Huong Dan Su Dung GSP

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HNG DN S DNG PHN MM
GEOMETER'S SKETCHPAD V 4.07
Cn Th-01-2008
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com
Mc Lc
1. M U ...................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Gii Thiu........................................................................................................4 1.2. Bt u Lm Quen Vi Geometer's Sketchpad. ...............................................5
1.2.1. Giao din ngi dng.....................................................................................................5 1.2.2. Kho St Cc Menu Ca Geometer's Sketchpad:............................................................8
2. CC I TNG HNH HC C BN TRONG GEOMETERS SKETCHPAD CHC NNG V QUAN H GIA CHNG..................... 17
2.1. 2.1 Cc i Tng Hnh Hc C Bn Trong Geometer's Sketchpad V Chc Nng Ca Chng...................................................................................................17
2.1.1. im (Point) ................................................................................................................17 2.1.2. ng trn ..................................................................................................................18 2.1.3. on thng, ng thng v tia. ...................................................................................20 2.1.4. Vit ch trong Geometer's Sketchpad...........................................................................21
2.2. Quan H Gia Cc i Tng Hnh Hc Trong Geometer's Sketchpad.........21 2.3. i tng ng ..............................................................................................22 2.4. Bi tp p dng ..............................................................................................23
3. DNG HNH V QU TCH.................................................................... 25

3.1. Cc Cng C Dng Hnh C Bn...................................................................25
3.1.1. Dng mt im trn i tng.(Point On Object).........................................................25 3.1.2. Dng trung im ca mt on thng(Midpoint)..........................................................25 3.1.3. Dng giao im ca 2 i tng (Intersection).............................................................25 3.1.4. Dng on thng, tia, ng thng...............................................................................25 3.1.5. Dng ng thng i qua mt im v song song vi ng thng cho trc ..............25 3.1.6. Dng ng thng vung gc vi ng thng cho trc ............................................26 3.1.7. Dng ng phn gic ca mt gc cho trc..............................................................26 3.1.8. Dng ng trn bit tm v mt im thuc ng trn.............................................26 3.1.9. Dng ng trn khi bit bn knh v tm. ..................................................................26 3.1.10. Dng cung trn ng trn ........................................................................................27 3.1.11. Dng cung trn i qua 3 im ....................................................................................27 3.1.12. Dng min trong ca mt i tng ...........................................................................27
3.2. Qy Tch Ca Mt im Hay i Tng (Locus) .........................................28 3.3. Bi Tp p Dng ...........................................................................................33
4. PHP BIN HNH TRONG GEOMETERS SKETCHPAD...................... 36

4.1. Cc Cng C Bin Hnh C Bn Trong Geometer's Sketchpad ......................36
4.1.1. Php tnh tin ...............................................................................................................36 4.1.2. Php quay(Rotate)........................................................................................................38 4.1.3. Php v t (Dilate)........................................................................................................40 4.1.4. Php i xng trc (Reflect) ........................................................................................42
4.2. Bi Tp p Dng ...........................................................................................42
5. O C V TNH TON......................................................................... 44
5.1. Cc Cng C o c C Bn ........................................................................44
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com 5.1.1. Tnh chiu di v khong cch .....................................................................................44 5.1.2. Tnh chu vi...................................................................................................................44 5.1.3. Tnh gc v din tch....................................................................................................45 5.1.4. Tnh s o cung v di cung ....................................................................................45 5.1.5. Tnh bn v t s...........................................................................................................45 5.1.6. My tnh con (Calculator) ............................................................................................46 5.1.7. Ta ..........................................................................................................................47 5.1.8. H s gc (Slope) v phng trnh (Equation)..............................................................47
5.2. Bi Tp p Dng ...........................................................................................48
6. TH V H TA ........................................................................... 49
6.1. Th (Graphic)............................................................................................49
6.1.1. Xc nh h trc ta cho h thng( Define coordinate system).................................49 6.1.2. nh du h trc ta cho h thng (Mark Coordinate System).................................50 6.1.3. Cc li ta hin th (Grid Form) ............................................................................50 6.1.4. n hoc hin (Show/Hide) h ta v xc nh im c ta nguyn .....................50 6.1.5. Dng im khi bit ta ca n (plot points) .............................................................51 6.1.6. To ra tham s mi (New parameter-Shift+Ctrl+P) ......................................................51 6.1.7. To ra mt hm s mi (New Function) .......................................................................52 6.1.8. V th hm s (Plot Function)..................................................................................52 6.1.9. o hm (Derivative)v tip tuyn ng cong(tangent)..............................................55 6.1.10. Lp bng gi tr tng ng (Tabulate) ........................................................................57
6.2. Cc H Trc Ta ......................................................................................58

6.2.1. H ta cc (Polar) ...................................................................................................58 6.2.2. Ta Descartes v ta ch nht. ...........................................................................59
6.3. V Th Hm S Cho Bi Phng Trnh C Cha Tham S......................60

6.3.1. ng thng ................................................................................................................60 6.3.2. ng trn: .................................................................................................................60 6.3.3. ng Elip ..................................................................................................................61
6.4. Bi Tp p Dng ...........................................................................................62
7. CNG C NGI DNG V HNH HC FRACTAL ........................... 63

7.1. Cng C Ngi Dng (Custom Tool) ............................................................63 7.2. Hnh Hc Fractal ............................................................................................67
7.2.1. Thm Sierpinski...........................................................................................................67 7.2.2. ng Von Koch.........................................................................................................69 7.2.3. Cy Pitago ...................................................................................................................70
8. DNG CC NG CONIC ................................................................... 71

8.1. Parabol ...........................................................................................................71
8.1.1. Parabol Cho Bi ng Chun V Tiu im. dng Parabol khi bit tiu im v ng chun chng ta lm nh sau: .......................................................................................71 8.1.2. Parabol Qua Hai im V Bit Tiu im ...................................................................71
8.2. Elip ................................................................................................................72 8.3. Hypebol..........................................................................................................72 8.4. Elip Hoc Hypebol Khi C Tm Sai V Tiu im .......................................73 8.5. Conic Qua Nm im ....................................................................................73
1. M U
1.1. Gii Thiu
Ngy nay tin hc c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong cuc sng, c th ni hu nh khng c bt k mt ngnh no m khng ng dng tin hc. V th, gio dc cng khng nm ngoi phm vi . ng dng tin hc vo vic hc v dy lun lun l mt trong nhng vn c nhiu ngi quan tm. c bit l cc qu thy c gio cng nh nhng sinh vin s phm ang hc chun b c lm thy, c... L mt sinh vin s phm Ton-mt ngi trc kia, sut 12 nm l hc sinh cha tng c bit tin hc l g, cng nh nhn c nhng ng dng ca CNTT vo dy hc. Bc chn vo trng i hc Cn Th cng vi nhng hnh trang m ti hc c trong qung i hc sinh, ti thc s b ng vi nhng ngy u lm quen vi my tnh... Nhng ri, cng nh nhn c s dy d tn tnh ca qu thy c m ti cng phn no theo kp ngi khc. Cng bit s dng my tnh, bit son gio n in t v cng nh bit s dng phn mm tin hc vo dy hc... Tnh c, mt hm ln Internet ti c bit n phn mm hnh hc ng Geometer's Sketchpad. Sau khi b cng tm hiu, ti thc s b n chinh phc v nhng kh nng m n c th mang li cho nhng ngi hc ton, cng nh dy ton. y l mt phn mm thc s hay v b ch v ti ngh bt c mt gio vin ton no cng nn bit. V th, vi s hiu bit t i v tin hc ca mnh. Ti quyt nh bin son ti liu nh ny hng dn, cng nh c th gip c phn no nhng ai quan tm mun hc, tm hiu Geometer's Sketchpad. Nhc n phn mm hnh hc ng chc chng ta nghe ni n nhng anh ti ni ting nh: - Cabri II Plus: l mt phn mm hnh hc ng c bn quyn ca cng ty CabriLog-Php, ni ting vi cabri 2D v 3D. Hin nay, ti Vit Nam c nh phn phi v bn ting Vit ca Cabri. Bn c th tham kho thm ti a ch www.cabri.com - Geogebra: l phn mm hnh hc ng c pht trin bi mt tin s ngi o. L phn mm min ph, m ngun m v hin ny c vit ha gn nh 100%. Bn c th tham kho thm ti a ch www.geogebra.org. - C.a.R: l mt phn mm hnh hc ng (Dynamic Geometry) c vit trn ngn ng Java m ngun m v hon ton min ph. C.a.R (Circle And Rules) nh gn, tng i d s dng. Gio s ton hc ni ting ca c,ng Rene. Grothmann l tc gi ca C.a.R. Tuy nhin c mt iu khng thun li cho Geogebra v C.a.R l chy c 2 phn mm ny th my ca bn phi ci my o Java. bit thm xin vo http://www.z-u-l.de - Geometer's Sketchpad: cng l phn mm hnh hc ng c vit bi cng ty Keypress, l mt cng ty chuyn vit cc phn mm gio dc v sch tham kho ni ting ca M. C iu phn mm ny cha c Vit ha (tnh n v4.07). Tuy nhin qua mt thi gian tm hiu, ti thy Geometer's Sketchpad c nhng u im ni bt m cc phn mm khc khng c nh: + Nh gn d ci t, khng yu cu my tnh c cu hnh mnh (khi son ti liu ny ti dng PC 860 MHz nhng vn chy tt Geometer's Sketchpad). C th sao chp tp tin thc thi l chy c ngay m khng cn ci t. iu ny rt c li, bn ch cn lu n vo USB v sau c th chy trn bt c ni u. 4
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com + Phn mm khng ci kha, v vy bn c th ci t v s dng n m khng cn c serial hay m kch hot. + Cc i tng hnh m Geometer's Sketchpad v rt mn v p. + Chuyn ng v to vt ca mt im khi kch hot chc nng chuyn ng rt t nhin. Ni nh th khng c ngha rng Skechpad khng c nhc im. Tuy nhin, ti ngh bn c th d dng chp nhn mt vi nhc im v vn s dng hiu qu Skechpad trong hc v dy ton. Ch : Bn c th tm hiu r v su hn v cc phn mm hnh hc ng bng cch hy truy cp vo www.google.com v dng cc t kha hnh hc ng; Geometer's Sketchpad; Cabri; Geogebra.... Bn c th ti phn mm Geometer's Sketchpad V4.07 ti a ch http://dangtrunghieuspt.googlepages.comsketchpadv407.zip Do y l ln u tin ti son mt ti liu hng dn. V th chc rng cn rt nhiu iu hn ch v cn b sung cng nh sa i cho ph hp. Rt mong nhn c s gp ca cc bn v a ch email: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com hoc s in thoi 0939239628.
1.2. Bt u Lm Quen Vi Geometer's Sketchpad.

