5. Choose Dene Model/Group Objects, and group the objects that belong to the same winding. RMxprt assigns names to all of the objects in the geometry. Group the objects as follows (notice the abbreviations for the names of the windings): Bar objects Bar0-Bar13 PhA objects PhA0-PhA11 PhB objects PhB0-PhB11 PhReB objects PhReB10, PhReB11 PhReC objects PhRe0-PhRe11

Note that the stator windings of an induction motor can be grouped into six different objects. Since the FEA model is only half of the full model, groups PhReA and PhC are not in the sample drawing. If you assume that the rotor rotates counterclockwise (positive torque), the stator windings have to be grouped counterclockwise in the same sequence. In this example, that order is PhA (represented as A), PhReC (represented as C-), PhB (represented as B), and PhReB (represented as B-).

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Setup Materials
After grouping the objects, you can now assign material properties. Because this example requires materials not included in the material database, you must create them in the Material Manager. Choose Setup Materials to access the Material Manager and assign material properties to all of the objects.

Add a New Material

Add a new nonlinear material called D23 to the local material database.

Add a new material: 1. Choose Material/Add, and enter D23 in the name filed below Material Attributes. 2. Select Nonlinear Material, and choose B H Curve. The B-H Curve Entry window appears. 3. Choose Import from the The B-H Curve Entry window. The Import File window appears. 4. Select the D23.bh file that was created within RMxprt. Make certain that the bh button is selected before importing. In most cases, this file is located in c:\ansoft\rmxprt\matlib. 5. Choose OK to import the file and return to the B-H Curve Entry window. 6. Choose Exit to exit the window and return to the Material Manager. The new material is now available in the database.

Derive a New Material

Derive a new conductor material called Aluminium_115.

Derive the new material: 1. Select aluminum from the Materials list. 2. Choose Material/Derive. 3. Enter Aluminum_115 in the name field below Material Attributes. 4. Enter 2.304e7 S/m in the Conductivity field. 5. Choose Enter to enter the new material in the local material database.

Assign the Materials

Now assign material properties as follows.

Assign the materials: Assign vacuum to the AirGap and Band. Assign Aluminum_115 to the Bar group. Assign copper to groups PhA, PhB, PhReB, PhReC. Assign D23 to the Rotor and Stator. Assign steel_stainless to the Shaft. Exclude the background from the model.

Note that the rotor bar conductivity is set up for a working temperature of 75 degrees Celsius. The conductivity of the stator windings will not be taken into account if the windings are set up as a stranded conductor. The resistances of the stator windings will be specied in the Source Setup.

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Setup Boundary / Sources

The rst step in dening the boundary conditions is to dene the Master/Slave boundary. You then need to setup the source and assign the end ring parameters. First, choose Setup Boundaries/Sources. The 2D Boundary/Source Manager appears.

Define the Master Boundary

Define the master boundary: 1. Choose Window/New to open an additional window. Once the window is open choose Window/Tile to arrange the windows in a tile format. 2. Choose Edit/Select/Edge, and select the curved edge of the outside diameter of the stator. 3. Choose Assign/Boundary/Value, and assign to it a value boundary of 0. 4. Choose View/Zoom In, and zoom in on the air gap so that the area where the Band and the inside diameter of the stator cross the x-axis can easily be seen. 5. Choose Edit/Select/Trace. Starting in the window with the full model shown, click on the center axis of the motor (u=0, v=0), and then click on the following intersection: Rotor Inside Diameter (u=23.8125, v=0) 6. Switch to the window where the air gap is enlarged, and click on the following intersections: Rotor Outside Diameter (u=68.9991, v=0) Band (u=69.5833, v=0) Stator Inside Diameter (u=70.1675, v=0) 7. Switch back to the window with the full model, and double-click on the Stator Outside Diameter (u=128.5875, v=0) to end the master boundary definition. 8. Choose Assign/Boundary/Master, and then choose Assign.

The master boundary is now assigned.

Define the Slave Boundary

Again, use the Edit/Select/Trace command to dene the slave boundary.

