1.

Phng php phn t hu hn trong bi ton bin dng ln

1.1 M t bin dng ln trong phn t hu hn
Ma trn phn t cc vect ti trng dn xut t phng trnh Lagrange ci tin c dng:

[ ] } { } {
nr
i
app
i
i F F u K
(1)
Ma trn cng tng (tangent matrix) [ ] i K c tnh bng:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
i i
i S K K + (2)
[ ]
i
K
: ma trn cng bit trong phn t hu hn:
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]

) V ( d B D B K
i i
T
i i (3)
[S
i
]: ma trn cng hnh hc (geometric stiffness) c tnh bng:
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]

) V ( d G G S
i i
T
i i (4)
{F
app
}: vct ti trng tc dng.
[ ]
nr
i
F
: Vct lc phc hi Newton-Raphson
(Newton-Raphson restoring force) c tnh bng:
[ ] [ ] [ ]

) V ( d B F
i
T
i
nr
i (5)
[G
i
] l ma trn hm dng v [
i
] l ma trn ng sut Cauchy trong h ta tng
th.
1.2 M t bi ton gc xoay ln trong phn t hu hn
Quan h ma trn hnh hc trong bi ton gc xoay ln vi ma trn hnh hc trong
bi ton gc xoay nh c tnh theo cng thc
[ ] [ ][ ]
n v n
T B B
(6)
[ ]
v
B
: ma trn hnh hc trong bi ton gc xoay nh (ma trn hnh hc quen thuc
trong l thuyt phng php phn t hu hn).
[ ]
n
T
: ma trn truyn. Nh vy, trong bi ton gc xoay ln, ma trn cng
phn t c dng:
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ][ ][ ] ) vol ( d T B D B T K
n v
vol
T
v
T
n e

(7)
Cn vct lc phc hi Newton-Raphson s c dng:
1
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]{ } ) (vol d D B T F
el
n
vol
T
v
T
n
nr
e

(8)
Trong bin dng c tnh bng :
{ } [ ]{ }
d
n V
el
n
u B
(9)
{ }
d
n
u
: vct bin dng phn t.
1.3. Tnh ton bin dng ca phn t
Trong bi ton bin dng ln (c k n bin dng xoay), trng chuyn v l s
kt hp gia s dch chuyn ca vt rn tuyt i, s quay ca vt rn tuyt i v
phn bin dng ca vt rn bin dng:
{ } { } { }
d r
u u u +
(10)
Trong :
{ }
r
u
: chuyn v ca vt rn tuyt i
{ }
d
u
: chuyn v bin dng, bao gm c s dich chuyn v s xoay, c tnh theo
biu thc:
{ } [ ] { } { } ( ) { }
v v n
d
t
x u x R u + (11)
Trong :
{ }
d
t
u
: cc thnh chuyn v
[ ]
n
R
: ma trn xoay
{ }
v
x
: H ta phn t trong h ta tng th.
{ } u
: vct chuyn v nt trong h ta tng th.
Cc thnh phn gc quay c phn thnh gc quay ca nt v gc quay ca
phn t
{ } u
v
{ }
r
u
.
[ ] [ ][ ]
T
n n d
T R T (12)
2
2. M hnh vt liu
Trong cc bi ton bin dng ln, ng x vt liu c m t bng: phng trnh
trng thi (equation of state - EOS), m hnh bn (strength material model), m hnh ph
hy (failure model). C nhiu m hnh vt liu tng ng cho mt hay mt s loi vt liu
ty thuc vo bn cht c l tnh ca vt liu , hn na vi cng mt loi vt liu c th
c nhiu m hnh m t, di y l mt m hnh ph bin thng dng ca vt liu:
Bng 1.Mt s m hnh thng dng ca vt liu.
Equation Of State
(EOS)
Material Strength Failure models
Linear form Elastic Model Directional Failure Models
Mie-Gruneisen form Von Mises Model Johnson-Cook Fracture Model
Polynomial form Johnson-Cook Model Grady Spall Model
Tillotson form Steinberg-Guinan
Model
Tsai - Hoffman - Hill Model
For Porous Materials:
Porous; Compaction;
P-alpha forms.
MO Granular
Model
Stochastic Failure
Rigid RHT Concrete
Model
Cumulative Damage Model
Shock Hyperelastic Johnson Holmquist
. . .
Trong ti ny, nhm tc gi s dng mt s m hnh vt liu tng ng vi
cc vt liu lit k trong bng di y:
3
Bng 2: M hnh vt liu dng trong ti nghin cu
Vt liu Equation Of State Material
Strength
Failure model
Thp Linear Johnson Cook Johnson Cook
Gm
(Ceramic)
Linear Drucker-
Prager
Cumulative
Damage
Kevlar-epoxy orthotropic elastic Material
stress/strain
Ch Shock Steinberg-
Guinan
None
ng Shock Johnson Cook none
B tng P-alpha and
Polynomial
RHT RHT
2.1 Phng trnh trng thi (Equation Of State- EOS)
2.1.1 Phng trnh trng thi dng tuyn tnh (Linear)
ng x n hi c m t bng nh lut Hook theo phng trnh:

K p
(13)
Trong ( /
0
) ; K : mun khi ca vt liu
2.1.2 M hnh Orthotropic Elastic
M t mi lin h ga ng sut v tc bin dng theo bc lp thi biu din
theo biu thc:
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ] t S
n n
+
+

1
(14)
Trong
[S]: ma trn cng
[ ]
: vc t tc bin dng
t: bc thi gian
o ca ma trn [S] trong bi ton 2D c dng:
4

[ ]
1
1
1
1
]
1

21
3 2 23 3 31
2 23 2 1 12
3 31 1 12 1
1
2 / 1 0 0 0
0 / 1 / /
0 / / 1 /
0 / / / 1
G
E E E
E E E
E E E
S



(15)
Th t ln lt cc vct tc bin dng v ng sut s l:

[ ]
1
1
1
1
]
1

12
33
22
11

;
[ ]
1
1
1
1
]
1

12
33
22
11

(16)
Trong :
E
i
: M un n hi theo trc chnh th i

ij
: Cc h s pot xng theo cc phng trc
G
12
: m un ct
H s poatxong c tnh bng
i
j
ij

,
_

j
i
ji ij
E
E

(17)
Cc hng s vt liu E
1
, E
2
, E
3
, v G
12
l cc s dng, ng thi
1
12

21

31

13

23

32
2
21

32

13
> 0
(18)
V m bo yu cu
( )
2 / 1
1 2 21
/ E E < ;
( )
2 / 1
2 3 32
/ E E <
;
( )
2 / 1
2 1 13
/ E E <
(19)
2.1.3 M hnh trng thi va chm ( Shock EOS)
Trong bi ton ng hc, cc i lng vn tc vt u
p
v vn tc va chm U c
m t bng : p
su c U +
0 (20)
Da vo Mie-Gruneisen thit lp phng trnh:
) (
H H
e e p p +
(21)
5
Trong 0 0

= constant v
[ ]
2
2
0 0
) 1 ( 1
) 1 (

s
c
p
H
(22)

) 1 ( 2
0

H
H
p
e
(23)
Ch rng nu s > 1 biu thc ny cho gi tr gii hn p sut nn nh l p sut
ti hn. Nu 1 - (s - 1) = 0 gi tr p sut l khng xc nh. Gi tr ln nht ca
khi lng ring s l: = s
0
(s - 1).
Du sao, vic gi thit l hng s l khng chnh xc. gii quyt vn
ny, trong phn mm m phng s bin dng ln, nh ngha 2 hm quan h vn tc :
vn tc v vn tc va chm (va chm ln: shock) th hin nh hnh di. Mt ng
cho va chm cng thp nh ngha bi v > VB v ng cn li cho va chm cng
cao v < VE.
Vng m gia VE v VB th hin bng ng cong ni suy gia 2 ng tuyn
tnh cho.
Hnh1 : Mi lin h vn tc vt v vn tc va chm ln (Shock Velocity)
C
1
, C
2
, S
1
, S
2
, VE/V
0
, VB/V
0
,
0
v
0
l cc i lng khng i:
6
P
u s c U
1 1 1
+
P
u s c U
2 2 2
+
U = U
1
nu v VB; U = U
2
nu v VE (24)
VB VE
VB v U U
U U

+
) )( (
1 2
1
nu VE < v < VB (25)
M hnh dng ny c dng ph bin cho nhiu loi vt liu. Ngoi ra cn c
m hnh c dng bc cao :
2
2 1 0 P P
u S u S C U + +
nhng khng nhiu.
2.1.4 M hnh P-alpha v dng a thc ( Polynomial)
Thng dng cho vt liu dng ht, c xp ban u. ng x vt liu rn
(khng cn xp) c m t bng a thc m t phng trnh 26, cc A
i
v B
i
l
cc hng s. Cn khi vt liu c xp th ng x vt liu c m t bng phng
trnh 27 (xem hnh 2). V thc cht th khi vt liu l rn ( xp = 1 ) p lc p =
P
lock
( phng trnh 27). P
crush
phng trnh 27 l p sut gy nt b tng.
e B B A A A P
0 1 0
3
3
2
2 1
) ( + + + +
vi
1
0

