TRNG THPT CHUYEN NGUYEN BNH kHIEM Lp 11Toan Tin www.educationpva.

tk

I CNG V HO HC HU C
I. MT S KHI NIM
1. Hp cht hu c - Hp cht hu c l hp cht ca cacbon (tr CO, CO2, mui cacbonat, xianua, cacbua,...). - V thnh phn v cu to : Hp cht hu c nht thit phi cha cacbon. Cc nguyn t cacbon thng lin kt vi nhau ng thi lin kt vi nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc nh H, O, N, S, P, halogen,... Lin kt ho hc cc hp cht hu c thng l lin kt cng ho tr. - V tnh cht vt l : a s cc hp cht hu c d chy, chng km bn vi nhit. Phn ng ca cc hp cht hu c thng xy ra chm, khng hon ton, khng theo mt hng nht nh, thng cn un nng hoc cn c xc tc. 2. Phn loi hp cht hu c : Hp cht hu c

Hirocacbon

Dn xut ca hirocacbon

Hiro cacbon no

Hiro cacbon khng no

Hiro cacbon thm

Dn xut hiro cacbon

Ancol, phenol, ete

Anehit xeton

Axit, este

Amin, amino axit

Hp cht tp chc

3. Thuy t c u ta o ho a ho c Thuyt cu to ho hc Bt-l-rp gm nhng lun im chnh sau : 1. Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau theo ng ho tr v theo mt th t nht nh. Th t lin kt c gi l cu to ho hc. S thay i th t lin kt , tc l thay i cu to ho hc, s to ra hp cht khc. 2. Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cacbon c ho tr IV. Nguyn t cacbon khng nhng c th lin kt vi nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc m cn lin kt vi nhau thnh mch cacbon. 3. Tnh cht ca cc cht ph thuc vo thnh phn phn t (bn cht, s lng cc nguyn t) v cu to ho hc (th t lin kt cc nguyn t).

II. DANH PHP HP CHT HU C

1. Tn thng thng Tn thng thng ca hp cht hu c thng c t theo ngun gc tm ra chng, i khi c th c phn ui ch r hp cht thuc loi no. 1

TRNG THPT CHUYEN NGUYEN BNH kHIEM Lp 11Toan Tin www.educationpva.tk 2. Tn h thng theo danh php IUPAC a) Tn gc chc : b) Tn thay th : Tn thay th Tn phn th (c th khng Tn mch cacbon chnh (bt buc phi c) c) Tn phn nh chc (bt buc phi Tn phn gc || Tn phn nh chc Tn phn gc Tn phn nh axetat CH3CH2 Cl : etyl clorua ; CH3CH2 OCOCH3 : etyl chc

c) CH4 : metan ; CH3Cl : clometan S m 1 mono 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 i tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona eca

C C-C C-C-C C-C-C-C C-C-C-C-C C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

Mch cacbon chnh met et prop but pent hex hep oct non ec Xut pht t s m Khng xut pht t s m

III. L P CNG THC HP CHT HU C

1. Ca c loa i cng th c - Cng th c n gia n nh t - Cng th c phn t - Cng th c c u ta o 2. Phn ti ch i nh ti nh, i nh l ng - Theo % khi lng : Khi phn tich (t chay) mA gam hp cht hu c %H= mH O .2.100%
2