Define the slave boundary: 1. Choose Edit/Select/Trace. Starting in the window with the full model shown, click on the center axis of the motor (u=0, v=0), and then click on the following intersection: Rotor Inside Diameter (u=0, v=23.8125) 2. Switch to the window where the air gap in enlarged, and click on the following intersections: Rotor Outside Diameter (u=0, v=68.9991) Band (u=0, v=69.5833) Stator Inside Diameter (u=0, v=70.1675) 3. Switch back to the window with the full model, and double-click on the Stator Outside Diameter (u=0, v=128.5875), to end the slave boundary definition. 4. Choose Assign/Boundary/Slave, and select Slave = Master. When solving for an odd number poles of an electrical machine, use the Slave = Master symmetry. When solving for an even number of poles, use the Slave = +Master symmetry. 5. Choose Assign.

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Source Setup
When specifying the source, you need to consider two options in EMpulse: coils can be either current supplied or voltage supplied. In the electric motors, windings are generally voltage supplied, with the resulting currents dependent on the winding's resistance and back electromotive force (emf). EMpulse can calculate the currents from the eld solution and the terminal data. Phase A Winding

To set up the Phase A winding parameters: 1. Choose Edit/Select/Object/By Clicking, and then select the object group PhA. Click the right mouse button to stop selecting. 2. Choose Assign/Source/Solid. New fields appear below the view window. 3. Select Voltage and Strand. 4. Choose Functions, and add the following three new functions: PhaseA = 460*sqrt(2/3)*cos(360*60*T) PhaseB = 460*sqrt(2/3)*cos(360*60*T-120) PhaseC = 460*sqrt(2/3)*cos(360*60*T-240) 5. When you have finished entering the functions, choose OK to accept the functions and close the window. 6. Choose Options and select Function in the window that appears. Choose OK to accept a functional value for the voltage and close the window. 7. Enter PhaseA in the value field. 8. Choose Winding. The Winding Setup for Boundary window appears. 9. Assign a positive polarity to the object group PhA. 10. Under Terminal Attributes, enter the following values, which were derived using the transient FEA input data from RMxprt Design Output: Enter 0.231977 ohms in the Resistance field. The resistance is the total resistance of the winding at the working temperature Enter 0.000441694 henries in the Inductance field. The inductance is only the end-winding leakage inductance, which can not be deduced from the 2D eld solution. Enter 66 in the Total turns as seen from terminal field. Enter 1 in the Number of Parallel Branches field. 11. Choose OK to accept the settings and return to the 2D Boundary/Source Manager. 12. Enter PhaseA in the Name field, and then choose Assign.

The PhaseA winding parameters are now dened.

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Phase B Winding

To set up the Phase B winding parameters: 1. Choose Edit/Select/Object/By Clicking, and then select the object groups PhB and PhReB. 2. Choose Assign/Source/Solid. New fields appear below the view window. 3. Select Voltage and Strand. 4. Choose Options, and select Function for the voltage. Choose OK. 5. Enter Voltage in the Value field. 6. Choose Winding. The Winding Setup for Boundary window appears. 7. Assign a positive polarity for PhB and a negative polarity for the group PhReB. 8. Under Terminal Attributes, define the following values: Enter 0.231977 ohms in the Resistance field. The resistance is the total resistance of the winding at the working temperature. Enter 0.000441694 henries in the Inductance field. The inductance is only the end-winding leakage inductance, which can not be deduced from the 2D eld solution. Enter 66 in the Total turns as seen from terminal field. Enter 1 in the Number of Parallel Branches field. 9. Choose OK to accept the settings and return to the 2D Boundary/Source Manager. 10. Enter PhaseB in the Name field, and then choose Assign. To set up the Phase C winding parameters: 1. Choose Edit/Select/Object/By Clicking, and then select object group PhReC. 2. Choose Assign/Source/Solid. New fields appear below the view window. 3. Select Voltage and Strand. 4. Choose Options, and select Function for the voltage. Choose OK. 5. Enter Voltage in the Value field. 6. Choose Winding. The Winding Setup for Boundary window appears. 7. Assign a negative polarity for group PhReC. 8. Under Terminal Attributes, define the following values: Enter 0.231977 ohms in the Resistance field. The resistance is the total resistance of the winding at the working temperature Enter 0.000441694 henries in the Inductance field. The inductance is only the end-winding leakage inductance, which can not be deduced from the 2D eld solution. Enter 66 in the Total turns as seen from terminal field. Enter 1 in the Number of Parallel Branches field. 9. Choose OK to accept the settings and return to the 2D Boundary/Source Manager. 10. Enter PhaseC in the Name field, and then choose Assign.

