Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Mc lc
Mc lc....................................................................................................................................1
Li ni u...............................................................................................................................2
PHN I....................................................................................................................................3
MNG IP & CC THNG S NH HNG N CHT LNG DCH V..........3
I.1. Phn loi lu lng v ng dng trn mng IP............................................................3
I.2. Cc thng s nh gi cht lng dch v ...................................................................5
I.2.1. Tr ............................................................................................................................................................5
I.2.2. Thng lng .............................................................................................................................................5
PHN 3..................................................................................................................................40
nh gi, kt lun..............................................................................................................40
III.1. nh gi, phn tch cc phng php: ....................................................................40
1
Kt lun..................................................................................................................................47
Ti liu tham kho................................................................................................................48
Li ni u
Ngy nay, cc mng dng cng ngh IP, c bit l Internet tr thnh cng c
quan trng trong nhiu lnh vc. Cng vi cc dch v truyn thng (nh email, FTP,
WWW,. . .) cc dch v mi (truyn ting ni, hnh nh hay a phng tin) i hi tnh thi
gian thc cng ngy cng pht trin. Nhu cu truyn cc dch v thi gian thc trong mng
IP tng ln nhanh chng trong khi m hnh cung cp dch v truyn thng trong mng IP
da trn vic truyn gi tin vi c gng ti a (best effort) khng p ng c nhng yu
cu cht ch v mt thi gian, tr hay bng thng ca cc dch v thi gian thc i hi
phi c gii php gii quyt vn ny.
p ng c yu cu ca cc ng dng thi gian thc, c hai gii php c bn.
Gii php th nht l b xung thm ti nguyn bng cch nng cp c s h tng truyn
thng. Nhng gii php ny tn km v d ti nguyn mng c tng th cc ng dng tiu
tn ti nguyn cng tng ln v ti nguyn c xem l lun thiu so vi nhu cu. Gii php
th hai hp l hn l b sung cc c ch h tr cht lng dch v vo h tng mng. Do
2
PHN I
MNG IP & CC THNG S NH HNG N CHT LNG
DCH V
I.1. Phn loi lu lng v ng dng trn mng IP
Trn mng IP c hai loi lu lng khc nhau c bn l lu lng thi gian thc v
lu lng d liu (data traffic, lu lng khng c thuc tnh thi gian thc)
IP applications
IP traffic
Elastic applications
Data traffic
Gi ( kch thc b )
Gi d liu n
Gi d liu i
Hng i di c nh
I.2.1. Tr
Tr ca lu lng dch v l c tnh rt quan trng ca cht lng dch v. Cc kha
cnh khc nhau ca tr c nh hng khc nhau n cc dch v.
- Tr u cui n u cui (end to end)
- Bin thin tr (jitter)
Cc ng dng tng tc thi gian thc (nh truyn thng thoi) nhy cm vi tr u
cui n u cui v bin thin tr. tr di nh hng n tnh tng tc ca qu trnh
thng tin .
Cc ng dng phi tng tc thi gian thc (nh qung b mt chiu) khng nhy
cm vi tr u cui n u cui nhng b nh hng bi bin thin tr. Bin thin tr
thng c iu chnh bng cch dng b m ti u thu, ti cc gi n c gi v
pht li ti thi im thch hp. Thi im pht (im pht li) c xc nh bi bin thin
tr ti a. Cc ng dng c th iu chnh im pht li da trn s thay i gi tr bin
thin tr gi l cc ng dng thch nghi. Cc gi n sau thi im pht li thng khng
cn gi tr vi ng dng.
Cc ng dng khng c thuc tnh thi gian thc khng nhy cm vi tr. l do
cc ng dng ny c th dng cc php o tr iu khin tc lu lng (nh TCP) hay
lu tr d liu cho n khi c bo nhn (nh FTP). Tr ln hoc thay i c th nh
hng n cht lng ca nhng ng dng ny .
Cc thnh phn khc nhau ca tr u cui n u cui l :
- Tr pht: l thi gian cn thit a tt c cc bit ca gi tin vo ng truyn
- Tr truyn: l thi gian mt bit truyn qua knh
- Tr x l: l thi gian x l mt gi trong phn t mng
- Tr hng i: l thi gian gi tin phi i trong hng i trc khi n c truyn i
Ti u cui, c th c cc tr khc khi nhn gi tin t giao din mng n chng
trnh v cui cng n ngi s dng .