18.mA mN =

%C=

mCO .12.100%
2

44.mA %N = mN .100% mA

28.V (mg) 22,4

%O = 100 %C %H %N - Theo s mol : 2

TRNG THPT CHUYEN NGUYEN BNH kHIEM Lp 11Toan Tin www.educationpva.tk

n C = n CO2 ;
nO =

n H = 2n H 2O ; n N = 2n N 2
16 = mX 12nCO 2H
2 2

mX mC mH mN

28mN

16

3. Lp cng thc n gian Cng thc n gin nht cho bit t l s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c trong phn t (biu din bng t l cc s nguyn ti gin). Gia s cng thc cua HCHC la CxHyOzNt - Theo % khi lng : x:y:z:t= - Theo s mol : x : y : z : t = nC : nH : nO : nN Rut gon ti l n s nguyn nho nht ta c cng thc n gian nht 4. Lp cng thc phn t Cng thc phn t cho bit s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c trong phn t. - Ti m phn t kh i cu a HCHC MA = MB. dA/B ; MA = 29. dA/kk - T cng thc n gian nht tim CTPT. Vi du : Phn tch nh lng mt HCHC cho kt qu : 73,14% C ; 7,24% H. Bit phn t khi ca A l 164u. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca A. Hng dn. %O = 100 - 73,14 - 7,24 = 19,62% x:y:z= =
73,14 7,24 19,62 : : = 6,095 : 7,240 : 1,226 12 1 16

%C %H %O %N : : : 12 1 16 14

6,095 7,240 1 ,226 : : = 4,971 : 5,905 : 1,000 = 5 : 6 : 1 1 ,226 1 ,226 1 ,226

Cng thc n gin nht ca A l : C5H6O CTPT cua A la (C5H6O)n M (C5H6O)n = 164 (5.12 + 6 + 16) n = 164 n = 2 : CTPT la C10H12O2

IV. NG NG, NG PHN

- Nhng hp cht c thnh phn phn t hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm CH2 nhng c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau l nhng cht ng ng, chng hp thnh dy ng ng. 3

TRNG THPT CHUYEN NGUYEN BNH kHIEM Lp 11Toan Tin www.educationpva.tk Th d : CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12, ..., CnH2n+2, cht sau hn cht trc 1 nhm CH2 nhng u c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau. - Nhng hp cht khc nhau nhng c cng cng thc phn t l nhng cht ng phn. Etanol v imetyl ete l hai cht khc nhau (c tnh cht khc nhau) nhng li c cng cng thc phn t l C2H6O. 1. ng phn cu to Nhng hp cht c cng cng thc phn t nhng c cu to ho hc khc nhau gi l nhng ng phn cu to. Nhng ng phn khc nhau v bn cht nhm chc gi l ng phn nhm chc. Nhng ng phn khc nhau v s phn nhnh mch cacbon gi l ng phn mch cacbon. Nhng ng phn khc nhau v v tr ca nhm chc gi l ng phn v tr nhm chc. 2. ng phn lp th ng phn lp th l nhng ng phn c cu to ho hc nh nhau (cng cng thc cu to) nhng khc nhau v s phn b khng gian ca cc nguyn t trong phn t (tc khc nhau v cu trc khng gian ca phn t). Cu to ho hc (biu din bi cng thc cu to) cho ta bit cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau theo th t no, bng lin kt n hay lin kt bi, nhng khng cho bit s phn b trong khng gian ca chng. Cu to ho hc v cu trc khng gian ca phn t hp thnh cu trc ho hc (biu din bi cng thc lp th). Cu trc ho hc va cho bit cu to ho hc va cho bit s phn b trong khng gian ca cc nguyn t trong phn t.

V. PHN NG HU C
1. Phn loi phn ng hu c Phn ng th : Mt hoc mt nhm nguyn t phn t hu c b th bi mt hoc mt nhm nguyn t khc. Th d : Th d : CH3OH + HCl CH3Cl + H2O CH2=CH2 + Br2 CH2BrCH2Br + H2O
+ o

Phn ng cng : Phn t hu c kt hp thm vi cc nguyn t hoc phn t khc. Phn ng tch : Mt vi nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t b tch ra khi phn t. Th d :
170 C CH3CH2OH H , CH2=CH2

2. Cc kiu phn ct lin kt cng ho tr Phn ct ng li : i electron dng chung c chia u cho hai nguyn t lin kt to ra cc tiu phn mang electron c thn gi l gc t do. Gc t do m electron c thn nguyn t cacbon gi l gc cacbo t do.