Phase C Winding

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End Ring Parameters

Define the end connection: 1. Use the Edit/Select commands, and select the object group Bar. 2. Choose Assign/End Connection. New fields appear below the view window. 3. Select the Passive end-connected conductor box. 4. Enter 7.5856e-7 ohms in the End Resistance between adjacent conductors field. 5. Enter 1.47364e-9 henries in the End Inductance between adjacent conductors field.

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Setup Solution
Since adaptive renement is not available for the transient solver, the quality of the manual mesh is critical to the accuracy and the convergence of the eld solution. The mesh must be ne in regions where a large magnetic eld gradient occurs (such as air-gaps and rotor bars) and larger elsewhere. For practical use, generating a mesh that is too ne can result in excessive computational time.

Manual Mesh

Manually create the mesh: 1. Select Setup Solution/Options from the Executive Commands menu. The Solve Setup window appears. 2. Choose Manual Mesh. The 2D Meshmaker appears. 3. Choose Mesh/Seed/QuadTree. The QuadTree Seed window appears. Accept 6 as the Number of levels, and choose OK. 4. Choose Mesh/Make. The basic mesh is generated for the model. This mesh is too coarse to provide the most accurate solution and must be refined. To refine the mesh, you need to take into account those areas which are critical for solution accuracy. In this example, the critical areas are the band, the air-gap, and the rotor bars. During the manual refinement, you can specify the desired number of triangles in each object. 5. Choose Rene/Object. The Object Renement window appears, allowing you to refine the mesh further. The goal is to have a uniform mesh with a sufficient number of elements in the air gap:. 6. Make certain the following number of triangles appear in the Rene Number field for each object: AirGap 2000 Band 1000 Bars 50 PhA, PhB 40 PhReB, PhReC 40 Rotor 1300 Shaft 150 Stator 2000 If the number of elements for an object does not fall within a few percent of that listed, select its name from the Object Name list, and enter its appropriate value in the Rene Number field. Choose Accept to accept the new value. Values for the air gap, band, and stator require the greatest number of elements to obtain the most accurate solution. 7. Choose OK when finished refining the objects.

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Refine the Mesh

You can modify the mesh still further by adding individual points with the mouse. In this step, pay particular attention to the region surrounding the air gap and the top of the rotor bars because this region will experience the highest rate of error, requiring the most renement.

Refine the mesh: 1. Choose Rene/Point. The Point Renement window appears. 2. Leave Circumcircle selected and choose OK to accept this style of point refinement. The window closes. 3. Add triangles where they are needed to further refine the mesh, if necessary. Click the right mouse button to exit. 4. Choose Mesh/Line Match and select the edges of both the master and slave boundaries, to ensure that the meshing points will match at your matching boundaries. Click the right mouse button when done selecting. If the meshing points do not match at matching boundaries, you will receive an error message about a missing transcript file during the nominal solution. 5. Choose File/Exit, and save the changes to the mesh as you exit from the window.

When you return to the Solve Setup window, the Starting Mesh option is changed to use the Current mesh.

Solution Options for the Transient Analysis

For this example, use the following settings to dene the solution options for the transient analysis.

Define the solution options: 1. Leave Starting Mesh set to Current. 2. Accept the default value in the Solver Residual field. This value has no effect when the direct solver is used. 3. Select Direct as the Solver Choice. Use this option whenever you generate a solution using the transient solver. 4. Select Start from time zero as the Solution starting point. 5. Enter 0.10 seconds in the Stop time field. You will only generate a solution for the first 0.1 seconds of motion. 6. Enter 0.00015 in the Time step field. This instructs the solver to calculate the fields every 150 microseconds of the solution process. For fixed time steps, such as these, typically use 50 steps per electrical cycle. The resulting rotor displacement per one time step should be a maximum of 3 mechanical degrees. 7. Enter 0.05 in the Save elds time step field. This instructs the solver to write the field solution out every 50 milliseconds. 8. Enter 241.3 mm in the Model depth field. 9. Enter 2 in the Symmetry multiplier field. Because you are modeling only one-half of the model, use this multiplier to generate a solution for the entire geometry. 10. Choose OK to accept the values and return to the Executive Commands menu.