(26)
) , ( ) , ( e f P e f P
porous

vi
n
crush lock
lock
init
P P
P P
1
]
1

+ ) 1 ( 1
(27)
7
Hnh 2: M hnh P-alpha
2.2 M hnh bn vt liu (Material Strength)
2.2.1 M hnh Johnson and Cook
Vi m hnh ny, ng sut chy ca vt liu thay i ph thuc vo bin dng,
tc bin dng v nhit . Gi tr ny c tnh bng
[ ][ ][ ]
m
H p
n
p
T C B A Y + + 1 ln 1
*

(28)
Trong

p
= bin dng do

p
*
= Tc bin dng do
T
H
= Nhit tng ng: T
H
= (T - T
room
) / (T
melt
- T
room
) (29)
T
room
: Nhit phng
T
melt
: Nhit nng chy
A, B, C, n v m l cc hng s ca vt liu
8
Hnh 3: M hnh Johnson and Cook
2.2.2 M hnh Drucker-Prager Model
M hnh ny s dng m t ng x ca cc vt liu nh: t cng kh, si ,
b tng v cc loi gm (ceramics) Vi 3 m hnh c dng kh ph bin:
2.2.2.1 M hnh tuyn tnh
ng sut chy l hm tuyn tnh vi p sut
Hnh 4: M hnh Drucker-Prager dng tuyn tnh
2.2.2.2 M hnh dng ri rc
m hnh ny, gi tr ng sut chy v gi tr p lc to thnh cc im ri rc
nh hnh v di y :
Hnh 5: M hnh Drucker-Prager dng ng cong ri rc
ng sut chy l hm tuyn tnh ri rc i vi ng sut. thng thng s cc
im ri rc thng l 10 im, th hin bng cc im trn trn th, cc gi tr ny
thng xc nh bng thc nghim
9
Trong bi ton ko (p lc dng), vt liu dng ny thng c bn ko thp,
th th hin r iu ny, khi p lc p tng n mt gi tr ti hn (v gi tr tuyt
i) th ng sut gim dn v 0.
2.2.2.3 M hnh lin tc phi tuyn (stassi)
Hnh 6: hnh Drucker-Prager dng lin tc phi tuyn
Hm ng sut Y(p) c dng:

[ ] p k kY
Y
J
Y
) 1 ( 3
3
0
0
2
+
(30)
Trong
J
2Y
: i lng bt bin th 2 ca tenx ng sut lch Y
0

k : h s lin h gia gii hn ng sut chy khi nn v khi ko
p : p lc
2.2.3 M hnh Steinberg-Guinan
Vi m hnh ny, ng sut chy thay i ph thuc vo bin dng, tc bin
dng v nhit
Di y l cc hm m un ct v ng sut chy ph thuc vo tc bin
dng ln:

1

'

,
_

,
_

+ ) 300 ( 1
0
'
3 / 1
0
'
0
T
G
G p
G
G
G G
T P

(31)

'

,
_

,
_

+
n T P
t
G
G p
Y
Y
Y Y ) 1 )( 300 ( 1
0
'
3 / 1
0
'
0

(32)
Vi gi thit: Y
0
[1 + ]
n
Y
max
(33)
Trong
= bin dng do
T = nhit (K)
= nn = v
0
/ v
2.2.4 M hnh RHT
M hnh c dng m t ng x bn v ph hy ca vt liu dng ht c xp
(b tong, gm). ng sut ph hy l tch s ca hm bn nn Y
*
TXC
(P) vi hm
tc bin dng v hm s t l R
3
() nh m t di y:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , (
3
*
R F P Y P Y
rate
TXC
fail

(34)
Y
*
TXC
(P) l hm ca p lc nn theo ba phng chia cho h s bn nn ti hn f
c
.
cng thc 20, P
*
v P
*
spall
ln lt l cc gi tr p sut v bn ph hy, A v N l
cc hng s vt liu xc nh bng thc nghim.
[ ]
N
rate
*
spall
*
c
TXC *
TXC
) F P ( P A
f
) P ( Y
) P ( Y
(35)
H s tc bin dng
) ( F
rate

c tnh theo biu thc di
1
Khi P > f
c
/3, vi

= 30x10
-6
s
-1
Khi P < f
c
/3, vi

= 3x10
-6
s
-1

'

,
_

,
_

0
0
) (

R A T E
F (36)
: gc xoay trc thy tnh trn b mt ph hy, R
3
(): hm h s, c tnh bng
[ ]
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
3
) 2 1 ( cos ) 1 ( 4
4 5 cos ) 1 ( 4 ) 1 2 ( cos ) 1 ( 2
) (
Q Q
Q Q Q Q Q
R
+
+ +