Hiu sut
Di thng
a. ng dng thi gian thc
cng
Hiu sut
Di thng
b. ng dng thch nghi tr
Di thng
c. ng dng mm do
PHN 2
CC PHNG PHP NNG CAO CHT LNG DCH V
TRN MNG IP
IETF a bn phng php cung cp cht lng dch v trong mng IP
Integrated Services IntServ
Differentiated Services DiffServ
Multiprotocol Label Switching
Traffic Engineering
Intserv cho php t trc mt knh xuyn qua mng vi bng thng m bo. N
d tr ti nguyn mng mt cch r rng bng giao thc bo hiu ng v s dng kim sot
chp nhn, phn loi gi, lp lch thng minh t c cht lng dch v mong mun
c) c im dch v c yu cu
Lung c tr m bo c th xc nh thm bng c im dch v c yu cu
(Requested Service Specification Rspec) yu cu mc dch v c th. Rspec c cc
tham s sau :
- Tc yu cu R, xc nh tc mong mun m lu lng c gi trong lung,
n phi ln hn r
d) c im ng (Path Characterization)
gii thch cc cht lng dch v c cung cp dc theo mt chng ng c
th, c ch d tr ti nguyn cng thng bo mt s c tnh ca ng, chng bao gm
- Kh nng cung cp IntServ: ch ra xem c nt no trn ng khng c kh nng
cung cp dch v tch hp
- S chng IntServ: ch ra s nt c kh nng cung cp dch v tch hp trn ng
- Bng thng ng sn c: ch ra bng thng ti thiu
- tr ng ti thiu: ch ra tr ti thiu ca mt gi, bao gm tr truyn, tr x
l nhng khng tnh n tr hng i.
- MTU ca ng: ch ra kch thc n v truyn cc i trn ng
- Cc tham s tr: ch ra tr tch lu trn ng truyn ca mt lung c th, bao gm
cc s hng ph thuc tc v s hng ph thuc tc D.
e) D tr ti nguyn
Phi d tr ti nguyn cho cc lung c th cung cp cht lng dch v theo yu
cu. iu c th thc hin thng qua giao thc d tr ti nguyn ng, qua cu hnh bng
tay hay qua mt giao thc qun l mng. M hnh tch hp dch v khng gn lin vi mt
c ch c th no. Tt nhin, n xc nh tng qut cc lu lng v c tnh ng truyn
thng qua mng. Vic d tr ti nguyn c thc hin bng giao thc d tr ti nguyn
(Resource ReSerVation Protocol RSVP)
Nt gi
PATH (1)
B nh tuyn
B nh tuyn
Ressv (2)
Nt nhn
Ressv (2)
Nt nhn
11
ng k
Phn bit
Fixed Filter(FF)
(khng nh ngha)
Dng chung
Shared Explicit(SE)
Wilcard Filter (WF)
nt gi c la chn
Fixed Filter (FF) : To mt ng k cho lung d liu t mi nt gi, khng
13
c) Trn cc yu cu ng k
H
Nt nhn
Nt nhn
H
Nt gi
Nt nhn
R : b nh tuyn
H : H thng cui
Hnh 5. Trn cc yu cu t ch
Thng bo RESV c chuyn ti nt trn mang theo c t lung ln nht trong s
cc c t lung yu cu bi nt di. Nh th gi l cc c t lung c trn .
Thng thng c t lung l vector a chiu, n c th cha c hai thnh phn
Tspec v Rspec, v bn thn mi thnh phn li l nhng vector a chiu .Do c nhiu
trng hp khng th so snh hai c t lung. Chng hn, nu mt ci yu cu di thng
cao hn v ci kia yu cu tr nh hn. Khi thay v ly ra ci ln hn, th tc trn phi
cho ra c t lung th ba m cc gi tr bng gi tr nh nht ca cn trn (Least Upper
Bound LUB) v ln nht ca cn di (Greatest Lower Bound GLB). Trong trng hp
trn, c t lung th ba phi c yu cu di thng ca c t lung th nht v tr ca
c t lung th hai.