1.2.1. Giao din ngi dng
Sau khi ci t Geometer's Sketchpad bn chy n bng cch Double-click vo biu tng trn mn hnh hay vo Start/Programs/ ri tm n tn ca Geometer's Sketchpad click vo . Bn s thy xut hin mt ca s hin ln nh hnh bn di:
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com V hnh sau y l giao din chnh ca phn mm:
Menu chnh ca Geometer's Sketchpad
Cc cng c c bn ca Geometer's Sketchpad.
Mt phng lm vic ca Geometer's Sketchpad
Quy c: vng lm vic ca Geometer's Sketchpad t y v sau ti s gi l mt phng hay bn v (sketch).
Cc cng c c bn:
Cng c chn (Selection Arrow Tool) bn dng cng c ny chn mt hay nhiu i tng no trn mt phng. Nu sau khi chn cng c ny, bn click v gi chut tri (drag) vo i tung th bn c th di chuyn n trn mt phng. Bn cng c th dng cng c ny dng giao im ca 2 i tng no bng cch click vo v tr giao im . Ti v tr ca cng c chn bn click v gi chut tri mt khong thi gian bn s thy xut hin thm hai i tng xut hin bn cnh. Cng c ny dng drag mt i tng no trn mt phng quay xung quanh mt i tng khc no c chn lm tm Cng c ny cng c chc nng tng t nh cng c trn.Nhng n khng quay i tng quanh mt im, m hn ch hng ca i tng. 6
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Ch : Trong bt c trng hp no, d bn ang chn cng c no, bn ch cn n nt ESC ngay tc khc bn s tr v chn cng c chn.
Cng c im (Point Tool) cng c ny dng to ra mt IM trn mt phng. Sau khi kch chut vo cng c ny, bn ch vic kch chut vo mt phng, ch m bn mun IM xut hin. Cng c ny cng c th dng giao im ca 2 i tng no trong mt phng. Bng cch bn click chut vo v tr giao im . Tt nhin l trc bn chn cng c im (point). Cng c Compa(Compass Tool) dng v ng trn trn mt phng. Nu nh dng compa thit v mt ng trn th bn phi vt v khi quay n. Cn Campass Tool ny th khe hn. Bn ch cn ba ci click: ci u tin click vo biu tng ca cng c Campass Tool; ci th hai click vo mt phng xc nh tm ca ng trn; ci th 3 click vo v tr bt k trn mt phng. Sau khi v c ng trn, bn c th iu chnh li kch thc ng trn sao cho hp yu cu ca bn bng cch dng cng c chn( Selection Arrow Tool) click vo tm hoc im th hai xc nh c ng trn v sau ko (drag) n trn mt phng.
Cng c thc thng(straightedge Tool) dng cc tng nh on thng, on thng i qua 2 im cho trc, ng thng, ng thng qua 2 im cho trc, tia. Cng ging nh cng c chn (selection arrow tool) khi bn click chut tri v gi n mt khong thi gian, bn s thy xut hin thng(segment), tia(ray) v ng thng(line). . Tng ng vi n l dng v an
Cng c vit ch (Text Tool) dng to nhn (Label) cho cc i tung khc hoc cc ghi ch, cc dng ch theo yu cu ca bn trn mt phng. Ch : Bn c th g ting Vit trong Geometer's Sketchpad bng cch hy chn Font ch VNI v dng bng m VNI Windows, chng hn nh VNI-Times.
Cng c thi quen (Custom Tool) Geometer's Sketchpad ch h tr nhng cng c c bn nh im(point), ung trn (circle), on thng (segment), ng thng(line) v tia(ray). Trong qu trnh s dng Geometer's Sketchpad chc chc c nhng hnh bn thng xuyn s dng, chng hn nh tam gic, tc gic, hnh thoi, hnh vung V vy trnh lp i lp li mt cng vic nhm chn , Geometer's Sketchpad cho ra i cng c Custom Tool. Cng c ny s cho php bn ghi li cch dng v to nhng i tng theo yu cu ca bn. Nh cng c ny m ngui dng Geometer's Sketchpad cm thy thc s thoi mi hn v cm nhn c sc mnh ca phn mm.
1.2.2. Kho St Cc Menu Ca Geometer's Sketchpad:

Menu File: New Sketch(Ctrl+N): to ra mt bn v mi. Open(Ctrl+O): m mt bn v c sn trn my. Save(Ctrl+S): lu li bn v hin hnh. Save As: lu li bn v ang hin hnh vi tn khc tn trc. Close(Ctrl+W): ng bn v hin hnh. Document Options: Ty chn ca mt bn v. Page Setup: nh l trang in. Print Preview: Xem trc khi in. Print: in bn v hin hnh. Quit(Ctrl+Q): Thot khi Geometer's Sketchpad.
Trong cc Menu trn bn cn ch mc Document Options, chn mc ny bn s thy ca s nh hnh bn. Nu bn hc qua Exel trong b MS Office th chc nng ny d hiu. Thay v phi to nhiu bn v (sketch) th bn hy to nhiu trang trn mt bn v. Hp thoi bn s h tr cho bn lm iu ny. Click vo nt Add Page mt hp thoi nh hin ln v bn hy chn Blank Page. Ri Click OK
C th t tn ca trang vo mc Page Name trc khi chn Blank Page. Hnh bn di y ti t tn trang l Trang 1 sau ti Click Blank Page trong Mc Add Page
Trn hnh trn cho thy c 2 trang trn mt bn v (sketch). Nu bn khng mun to mt trang mi trng(blank) th bn c th copy t trang trc hoc copy t mt trang ny c sn trn my th hy lm nh sau: Ti hp thoi ca Document Options bn hy chn mt trang no . Ri sau cng click vo Add Page nhng bn khng chn Blank Page m chn Duplicate ri sau chn trang 1.(c th chn trang khc, ty theo yu cu ca bn).Vic lm trn c ngha rng bn copy trang 1 thnh mt trang mi.
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Menu Edit: Cc lnh Undo(Ctrl+Z), Redo(Ctrl+Z), Cut(Ctrl+X), Copy(Ctrl+C), Paste Picture hoc Paste(Ctrl+V) ging nh thc hin trong MS Word. Clear: Xa i tng. Action Buttons: To ra cc nt lin kt hoc thc thi lnh. Selcect All(Ctrl+A): Chn tt c cc i tng trn mt mt phng. Select Parents(Ctrl+U): chn i tng cha. Select Children(Ctrl+D): Chn i tng con. Split/Merge: tch hoc ni cc i tng. Edit Definition (Ctrl+E): Sa i tnh cht ca mt i tng c nh ngha. Properties(Alt+?): xem tnh cht, thuc tnh ca i tng c chn. Preferences: ty hn cho bn v. Hoc ch cho mt trang. Khi chn lnh ny mt hp thoi xut hin cho php bn chn la. Nu bn to vt cho mt i tng no v bn mun chng t xa vt theo thi gian th lnh ny cn cho bn. Lm vic vi Geometer's Sketchpad bn cn ch rng khng c Menu cha lnh Insert. Nu bn mun chn mt bc nh vo th bn hy copy bc nh trong mt chng trnh x l nh no (v d nh chng trnh Paint). Ri dn (Paste) nh vo mt phng ang lm vic. Lc hnh nh s tr thnh nh nn ca mt phng lm vic. Trong menu Edit bn cn ch thm lnh Action Buttons, n rt hu ch cho bn sau ny.
Click chut vo s thy c menu con gm cc lnh sau: Hide/Show: Lnh ny s to ra mt nt(button) mi. Khi click chut vo button ny th s n hoc hin mt i tng no trn mt phng do bn chn trc. Animation: to mt button thc thi lnh cho mt hay nhiu i tng no s chuyn ng. Movement: lnh ny di chuyn mt i tng ny n mt i tng khc. V d: bn cho im A di chuyn n im B. Nh l theo mc nh th im bn chn trc s di chuyn li im chn th hai. Presentation: to ra mt button m khi bn click vo button ny th cc lnh trong cc button khc s c din ra hng lot hoc ng thi. Lnh ny hu hiu to ra mt lot hnh ng cng xy ra mt lc. Link: to ra mt lin kt. C th l lin kt ngoi hoc lin kt trong u kh dng.
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Scroll: cun thanh trt tri, hay phi ca mn hnh. Qua lm thay i v tr ca i tng hnh hc trong mt phng hay mn hnh. Hp thoi Animation ca Action Buttons: Khi chn mt i tng, sau bn chn ln Animation trong Action Buttons bn s thy hp thoi nh sau, gm c 3 th (Tab) Th Animate Sau khi Click Ok nt nhn (button) ny s hin din ln mt phng.
Vng ny ghi li thng tin v i tng. i tng no s chuyn ng, chuyn ng vi vn tc (speech) bao nhiu, chuyn ng t ngu nhin (random) hay chuyn ng trn i tng khc
Click vo y chn vn tc cho i tng. Gm c cc mc sau: Medium: vn tc trung bnh. Slow: chm. Fast: nhanh. Other: ty chn.
Th Label:
Nhp nhn (label) cho button vo y.
Click vo y nu mun nh dng v chn font ch cho nhn ca button.
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Th Object
Ti th Object ny Geometer's Sketchpad ghi nhn cho ta nhng i tng no l i tng cha hoc con ca i tng ang chn.
Hp thoi Movement ca Action Buttons
Chn vn tc cho i tng di chuyn. Cho php i tng ny di chuyn theo i tng kia. M i tng kia th ang chuyn ng(rt-ui) Ch di chuyn i tng n v tr ban u ca i tng kia.
Trong hp thoi trn cc th Object, Label cng c chc nng gn ging nh trong hp thoi Animate. Tuy nhin, c 2 ty chn bn cn ch l Follow Moving Destination v Move Toward Intial Destination. V d: Trong mt phng, ti mun cho im A di chuyn n im B. Nhng im B khng c nh, m im B l im chuyn ng. Lc , nu bn ch mun im A di chuyn n v tr ban u, trc khi im B di chuyn th bn hy chn Move Toward Intial Destination. Cn nu bn mun im A rt theo im B ang di chuyn th hy chn Follow Moving Destination. Ch : sau khi chn xong thuc tnh cho mt i tng no ti cc hp thoi tng ng th bn phi Click vo button Ok cc thng s c hiu lc. Gi s rng, bn v c im B trn mt phng. Bn dng lnh Edit/Action Buttons/Animate to ra mt button m khi click vo th im B s chuyn ng trn mt phng. Sau bn v thm im A v dng lnh Edit/Action Buttons/Movement to ra mt button m khi click vo th im A s di chuyn n im B. By gi, bn mun to ra mt
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com button, m khi click vo th c 2 button kia u thi hnh. Tc l khi click vo button mi ny, im A th di chuyn n im B, cn im B th chuyn ng. Th lnh Presentation s gip bn. Hp thoi Presentation ca Action Buttons Bn phi chn trc cc button m bn mun a chng vo Presentation. Khi lnh ny mi c hiu lc. Thc hin ln lt cc Hnh ng cui dng Hnh ng u tin dng li. Theo thi gian c lng.
Thc hin cng lc tt c B chn tt c Dng tt c chuyn ng Xa tt c du vt c to trc . Cc ty chn trong nhm Present Action:
Simultaneously: Nu chn vo ty chn ny th tt c cc button m bn chn trc s ng thi thc hin lnh cng mt lc. Sequentially: Cc hnh ng trong cc button s din ra theo dng mt chui hnh ng. Cc ty chn ca nhm Before Starting(trc khi bt u): Deselect All Objects: Trc khi bt u hnh ng, cc i tng c chn th s thi khng chn na. Stop Any Motions: Trc khi bt u hnh ng, tt c cc i tng trc ang chuyn ng s dng li. Erase Any Traces: Trc khi hnh ng din ra, cc du vt c to trc s b xa i. Cc ty chn ca nhm Stop After(dng li sau khi): Last Action Stop: hnh ng s kt thc sau khi hnh ng cui kt thc. Fist Action Stop: hnh ng s kt thc khi hnh ng u tin kt thc. Elapsed Time: c lng hnh ng din ra trong bao nhiu giy th kt thc.
J Hy ch rng, khi lm vic vi cc i tng trn mt phng th chut phi rt c ch