(37)
Q
2
l khong cch t trc thy tnh n gi tr ko ti hn chia cho khong cch t
trc trc thy tnh n gi tr nn ti hn. Q
2
c tnh theo biu thc:
*
0 , 2 2
P . BQ Q Q +
vi
1 Q 51 . 0
2

v BQ = 0.0105 (38)
S ph hy ca vt liu gia tng khi m im tnh ng sut vt qua mt ph hy
c m t theo phng trnh 39 v 40. Trong bin dng do
p
c so snh vi
bin dng ph hy
p
failure
vi gi tr p lc cho bi phng trnh 40 v hai hng s vt
liu D
1
v D
2
. Ti gi tr p lc nh nht c th gy bin dng nh nht c nh
ngha bng E
f,min
.

failure
P
p
D
(39)
2
D *
spall
*
1
failure
P
) P P ( D
(40)
bn d
*
residual
Y
ca vt liu trng thi rn ca b tng c tnh bng biu
thc 41.
M * *
residual
) P .( B Y
(41)
*
residual
*
failure
*
fractured
Y . D Y ) D 1 ( Y +
(42)
1
Hnh 7 : M hnh bn v ph hy RTH
2.3 M hnh ph hy (failure model)
2.3.1 M hnh ph hy tch ly (Cumulative Damage)
M hnh ny dng m t ng x ca vt liu khng n hi nh cc gm,
btng bn vt liu gim khi xy ra hin tng nt gy.
Cc vt liu loi ny ch yu l chu nn, thng thng m hnh ny thng i
lin vi m hnh bn Mohr-Coulomb vi m t ng sut chy l hm ca p lc.
Vic m t qu trnh ph hy ca vt liu thng qua vic tnh ton h s ph hy
(damage factor) thng c lin h n lng bin dng ca vt th. H s ny cho bit
s gim st v mun n hi cng nh ng sut chy trong qu trnh ph hy.
Thng thng, i vi vic m t s ph hy vt liu thng qua tham s D, D =
0 nu l bin dng do khi m gi tr bin dng do nh hn gi tr EPS1 trong th
di. Khi gi tr bin dng t ti EPS1 th tham s D bt u tng tuyn tnh t n
gi tr D
max
(<1) t D lun t gi tr Dmax d bin dng tng.
1
Hnh 8: M hnh ph hy tch ly
Gi tr D c tnh theo biu thc

,
_

1 2
1
max
EPS EPS
EPS EPS
D D
(43)
a) S gim ca gi tr ng sut tun theo p lc:
- Nu p lc l dng (chu ko)
) 1 ( D Y Y
dam

(44)
- Nu p lc l m (chu nn)
) 1 (
max
D
D
Y Y
dam

(45)
1
Hnh 9: ng sut chy l hm ca h s ph hy tch ly
b) Mun chnh v m un ct khng b nh hng trong bi tan nn trong kh
trng thi chu ko cc gi tr ny v 0 khi kt thc qu trnh ph hy. Trong bi
ton ko, cc gi tr ny gim theo h s (1 - D/D
max
) nh m t bng th di y.
Hnh 10: M un khi v mun ct l hm ca h s ph hy tch ly
1
2.3.2. M hnh ph hy ng sut/bin dng (Material stress/strain)
Theo m hnh ny, ti mt im no , nu ng sut hay bin dng t n cc
gi tr gii hn th:
Nguyn tc ng sut vt liu theo hng ph hy thit lp v 0
M un ct G thit lp v 0.
ng sut ct
12
thit lp v 0
ng sut trung bnh c tnh ton li s dng biu thc sau:
p = -(
11
+
22
+
33
) / 3
(46)
2.3.3 M hnh ph hy Johnson and cook
Quy lut s ph hy c m t theo biu thc di y

f
D

(47)
[ ] [ ] [ ]
*
5
*
4
*
2 1
1 ) l n ( 1
3
T D D e D D
D f
+ + +

(48)