Lut trn cc c t tu thuc vo kiu ng k ca chng. Cc c t lung ch
c trn khi chng c cng kiu ng k v cng n mt giao din ca b nh tuyn
(trong trng hp giao din ny ni vo mt mng LAN, n c th nhaanj c nhiu c t
lung t nhiu nt nhn). Cc c t lung cng ch c trn khi chng thuc cng mt
phin. Hnh 6 minh ho c ch trn cc c t lung vi cc kiu FF, SE v WF vi gi s
cc c t lung l cc vector mt chiu v c so snh bng o B.
Mi khi trng thi ng k hin ti thay i, b nh tuyn s to ra thng bo RESV
mi v chuyn tip ln trn ngay tc th (khng cn i n ht khong thi gian lm ti).
C ch trn yu cu ng k l mt u im c bn ca RSVP, kh nng m rng,
vi mt s lng ln ngi s dng tham gia vo mt nhm qung b nhm, lu lng trn
mng tng ln khng nhiu .
d) Duy tr trng thi ng k
RSVP theo cch tip cn trng thi mm qun l trng thi ng k trn cc b
nh tuyn v cc trm u cui .Cc trng thi RSVP c to lp v nh k lm ti bi
cc thng bo PATH v RESV. Trng thi b xo nu sau khong thi gian nht nh m
14
R RSVP
Nt gi
Nt nhn
m my cc b nh tuyn khng h tr RSVP
RSVP
Acct
Auth
RSVP
Chc nng
kim sot
chnh sch
X l i
tng kim
sot QoS
X l i
ng
nh danh
X l i
tng k
ton
Policy
D liu
Hnh 7 trnh
by7mt
phn
thng
dchhp
v tch hp. Trong RSVP
Hnh
. Kin
trcca
cakin
m trc
hnhh
dich
v tch
l giao thc duy nht mang yu cu ca chc nng cht lng dch v. N c gi n cc
khi chc nng thc s cung cp cht lng dch v trong b nh tuyn / mng con. RSVP
truyn ti cc i tng nhng cc i tng ny li trong sut i vi RSVP. Hnh 10 minh
ho mi quan h gia cc khi chc nng. V d chc nng kim sot thu nhn skhng ch
dng i tng chnh sch ca RSVP chuyn m cn dng cc i tng dng gi chc
nng cht lng dch v v thm ch c i tng nh danh v k ton
Mt im cn lu l vic yu cu v cung cp cht lng dch v l khc nhau, hn
na giao thc RSVP khng cung cp cht lng dch v m cung cp dch v truyn thng.
Do vic cung cp dch v tch hp (v c dch v DiffServ) l c lp vi RSVP.
Hnh 7 m t cc i tng d liu trong tin bo PATH. Nh trnh by trn trong
RSVP, tin bo PATH c truyn t bn gi n bn nhn v cha thng tin v lu lng
xut pht t bn gi.
Dng lu lng m t trong Tspec ca bn gi. Tspec khng thay i cc c trng
ca dng lu lng trong qu trnh gi m ch bo hiu chng n tt c cc nt trung gian
trong mng v ch. Adspec c sinh ra bi my ch gi hoc b nh tuyn u tin trn
ng, n cha cc tham s tng qut c trng cho ng , xc nh bi vic tnh ton
trn tng chng, cng nh cc tham s c trng cho cht lng dch v c th c phn t
18
AdSpec
TSpec
Filter Spec
RSpec
a ch
ngun
TSpec
Hnh 9 m t chi tit hn v chc nng ng d liu kim sot cht lng. Thng
. Cc
tng
trong
tinnhau
bo trong
RESV b nh tuyn, ti
tin t giao thc RSVP c aHnh
vo 9cc
khii
chc
nng
khc
chng c x l a ra quyt nh cung cp cht lng dch v tng ng. B phn
loi gi xc nh cch x l cc gi. B lp lch gi p dng cc c ch xc nh vi cc gi
cung cp cht lng dch v c yu cu. Chc nng kim sot chnh sch v kim sot
chp nhn xc nh mt lung c th c c php yu cu mt dch v nht nh ti thi
im hay khng (chnh sch) v c ti nguyn trong phn t mng h tr dch v
c yu cu (chp nhn). Kt qu ca cc hot ng nh hng n quyt nh ca b
phn loi gi. Hn na, cc thng tin ca RSVP cng nh hng ti cc gii thut chn
ng ca phn t mng (chn ng c xem xt n cht lng dch v).