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Motion Setup
With the solution parameters dened, you can now dene the motion parameters for the transient model.

Define the motion setup: 1. Choose Setup Solution/Motion Setup from the Executive Commands menu. The Motion Setup window appears. 2. Select the Band object, and then choose Set Band. The band is defined as a stationary object that contains all moving objects. 3. Select Rotation as the Type of Motion. 4. Choose Set Position, and select (0,0) as the center of rotation. 5. Choose Mechanical Setup. The Mechanical Setup window appears. 6. Deselect Consider Mechanical Transient, and enter 3502 in the Constant Angular Velocity field. Make sure the units list beside the field is set to rpm. 7. Choose OK to close the window. 8. Choose Exit to exit the Mechanical Setup window. Save the changes as you exit.

Solve the Nominal Problem

Choose Solve/Nominal Problem from the Executive Commands menu. The progress bar informs you of the status of the solution. Solving the problem takes about 8 hours on a 400 MHz PC. If you want to display the transient data, such as voltages, currents, torque, and power loss, choose Solutions/Transient Data. If you choose Refresh during the solution process, the plots will be refreshed after completing the current time step.

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Post Processing

Access the Fields Post Processor: 1. Choose Post Process/Fields. The Post-Process Saved Fields window appears, listing the time steps. 2. Select the time step to plot, and choose OK. The 2D Post Processor opens.

Calculate the Flux Density

Calculate the ux density in the air gap. First, you must identify a line in the air gap, then load the B vector and calculate the magnitude of B, map the magnitude of B onto this line, and then take its average value.

Calculate the flux density: 1. Choose Post/Line/Dene. The Line Segment Menu window appears. 2. Zoom into the air gap so that the band can be selected. 3. Enter Object in the Line segment name field. 4. Select the band object. 5. Choose Display and then Return. 6. Choose Calc/Plane to enter the plane calculator. 7. Under Transient, choose B_Vector to load the B vector into the calculator. 8. Under Vector, choose magnitude to calculate the magnitude of B. 9. Choose Line to the right of the calculator to access the line calculator. 10. Under Register, choose enter. Set lineseg1 to Yes, and choose Execute. 11. Under Operations, choose value, and enter 1000 in the blank field. This maps the value of the magnitude of B onto the line. 12. Under Operations, choose integrate. Set Enter in number calculator to Yes. 13. Choose Plane to return to the plane calculator. 14. Under Scalar, choose constant, and enter 1.0 in the field. 15. Choose Line to return to the line calculator. 16. Under Register, choose enter. Set lineseg1 to Yes, and choose Execute. 17. Under Operations, choose value. 18. Under Operations, choose integrate, and set Enter in number calculator to Yes. This calculates the length of the line. 19. Choose Number to enter the number calculator. 20. Under Operations, choose divide to divide out the length of the line. Following is the equation we just solved:

B dl B ( avg ) = --------------- dl
The value in the top register of the calculator stack is the value in tesla of the average ux density in the air gap, which should be approximately 0.412 tesla. The value calculated by RMxprt is 0.447 tesla. Exit from the calculator, and choose Post/Plot to view eld quantities such as ux, B, and H.

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Three-phase Induction Motor Problem

Results
Your values may differ slightly from these, but should still be close: Phase Current = 30 A rms (compared to 31 A rms in RMxprt) Torque = 58.5 Nm (compared to 56.6 in RMxprt) Power Loss = 2230 W The following gures show the transient plots for the sample problem:

Three-phase Induction Motor Problem

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Three-phase Induction Motor Problem

References
[1] NEMA Standards Publication NO. MG1, National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), Washington D.C.,1993. [2] IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators, IEEE Standard 1121991, 1991.

Three-phase Induction Motor Problem

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Three-phase Induction Motor Problem