TRNG THPT CHUYEN NGUYEN BNH kHIEM Lp 11Toan Tin www.educationpva.tk Phn ct d li : Nguyn t c m in ln hn chim c cp electron dng chung tr thnh anion cn nguyn t c m in nh hn b mt mt electron tr thnh cation (gi l cacbocation). Gio vin: Phm Ngc Sn Ngun: Hocmai.vn

BI TP AI CNG HOA HOC HU C

Bai 1 Hy chn cu ng v y nht trong cc cu sau : A. Hp cht hu c phi cha cacbon. B. Hp cht hu c phi cha cacbon v mt s nguyn t khc nh N, H, O, S, ... C. Hp cht hu c phi cha cacbon v mt s nguyn t khc nh N, H, O, S, ..., cc hp cht hu c thng km bn bi nhit, phn ng ca chng thng nhanh, khng hon ton v xy ra theo nhiu hng khc nhau. D. Hp cht hu c phi cha cacbon v mt s nguyn t khc nh N, H, O, S, ..., cc hp cht hu c thng km bn bi nhit, phn ng ca chng thng chm, khng hon ton v xy ra theo nhiu hng khc nhau. Bai 2 Cho cc hp cht sau : CH4 ; CHCl3 ; NaHCO3 ; NH4HCO3 ; C2H7N ; HCN ; CH3COONa ; C12H22O11 ; (C2H3Cl)n ; Al4C3 ; NaSCN. Dy gm cc hp cht hu c l : A. CH4 ; CHCl3 ; C2 H7N ; HCN ; CH3COONa ; C12H22O11 ; (C2H3Cl)n. B. CH4 ; CHCl3 ; C2H7N ; CH3COONa ; C12H22O11 ; (C2H3Cl)n. C. CH4 ; CHCl3 ; C2H7N ; CH3COONa ; C12H22O11 ; (C2H3Cl)n ; NaSCN. D. CH4 ; CHCl3 ; C2 H7N ; HCN ; CH3COONa ; C12H22O11 ; Al4C3 ; NaSCN. Bai 3 Trong cc cht sau, dy no m cc cht u l cc hp cht hu c ? A. Mui n, ng knh, cn, bt go, xng. B. M, b, sa u nnh, du n, du ho. C. Kim cng, kh oxi, vi, gim n, mui iot. D. vi, canxi cacbua, axit cacbonic, kh gas. Bai 4 Chn th nghim no sau y nhn bit mt cht c phi l hp cht hu c khng ? A. t chy hon ton trong oxi. B. Cho tc dng vi nc vi trong d. C. Cho tc dng vi P2O5. 5

TRNG THPT CHUYEN NGUYEN BNH kHIEM Lp 11Toan Tin www.educationpva.tk D. t chy hon ton trong oxi, dn sn phm qua CuSO4 khan v dung dch Ca(OH)2. Bai 5 Pht biu no sau y l ng ? A. Trong cc hp cht hu c, cacbon c ho tr 2 hoc 4. Nguyn t cacbon khng nhng to c lin kt vi cc nguyn t ca nguyn t khc m cn lin kt trc tip vi nhau to thnh mch cacbon. B. Trong cc hp cht hu c, cacbon c ho tr 2. Nguyn t cacbon khng nhng to c lin kt vi cc nguyn t ca nguyn t khc m cn lin kt trc tip vi nhau to thnh mch cacbon. C. Trong cc hp cht hu c, cacbon c ho tr 4. Nguyn t cacbon khng nhng to c lin kt vi cc nguyn t ca nguyn t khc m cn lin kt trc tip vi nhau to thnh mch cacbon. D. Trong cc hp cht hu c, cacbon c ho tr 2 hoc 4. Nguyn t cacbon to c lin kt vi cc nguyn t ca nguyn t khc to thnh mch. Bai 6 tng nng ancol etylic (C2H5OH) t dung dch long trong nc, ngi ta thng tin hnh A. chit bng dung mi hu c. C. chng ct dung dch long. phng php A. chng ct bng hi nc v chit bng nc lnh. B. chng ct bng hi nc v chit tch tinh du ra khi hn hp sn phm. C. chit tinh du sau chng ct bng hi nc. D. kt tinh tinh du s trong nc. Bai 8 Pht biu no sau y l ng ? A. Hirocacbon l nhng hp cht c to thnh t cc nguyn t cacbon, hiro v mt nguyn t khc. B. Nhm chc l nhm cc nguyn t khc cacbon gy ra nhng phn ng c trng ca phn t hp cht hu c. C. Nhm chc l nhm cc nguyn t gy ra nhng phn ng c trng ca phn t hp cht hu c. D. Hirocacbon c phn ra lm hai loi : hirocacbon no v hirocacbon mch vng. Bai 9 Trong cc cht sau y, dy no l hirocacbon ? A. C2H2, C2H4, CH4, C6H6, C2H6. C. HCl, CH4, CO2, CO, NH3. B. C3H6, C4H8, C3H8, C2H5OH, C5H12. D. H2S, CH3OH, P2O5, H2CO3, CCl4. B. c cn dung dch. D. kt tinh ancol etylic.