cho bn. Hy click chut phi vo mt i tng no , v xem menu ng cnh(Context Menu) hin ln bn s thy rt nhiu iu tin ch nm trong . Khi ang trong menu Edit bn hy n phim Shitf bn s thy c s thay i.
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Menu Display Rt nhiu ng dng chy trn mi trng Windows u c menu View. Nhng Geometer's Sketchpad th khng v thay vo l menu Display. Line With: chn ng nt cho ng thng hay cong. C 3 s la chn Dashed: nt t an. Thin: nt mnh Thick: nt dy. Color: chn mu cho i tng. Text: chn Font ch. Hide Object: cho n hoc hin th i tng. Show All Hidden: Hin th tt c cc i tng ang n. Show Label: hin th nhn ca i tng. Label: iu chnh hay thm nhn cho i tng. Trace: to du, vt cho i tng khi i tng chuyn ng. Erase Traces: xa i nhng du, vt c to trc . Animate Object: kch hot cho i tng chuyn ng. Increase Speed: tng vn tc chuyn ng. Decrease Speed: gim vn tc chuyn ng. Stop Animation: dng chuyn ng. Hide Text Palette: n hoc hin hp nhp thoi vn bn, cng thc ton.
Show Motion Controller: Hin hp iu khin chuyn ng. Hide Toolbox: n thanh cng c.
Kch hot Dng li
i chiu Tm dng Tng, gim vn tc
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Menu Construct (Dng hnh) Point On Object: dng mt im trn i tng no . Midpoint: dng trung im ca on thng. Intersection: dng giao im ca 2 i tng. Segment: dng an thng qua hai im. Ray: dng tia khi bit n i qua 2 im. Line: dng ng thng i qua 2 im. Parallel Line: dng ng thng song song. Perpendicular Line: dng ng thng vung gc. Angle Bisector: dng tia phn gic trong ca mt gc. Circle By Center+Point: dng ng trn bit tm vo mt im thuc ng trn y. Circle By Center+Radius: dng ng trn, bit tm v bn knh. Arc On Circle: Dng cung trn mt ng trn. Arc Through 3 Point: dng cung trn qua 3 im. Interior: dng phn trong.(ng trn, a gic) Locus: xc nh qy tch ca mt i tng. J Xin hy ch l bn mun dng mt i tng mi, ph thuc vo cc i tng trc th bn phi chn i tng ph thuc trc. Cn khng, khi bn vo menu Dng hnh (Construct) th cc lnh ca n u cha hiu dng (nt m nht). Trong hnh trn cc lnh u cha hiu dng. Menu Transform (Bin hnh) Mark Center: nh du i tng lm tm cho php quay hay php v t. Mark Mirror: nh du i tng no lm trc i xng. Mark Anlge: nh du gc quay. Mark Ratio: nh du t s. Mark Vector: nh du Vector. Mark Distance: nh du khong cch. Translate: php tnh tin. Rotate: php quay. Dilate: php v t. Reflect: php i xng trc. Iterate: php lp.
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Menu Measure (o c) Length: tnh chiu di ca i tng. Distance: tnh khong cch. Perimeter: tnh chu vi ca i tng. Circumference: Tnh chu vi ng trn. Angle: tnh s mt gc. Area: tnh din tch mt vng ca i tng. Acr Angle: tnh s ca mt cung. Arce Length: tnh chiu di ca mt cung trn. Radius: tnh bn kn ca cung trn hay ng trn. Ratio: tnh t s. Calculate: tnh ton (my tnh con). Coorrdinates: xc nh ta ca mt im trn mt phng. Abscissa(x): xc nh gi tr honh . Ordinate(y): xc nh gi tr tung . Coordinate Distance: xc nh khong cch theo ta Slope: Xc nh h s gc. Equation: xc nh phng trnh ca i tng trong mt phng.
J Xin ch : Trong cc lnh trn bn cn lnh Calculate khi chn ln ny mt chic my tnh con s hin ln cho bn tnh ton v t bn cng c th to ra cc hm s theo yu cu ca bn.
Menu Graph ( th) Define Coordinate System: xc nh mt h trc ta cho mt phng. Mark Coordinate System: nh du h trc ta . Grid Form: mng li, loi h ta . Gm cc loi: Polar Grid(li ta cc-h ta cc); Square Grid (li vung-h ta Descartes); Rectangular (li ch nht-i khi ti gi l h afin !). Hide Grid: n li ta . Snap Points: ta nguyn. Plot Points: dng mt im khi bit hon v tung . New Function: xc nh mt hm s mi. Plot New Function: v th hm s. Derivative: ly o hm. Tabulate: lp bng tng ng gi tr. Add Table Data: thm d liu vo bng. Remove Table Data: loi b bng.
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2. CC I TNG HNH HC C BN TRONG GEOMETERS SKETCHPAD CHC NNG V QUAN H GIA CHNG
2.1. 2.1 Cc i Tng Hnh Hc C Bn Trong Geometer's Sketchpad V Chc Nng Ca Chng
2.1.1. im (Point)
Ta bit rng im l mt i tng c bn ca ton hc v c tha nhn. Trong Geometer's Sketchpad im cng l mt thnh phn c bn xy dng ln cc i tng khc. v mt im ln mt phng trong Geometer's Sketchpad bn lm theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: dng chut tri click vo cng c (Point Tool)
Bc 2: tip tc dng chut tri click vo mt phng. Ti v tr no bn mun im xut hin. Bn s c c mt im th ny v ang trng thi c chn.
Theo mc nh, khi mt im mi c khi to Geometer's Sketchpad s t nhn (label) cho im theo tn cc ch ci A, B, C. v ang trong trng thi n (hide). Nu mun thy nhn ca im hay ca mt i tng ni chung, bn hy dng cng c chn (Selection Arrow Tools) chn im hay i tng v sau Right-Click/Show Label (Ctrl+K) Bn s c c Lp li cc thao tc trn nu bn mun to ra nhiu im. Khi bn Right-Click vo mt im hay i tng bn s thy mt menu ng cnh (context menu) nh sau: Properties: chn thuc tnh cho im( nhn, n/hin..) Color: mu cho im(Red, green, blue.) Hide Point: n/hin im ny.(Ctrl+H) Show Label: cho thy nhn. Label Point: cho thy nhn ca im. Trace Point: nh du, to vt cho im ny khi n di chuyn. Animate Point: im ny l im chuyn ng.(Alt+`) Mark Center: nh du im lm tm v t hay tm quay. Coordinates: xc nh ta ca im trong h trc ta . Abscissa(x): xc nh honh ca im ny. Ordinate(y): xc nh tung ca im ny. Di chuyn im: bn c th di chuyn im mt cch d dng trn mt phng n nhng v tr bn thch bng cch dng cng c chn (Selection Arrow Tools) drag im i. .
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com im chuyn ng: bn cng c th to ra mt im chuyn ng bng cch chn lnh Animte Point trong menu ng cnh hay trong Menu Display. Khi mt hp thoi nh s xut hin cho php bn iu khin s chuyn ng ca im. Nu bn chn thm Trace Point th im va chuyn ng va li du vt. Vt ca im li khi di Hp chuyn thoi iu khin im im A di chuyn n im B: trn mt phng bn v 2 im A v B. By gi bn mun to mt button m khi click vo button ny th im A s di chuyn n im B. Th bn lm nh sau: Bc 1: dng cng c im v im A v im B. Bc 2: dng cng c chn chn im A ri chn im B. Bc 3: thc hin lnh Edit/Action Buttons/Movement Bc 4: Click chut ln button mi xut hin . Bn s thu c hnh nh sau:
hnh trn, im A s di chuyn li im B sau khi click chut vo button Move A->B. ( hnh trn ti nh du (to vt) cho im A ).
2.1.2. ng trn
Ta bit rng xc nh mt ng trn chng ta phi bit tm v bn knh. Trong Geometer's Sketchpad ng trn cng c th xc nh khi bit tm v bn knh hoc tm v mt im th hai thuc ng trn. ng trn l mt i tng c bn trong Geometer's Sketchpad. Bn c th v ng trong mt cch d dng nh vo cng c Compa (Compass Tool) v c mt ng trn bn c th lm theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: click chut tri vo cng c Compass Tool. Bc 2: click chut vo mt v tr no trn mt phng. Bc 3: drag chut ra xa v tr ban u. Ty theo ng trn m bn v ln hay nh m bn c lng khong cch t im th nht n im th hai thuc ng trn. .
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im th nht (tm ca ng trn) im th hai thuc ng trn
Bn cng c th v trc hai im phn bit. Sau chn cng c Compass Tool ri click vo im th nht, im th hai. im trn ng trn: sau khi v xong ng trn. Nu bn mun xc nh mt im trn ng trn th bn click chut tri vo cng c im (point tool) ri click chut tri ln ng trn. Lc im mi khi to s nm trn ng trn. Bn hy th dng chut drag im mi to , v s thy n khng di chuyn t do na, m di chuyn trn ng trn.
im thuc ng trn, khi chuyn ng cng ch chuyn ng trn ng trn. ( to vt cho im)
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2.1.3. on thng, ng thng v tia.

Ba cng c v on thng (segment), ng thng (line), tia (ray) c gom chung vo mt nhm l cng c Straightedge Tool. Bn hy n v gi chut tri ln cng c Straightedge Tool bn s thy xut hin cc cng c cn li V on thng : Bc 1: click chut vo Bc 2: click chut vo 2 v tr khc nhau trn mt phng hoc 2 im phn bit bn v trc . .
V ng thng: Bc 1: click chut vo Bc 2: click chut vo 2 v tr khc nhau hoc 2 im phn bit trn mt phng.
V tia: Bc 1: click chut vo Bc 2: click chut vo 2 v tr khc nhau ca mt phng hoc 2 im phn bit ca mt phng.
J Ch nh: Khi mi khi to mt i tng th mc nh Geometer's Sketchpad chn i tng cho bn. V vy nu bn khng mun chn i tng th bn n phim ESC hoc click chut tri vo mt ch trng no trn mt phng. Bn cng cn phi phn bit mt i tng no ang c chn, i tng no khng c chn.
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com ang chn Khng chn
2.1.4. Vit ch trong Geometer's Sketchpad

Khi lm vic vi Geometer's Sketchpad bn c th vit ch xen k vi v hnh. Bn cng c th nhp nhng cng thc ton v cc cng thc hnh hc. Bn cng c th vit ch Vit vo bng v vi iu kin l bn s dng Font Vn, Vni vit ch vo mt phng bn dng cng c Text Tool Bc 1: click chut tri vo Bc 2: click chut tri vo mt phng v n chut xung ng thi drag chut i n v tr khc ri th chut ra. Bc 3: nhp ch vo vng c hnh ch nht mi va khi to .
2.2. Quan H Gia Cc i Tng Hnh Hc Trong Geometer's Sketchpad

