M Hamming (7,4)

Hin thi, khi ni n m Hamming chng ta thc ra l mun ni n m (7,4) m Hamming cng b nm 1950. Vi mi nhm 4 bit d liu, m Hamming thm 3 bit kim tra. Thut ton (7,4) ca Hamming c th sa cha bt c mt bit li no, v pht hin tt c li ca 1 bit, v cc li ca 2 bit gy ra. iu ny c ngha l i vi tt c cc phng tin truyn thng khng c chm li t pht (burst errors) xy ra, m (7,4) ca Hamming rt c hiu qu (tr phi phng tin truyn thng c nhiu rt cao th n mi c th gy cho 2 bit trong s 7 bit truyn b o ln).

[sa] V d v cch dng cc ma trn thng qua GF(2) [2]

Nguyn l ca m Hamming bt ngun t vic khai trin v m rng quan im chn l. Vic khai trin ny bt u bng vic nhn cc ma trn, c gi l Ma trn Hamming (Hamming matrices), vi nhau. i vi m Hamming (7,4), chng ta s dng hai m trn c lin quan gn gi, v t tn cho chng l:

Cc ct vect trong He l nn tng hch ca Hd v phn trn ca He (4 hng u) l mt ma trn n v (identity matrix). Ma trn n v cho php vect d liu i qua trong khi lm tnh nhn, v nh vy, cc bit d liu s nm 4 v tr trn cng (sau khi nhn). Sau khi php nhn hon thnh, khc vi cch gii thch phn trc (cc bit chn l nm v tr 2k), trt t ca cc bit trong t m (codewords) y khc vi cch b tr ni (cc bit d liu nm trn, cc bit kim chn l nm di). Chng ta dng mt nhm 4 bit d liu (s 4 trong ci tn ca m l v vy) ch cht, v cng thm vo 3 bit d liu tha (v 4+3=7 nn mi c s 7 trong ci tn ca m). truyn gi d liu, chng ta hy nhm cc bit d liu m mnh mun gi thnh mt vect. Ly v d, nu d liu l "1011" th vect ca n l:

Gi s, chng ta mun truyn gi d liu trn. Chng ta tm tch ca He v p, vi cc gi tr mul 2 [3]:

My thu s nhn Hd vi r, kim tra xem c li xy ra hay khng. Thi hnh tnh nhn ny, my thu c (mt ln na, cc gi tr ng d mul 2):

V chng ta c mt vect ton s khng cho nn my thu c th kt lun l khng c li xy ra S d mt vect ton s khng c ngha l khng c li, bi v khi He c nhn vi vect d liu, mt s thay i trong nn tng xy ra i vi khng gian bn trong vect (vector subspace), tc l hch ca Hd. Nu khng c vn g xy ra trong khi truyn thng, r s nm nguyn trong hch ca Hd v php nhn s cho kt qu mt vect ton s khng. Trong mt trng hp khc, nu chng ta gi s l li mt bit xy ra. Trong ton hc, chng ta c th vit:

mul 2, trong ei l vect n v ng th i (ith unit vector), c ngha l, mt vect s 0 c mt gi tr 1 trong v tr i (tnh t 1 tnh i). Biu thc trn ni cho chng ta bit rng c mt bit b li ti v tr i. Nu by gi chng ta nhn Hd vi c hai vect ny:

V r l d liu thu nhn c khng c li, cho nn tch ca Hd v r bng 0. Do

Vy, tch ca Hd vi vect nn chun ti ct th i (the ith standard basis vector) lm l ra ct trong Hd, v th m chng ta bit rng li xy ra ti v tr ct ny trong Hd. V chng ta kin to Hd di mt hnh thc nht nh, cho nn chng ta c th hiu gi tr ca ct ny nh mt s nh phn - v d, (1,0,1) l mt ct trong Hd, tng ng gi tr vi ct th 5, do chng ta bit li xy ra u v c th sa c n. Ly v d, gi s chng ta c:

Nu thi hnh php nhn:

Tch ca php nhn cho chng ta mt kt qu tng ng vi ct th 2 ("010" tng ng vi gi tr 2 trong s thp phn), v do , chng ta bit rng li xy ra v tr th 2 trong hng d liu, v v vy c th sa c li.

Chng ta c th d dng thy rng, vic sa li do 1 bit b o ln gy ra, dng phng php trn l mt vic thc hin c. Bn cnh , m Hamming cn c th pht hin li do 1 bit hoc 2 bit b o ln gy ra, dng tch ca Hd khi tch ny khng cho mt vect s khng. Tuy th, song m Hamming khng th hon thnh c hai vic.

[sa] M Hamming v bit chn l b sung

Nu chng ta b sung thm mt bit vo m Hamming, th m ny c th dng pht hin nhng li gy ra do 2 bit b li, v ng thi n khng cn tr vic sa cc li do mt bit gy ra. [1] Nu khng b sung mt bit vo thm, th m ny c th pht hin cc li do mt bit, hai bit, ba bit gy ra, song n s cn tr vic sa cc li do mt bit b o ln. Bit b sung l bit c p dng cho tt c cc bit sau khi tt c cc bit kim ca m Hamming c thm vo. Khi s dng tnh sa li ca m, nu li mt bit chn l b pht hin v m Hamming bo hiu l c li xy ra th chng ta c th sa li ny, song nu chng ta khng pht hin c li trong bit chn l, nhng m Hamming bo hiu l c li xy ra, th chng ta c th cho rng li ny l do 2 bit b i cng mt lc. Tuy chng ta pht hin c n, nhng khng th sa li c.