Bai 7 tch tinh du s (c trong thn, l, r ... cy s) trong cng nghip hng liu, ngi ta thng dng

Bai 10 Hy chn cu tr li chnh xc nht trong cc cu sau : A. Mi hp cht hu c u c ba cch gi tn : tn thng thng, tn gc chc v tn thay th. B. Mi hp cht hu c u c hai cch gi tn : tn thng thng v tn thay th. C. Mi hp cht hu c u c hai cch gi tn : tn gc chc v tn thay th. D. Mi hp cht hu c u c cch gi tn h thng. Bai 11 Khi lng ring ca X iu kin tiu chun l 1,25 gam/l. Khi lng mol phn t ca X l 6

TRNG THPT CHUYEN NGUYEN BNH kHIEM Lp 11Toan Tin www.educationpva.tk A. 30 B. 31 C. 33 D. 28

Bai 12 Bit rng khi lng ring ca X 27,3oC, 1 atm l 1,258 gam/l. Khi lng mol phn t ca X l A. 30 phn t ca X l A. 16 B. 32 C. 24 D. 48 Bai 14 t chy 0,5 lt kh A cn 2,5 lt oxi thu c 1,5 lt CO2 v 2,0 lt hi nc, bit cc th tch o cng iu kin nhit , p sut. Cng thc phn t ca A l A. C3H8 B. CH4 C. C3H6 D. C2H4 Bai 15 Khi phn tch hp cht hu c A thu c kt qu : 70,94 %C, 6,40 %H, 6,90 %N, cn li l oxi. T khi hi ca A so vi oxi nh hn 7. Cng thc n gin nht v cng thc phn t ca A l A. C12H13NO2 v C24H26N2O4 C. C6H7NO2 v C6H7NO2 A. %VCH4 = 46,67% ; %VC4H10 = 53,33%. B. %VCH4 = 50,00% ; %VC4H10 = 50,00%. C. %VCH4 = 53,33% ; %VC4H10 = 46,67% . D. %VCH4 = 19,44% ; %VC4H10 = 80,56%. Bai 17 Khi t chy hon ton 1,0 mol hp cht hu c A thu c CO2 v H2O vi tng s mol l 7,0. Hp cht A c cng thc phn t l A. C3H6O2 B. C3H8O3 C. C2H6O D. C2H4(OH)2 Bai 18 t chy 10,08 lt hirocacbon A thu c 40,32 lt CO2 v 32,400 gam H2O (bit cc kh o iu kin tiu chun). Cng thc phn t ca A l A. C3H8 B. CH4 C. C4H10 D. C4H8 Bai 19 t chy hon ton 3,0 gam hp cht hu c X bng CuO d nhit cao thu c hn hp kh v hi gm CO2, H2O v N2. Dn t t hn hp kh ny qua nc vi trong, sau qua dung dch H2SO4 c, cui cng cn li 1,12 lt kh iu kin tiu chun. Thnh phn % khi lng ca nit trong hp cht l A. 23,33% cng thc cu to ca A l 7 B. 46,67% C. 26,67% D. 53,34% Bai 20 t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon A thu c 17,6 gam CO2 v 0,6 mol H2O. Cng thc phn t v B. C12H13NO2 v C12H13NO2 D. C6H7NO2 v C12H14N2O4 B. 31 C. 33 D. 28 Bai 13 Khi ho hi hon ton 1,6 gam cht X chim th tch 2,24 lt iu kin tiu chun. Khi lng mol