Chng ta cn bit rng quan h gia cc i tng hnh hc l mt trong nhng iu c bn nht, ct li nht xy dng nn mt phn mm hnh hc ng. Geometer's Sketchpad cng vy, ton b cc i tng hnh hc trong phn mm u c th kt ni vi nhau theo nhng qua h ton hc cht ch. Nh s kt ni gia cc i tng theo quan h ton hc cht ch ny m cc i tng ca phn mm c th to nn mt h thng ng. chnh l cha kha to ra sc mnh cho phn mm-khi mt i tng thay i, th nhng i tng c quan h vi n t nhiu cng thay i theo.
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Hiu r mi quan h gia cc i tng hnh hc trong Geometer's Sketchpad s l mt iu ti cn thit nu bn mun lm ch phn mm ny. Quan h gia cc i tng hnh hc trong Geometer's Sketchpad l mt quan h chacon(parent-children) hay cn gi l quan h ph thuc. Ni nh vy khng c ngha rng tt c cc i tng tn ti trong mt phng ca phn mm u c quan h cha-con hay con-cha vi nhau. V d: Bn v mt im A trn mt phng, sau bn v tip mt im B trn mt phng. Hai im ny bn v mt cch c lp, tc l v im B khng ph thuc vo cch v im A th c th xem rng 2 i tng im A v B chng c quan h g vi nhau c. Nhng nu bn v mt on thng AB, v tip bn v mt im C nm trn an thng AB th lc ny thc s c mi quan h. on thng AB l i tng cha ca i tng im C, ta ni quan h gia an thng AB v C l quan h cha-con. Ngc li im C l i tng con ca on thng AB, ta ni quan h gia im C v AB l quan h con-cha.
Bn cng thy c rng, an thng AB c c l nh vo s xc nh ca im A v im B. V th on thng AB l i tng con ca im A v im B. y im A v B l hai i tng t do trn mt phng, nn bn c th dng chut drag n i n bt c mt ni no trn mt phng m bn thch. Khi drag A hoc B bn s thy rng cc i tng con ca chng l on AB v im C cng s di chuyn theo. Cn im C, n la i tng con ca on thng AB do bn khng th drag n mt cch t do na, m n ch c th di chuyn trn on thng AB. Do vy c th ni mt i tng c khi to trc l cha ca mt i tng khi to sau trn n. Quan h gia i tng cha v i tng con l quan h mt-nhiu v i tng con vi i tng cha cng l quan h mt-nhiu. iu ny c ngha rng, mt i tng trong Geometer's Sketchpad c th l cha ca nhiu i tng khc v ngc li mt i tng cng c th l con ca nhiu i tng khc nhau. chn tt c cc i tng con ca mt i tng no bn lm nh sau: Bc 1: chn i tng cha. Bc 2: dng lnh edit/select children hoc(Ctrl+D). Ngc li, bn mun xem nhng i tng no l cha ca mt i tng. Bn lm nh trn nhng bc 2 bn thay bng lnh edit/select parents hoc (Ctrl+U).
2.3. i tng ng
Thit ngh, s c mt thiu sot ln nu khi tm hiu phn mm hnh hc ng (Dynamic Geometry) m khng nhc n nhng i tng ng. u im, cng nh sc mnh ca phn mm Geometer's Sketchpad l n khng ch c th v c gn nh tt c nhng i tng hnh hc m bn c th v trn giy m n cn c th to ra nhng i tng m bn khng th no lm c vi mt cy bt v mt t giy. l i tng chuyn ng. Trong Geometer's Sketchpad bn c th cho mt im (point) mt ng trn (circle) mt on thng (segment), ng thng (line), mt tia (ray) chuyn ng. Bc 1: chn i tng m bn mun cho chuyn ng. 22
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Bc 2: dng lnh Displayt/AnimateObject hoc Right-Click/Animate Object Ty theo i tng no m bn chn trc th t Object s thay tng ng trong cc lnh trn. Khi kch hot cho mt i tng chuyn ng, nu l i tng t do th n s chuyn ng t do trn mt phng. Nu i tng chuyn ng l con ca i tng no , th n ch c th chuyn ng trn i tng cha ca n. Ngc li, nu mt i tng cha chuyn ng th tt c cc i tng con ca n cng chuyn ng theo. J Khi thm lnh Display/Trace Object hoc Right-Click/Trace Object bn s thy qu tch ca mt i tng khi n chuyn ng.
2.4. Bi tp p dng
Hy dng cc cng c c bn v cc i tng sau: V 3 im khng thng hng.
V on thng a, on thng i qua 2 im A, B cho trc.
ng trn.
V ng trn (C), ng trn khi cho bit tm O v mt im th 2 A thuc
V ng thng b, ng thng i qua 2 im A, B cho trc.
V tia, tia c gc l O cho trc v mt im th 2 l A.
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Dng cng c Text Tool vit ch nh sau vo mt phng.
V mt im A chuyn ng t do trn mt phng v to vt cho im trong khi chuyn ng.
V mt im A l con i tng con ca ng trn tm (O,OB). Sau n ng trn i, cho im A chuyn ng v to vt cho n.
Dng tam gic ABC, t gic DEFG.
Dng giao im A,B ca 2 ng trn. Giao im C,D,E,F ca ng thng a vi 2 ng trn .
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3. DNG HNH V QU TCH

3.1. Cc Cng C Dng Hnh C Bn
Cc lnh cng c dng hnh hu ht u tp trung trong Menu Construct
3.1.1. Dng mt im trn i tng.(Point On Object)

Cng c ny cho php bn dng mt im mi l i tng con ca mt i tng cha no do bn chn trc. im mi khi to s khng b rng buc g thm ngoi vic n l i tng con ca i tng bn chn trc . thc hin lnh dng hnh ny bn dng lnh Construct/Point On Object. T Object ty theo i tng bn chn m n c s hin th khc nhau. N c th l line, segment, circle Cn ch thm l khi bn cha chn mt i tng no dng im ln th n s b m nht i . . Nhng khi bn chn th
3.1.2. Dng trung im ca mt on thng(Midpoint)

Lnh ny cho php bn dng mt im mi l trung im ca mt on thng m trc bn chn. Bc 1: chn on thng. Bc 2: Construct/Midpoint hoc Ctrl+M
3.1.3. Dng giao im ca 2 i tng (Intersection)

Lnh ny cho php bn dng giao im ca 2 i tng hnh hc no . Bc 1: chn 2 i tng cn dng giao im. Bc 2: Construct/Intersection hoc Ctrl+I
3.1.4. Dng on thng, tia, ng thng.

Bc 1: Chn 2 im. Bc 2: on thng: Construct/Segment (Ctrl+L) ng thng: Construct/Line Tia: Construc/Ray
3.1.5. Dng ng thng i qua mt im v song song vi ng thng cho trc

Bc 1: chn ng thng hay on thng cho trc lm phng v im m ng thng cn dng i qua (khng thuc ng thng cho trc) 25
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Bc 2: Construct/Parallel Line
3.1.6. Dng ng thng vung gc vi ng thng cho trc

Bc 1: chn ng thng cho trc v im m ng thng cn dng i qua. Bc 2: Construct/Perpendicular.
3.1.7. Dng ng phn gic ca mt gc cho trc

V d ti cn dng ng phn gic ca ABC Bc 1: chn theo th t A, B, C. Bc 2: Construct/Angle Besector Khi dng ng phn gic ca mt gc. im bn chn th 2 c Geometer's Sketchpad xem nh l im gc.
3.1.8. Dng ng trn bit tm v mt im thuc ng trn

Bc 1: chn tm v mt im thuc ng trn. Bc 2: Construct/Circle By Center+Point
3.1.9. Dng ng trn khi bit bn knh v tm.

Bc 1: chn an thng c di m bn mun lm bn knh v chn tm. Bc 2: Construct/Circle By Center+Radius
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3.1.10. Dng cung trn ng trn

Bc 1: chn tm v sau chn 2 im trn ng trn m bn mun dng cung. Bc 2: Construct/Arc On Circle Khi dng cung trn ng trn bn cn ch rng im u tin bn chn l tm ca ng trn, im th hai bn chn l im bt u ca cung v im cui cng bn chn l im kt thc ca cung. V d: ta cn dng cung OAB.
Chn O, chn B, chn A
Chn O, chn A, chn B
3.1.11. Dng cung trn i qua 3 im

Bc 1: Chn 3 im mun cung trn i qua. Bc 2: Construct/Arc Through 3 Point
3.1.12. Dng min trong ca mt i tng

Bc 1: chn i tng bn mun dng min trong Bc 2: Construct/ Object Interior hoc (Ctrl+P) Ty theo i tng hnh hc m t Object s c Geometer's Sketchpad t ng thay th cho tung ng.
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3.2. Qy Tch Ca Mt im Hay i Tng (Locus)