lng gia tng bin dng do tng ng vi lng gia tng ti trng
f
,
*

l gi tr trung bnh ng sut, Cc tham s D
1
,D
2
,D
3
,D
4
v D
5
l cc hng s vt liu.
1
Thnh phn
ph thuc
p sut
Thnh phn
ph thuc
tc bin
dng
Thnh phn
ph thuc
nhit
2.4 Thng s m hnh vt liu ca mt s vt liu chnh dng trong ti
2.4.1 Thng s m hnh vt liu thp
Reference density 7.83 kg/cm
3
Equation of State: Linear Strength: Johnson and Cook
Bulk Modulus 1.59x10
8
kPa Shear Modulus 7.7x10
7
kPa
Reference temperature 300 K Yield stress 7.92x10
5
kPa
Specific heat 477 J/kgK Hardening constant 5.1x10
5
kPa
Thermal conductivity 0 J/mKs Hardening exponent 0.26 None
Compaction exponent 3 Strain rate constant 0.014 None
Failure: Johnson and Cook Thermal softening exponent 1.03 None
Damage constant, D
1
0.05 None Melting temperature 1.793x10
3
K
Damage constant, D
2
3.44 None Ref. Strain rate (/s) 1 None
Damage constant, D
3
-2.12 None Strain rate correction 1
st
order
Damage constant, D
4
0.002 None
Damage constant, D
5
0.61 None
Melting temperature 1.793x10
3
K
Ref. Strain rate (/s) 1 None
1
2.4.2 Thng s m hnh vt liu gm (Ceramic)
Reference density 3.72 kg/cm
3
Equation of State: Linear Strength: Drucker prager
Bulk Modulus 1.72x10
8
kPa Shear Modulus 1.24x10
8
kPa
Reference temperature 293 K Pressure hardening type Piecewise
Specific heat 0 J/kgK Pressure #1 1.72x10
8
kPa
Thermal conductivity 0 J/mKs Pressure #2 1.72x10
8
kPa
Failure: Cumulative Damage Pressure #3 1.72x10
8
kPa
Pressure #4 1.72x10
8
kPa
Plastic Strain at Dam=0 0.01 none Pressure #5 0 kPa
Plastic Strain at
Dam=maximum
0.03 none Pressure #6 0 kPa
Maximum Damage (0 to
1)
0.7 none Pressure #7 0 kPa
Pressure #8 0 kPa
Pressure #9 0 kPa
Pressure #10 0 kPa
Yield stress (zero plastic
strain)
0 kPa
Yield stress #2 1.72x10
8
kPa
Yield stress #3 1.72x10
8
kPa
Yield stress #4 1.72x10
8
kPa
Yield stress #5 0 kPa
Yield stress #6 0 kPa
Yield stress #7 0 kPa
Yield stress #8 0 kPa
Yield stress #9 0 kPa
Yield stress #10 0 kPa
1
2.4.3 Thng s m hnh vt liu compozit (Kevlar-epoxy)
Reference density 1.40 kg/cm
3
Equation of State: ortho Failure: Material Stress/strain
Stiffness Engineering constant Tensile failure stress 11 5x10
4
kPa
Youngs modulus 11 4.5x10
6
kPa Tensile failure stress 22 3.01x10
5
kPa
Youngs modulus 22 2.4x10
7
kPa Tensile failure stress 33 3.01x10
5
kPa
Youngs modulus 33 2.4x10
7
kPa Maximum shear stress 12 1x10
5
kPa
Poissons ratio 12 0.26 none Maximum shear stress 23 3.01x10
4
kPa
Poissons ratio 23 0.26 none Maximum shear stress 31 3.01x10
4
kPa
Poissons ratio 31 0.25 none Tensile failure strain 11 0.01
Shear modulus 12 6.5x10
3
kPa Tensile failure strain 22 0.2
Shear modulus 23 6.5x10
3
kPa Tensile failure strain 33 0.2
Shear modulus 31 1.77x10
4
kPa Maximum shear strain 12 3.01x10
4
kPa
Material axes IJK space Maximum shear strain 23 3.01x10
4
kPa
Rotation angle about 11
(degrees)
0 none Maximum shear strain 31 3.01x10
4
kPa
Volumetric response Polynomial Material axes option IJK space
Bulk modulus A1 1.63x10
7
kPa Rotation angle about 11
(degree)
0
Parameter A2 4x10
7
kPa Post failure option orthotropic
Parameter A3 0 kPa Residual shear stiffness fracion 0.2 none
Parameter B0 0 none Maximum residual shear
stress
3x10
5
kPa
Parameter B1 0 none Decomposition temperature 700 K
Parameter T1 1.63x10
7
kPa Matrix melt temperature 1x10
20
K
Parameter T2 0 kPa Failure in 11, failure mode 11 only
Reference temperture 300 K Failure in 22, failure mode 22 only
Specific heat 0 J/kgK Failure in 33, failure mode 33 only
Themal conductivity 0 J/mKs Failure in 12, failure mode 12 & 11 only
Strength elastic Failure in 23, failure mode 23 & 11 only
Shear modulus 1.54x10
6
kPa Failure in 31, failure mode 31 & 11 only
