Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh BI 1 TNG QUAN V X L NH

1. Gii thiu chung Nhn dng v x l nh l mt trong nhng lnh vc c nhiu ng dng trong thc tin nh: h thng tin a l (GIS Geographic Information System), qun s, y hc. C th, x l nh s c rt nhiu ng dng nh: Lm ni cc nh trong y hc. Khi phc li nh do tc ng ca kh quyn trong thin vn hc. Chuyn ti, nn nh khi truyn i xa hoc lu tr. 2. Cc giai on ca qu trnh x l nh - Nhn dng v X l nh bao gm 2 giai on chnh: Giai on bin i nh (Image Transformation) hay lm p nh (Image Enhancement): trong giai on ny, nh ca i tng trong t nhin c thu li thnh nh s (s ha lu tr v x l trong my tnh). Sau nh c bin i nng cao cht lng nh nhm thu c nhiu thng tin hn, c th quan st bng mt. Giai on nhn dng mu (Patten Recognition): h thng s x l a ra cc c trng ca nh hay cc i tng trong nh. Sau h thng s nh gi ni dung nh hoc nhn bit cc mu trong nh. 3. Mt s khi nim lin quan 3.1. Phn t nh - nh trong t nhin l nhng tn hiu lin tc v khng gian v gi tr sng. c th lu tr v biu din nh bng my tnh, con ngi phi tin hnh bin i cc tn hiu lin tc thnh mt s hu hn cc tn hiu ri rc thng qu qu trnh lng t ha v ly mu thnh phn gi tr sng. - Mt phn t nh (Picture Element) l mt gi tr biu din cho mc xm hay cng nh ti mt v tr sau khi bin i nh thnh mt s hu hn cc tn hiu ri rc. 3.2. Mc xm - L kt qu ca s bin i tng ng gi tr sng ca mt im nh vi mt gi tr s nguyn dng. Ty thuc vo s gi tr biu din mc xm m mi im nh s c biu din trn 1, 4, 8, 24 hay 32 bit. S lng bit biu din mc xm cng ln th cht lng nh cng cao nhng s tn dung lng b nh nhiu hn lu tr v cn mt h thng mnh hn x l. 3.3. nh L B Dng Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin - Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam

Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh

- L mt tp hp hu hn cc im nh k nhau. nh thng c biu din bng mt ma trn hai chiu, mi phn t ca ma trn tng ng vi mt im nh. - nh nh phn (en trng): l nh c gi tr mc xm ca cc im nh c biu din bng 1 bit (gi tr 0 hoc 1). V d v biu din nh nh phn: 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1

- nh xm: gi tr mc xm ca cc im nh c biu din bng 8 bit (gi tr t 0 n 255). V d v biu din nh xm: 0 15 0 0 5 94 0 11 12 21 15 6 24 5 0 0 9 12

- nh mu: thng thng, nh mu c to nn t 3 nh xm i vi mu nn (RED), xanh l cy (GREEN), xanh lam (BLUE). Tt c cc mu trong t nhiu u c th c tng hp t 3 thnh phn mu trn theo cc t l khc nhau. V d v biu din nh mu: Ma trn biu din mc xm ca thnh phn RED: 0 11 5 0 0 7 94 0 11 11 20 15 22 5 0 0 16 12

Ma trn biu din mc xm ca thnh phn GREEN: 0 14 1 9 12 1 21 0 0

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh 0 0 0 0 13 5 0 0 0 11 17 93 0 11 11 5 22 2 1 5 0 1 5 2 5 16 2 0 0 67 19

Ma trn biu din mc xm ca thnh phn BLUE:

4. Mt s nh dng nh hin nay 4.1. nh BMP (Bitmap) - L nh c m t bi mt ma trn cc gi tr s xc nh mu v bng mu ca cc im nh tng ng khi hin th. u im ca nh Bitmap l tc v v tc x l nhanh. Nhc im ca n l kch thc rt ln. 4.2. nh JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) - y l mt nh dng nh c h tr bi nhiu trnh duyt web. nh JPEG c pht trin nn dung lng v lu tr nh chp, v c s dng tt nht cho ha c nhiu mu sc, v d nh l nh chp c scan. File nh JPEG l nh Bitmap c nn li. 4.3. nh GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) - nh GIF c pht trin dnh cho nhng nh c tnh cht thay i. N c s dng tt nht cho ha c t mu, v d nh l nh hot hnh hoc l nhng bc v vi nhiu ng thng. File nh GIF l nhng nh Bitmap c nn li. - C hai s khc nhau c bn gia nh GIF v nh JPEG: + nh GIF nn li theo cch gi nguyn ton b d liu nh trong khi nh JPEG nn li nhng lm mt mt s d liu trong nh. + nh GIF b gii hn bi s mu nhiu nht l 256 trong khi nh JPEG khng gii hn s mu m chng s dng. 4.4. nh WMF (Windows Metafiles) - L mt tp hp cc lnh GDI dng m t nh v ni dung nh. C hai u im khi s dng nh WMF: kch thc file WMF nh v t ph thuc vo thit b hin th hn so vi nh Bitmap. L B Dng Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin - Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam

Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh

BI 2 X L NH NH PHN 1. L thuyt v nh nh phn 1.1. Khi nim - Mt nh c xem l nh nh phn (nh en trng) nu cc im nh ca n ch nhn gi tr l 0 hoc 1 (tng ng vi mu en hoc trng). Do mi gi tr im nh c biu din bng 1 bit nn kch thc file nh rt nh. - Ta k hiu: J l tp cc im nh c gi tr bng 1 J l tp hp cc im nh c gi tr 0 (im nn). 1.2. K thut phn ngng - Dng chuyn i nh a cp xm sang nh nh phn - Vi mt gi tr cho trc, gi tr ca im nh s c gn bng 1 nu mc xm ca n >= , gn bng 0 nu mc xm < . - K thut ny lm cho tnh cht mu lin tc ca nh b gin on nhng c hiu qu trong vic th hin cc loi nh c ng nt nh vn bn, vn tay - Ci t: + D liu vo: ma trn I kch thc mxn biu din mc xm ca cc im nh. Gi tr ngng . + D liu ra: ma trn I c bin i mc xm. + M t thut ton: for x=1 to m for y=1 to n if I(x,y)>= then I(x,y)=1 else I(x,y)=0 - V d: nh gc 0 8 5 =9 nh u ra 0 0 0

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh 9 8 2 1 2 3 0 4 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

1.3. K thut Dithering - S dng mt ma trn cng kch thc cho trc bin i nh. - Nu gi tr mc xm ca im nh gc ln hn gi tr ca phn t tng ng trong ma trn Dithering th mc xm u ra s c gn bng 1 v ngc li. - Ci t: + D liu vo: ma trn I kch thc [mxn] biu din mc xm ca cc im nh. Ma trn Dithering kch thc [mxn]. + D liu ra: ma trn I c bin i mc xm. + M t thut ton: for x=1 to m for y=1 to n if I(x,y)> Dithering(x,y) then I(x,y)=1 else I(x,y)=0 - V d nh gc 1 6 1 4 7 1 2 1 8 9 4 5 1 3 Ma trn D 0 9 8 8 2 1 2 5 3 0 4 0 nh u ra 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0

2. im k - tp im lin thng i tng nh 2.1. im k Cho trc mt im nh I(x,y), khi : - Cc im nh I(x-1,y), I(x+1,y), I(x,y-1), I(x,y+1) c gi l cc im k 4 ca I(x,y). - Cc im nh I(x-1,y-1), I(x+1,y-1), I(x-1,y+1), I(x+1,y+1) v cc im k 4 c gi l cc im k 8 ca I(x,y). - Tng ng vi cc im k 8, ta c mt n 8 hng xc nh cc im k 8 : 3 2 1

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh 4 5 P 6

2 1 0 5 6 7

6 0 7

Tng ng vi cc hng nh sau:

3 4

2.2. Tp im lin thng - Hai im nh P1 v P2 J c gi l lin thng 4(hoc 8) trong J nu tn ti tp cc im {(x0,y0), (x1,y1), , (xn,yn)} sao cho: + P1 = (x0,y0) + P2 = (xn,yn) + V(xk,yk) v (xk+1,yk+1) J th (xk+1,yk+1) l k 4(hoc 8) ca (xk,yk) vi k= [0..n-1] (tp cc im {(x0,y0), (x1,y1), , (xn,yn)} c gi l ng i). - Mt tp im c gi l lin thng nu vi hai im bt k trong tp hp u lin thng (4 hoc 8). 2.3. i tng nh - L mt tp hp cc im nh lin thng. - Quan h K lin thng trong J l mt quan h c tnh cht phn x, i xng, bc cu, v vy, n l mt quan h tng ng 2.4. im bin im nh P trong nh nh phn c gi l im bin nu c tn ti t nht mt im k 4 c mc xm khc vi P. Tp cc im bin ca mt i tng s to thnh bin ca i tng nh . 2.5. Chu tuyn Chu tuyn ca mt i tng nh l tp hp cc im bin: {P1, P2, Pn} ca i tng nh sao cho hai im Pi v Pi+1 l cc im k 8 ca nhau (i=1..n-1) v P1 l k 8 ca Pn. K hiu chu tuyn l C=<P1P2 Pn>