Mt trong nhng iu tht tuyt vi m phn mm Geometer's Sketchpad em li cho chng ta l kh nng tm qu tch ca mt i tng hnh hc. Tt nhin l Geometer's Sketchpad khng c kh nng chng minh c qu tch ca mt i tng hnh hc m n v nn qu tch. Nhng n c th gip chng ta hnh dung c qu tch ca i tng trc khi chng minh. tm qu tch ca mt i tng bn lm nh sau: Bc 1: chn i tng cha.( y l i tng c th thay i, v cc i tng khc thng ph thuc vo n). Bc 2:Chn i tng con ca i tng trn(y l i tng m bn mun tm qu tch) Bc 3: Construct/Locus V d 1:Cho ng trn (O), AB l ng knh, mt im C thay i trn (O). Hy dng im D sao cho ABCD l hnh bnh hnh. Khi C thay i tm qu tch im D. Gii: Bc 1: Dng on thng AB. Bc 2: Dng O l trung im ca AB.( Construct/Midpoint) Bc 3: Dng (O,AB/2). (Construct/Circle By Center+Point) Bc 4: Dng C thuc ng trn (O) v dng an CB. Bc 5: Dng ng thng a qua C v song song vi AB, dng ng thng b qua A v song song vi CB.(Construct/Parralle Line) Bc 6: Dng D l giao im ca a v b.(Construct/Intersection) Bc 7: Tm qu tch ca im D khi im C thay i. - Chn im C v sau chn im D. - Dng lnh Construct/Locus V y l kt qu m chng ta thu c khi thc hin nhng bc dng hnh trn.
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J Bn hy double-click vo nhn ca i tng no m bn mun thay i tn.
By gi cng bi ton dng hnh v tm qy tch trn. Nhng chng ta khng mun Geometer's Sketchpad v nn qu tch nhanh nh vy. M dng s chuyn ng ca C v im D v ln qu tch. lm c iu ny, bc 7. Bn khng dng lnh Construct/Locus tm qu tch m thay th bc 7 bng lnh sau: nh du to vt cho im D( chn im D, dng lnh Right-Click/Trace Intersection hoc Display/Trace Intersection). Kch hat cho im C chuyn ng. (chn im C, dng lnh RightClick/Animate Point hay Display/Animate Point hay Alt+`
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V d 2: Cho tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn (O) v c AB l ng knh. Gi H l trc tm ca tam gic OAC. Tm qu tch ca im H khi C thay i trn ng trn O. Gii: Bc 1: dng on thng AB. Bc 2: dng O l trung im ca AB Bc 3: dng C thuc (O). Bc 4: dng cc on thng AC, OC. Bc 5: Qua A dng a vung gc vi OC. (Construct/Perpendicular Line) Qua C dng b vung gc vi AB. Bc 6: dng H l giao im ca a v b. Bc 7: tm qu tch ca trc tm H ca tam gic OAC khi C thay i trn (O). - Chn im C v sau chn im H. - Dng lnh Construct/Locus. Ch : khi mt nhn ca i tng cha xut hin th bn c th chn i tng v dng lnh Right-Click/Show Label hoc Display/Show Label.
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Nu bc 7 chng ta thay bng lnh sau: - To vt cho im H (chn im H, dng lnh Right-Click/Trace Intersection) - Kch hot cho im C chuyn ng. (chn im C, Right-Click/Animate Point). V ta s c kt qu nh hnh sau:
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Qua 2 v d trn ta thy c kh nng tm qu tch ca mt im ph thuc vo mt im khc tht l tuyt vi Geometer's Sketchpad. By gi chng ta i tm qu tch ca mt i tng hnh hc ln hn im xem sao. V d 3: Cho ng trn (O,R) v mt im A nm ngoi ng trn (O). Mt im B thay i trn (O). Gi d l ng trung trc ca AB. Tm qu tch ca ng thng d khi B thay i. Gii: Bc 1: dng (O,R) v xc nh im A khng thuc (O), im B thuc (O). Bc 2: dng trung im M ca AB. Bc 3: dng d i qua M v vung gc vi AB. Bc 4: Tm qy tch ca d. - Chn im B. - Chn ng thng d. - Dng lnh Construct/Locus.
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3.3. Bi Tp p Dng
Bi tp 1 Hy dng cc cng c dng hnh c bn dng cc hnh sau y: - Dng trng tm G ca tam gic ABC cho trc. - Dng trc tm H ca tam gic ABC cho trc.
- Dng ng trn (I) ni tip tam gic ABC cho trc. - Dng ng trng (O) ngoi tip tam gc ABC cho trc.
- Dng tam gic cn ABC. - Dng tam gic u ABC.
- Dng hnh bnh hnh ABCD. 33
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com - Dng hnh vung ABCD.
Trong cc hnh trn, nhng ng khng lin nt l nhng ng trnh by li cch dng. Sau khi dng xong, cc bn c th cho cc i tng khng cn thit n i, cn li hnh chnh, hnh m ta cn dng. (chn i tng Right-Click/Hide Object) Bi tp 2 Cho tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn (O), M l im di ng trn cnh BC. a) b) Dng (O1) i qua M v tip xc vi AB ti B. Dng (O2) i qua M v tip xc vi AC ti C.
HD: Qua B dng d vung gc AB, qua M dng m vung gc BC, gi N=d x m; dng O1 l trung im ca BN. Dng (O1,BN/2).
Xin lu thm l t cc nhn c ch s v d nh A1, B1, O1... th khi t tn nhn bn hy thm A[1], B[1], O[1]....
di
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Bi tp 3 Trong mt tam gic th 3 trung im ca cc cnh ca mt tam gic, 3 chn ng cao v 3 trung im ca cc on thng ni trc tm vi cc nh ca tam gic th cng nm trn mt ng trn. Ngi ta gi ng trn l ng trn Euler. Hy dng ng trn Euler.
Bi tp 4 Cho ung trn tm O ng knh AB. C l mt im thay i trn ng trn O. Gi m l ng phn gic ca gc BCA v D l giao im ca (O) v m. Gi M l trung im ca CD. Hy v qu tch ca M khi C thay i.
Bi tp 5 Cho AB l on thng c nh. Ax, By l hai tia song song vi nhau v nm cng b so vi ng thng AB. Gi Am v An ln lt l hai ng phn gic ca cc gc xAB v ABy. Hy v qu tch giao im ca hai ng phn gic . 35
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Bi 6 Cnh ca mt hnh thoi ABCD c chiu di khng i, v tr ca AB c nh, O l trung im ca AB, CO v BD ct nhau ti P. V qu tch ca im P khi gc ca hnh thoi thay i.
4. PHP BIN HNH TRONG GEOMETERS SKETCHPAD

4.1. Cc Cng C Bin Hnh C Bn Trong Geometer's Sketchpad
Geometer's Sketchpad cung cp cho bn hu ht nhng cng c bin hnh c bn. Cc cng c ny hu ht tp trung trong Menu Transform.
4.1.1. Php tnh tin

Chng ta bit rng xc nh c mt php tnh tin chng ta cn c mt Vector. Geometer's Sketchpad cng vy, xc nh php tnh tin bn cng cn c mt Vector. Vector ny c th l do bn chn t mt vector no trong mt phng. Trong trng hp bn cha chn vector no lm phng v chiu tnh tin th Geometer's Sketchpad a ra mc nh l tnh tin i tng theo cc vector cho bi ta t mt hp thoi ty chn do bn nhp thng s. Hai h trc ta m Geometer's Sketchpad h tr l Polar(ta cc) v Rectangular(ta ch nht). V d: Ti cn tnh tin ng trn (O). Bc 1: chn ng trn (O). Bc 2: dng lnh Transform/Translate Khi mt hp thoi s hin ln cho bn chn thng s.
Chn vector tnh tin theo ta cc. Chn bnknh r Chn gc
Chn vector tnh tin theo ta hnh ch.
Sau khi chn thng s xong click y tnh tin i tng
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Nu khng thch chn vector theo h ta cc, th bn c th chn theo ta hnh ch nht. V y l kt qu ca php tnh tin (O) theo thng s nh hnh bn.
Honh
Tung
Tnh tin theo vector chn trc Bn cng c th chn mt vector bt k t mt phng lm vector tnh tin. lm iu ny bn tin hnh theo cc bc sau: Bc 1:chn im gc vector v sau chn im cui ca vector tnh tin. Bc 2: dng lnh Transform/Mark Vector nh du vector ny. Buc 3: chn i tng mun tnh tin v dng lnh Transform/Translate Lc s xut hin hp thoi
im gc ca vector tnh tin.
im ngn ca Vector tnh tin.
V d: Hy tn tin ng trn (O) theo vector AB cho trc. 37
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Sau khi nh du im A lm gc, B l im cui. V thc hin lm theo nhng bc trn ta s c
4.1.2. Php quay (Rotate)

Ta bit rng xc nh mt php quay chng ta cn c tm quay v gc quay. Trong Geometer's Sketchpad cng vy. quay mt i tng hnh hc, chng ta cng phi cn chn mt im lm tm quay v mt gc quay. Gc quay ny chng ta c th nh du t mt gc no c trong mt phng hoc chng ta c th chn theo thng s nhp vo t mt hp thoi. C th ta c 2 cch sau: Cch 1: Bc 1: nh du tm quay.(Bng cch chn mt im mun lm tm quay ri dng lnh Transform/Mark Center) Bc 2: chn i tng cn quay ri dng lnh Transform/Rotate. Khi mt hp thoi xut hin, cho php bn chn gc quay. (chiu gc quay tnh theo chiu ngc kim ng h-chiu dng)
Nhp vo y s o ca gc quay
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com V d: quay on BC quanh gc A mt gc 60 . Thc hin theo cc bc trn ta s c hnh sau:
By gi gi s rng trong mt phng ta c mt gc XBY no v mt ng trn (O). Ta cn thc hin php quay tm A v gc quay l XBY cho ng trng tm O.
Cch 2: Bc 1: chn tm quay. (chn A, ri dng lnh Transform/Mark Center) Bc 2: chn X ri chn B ri chn Y ri dng lnh Transform/Mark Angle Bc 3: chn ng trn v dng lnh Transform/Rotate
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4.1.3. Php v t (Dilate)

Mt php v t s hon ton xc nh nu bit tm v t v t s v t. Trong Geometer's Sketchpad cng vy, bn cng cn phi bit tm v t v t s v t. Trong , t s v t c th l t s do bn nhp vo mt hp thoi hoc bn nh du t mt t s gia hai an thng no trong mt phng. T s v t uc nhp t hp thoi. Bc 1: nh du tm quay. (chn im mun lm tm quay, ri dng lnh Transform/Mark Center) hoc Double-Click vo i tng. Bc 2: chn i tng mun v t ri dng lnh Transform/Dilate. Khi mt hp thoi s xut hin nh sau:
Nhp t s ca t s v t
Nhp mu s ca t s v t
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com V d: khi thc hin php v t tm O t s l i vi on thng AB ta s c
By gi gi s rng ta mun cn v t ng trn (E) theo php v t tm O v t s l AC/AB.
Bc 1: nh du O lm tm quay.(chn O ri dng lnh Transform/Mark Center) Bc 2: nh du t s AC/AB bng cch chn im A ri chn im B ri chn im C v dng lnh Transform/Mark Ratio. Bc 3: chn ng trn v dng lnh Transform/Dilate
nh du t s theo on thng rt c li khi bn mun thay i t s v t. V nh trong trng hp trn, bn ch cn drag im B l php v t s thay i theo.
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4.1.4. Php i xng trc (Reflect)