Melt matrix failure mode Bulk
Stochastic failure No
2.4.4 Thng s m hnh vt liu ch (Pb)
Reference density 11.34 kg/cm
3
Equation of State: shock Strength: Steinberg Guinan
Gruneisen coefficient 2.74 none Shear modulus 8.6x10
5
kPa
Parameter C1 0.006 x10
3
m/s Yield stress 8x10
3
kPa
Parameter S1 1.429 none Maximum Yield stress 1x10
5
kPa
Parameter quadratic S2 0 s/m Hardening constant 110 None
Relative volume VE/V0 0 None Hardening exponent 0.52 None
Relative volume VB/V0 0 none Derivative dG/dP 1 None
1
Parameter C2 0 m/s Derivative dG/dT -9.98x10
3
kPa
Parameter S2 0 None Derivative dY/dP 9.304x10
-4
None
Reference temperature 300 K Melting temperature 760 K
Specific heat 124 J/kgK
Thermal conductivity 0 J/mKs
2.4.5 Thng s m hnh vt liu ng
Reference density 8.45 kg/cm
3
Equation of State: shock Strength: Johnson Cook
Gruneisen coefficient 2.04 none Shear modulus 3.74x10
7
kPa
Parameter C1 3.726 x10
3
m/s Yield stress 1.12x10
5
kPa
Parameter S1 1.434 none Hardening constant 5.05x10
5
kPa
Parameter quadratic S2 0 s/m Hardening exponent 0.42 None
Relative volume VE/V0 0 None Strain rate constant 1 None
Relative volume VB/V0 0 none Thermal softening exponent -9.98x10
3
kPa
Parameter C2 0 m/s Melting temperature 1.189x10
3
None
Parameter S2 0 None Ref. strain rate(/s) 760 K
Reference temperature 300 K Strain rate correction 1
st
Order
Specific heat 385 J/kgK
Thermal conductivity 0 J/mKs
2.4.6 Thng s m hnh vt liu b tng
Reference density 2,75 kg/cm
3
Equation of State: P alpha Strength: RHT concrete
Porous density 2.52 kg/cm
3
Shear modulus 2.21x10
7
kPa
Porous soundspeed 3.242x10
3
m/s Compressive Strength(fc) 1.4x10
5
kPa
Initial compaction
pressure
9.33x10
4
kPa Tensile Strength (ft/fc) 0.1 None
Solid compaction
pressure
6x10
6
kPa Shear strength (fs/fc) 0.18 None
Compaction exponent 1.5 Intact failure surface constant
A
1.6 None
Solid EOS: Polynomial Intact failure surface
exponent N
0.61 None
Bulk modulus A1 3.527x10
7
kPa Tens./Comp. Meridian Ratio
(Q)
0.6805 None
Parameter A2 3.958x10
7
kPa Brittle to ductile transition 0.0105 None
Parameter A3 9.04x10
6
kPa G (elas.)/(elas.plas) 2 None
Parameter B0 1.22 None Elastic strength /ft 0.7 None
Parameter B1 1.22 None Elastic strength /fc 0.53 None
Parameter T1 3.527x10
7
kPa Fracture strength constant B 1.6 None
Parameter T2 0 kPa Fracture strength exponent M 0.61 None
Reference 300 K Compressive strain rate Exp. 0.0091 None
2
temperature Alpha
Specific Heat 654 J/kgK Tensile strain rate exp. delta 0.0125 None
Thermal
conductivity
0 J/mKs Max. Fracture strength ratio 1x10
20
None
Compaction curve Standard Used CAP on Elastic Surface Yes
Failure: RHT Concrete
Damage contant D1 0.04 None
Damage contant D2 1 None
Minimum strain to
failure
0.01 None
Residual shear
modulus fraction
0.13 None
Tensile failure Hydro (Pmin)
2
3. Bi ton 1: Nghin cu kh nng chng n ca tm 2 lp
Tnh ton m phng s, nghin cu nh hng tng tc gia u n AK47
cc gi tr vn tc khc nhau vi tm gip hai lp tng ng hai cu hnh:
ceramic/Kevlar-epoxy v thp/ Kevlar-epoxy. Vn tc u n t vn tc ln nht l
815m/s. Tm c kch thc bao 60 x 30 (mm). Cu hnh mi lp c m t trong
bng sau:
Bng 1: Cu hnh o gip
STT Cu hnh Chiu dy cc lp
(h1/h2)
mm
1 Ceramic/Kevlar-epoxy 10/7
2 Thp/ Kevlar-epoxy 3/15
u n s dng trong m hnh bi ton l u n s dng cho sng AK-47,
c lp v lm bng vt liu ng, li trong l ch. Khi lng u n l 0,0079 kg,
vn tc u n ln nht 815m/s, u n c hnh cn, chiu di phn cn l 11mm,
chiu di tng u n l 26,5 mm, ng knh ln nht u n: 7,62mm v ng
knh u nhn l 1,5mm (hnh 9).
Hnh 11: Thng s kch thc hnh hc u n AK47
Vin n bn t vn tc v (m/s) theo hng vung gc vi tm kch thc
30*60 mm, c hai m hnh tm vi cu hnh tng ng cho trong bng 1. Hnh v
di y m t m hnh phn t hu hn ca bi ton.
2
7,62mm