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh

Hnh v: chu tuyn ca mt i tng nh * Chu tuyn i ngu: Hai chu tuyn C=<P1P2 Pn> v CT =<Q1Q2 Qn> c gi l i ngu ca nhau khi v ch khi mi i (i=1..n) u tn ti duy nht j (j=1..m) sao cho: - Pi v Qj l cc im k 4 ca nhau - Mc xm ca Pi khc Qj * Chu tuyn ngoi: Chu tuyn C=<P1P2 Pn> c gi l chu tuyn ngoi nn s im bin ca C nh hn chu tuyn i ngu CT * Chu tuyn trong: Chu tuyn C=<P1P2 Pn> c gi l chu tuyn ngoi nn s im bin ca C ln hn chu tuyn i ngu CT

Hnh v: chu tuyn trong chu tuyn ngoi 3. Mt s k thut d bin trong nh nh phn 3.1. D bin hnh thc ha - Nu cc k hiu (b,g) l mt cp im vi b l im nh v g l im nn. - Dy cc cp im (b1,g1), (b2,g2), , (bn,gn) l cc im k 8 ca nhau v (b1,g1) (bn,gn), - Gi T l thut ton tm bin, p dng thut ton T cho cp im (b i,gi) ta s tm c cp im tip theo: (bi+1,gi+1) = T(bi,gi) - Khi p dng thut ton T, qu trnh d bin c thc hin theo th t t trn xung di v t tri sang phi cho ton b nh. 3.2. Thut ton d bin Freeman Xut pht t mt im nh P, qu trnh d bin s i theo cc hng: 0, 2, 4, 6 trong mt n 8 hng. Nu gp im nh th sang tri, im nn th sang phi. Qu trnh trn c lp li cho n khi quay li ng v tr xut pht P. Khi nim sang tri, sang phi ph thuc vo hng n ca im ang xt thay i hng i ca im n im tip theo nh trong bng di y. im nh sang tri Hng n Hng i n im nn sang phi Hng n Hng i n

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh im tip theo 0 2 4 6 2 4 6 0 0 2 4 6 im tip theo 6 0 2 4

Thut ton Freeman b hn ch kh nng phi xt n nhng im khng cn quan tm trong qu trnh d bin. V d di y s th hin iu . nh nh phn c kch thc 8x8 vi im bin xut pht P c ta (2,4)

Nhng im khng cn quan tm: (0,3), (4,7), (7,3), (4,0) 3.3. Thut ton Freeman ci tin Xut pht t mt im nh P, qu trnh d bin s i theo cc hng: 0, 2, 4, 6 trong mt n 8 hng. Nu gp im nh th sang tri, im nn th quay ngc tr li. Qu trnh trn c lp li cho n khi quay li ng v tr xut pht P. Khi nim sang tri, quay li ph thuc vo hng n ca im ang xt thay i hng i ca im n im tip theo nh trong bng di y. im nh sang tri Hng n 0 2 4 6 Hng i n im tip theo 2 4 6 0 im nn li li Hng n 0 2 4 6 Hng i n im tip theo 4 6 0 2

Gii thut ci tin s khc phc c hn ch ca gii thut Freeman. V d di y s th hin iu : nh nh phn c kch thc 8x8 vi im bin xut pht P c ta (2,4)

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh

BI 3 CC PHP TON HNH THI TRN NH NH PHN 1. Php ton hnh thi (Morphology) - Hnh thi l thut ng ch cu trc ca mt i tng nh trong c phm vi v mi quan h gia cc phn ca i tng. - Vi nh nh phn IMxN, im nh ti v tr (x,y) l I(x,y) c xc nh: = 0 nu l im nn = 1 nu l im nh Gi A l tp hp cc im nh, ta k hiu: A={(xi,yi) | I(xi,yi) = 1} Ac l tp hp cc im nn: V d: 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

A = {(0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,3), (2,1)} 2. Cc khi nim c bn * Php dch: Cho mt vector x v tp hp cc im A, php dch A + x c xc nh bi: * Cc php ton tp hp Minkowski: L B Dng Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin - Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam

Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh Cho A, B l cc tp hp im: Php cng Minkowski:

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Php tr Minkowski:

3. Php gin nh v co nh T hai php ton Minkowski, ta c php ton hnh thi c bn l php gin nh v co nh : Php gin nh (Dilation)

Php co nh (Erosion)

Trong : * Mt s tnh cht: Giao hon: Khng giao hon : Kt hp: Dch chuyn bt bin: * V d minh ha:

(a) Gin nh D(A,B) (b) Co nh E(A,B) A v B c th c xem l cc i tng nh v B c gi l phn t cu trc.