Bai 16 Hn hp cha CH4 v C4H10 c t khi hi so vi O2 l 1,2. Thnh phn % th tch hn hp l

TRNG THPT CHUYEN NGUYEN BNH kHIEM Lp 11Toan Tin www.educationpva.tk A. C3H8 v CH3CH2CH3 C. C2H6 v CH3CH3 B. C2H4 v CH2=CH2 D. C3H6 v CH2=CHCH3

Bai 21 phn tch nh lng clo trong hp cht X, ngi ta t chy hon ton 5,05 gam hp cht X trong oxi d, sau dn hn hp sn phm qua dung dch AgNO3 trong HNO3 thu c 14,35 gam kt ta trng, kh thot ra cho hp th vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thy c 19,7 gam kt ta. Hm lng Cl trong X v cng thc phn t ca X l A. 70,3% v CH3Cl C. 83,53% v CH2Cl2 tch o cng iu kin). Bit 3 a 1 b = v = . Cng thc phn t v cng thc cu to ca Y l c+ d 4 b 3 B. C2H4 v CH2=CH2 D. C3H6 v CH2=CHCH3 B. 71,72% v C2H4Cl2 D. 89,12% v CHCl3

Bai 22 t chy hon ton a lt hirocacbon Y cn b lt oxi, sinh ra c lt kh cacbonic v d lt hi nc (cc th

A. C3H8 v CH3CH2CH3 C. C2H6 v CH3CH3

Bai 23 Khi phn tch vitamin C (axit ascobic) thu c kt qu : C chim 34,09%, H chim 45,45% theo khi lng, cn li l O. Bit phn t khi ca vitamin C nm trong khong t 100u n 200u. Cng thc n gin v cng thc phn t ca vitamin C l A. C2H5O2 v C4H10O4 C. C3H5O3 v C6H10O6 B. C3H4O3 v C6H8O6 D. C3H6O3 v C6H12O6

Bai 24 Mt hn hp X gm hirocacbon B (c cng thc phn t trng cng thc n gin nht) v oxi d em t chy hon ton thu c sn phm, lm lnh hn hp thy th tch gim 50%, dn phn cn li qua dung dch KOH d thy th tch phn cn li gim i 83,3% na. Cng thc phn t v %O2 theo th tch trong X l A. C4H10 v %VO2 = 70,0 %. C. C3H8 v %VO2 = 65,0%. Bai 25 Chn cu ng trong cc cu sau : A. Nhng hp cht c thnh phn hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm CH2 l nhng cht ng ng. B. Nhng hp cht c thnh phn hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm CH2 nhng c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau l nhng cht ng ng. C. Nhng hp cht c cng cng thc phn t nhng c cu trc khng gian khc nhau gi l ng phn cu to. D. Nhng cht c cng phn t khi nhng c cu to ho hc khc nhau gi l nhng cht ng phn. Bai 26 Chn pht biu ng v khi nim cht ng phn : A. Nhng hp cht c thnh phn ho hc tng t nhng c cu to khc nhau l nhng cht ng phn. 8 B. C5H12 v %VO2 = 90,0%. D. C3H6 v %VO2 = 80,0%.

