wild life conservation in India Ethology is the scientific study that deals with animal behaviour.

Animals form the important component of our planet as they are our co-inhabitants. But with the ever-increasing demands by one species i.e. humans, other species are suffering. And with the knowledge that one's death means other's is approaching, humans became scared and looked for the ways for protecting these mute creatures. A number of National and International organisations are actively involved in wildlife conservation. In India some of the organisations are viz, wildlife Institute of India - [est. in 1982] by Ministry of environment and Forests, GOI. Bombay Natural History Society - [ 1883], BOMBAY wildlife preservation society of India - [1958], DEHRADUN World wildlife foundation in India - [in India est in 1969, parent body in 1961, Switzerland] Zoological survey of India - [1916], CALCUTTA

Wildlife Conservation in India

There was a time humans were wildlife, well! not particularly abundant species of primates coexisting with the wealth of other species in parts of Africa. But, as we humans emerged from this situation and became the dominant species, we have attempted to set ourselves apart from other species. In many respects, this is the root cause of the present-day environmental crisis.

Ecological

trauma!

Despite the attempts that have been made to undermine progress made in solving environmental problems, major progress has been made. Scientists and, increasingly, the public are realizing that we are in an environmental crisis of global ecological proportions. Human populations are still ascending at an exponential rate, the atmosphere is warming, both tropical and temperate rainforests are being cut at alarming rates, and serious pollution is much more prevalent than admitted previously. From the perspective of wildlife this means species are being lost almost on a daily basis. Acknowledgement of these problems, however, means that we can find solutions for them, although most solutions require enormous economic aids which may anchor these coherent problems.

Poaching
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Poaching (disambiguation). Poaching is the illegal taking of wild plants or animals contrary to local and international conservation and wildlife management laws. Violations of hunting laws and regulations are normally punishable by law and, collectively, such violations are known as poaching. It may be illegal and in violation because

The game or fish is not in season; usually the breeding season is declared as the closed

season when wildlife species are protected by law.

The poacher does not possess a valid permit. The poacher is illegally selling the animal, animal parts or plant for a profit. The animal is being hunted outside of legal hours. The hunter used an illegal weapon for that animal. The animal or plant is on restricted land. The right to hunt this animal is claimed by somebody. The type of bait is inhumane. (e.g. food unsuitable for an animal's health) The means used are illegal (for example, baiting a field while hunting quail or other animals,

using spotlights to stun or paralyze deer, or hunting from a moving vehicle, watercraft, or aircraft).

The animal or plant is protected by law or that it has been listed as extinct or endangered (see

for example the Endangered Species Actfor the USA or the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and similar laws/treaties).

The animal or plant has been tagged by a researcher.

Note that only wild animals can be poached. Stealing or killing domestic animals is considered to be theft ("cattle rustling"), not poaching. Plant poaching is also on the rise. A prominent example is the removal of ginseng growing in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.[1] It is estimated that wild ginseng plants are worth more than $260 365 per pound (dried) on the black market.[2]

Hunting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Hunter" redirects here. For other uses, see Hunter (disambiguation). For other uses, see Hunting (disambiguation).

Boar hunting, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (14th century)

Hunting is the practice of pursuing any living thing, usually wildlife, for food, recreation, or trade. In present-day use, the term refers to lawful hunting, as distinguished from poaching, which is the killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species contrary to applicable law. The species which are hunted are referred to as game, and are usually mammals and migratory or non-migratorygamebirds.

Ex-situ conservation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ex-situ conservation means literally, "off-site conservation". It is the process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal outside of its natural habitat; for example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, which may be a wild area or within the care of humans. While ex-situ conservation comprises some of the oldest and best known conservation methods, it also involves newer, sometimes controversial laboratory methods.

In-situ conservation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In-situ conservation is on-site conservation or the conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of plant or animal species, such as forest genetic resources in natural populations of tree species. It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending the species from predators. It is applied to conservation of agricultural biodiversity in agroecosystems by farmers, especially those using unconventional farming practices.

Biodiversity Statement
Biological diversity, or biodiversity, refers to the variety of life on Earth. As defined by the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, it includes diversity of ecosystems, species and genes, and the ecological processes that support them. Natural diversity in ecosystems provides essential economic benefits and services to human societysuch as food, clothing, shelter, fuel and medicinesas well as ecological, recreational, cultural and aesthetic values, and thus plays an important role in sustainable development. Biodiversity is under threat in many areas of the world

The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 is a landmark in the protection of wildlife in India especially after the second world war when the struggle for freedom started taking its shape and the wildlife was ignored to sustain at its own risks. The Indian Board of Wildlife (IBWL) was constituted in the year 1952 after the independence which took the task of preserving the natural wildlife habitats and saving the animals from probable extinction.

Wildlife
Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants, animals and other organisms. Domesticating wild plant and animal species for human benefit has occurred many times all over the planet, and has a major impact on the environment, both positive and negative. Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems. Deserts, rain forests, plains, grasslands, and other areas including the most developedurban sites, all have distinct forms of wildlife. While the term in popular culture usually refers to animals that are untouched by human factors, most scientists agree that wildlife around the world is impacted by human activities.

In-situ and ex-situ conservation

Conservation can broadly be divided into two types:

In-situ: Conservation of habitats, species and ecosystems where they naturally occur. This is in-situ conservation and the natural processes and interaction are conserved as well as the elements of biodiversity. Ex-situ: The conservation of elements of biodiversity out of the context of their natural habitats is referred to as ex-situ conservation. Zoos, botanical gardens and seed banks are all example of ex-situ conservation. In-situ conservation is not always possible as habitats may have been degraded and there may be competition for land which means species need to be removed from the area to save them.

Conservation of Biodiversity
Exotic species removal allows less competitive species to recover their ecological niches. Exotic species that have become a pest can be identified Biodiversity banking places a monetary value on biodiversity. One example is the Australian Native Vegetation Management Framework.
Gene banks are collections of specimens and genetic material. Some banks intend to reintroduce banked species to the ecosystem (e.g. via tree nurseries).[126] Reducing and better targeting of pesticides allows more species to survive in agricultural and urbanized areas. Location-specific approaches are less useful for protecting migratory species. One approach is to create wildlife corridors that correspond to the animals' movements. National and other boundaries can complicate corridor creation.[citation needed]

measures Measures taken by the government for the conservation of wildlife

Important steps taken by the Government for conservation of wildlife in the country are as under: i. Threatened species of wildlife are placed in various Schedules of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, thereby according these species adequate protection. ii. The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 has been amended from time to time and made more stringent against wildlife related offences. iii. A network of Protected Areas has been established to protect and conserve wildlife including rare animals and their habitats. iv. Wildlife Crime Control Bureau has been set up as a multi-disciplinary agency to deal with wildlife crimes having inter-state, cross- border and international ramifications.

Conclusion