1
,
5
m
m
11mm
26,5mm
Hnh 12: Cu hnh Thp/ Kevlar-epoxy
Hnh13: Cu hnh Ceramic/Kevlar-epoxy
S dng kiu chia li Lagrange cho c hai i tng o gip v vin n. Vn
tc vin n s dng trong bi ton ln lt ly cc gi tr: 400m/s; 600m/s; 700 m/s;
815 m/s cho c hai m hnh tng ng vi cc trng hp n bn vo tm t cc
2
khong cch khc nhau. C nhiu cc loi kt qu s c th khai thc c nh: ng
sut, bin dng, ph hy, vn tc, ting n. y nhm tc gi a ra cc ba kt
qu chnh l ng sut tng ng (Von mises), qu trnh ph hy v vn tc cn
li u n. Cc gi tr trn c nghin cu theo yu t thi gian thc cho hai cu
hnh tm gip. Cc kt qu s c m t bng cc hnh v di y
3.1 Cu hnh tm gip Ceramic/Kevlar-epoxy.
3.1.1 ng sut von-mise.
Vn tc u n v = 815m/s
Ti bc lp 20000
Thi gian 2.3x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 40000
Thi gian 4.9x10
-2
ms
2
Ti bc lp 60000
Thi gian 8.58x10
-2
ms
Vn tc u n v = 700m/s
Ti bc lp 40000
Thi gian 5.77x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 60000
Thi gian 9.26x10
-2
ms
2
Ti bc lp 86500
Thi gian 1.35x10
-1
ms
Vn tc u n v = 600m/s
Ti bc lp 40000
Thi gian 6.14x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 70000
Thi gian 1.14x10
-1
ms
2
Ti bc lp 109250
Thi gian 1.86x10
-1
ms
Vn tc u n v = 400m/s
Ti bc lp 10000
Thi gian 2.83x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 20000
Thi gian 5.04x10
-2
ms
2
Ti bc lp 39250
Thi gian 9.85x10
-2
ms
3.1.2 Qu trnh ph hy
Vn tc u n v = 815m/s
Ti bc lp 20000
Thi gian 2.31x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 40000
Thi gian 4.96x10
-2
ms
2
Ti bc lp 60000
Thi gian 8.58x10
-2
ms
Vn tc u n v = 700m/s
Ti bc lp 40000
Thi gian 4.77x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 60000
Thi gian 9.26x10
-2
ms
2
Ti bc lp 86500
Thi gian 1.35x10
-1
ms
Vn tc u n v = 600m/s
Ti bc lp 40000
Thi gian 6.14x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 70000
Thi gian 1.14x10
-1
ms
3
Ti bc lp 109250
Thi gian 1.86x10
-1
ms
Vn tc u n v = 400m/s
Ti bc lp 10000
Thi gian 2.83x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 20000
Thi gian 5.04x10
-2
ms
3
Ti bc lp 39250
Thi gian 9.85x10
-2
ms
3.1.3 Vn tc u n theo thi gian
Vn tc u n v = 815m/s
3
Vn tc u n v = 700m/s
Vn tc u n v = 600m/s
3
Vn tc u n v = 400m/s
3.2 Cu hnh tm gip Thp/Kevlar-epoxy
3.2.1 ng sut von-mise.
Vn tc u n v = 815m/s
Ti bc lp 30000
Thi gian 3.53x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 50000
Thi gian 5.53x10
-2
ms
3
Ti bc lp 70000
Thi gian 7.42x10
-2
ms
Vn tc u n v = 700m/s
Ti bc lp 20000
Thi gian 3.3x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 30000
Thi gian 4.86x10
-2
ms
3
Ti bc lp 40000
Thi gian 6.8x10
-2
ms
Vn tc u n v = 600m/s
Ti bc lp 30000
Thi gian 5.51x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 40000
Thi gian 7.71x10
-2
ms
3
Ti bc lp 50000
Thi gian 1.03x10
-1
ms
Vn tc u n v = 400m/s
Ti bc lp 40000
Thi gian 1.14x10
-1
ms
Ti bc lp 70000
Thi gian 2.08x10
-1
ms
3
Ti bc lp 100000
Thi gian 3.02x10
-1
ms
3.2.2 Qu trnh ph hy
Vn tc u n v = 815m/s
Ti bc lp 30000
Thi gian 3.53x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 50000
Thi gian 5.53x10
-2
ms
3
Ti bc lp 70000
Thi gian 7.42x10
-2
ms
Vn tc u n v = 700m/s
Ti bc lp 20000
Thi gian 3. 3x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 30000
Thi gian 1.9x10
-2
ms
3
Ti bc lp 40000
Thi gian 6.8x10
-2
ms
Vn tc u n v = 600m/s
Ti bc lp 30000
Thi gian 5.51x10
-2
ms
Ti bc lp 40000
Thi gian 7.74x10
-2
ms
4
Ti bc lp 50000
Thi gian 1.03x10
-1
ms
Vn tc u n v = 400m/s
Ti bc lp 40000
Thi gian 1.14x10
-1
ms
Ti bc lp 70000
Thi gian 2.08x10
-1
ms
4
Ti bc lp 100000
Thi gian 3.02x10
-1
ms
3.2.3 Vn tc u n theo thi gian
Vn tc u n v = 815m/s
4
Vn tc u n v = 700m/s
Vn tc u n v = 600m/s
Vn tc u n v = 400m/s
4
4. Bi ton 2: M phng tnh ton tng tc gia cnh quay vi vt th b tng.
4.1 M hnh bi ton
Nghin cu nh hng tng tc gia vt th b tng chuyn ng vi vn tc v
va chm vi cnh qut ang quay vi vn tc w. Cho v = 150km/h v w = 4500rpm.
Hnh 14: M hnh bi ton
4.2 Kt qu tnh ton m phng s
S dng phn mm m phng s Ansys AutoDYN vi cc kt qu m phng s
chnh trnh by nh mt s hnh di y:
4
v