TRNG THPT CHUYEN NGUYEN BNH kHIEM Lp 11Toan Tin www.educationpva.tk B. Nhng hp cht khc nhau nhng c cu to tng t nhau l nhng cht ng phn. C. Nhng hp cht khc nhau nhng c cng cng thc phn t l nhng cht ng phn. D. Nhng cht c cng phn t khi nhng c cu to ho hc khc nhau gi l nhng cht ng phn. Bai 27 Trong cc phn t CH4, C2H4, C2H6 v C2H2 s lin kt gia nguyn t cacbon vi cc nguyn t khc nh s lai ho cc AO ho tr ca cacbon ln lt l A. sp3, sp2, sp v sp3. C. sp, sp2, sp v sp3. Bai 28 ng phn lp th l A. nhng ng phn c cu to ho hc tng t nhau (gn ging nhau), nhng khc nhau v s phn b khng gian ca cc nguyn t trong phn t. B. nhng ng phn c cu to ho hc nh nhau (cng cng thc cu to), nhng khc nhau v s phn b khng gian ca cc nguyn t trong phn t. C. nhng hp cht c thnh phn ho hc tng t nhng c cu to khc nhau l nhng cht ng phn. D. nhng hp cht khc nhau nhng c cng cng thc phn t l nhng cht ng phn. Bai 29 S ng phn cu to ca C4H10 v C4H9Cl ln lt l A. 2 v 3. C. 2 v 4. A. 5 v 6. C. 7 v 8. A. 8 v 2. C. 7 v 2. A. C2H5 C. C6H15 CO2 l 1,7273. Cng thc phn t ca A l A. C4H9OH C. C2H4O3 B. C2H6O3 D. C3H8O2 B. 3 v 4. D. 2 v 5. B. 6 v 8. D. 7 v 9. B. 8 v 3. D. 7 v 3. B. C4H10 D. C8H20 B. sp2, sp, sp3 v sp3. D. sp3, sp2, sp3 v sp.

Bai 30 S ng phn cu to ca C4H10O v C5H11Cl ln lt l

Bai 31 S ng phn cu to ca C4H11N v C3H7Cl ln lt l

Bai 32 Hirocacbon A c cng thc n gin nht l C2H5. Cng thc phn t ca A l

Bai 33 Cht hu c A c thnh phn 31,58% C, 5,26% H, 63,16% O theo khi lng. T khi hi ca A so vi

Bai 34 t chy 4,5 gam hp cht B cha C,H,O thu c 6,6 gam CO2 v 2,7 gam H2O. T khi hi ca B so vi NO l 6. Cng thc n gin nht v cng thc phn t ca B l A. CHO v C6H6O6 C. CH3O v C6H14O6 B. CH2O v C6H12O6 D. C2H3O v C8H12O4 9

TRNG THPT CHUYEN NGUYEN BNH kHIEM Lp 11Toan Tin www.educationpva.tk Bai 35 t chy hon ton 4,6 gam hp cht hu c trong oxi d thu c 5,4 gam H2O v 8,8 gam CO2. Cng thc phn t ca hp cht hu c trn l A. CH4O C. C2H6O2 B. C2H6O D. C2H4O2

Bai 36 Khi phn tch hp cht hu c B thu c kt qu : C chim 61,02%. H chim 15,51 % theo khi lng, cn li l nit. T khi hi ca B so vi khng kh nh hn 2. Cng thc phn t ca B l A. C3H9N. C. C2H6N2. A. 1. B. 2. B. C2H7N. D. C2H8N2. C. 3. D. 4.

Bai 37 S ng phn cu to c th c ca C5H12 l Bai 38 Thc hin phn ng th Cl2 theo t l 1 : 1 vi butan (CH3CH2CH2CH3) thu c bao nhiu sn phm ng phn c cng thc phn t C4H9Cl ? A. 1. A. 1. A. 1. B. 2. B. 2. B. 2. C. 3. C. 3. C. 3. D. 4. D. 4. D. 4 Bai 39 S ng phn c th c ca C3H8O l Bai .40 S cc ng phn c th c ca C2H4O2 l

P N BI TP AI CNG HOA HOC HU C

Bai 1. D Bai 7. B Bai 13. A Bai 19. B Bai 25. B Bai 31. A Bai 37. C Bai 2. B Bai 8. C Bai 1Bai A Bai 20. C Bai 26. C Bai 32. B Bai 38. B Bai 3. B Bai 9. A Bai 15. B Bai 21. A Bai 27. D Bai 33. C Bai 39. C Bai 4 D Bai 10. D Bai 16. A Bai 22. B Bai 28. B Bai 34. B Bai 40. C Bai 5. C Bai 11. D Bai 17. B Bai 23. B Bai 29. C Bai 35. B Bai 6. C Bai 12. B Bai 18. D Bai 24. B Bai 30. C Bai 36. A

Gio vin: Phm Ngc Sn Ngun: Hocmai.vn

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