RSVP
TSpec
Chn
ng
Filter
Spec
Phn loi gi
tin
TSpec
RSpec
Kim sot
chp nhn
i tng chnh
sch
Kim sot
chnh sch
Lp lch gi
tin
19
Phn loi
gi
Thng th
bi
Lp lch / x l gi
B nh tuyn
R
B
b
r th bi /s
M hnh thng th bi
S lng cc lung n trong mng trc c th rt ln, duy tr trng thi ca chng
i hi nhiu dung lng d tr .
Mc phn bit th hn
Phn loi
gi
nh du
gi
inh dng
hoc loi b
gi
C
ch
PH
B
dngchc
lu lng
Nt bin c ni chung cnh
nhiu
nng hn nt bn trong v c th m rng cc
dch v nh nh du, nh dng gi cho cc my ch hay min khng c kh nng t cung
Nt DS
cp cc dch v . Nt bn trong c th gi thit rng lu lng i qua cc nt bin h
Hnh
13 . Cu
trc
phnchnh
bit xc. Cc chc nng
tr dch v phn bit v do vy
c
nh
dunt
vdch
iuvchnh
ny c th c b qua cc nt bn trong .
Tho thun mc dch v (Service Level Agreement SLA) l mt khi nim quan
trng trong dch v phn bit. SLA xc nh mt min dch v phn bit x l cc gi. SLA
thng cha tho thun iu kin lu lng (Traffic Conditioning Agreement TCA), trong
m t s phn lp ca lung, cch nh du v b du i vi cc gi trong lung, cc
tham s thng th bi v tho thun v cch x l cc gi ngoi profile (ngha l khng p
ng mt s c tnh tho thun). Chc nng ny c thc hin trong mt s thit b
logic nh trong hnh 13 .
Profile lu lng xc nh mt s tnh cht ca lung vi mc dch v nht nh.
l cc c tnh hay thit b cho php b nh tuyn xc nh mt cch r rng mt gi l
trong hay ngoi profile. Hn na trn c s ca SLA/TCA hay trn c s ca chnh sch
min, cc gi ngoi profile c th c i x khc vi cc gi trong profile.
Thit b u tin chng ta xem xt trong cu trc nt l thit b phn loi gi (packet
classifier). Thit b ny dng chn cc lung nhn mc dch v nht nh. C hai loi
thit b phn loi gi : mt kiu da trn vic ch s dng trng DS trong phn u gi tin
IP. Kiu ny gi l thit b phn loi tp hp p ng (behaviour aggregate BA). u im
26
DSCP
7
CU
PHB_number
PHB_semantic
000000
PHB_1
Best - Effort
001000
PHB_2
EF
001111
PHB_3
AF
111000
111001
111101
29
AF1
010000
010010
010100
AF2
011000
011010
011100
AF3
100000
100010
100100
AF4
101000
101010
101100
BB
Database
BB
Server
BB BAR
Client
BB Router
Client
Trong :
BB SLA Client dng theo di cc user, ti nguyn v topology ca vng. BB SLA
Client cha d liu SLA, d liu cp pht ti nguyn v d liu topology ca vng .
32
BB Server x l tt c tin tc truyn thng gia cc thnh phn ca BB, tin hnh
chng thc v cu hnh thit b
II.2.5. u im v hn
ch
dchdch
v v
Diffserv
Hnh
15 .ca
M hnh
phn bit x dng BB
II.2.5.1. u im
Tnh d m rng (scalability)
y l u im quan trng nht ca Diffserv. Trn mng trc c th c rt nhiu
lung lu lng, bt k giao thc no yu cu duy tr trng thi tng lung hay tnh ton
phc tp u dn n kh khn trong vic m rng dch v. Diffserv thc hin gp nhiu
lung v do c th x l mt s lng lung ln. Thm na, Diffserv a nhng cng
vic phc tp (phn loi, qui nh lu lng) ra cc b nh tuyn bin nn cc PHB trong
Diffserv n gin, cho php hot ng vi tc cao.
D qun tr
Trong mt DS framework, cc vng DS khc nhau c th ci t cc PHB tu
min l tho mn SLA . Do cc nh cung cp dch v c th t do la chn ci t, v
vy h c th chn cch cung cp Diffserv vi nhng thay i ti thiu trong c s h tng
ca h.
II.2.5.2. Hn ch ca Diffserv
Trong kin trc Diffserv c hai hn ch c bn.