Trong Geometer's Sketchpad mt php i xng trc s c xc nh nu c mt ng thng hoc mt on thng lm trc i xng. Trc i xng c gi l Mirro (gng chiu) thc hin php i xng trc trong Geometer's Sketchpad chng ta lm: Bc 1: chn ng thng hay on thng mun lm trc i xng ri dng lnh Transform/Mark Mirro hoc Double-Click vo i tng. Bc 2: chn i tng mun cho i xng ri dng lnh Transform/Reflect Hnh sau y cho thy nh ca mt ng trn qua trc i xng l mt ng thng v mt on thng.
J ch : trong Geometer's Sketchpad khng c php i xng tm. Nhng chng ta bit rng php i xng tm ch l trng hp c bit ca php quay khi m gc quay bng k3600. V vy, nu cn thc hin php i xng tm, th chng ta dng php quay v gc quay bng 0o chng hn.
4.2. Bi Tp p Dng
Bi 1: Cho ng trn (O) vi ng knh AB c nh, mt ng knh MN thay i. Cc ng thng AM v AN ct cc tip tuyn ti B ln lt ti P v Q. V qu tch trc tm cc tam gic MPQ v NPQ. (Hnh bn cho thy qu tch trc tm H ca tam gic MPQ khi M di chuyn trn (O)).
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Bi 2: Cho tam gic ABC vi I l tm ng trn ni tip v P l mt im nm trong tam gic. Gi A, B, C l cc im i xng vi P ln lt qua cc ng thng AI, BI, CI. Hy xc nh giao im ca cc ng thng AA, BB, CC v drag im P trong tam gic ABC. C thm kt lun g v giao im ca 3 ng thng trn? Bi 3: Cho tam gic ABC. Gi A, B, C ln lt l tm cc ng trn bng tip trong gc A, gc B, v gc C. Hy xc nh giao im ca cc ng thng ia qua A vung gc vi BC, i qua B vung gc vi AC, i qua C vung gc vi AB. Xt xem chng c ng quy khng? Bi 4: Cho ng trn (O) v mt im I khng nm trn ng trn. Vi mi im A thay i trn ng trn, ta xt hnh vung ABCD c tm l I. Tm qu tch ca cc im B, C, D. HD: C im i xng ca A qua I. B l nh ca A qua php quay 45 tm C v v t tm C t s GH/GE (trong EFGH l hnh vung ph v thm). Hnh sau cho thy qu tch ca im C khi A di chuyn.
Bi 5: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A v ng cao AD. Gi V l php v t tm D t s k=DA/DB v Q l php quay tm D gc quay l gc (DB,DA), F l php hp thnh ca V v Q. Hi php F bin tam gic ABD thnh tam gic no.
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5. O C V TNH TON
5.1. Cc Cng C o c C Bn
Hu ht cc lnh ny u tp trung trong Menu Measure
5.1.1. Tnh chiu di v khong cch

Tnh chiu di (Lenght) Cng c ny cho php chng ta o di ca mt on thng. Bc 1: chn on thng cn o di. Bc 2: dng lnh Measure/Lenght
Tnh khong cch (Distance) Bc 1: chn im th nht ri chn im th hai. Bc 2: dng lnh Measure/Distance
5.1.2. Tnh chu vi

Chu vi a gic (Perimeter) Bc 1: chn min trong ca a gic bng cch chn cc nh ri dng lnh Construct/Interio Bc 2: chn min trong ca a gic ri dng lnh Measure/Perimeter. Chu vi ng trn (Circumference) Chn ng trn ri dng lnh Measure/Circumference
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5.1.3. Tnh gc v din tch

Tnh gc(Angle) Chn gc cn o ri dng ln Measure/Angle
Tnh din tch(Area) Ta cn chn min trong ca a gic cn o din tch ri dng lnh Measure/Area. Ring i vi ng trn, chng ta c th khng cn chn min trong m ch ch cn chn ng trn v dng lnh l .
5.1.4. Tnh s o cung v di cung

Tnh s o ca mt cung ( o di:Arc Length; o s o Arc Angle) chn cung ri chn lnh Measure/Arc Length hoc Measure/Arc Angle.
5.1.5. Tnh bn v t s
Bn knh(Radius) Lnh ny php tnh di bn knh ca mt ng trn hay cung trn. tnh bn knh ca ng trn hay cung trn: Bc 1: Chn ng trn hay cung trn cn tnh bn knh. Bc 2: Dng lnh Measure/Radius
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Tnh t s gia 2 on thng (Ratio) Gi s c 2 on thng AB v CA, chng ta cn tnh t s AB/AC Bc 1: Chn on thng AB ri chn on thng AC. Bc 2: Dng lnh Measure/Ratio
5.1.6. My tnh con (Calculator)

Trong Geometer's Sketchpad s dng lnh Measure/Calculate (Alt+=) mt chic my tnh nh (calculator) xut hin cho php bn tnh ton, to ra cc hm s, to ra cc tham s mi hay n gin l s dng li cc hm dng sn nh sin(), cos()
Hin th ni dung php tnh v kt qu
Khung nhp liu cho php tnh, biu thc tnh ton.
Bao gm gi tr ca cc hng nh s e, pi hay s o ca mt i tng no Bn cng c th to ra tham s mi y Ni y cha cc hm s dng sn nh sin(), cos()sqrt(),round() , trunc() Chn n v o: cm, inches, pixels, radian
Bng s v cc php tnh. C th Click vo cc button
thc hin tnh ton chng ta c th nhp liu trc tip t bn phm hoc click chut vo cc button ca bng tnh. Nu cn s dng cc hng s e, pi hay o ca cc i tng c 46
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com o trc th hy s dng nt Values v chn cc hng s hay i tng tng ng. Ti nt Values bn cng c th to ra cc tham s mi. s dng cc hm dng sn trong Geometer's Sketchpad bn dng lnh trong nt Functions, bao gm cc hm lng gic sin(), cos(), tan(), arcsin(), acrcos(), arctan(), hm tnh gi tr tuyt i (abs()), hm tnh cn bc 2(sqrt()), hm tnh lgagit N-pe(ln()), hm lgarit thp phn(log()), hm lm trn(round()), hm ly phn nguyn(trunc()), hm ly du(sgn()). Bn s dng cc n v trong nt Units nh Pixels(im nh), centime(cm), inches, radians(ra-di-an), degrees().
5.1.7. Ta
To ca mt im hay nhiu im trong h ta (Coordinates) tnh ta ca mt im hay nhiu im trong h ta ta thc hin Bc 1: chn mt im hay nhiu im cn tnh ta . Bc 2: dng lnh Measure/Coordinates Khi tnh ta ca im trong h ta , nu bn khng ch ra h ta no cn tnh th mc nh Geometer's Sketchpad tnh theo (x,y) theo ta -Cc. Bn c th chn ta cc, hay ta hnh ch nht. Tnh honh ca im Abscissa(X) Chn im cn tnh ri dng lnh Measure/Abscissa(X) Tnh tung ca im Ordinate(Y) Chn im cn tnh tung ri dng lnh Measure/Ordinate(Y) Tnh khong cch theo ta Coordinate Distance Chn 2 im cn tnh khong cch ri dng lnh Measure/Coordinate Distance
5.1.8. H s gc (Slope) v phng trnh (Equation)

Trong Geometer's Sketchpad bn c th tnh c h s gc ca mt ng thng, on thng, tia. Bn cng c th tnh c phng trnh ca mt s i tng khi c i tng trn mt phng chng hn nh phng trnh ng thng khi c ng thng cho trc, phng trnh ng trn khi c ng trn cho trc. Tnh h s gc (Slope) Bc 1: chn i tng cn tnh h s gc. Bc 2: dng lnh Measure/Slope 47
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Xem phng trnh ca i tng (Equation) Bc 1: chn i tng cn xem phng trnh. Bc 2: dng lnh Measure/Equation J Ch nh: Khi bn chn i tng no trong mt phng ri bn vo Menu Measure nu lnh no c t en, th c ngha rng lnh hiu lc i vi i tng bn ang chn. Cn ngc li th i tng khng c h tr nhng lnh b t m.
5.2. Bi Tp p Dng
Bi 1: Dng Geometer's Sketchpad thc hin cc yu cu sau: V 2 im trn mt phng ri tnh khong cch gia chng. V on thng ri tnh di on thng . V ng thng, ng trn ri xem phng trnh ca n. V on thng, ng thng ri tnh h s gc. V tam gic, t gic ri tnh chu vi, din tch. V ng trn, cung trn ri tnh chu vi, din tch. V tam gic v tnh s o ca 3 gc. V cung trn ri tnh bn knh, di cung, s o cung. V 2 on thng ri tnh t s gia chng. V 2 im tron mt phng ri tnh ta ca chng trong h ta .
Bi 2: Cho ng trn (O,R) v mt im M thay i nm trn ng trn. Mt im A nm bn trong ng trn nhng khng trng vi tm O. Gi P l giao im ca ng trung trc ca on MA v on thng MO. a) b) Khi M thay i trn (O,R) hy tm qu tch ca im P. Tnh tng khong t P n A v t P n O. C nhn xt g v tng ?
c) Hy gii li bi ton trong trng hp A l mt im bt k v P l giao im ca ng thng MO vi ng trung trc ca on MA. Bi 3: V ng thng a v b. a) b) Xem phng trnh ca ng thng a, b. Hy xem phng trnh ca a l nh ca a qua php i xng trc b.
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com c) Hy xem phng trnh ca a l nh ca a qua php i xng trc b v php quay tm O gc 60 . d) Tnh h s gc ca cc ng thng trn.
Bi 4: Cho Elip (E) vi 2 tiu im F1 v F2 v M l mt im thay i nm trn (E). a) Khi M thay i hy tnh chu vi v din tch ca tam gic M F1 F2. b) Cho 2 im P v Q cng thuc (E). Tnh din tch tam gic F1PQ ri sau cho P v Q cng chuyn ng.
6. TH V H TA
6.1. Th (Graphic)
Cc lnh lin quan n th hu ht tp trung Menu Graph ha l mt trong nhng th mnh ca my tnh m khi s dng cc cng c khc c th bn s khng gii quyt c vn . Vi Geometer's Sketchpad bn c th to ra h trc ta chun do Geometer's Sketchpad nh ngha trc, hoc bn c th t nh ngha h trc to theo c nhn bn v nh du n. Bn cng c th v th ca cc hm s phc tp hoc ch n gin l xc nh ta ca mt im no . Bn cng c th to ra cc bng gi tr, thy c s lin h gia hm s v cc bin
6.1.1. Xc nh h trc ta cho h thng( Define coordinate system)