Hnh 15. p lc trn cnh vng lp 479000. thi gian = 6.17ms
Hnh 16. Trng vn tc cnh vng lp 479000
thi gian = 6.17ms
Hnh17. Trng ng sut tng ng Von-mises vng lp 479000,
thi gian = 6.17ms
4
5. Kt lun
Trong bi ton nghin cu kh nng chng n ca tm 2 lp th c hai cu hnh o
gip trn th thy rng vi vn tc u n trn 600m/s tm gip b thng. Tm gip
lm vic tt khi vn tc u n < 600m/s. Trong hai cu hnh cp th cu hnh
gm-composit c kh nng lm vic tt hn, c th nhn ra iu ny d dng khi nhn
vo biu vn tc u n vn tc 600m/s. Cn vi bi ton m phng tnh ton
tng tc gia cnh quay vi vt th b tng nhm tc gi mun m phng tnh ton s
tng tc c s dng vt liu b tng, vn nghin cu nh hng n cnh khi cnh quay
cc gi tr vn tc gc khc nhau vi cc gi tr vn tc v ca vt th b tng khc nhau v
kch thc khc nhau s c nghin cu tip sau.
ti cp n vn m t m hnh vt liu c ba vng: vng n hi,
vng chy v vng ph hy. Ty thuc vo vt liu s dng m la chn b thng s
cho cc m hnh vt liu. Cc thng s trong cc m hnh vt liu cn c lm th
nghim thc nghim xc nh.
Phn mm AutoDYN l phn mm cng nghip chuyn dng dng cho lp cc
bi ton bin dng ln, ph hy, tng tc vn tc cao, cc hin tng chy, n
Tuy nhin, do c th ca bi ton ng lc hc tng mnh l c rt nhiu tnh
ton nn i hi thi gian CPU v cu hnh RAM rt cao. Mt trong cc gii php l
ng dng cng ngh tnh ton song song (HPC: High Performance Computing).
4
6. xut, kin ngh
ti l thnh cng bc u ca nhm tc gi, trong khi kh nng ng dng
ca phn mm vo cc ngnh cng nghip l rt ln, do vy cn c thm thi gian v
kinh ph tip tc nghin cu pht trin v ng dng vo thc t nhiu lnh vc
khc nhau.
7. Ti liu tham kho
[1] Ansys Inc. (2007), Theory Reference for ANSYS and ANSYS Workbench, USA.
[2] Ansys Inc. (2007), Autodyn user manual, USA.
[3] Ansys Inc. (2007), Advance analysis technique, USA.
[4] Ansys Inc. (2007), AutoDYN user subroutines, USA.
[5] Ansys Inc. (2007), Engineering data help, USA.
[6] Ansys Inc. (2007), AutoDYN paralell tutorial, USA.
[7] Nguyen Viet Hung, Phan Si Thanh, December, 2007, Impact of flying object into a rotating
turbines wings: theoretical bases and numerical simulation with Ansys AutoDYN software,.
[8] Nguyn Trng Ging (1999). Thuc tnh c hc ca vt rn. i hc Bch Khoa H Ni.
[9] G. Kay, September 16, 2002, Failure Modeling of Titanium-61-4V and 2024-T3 Aluminum
with the Johnson-Cook Material Model, U.S. Department of Energy, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory.
[10] Malvern L.E. (1995). Introduction to the Mechanics of continuous Medium, Prentice Hall.
4