33
34
Mng
MPLS
Mng
khng
phi
MPLS
Bn
nhn
To
nhn
Bn
nhn
i
nhn
Bn
nhn
i
nhn
Nt
bin
i
nhn
i
nhn
Bn
nhn
Mng
khng
phi
MPLS
B
nhn
LS
R
Nt
bin
Lung khng c gn
nhn
Lung c gn nhn l trnh
1
Lung gn nhn l trnh 2
35
36
II.3.4. Kt lun
c thit k cho php IP over ATM nhng MPLS c nhng kt qu tch cc nu
c ci t trn mng IP thng thng. MPLS l mt gii php a nng cho nhiu vn
ca mng hin nay: tc , scalibility, qun l cht lng dch v v traffic engineering.
Bng cch gn mt header c bit vo mt packet, cc router trong mng s khng cn m
packet, trch ra a ch IP v da vo quyt ng i. MPLS ch n gin m header
c bit v cn c vo header ny, gi packet n ng k tip xc nh.
Bng cch s dng mt cng ngh nh MPLS, traffic engineering cho php gim tc
nghn lu lng trn mng. Vi traffic engineering, c th a mt s lu lng vo mt
ng v mt s lu lng vo ng khc, chng hn nh trn mt ng truyn v tinh
v trn mt ng truyn khc r hn. MPLS header s bo cho router ng gi packet
thay v lu chn packet gn nht
39
PHN 3
NH GI, KT LUN
III.1. nh gi, phn tch cc phng php:
C bn phng php cung cp cht lng dch v cho mng IP l Intserv, Diffserv,
MPLS v Traffic engineering u c nhng u v nhc im ring.
(1) M hnh dch v tch hp (Intserv)
u im:
o C kh nng cung cp cht lng dch v end-to-end.
o Cho php p trc mt knh xuyn qua mng vi bng thng m bo
Nhc im:
o Kh nng m rng km, ch thch hp vi mng nh.
u im:
o D m rng: y l u im quan trng nht ca Diffserv. Trn mng trc
c th c rt nhiu lung lu lng, bt k giao thc no yu cu duy tr
trng thi tng lung hay tnh ton phc tp u dn n kh khn trong vic
m rng dch v. Diffserv thc hin gp nhiu lung v do c th x l
mt s lng lung ln. Thm na, Diffserv a nhng cng vic phc tp
40
Nhc im:
o Diffserv cung cp cht lng dch v cho lung lu lng trn c s tng
chng, thng khng m bo cht lng dch v t u cui n u cui.
o Diffserv khng c kh nng x l li ng truyn.
o Ch thch hp vi mng ng trc
u im:
o Kt hp kh nng chuyn mch nhanh ca tng 2 v nh tuyn tng 3, c
kh nng Traffic engineering, gip trnh tc nghn trong mng
o Ti u ha ti nguyn mng, sp t lu lng vo cc ng truyn c th
Nhc im: Khng a ra kin trc QoS mi, khng c kh nng phn bit dch
v trong mi lung.
41
Trong Diffserv, iu khin thm nhp c thc hin theo mt cch tng
i tnh bng cch cung cp cc tham s policing ti cc phn t mng. Vi vic s
dng RSVP, Diffserv c kh nng iu khin thm nhp da trn ti nguyn nh vy c
th s dng ti nguyn mng ti u.