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh

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Thng thng, php gin nh lm tng kch thc i tng nh trong khi php co nh lm gim kch thc. iu ny ty thuc vo vic chn phn t cu trc. C hai phn t cu trc ph bin thng c dng l tp hp k-4 v tp hp k-8 trong h ta cc:

(a) N4

(b) N8

ngha: - Php gin nh bin i gi tr ca cc im nn k-4 (hoc k-8) vi im nh thnh cc im nh, do vy, n lm tng kch thc cc im nh. - Php co nh bin i gi tr ca cc im nh k-4 (hoc k-8) vi im nn thnh cc im nn, do vy, n lm gim kch thc cc im nh. V d:

(a) B = N4 (b) B= N8 Cc im nh gc l cc im mu xm, cc im thm vo l cc im c mu en. 4. Php m v ng nh Chng ta c th kt hp php gin nh v co nh to nn hai ton t quan trng hn: M nh: ng nh: * Mt s tnh cht: - i ngu:

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh

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ngha: - Php m nh s m rng nhng khong trng gia cc phn tip xc trong i tng nh, lm cho nh bt gai hn. - Php ng nh s lm mt i nhng khong trng nh trong nh, lm mt i nhiu trong nh. 5. Mt s kt qu Cc ton t cu trc thng c p dng:

(a)

(b)

(c)

a) nh A

b) Gin nh vi 2B

c) Co nh vi 2B

d) M nh vi 2B

e) ng nh vi 2B

f) it-and-Miss vi B1 v B2

V d vi cc ton t hnh thi 6. Php ton HitAndMiss Cho mt nh A v hai phn t cu trc B1 v B2, ta c:

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh

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vi B1 v B2 l gii hn v ri rc nhau (B1 B2 = ) (php ton ny cn c gi l xc nh vin mu, mu B1 cho i tng nh v mu B2 cho nn nh) * ng vin cc im k 4: * ng vin cc im k 8: Mt cch bin din khc:

Biu din phn t cu trc di dng ma trn (gm B1 v B2) * Cch thc hin: dch chuyn im gc ca phn t cu trc ln lt trn cc im nh theo th t t trn xung di, t tri qua phi, nu cc im nn v im nh ca phn t cu trc khp vi trn nh th ta gi li im nh , nu khng ta t thnh im nn.

4 phn t cu trc c s dng tm gc ca nh trong php ton HitAndMiss (thc cht l mt phn t quay theo 4 hng khc nhau)

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh

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Sau khi tm c gc theo cc phn t cu trc trn, ta kt hp chng li c kt qu l cc gc li ca nh.

S dng php ton HitAndMiss tm gc li ca mt nh 7. Xng nh Khi nim: Xng nh l tp hp cc ng dy l 1, i qua phn gia ca i tng nh v bo ton c tnh cht hnh hc ca i tng nh. Tuy nhin, khng d dng nhn ra xng nh: V d:

(a)

(b)

Trong v d (a), ta khng th tm c ng thng c dy 1 i qua gia i tng m phn nh c tnh cht n gin ca i tng. Trong v d (b), ta khng th b i mt im trong i tng k 8 m gi c tnh cht hnh hc ca i tng. Cng thc c bn: - Cc tp hp con ca xng nh Sk(A):

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh vi K l gi tr ln nht ca k trc khi Sk(A) tr thnh rng (ta c )

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Xng nh l hp ca cc tp con xng nh:

Nh vy, i tng nh ban u c th c ti to li t cc tp con xng nh, phn t cu trc B v gi tr K:

Tuy nhin, cng thc ny khng phi lc no cng bo ton c tnh cht hnh hc ca nh. * Php ton lm gy nh: Cng thc:

Ty thuc vo cch chn B1, B2 m ta c cc thut ton lm gy nh khc nhau. Mt cch biu din khc:

Phn t cu trc c dng tm xng nh (im gc tm ca phn t cu trc). Ti mi bc lp, nh s c lm gy bi phn t cu trc bn tri, sau n phn t cu trc bn phi, tip theo vi php quay 90o hai phn t cu trc trn. Qu trnh c lp i lp li cho n khi php ton lm gy khng dn n s thay i no na.

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh

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Xng nh c tm bng php ton lm gy vi hai phn t cu trc trn

V d v mt s xng nh:

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Bi ging mn hc Nhn Dng v X L nh

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8. Ti to lp y nh

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