42
b) nh x dch v
nh x dch v ph thuc vo s lu chn PHB ph hp, iu khin thm nhp v
iu khin chnh sch trn yu cu Intserv da trn ti nguyn kh dng v chnh sch trong
Intserv
nh x dch v bao gm :
- La chn mt PHB hay mt tp PHB cho dch v c yu cu
- Thc hin policing ph hp ti cnh ca min Diffserv
- Xut cc tham s Intserv khi min Diffserv
- Thc hin iu khin truy nhp trn yu cu Intserv m tnh c ti nguyn trong
min Diffserv
C mt bng nh x mc nh ni ting :
Intserv service
Diffserv PHB
HAF
Controlled Load
Guaranted service
L AF
EF PHB
43
III.3.1.4. Kt lun
Intserv over Diffserv l phng php cung cp cht lng dch v ang rt c
quan tm hin nay. Intserv vi kh nng cung cp cht lng dch v end-to-end, diffserv
vi kh nng m rng cao c th kt hp vi nhau trong mt mng b xung cho nhau
cung cp dch v end-to-end c kh nng m rng
III.3.2.2. Nguyn tc
Khi mt packet Diffserv i vo mng MPLS, LSR li vo kim tra trng ToS ca
gi d liu ly cc thng tin Diffserv. Lu lng vo c nh x ti LSP thch hp. Khi
packet ra khi mng MPLS i vo mng Diffserv lu lng MPLS c nh x ti cc PHB
thch hp. MPLS c th nh x lu lng Diffserv vo lu lng MPLS theo hai cch. Cch
th nht nhiu BA c th c nh x vo mt LSP, cch th hai l mi BA c nh x ti
mt LSP. Khi nhiu BA c nh x ti mt LSP th trng Exp trong MPLS c s dng
xc nh PHB. Phng php ny c gi l EXP-Inference-PSC LSP
(E-LSP). phng php th hai mi BA c nh x ti mt LSP, phng php ny c
gi l Label-Only-Inference-PSC LSP (L-LSP).
Bng sau cho thy s khc nhau gia E-LSP v L-LSP
E-LSP
PHB c xc nh t trng EXP
Khng yu cu bo hiu
L-LSP
PHB c xc nh t nhn v trng EXP
PHB hoc nhm PHB scheduling c
bo hiu khi thit lp LSP (LDP, RSVP....)
nh x EXP-> PHB c cu hnh
nh x label->PHB c bo hiu
nh x EXP->PHB l nh x ni ting
Yu cu Shim header
Shim header hoc header tng link c th
E-LSp khng th thc hin trn ATM c s dng, do ph hp vi ATM link
link
C th n t 1 n 8 PHP mi LSP
Mi PHB mt LSP
H tr 8 BA
H tr nhiu hn 8 BA
Vi E-LSP : trng EXP c s dng xc nh BA. Nhn c th c s dng
ra quyt nh chuyn tip v trng EXP c th c s dng xc nh cch i x
vi packet.
Vi L-LSP : mt LSP ring bit c thit lp cho mi cp < FEC, BA >. Trong
trng hp ny, LSR c th c th xc nh ng dn cng nh l cch i x vi packet
t nhn ca packet. Trng EXP m ho mc u tin b ca packet.
Xc nh PHB n :
Mi LSR Diffserv phi bit Diffserv context cho nhn, n bao gm loi LSP, cc
PHB c h tr, nh x EXP-to-PHB cho mt nhn n v nh x PHB-to-EXP cho nhn
ra.
III.3.2.5. Kt lun
Diffserv over MPLS l phng php cung cp cht lng dch v ang rt c
quan tm hin nay. MPLS vi kh nng traffic engineering v s dng cng ngh chuyn
46
Kt lun
Xu hng pht trin ca cc mng truyn s liu trong nhng nm qua cho thy
s quan tm ngy cng tng n vn cht lng dch v v p ng yu cu cht ch ca
cc ng dng thi gian thc. cng l mt trong nhng hng pht trin chnh ca cng
ngh mng v truyn s liu.
Trong tiu lun ny, chng em trnh by cc c ch cung cp cht lng dch v
cho cc ng dng yu cu thi gian thc trn mng IP (Phn I, II). l m hnh dch v
tch hp (Intserv), m hnh dch v phn bit (DiffServ), cng ngh MultiProtocol Label
Switching (MPLS) v c ch Traffic Engineering, trong mi gii php u c u nhc
im ring. Dch v tch hp, kt hp vi giao thc RSVP cho php m bo cht lng
dch v t u cui n u cui vi cc tiu chun nh lng c th nhng phc tp i
hi nhiu ti nguyn v kh nng x l ca mng do ch thch hp vi cc mng c qui
m va v nh. Dch v phn bit cho php x l lu lng theo cc nhm c u tin
khc nhau, n thch hp vi cc mng trc ln hn. MPLS kt hp kh nng chuyn mch
nhanh tng hai vi kh nng nh tuyn gi tin IP tng ba cng vi vi ng dng
Traffic Engineering cho php cn bng ti l thch hp cho cung cp cht lng dch v
trong cc mng trc ln. Cc phng php trn c th kt hp vi nhau , tn dng u im
ca nhau cung cp cht lng dch v trong mt mng.
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