Nu nh Geometer's Sketchpad hin th ch Define coordinate system trong Menu Graph th khi nu bn chn lnh ny th Geometer's Sketchpad s hin th mt h ta mc nh cho bn. Nhng nu bn chn mt hay mt s i tng no xy dng h trc ta th lnh trn c Geometers Sketchpad thay th thnh mt trong cc lnh sau: Define Origin: Lnh ny hin th khi bn chn mt im no trn mt phng v bn mun im lm gc cho h ta bn khi to. Khi thc hin lnh ny Graph/Define Origin th Geometers Sketchpad s khi to h ta vung gc c im gc l im do bn chn trc , n v o mc nh l 1 cm. Define Unit Circle: Nu nh bn khi to mt ng trn no vi tm v bn knh xc nh trn mt phng. Sau , bn mun khi to mt h ta vi gc ta l tm ng trn v n v l bn knh ca ng trn (hay cn gi l ng trn n v) th lnh ny s gip bn. lm iu ny trc tin bn chn ng trn, ri sau s dng lnh Graph/Difine Unit Circle. Define Unit Distance: Gi s rng trn mt phng bn v 2 im l A v B (on thng AB). Sau bn cng tnh khong cch gia chng ri. By gi, bn mun dng h trc ta vi n v l khong cch gia 2 im (bng di on thng AB) th lnh ny s gip bn. Nu bn chn mt trong 2 im A hoc B lm gc ta th khi khi to h ta mi, im A hoc B tng ng s l gc ta cn ngc li th gc ta l do Geometers Sketchpad mc nh. lm iu ny, trc tin bn phi chn mt 49
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com khong cch gia 2 im no (on thng no ) ri dng lnh Graph/Define Unit Distance. Define Unit Distances: cc lnh trn bn thy rng chng ta hon ton c th to ra mt h ta Descartes vung gc vi n v do bn nh trc. By gi nu bn mun khi to h ta ch nht, vi n v trn trc honh v tung do bn chn trc th lnh ny s gip bn. lm iu ny bn hy chn mt di a no lm n v cho trc honh, chn tip di b no lm n v cho trc tung. Sau thc hin lnh Graph/Define Unit Distances th mt h ta ch nht mi s khi to c n v trc honh l a v tung l b.
6.1.2. nh du h trc ta cho h thng (Mark Coordinate System)

Chng ta bit rng c th khi to nhiu h trc ta khc nhau trong mt mt phng. Trong Geometers Sketchpad cng vy, trn mt mt phng bn hon ton c th khi to nhiu h trc ta khc nhau. Nhng bn hy nh rng ti mi thi im ch c duy nht mt h trc ta c chn lm h trc ta chnh. C ngha rng cng l cc h trc ta , nhng cc i tng ca h kia s phi biu th thng qua h ny mi cho n khi bn nh du mt h ta khc lm h trc cho h thng. lm iu ny bn thc hin nh sau: chn honh hoc tung ca h trc m bn mun nh du; sau dng lnh Graph/Mark Coordinate System. thay i h trc ta h thng bn lm li cc thao tc trn. J C mt ch nh l nu nh bn tnh ta ca cc im v cc Label ca n ang hin th trn mng hnh, th khi bn thay i h ta chng s cha c cp nht, v th mun cho chng hin th ng bn phi tnh li.
6.1.3. Cc li ta hin th (Grid Form)

Geometers Sketchpad cung cp cho chng ta 3 dng li ta tiu biu sau: Polar Grid: Li h ta cc(h ta cc). Khi chn lnh ny Graph/Grid Form/Polar Grid th cc i tng s c tnh ta theo h ta cc v li hin th cng hin th theo ta cc. Square Grid: Li ta vung (h ta Descartes). Khi chn lnh Graph/Grid Form/ Square Grid th cc i tng c tnh v hin th theo ta Descartes. Rectangular Grid: ta ch nht (h ta ch nht). (Graph/Grid Form/Rectangular Grid)
6.1.4. n hoc hin (Show/Hide) h ta v xc nh im c ta nguyn

Khi lm vic vi cc i tng trong mt phng ca Geometers Sketchpad i lc nu h trc ta hin th cng cm thy phin. Nu bn mun n chng i th cc lnh sau s gip bn. Show Grid/Hide Grid: lnh ny cho php bn n hoc hin h trc ta no do bn chn trc nu cha c h no c chn th Geometers Sketchpad s hin th hoc n h mc nh. thc hin lnh ny trc tin bn hy chn h trc ta m bn 50
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com mun n/hin sau bn dng lnh Graph/Show Grid hoc Graph/Hid Grid. Nu nh ang Menu Graph v bn n Shift th lnh ny s tr thnh Show Coordinate System hoc Hide Coordinate System (lnh ny cho php n hoc hin h trc ta ca h thng). Snap Points: im c ta nguyn, nu nh lnh ny c chn (Graph/Snap Points) th cc im trn h ta ch hin th ti cc im c gi tr nguyn. Nu chn ri, bn chn tip ln na hy lnh ny.
6.1.5. Dng im khi bit ta ca n (plot points)

Lnh ny cho php bn dng mi mt im khi bn c ta ca n trong mt phng. Nu l ta Descartes hay h ta hnh ch nht th l cp (x,y) tng ng vi honh v tung . Nu l h ta cc th s tng ng vi cp (r ,q ) . Khi thc thi lnh ny Graph/Plot points th mt hp thoi s xut hin: Ty chn Rectangular cho php bn nhp ta (x,y). Nhp xong th click Plot hoc Done Ty chn Polar cho php bn nhp ta theo (r, theta)
6.1.6. To ra tham s mi (New parameter-Shift+Ctrl+P)

Bn dng lnh Graph/New parameter to ra mt tham s mi trong bn v. Mt tham s l mt s c th d dng thay i gi tr. N th thun tin cho bn khi bn mun to ra mt s nhng gi tr ca n c th thay i. Tham s c th c s dng trong vic tnh ton, trong cc hm s, trong cc php bin hnh. Cho v d l v th ca hm s y=ax+b mt cch tng qut trn mt phng th bn phi to ra 2 tham s l a v b c th thay i gi tr trong khong cho trc no . Hoc c th to ra mt tham s nhn gi tr t 0 n 360 cho mt php quay no . Khi bn chn lnh New Parameter di Menu Graph th mt hp thoi s xut hin: Name: L tn m bn c th t cho tham s v d nh l a, b, m, t Nu bn mun tham s c ch s di l a1, b1, t1th bn thm du mc vung v s vo sau n v nh a[1], b[1], t[1] Value: l gi tr ban u m tham s nhn. Bn c th nhp mt s bt k vo y lm gi tr cho tham s tng ng. Units: n v, tham s bn khi to c th c n v l (degrees), cm, hay khng n v (none). Khi khi to c mt tham s v cho n nhn gi tr ban u ri. Nu bn mun gi tr ca tham s thay i th bn c th lm theo cc cch sau: Dng cng c chn Selection Arrow Tool ri Double-Click vo tham s, khi mt hp thoi s xut hin v cho php bn iu chnh thng s. 51
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com s thay i. Chn tham s ri dng lnh Display/Animate Parameter cho gi tr tham
Chn tham s ri dng lnh Edit/Action Buttons/Animation to mt button m khi click vo th gi tr ca tham s s thay i theo.
6.1.7. To ra mt hm s mi (New Function)

Trong Geometers Sketchpad bn c th s dng lnh Graph/New Function to ra mt hm s mi. Khi thc hin lnh ny th chic my tnh con (Calculate) s xut hin. Vi chic my tnh con(Calculate) ca Geometer's Sketchpad bn c th to hoc bin tp:s tnh ton; hm s. y xin gii thiu cch to ra mt hm s t Calculate ny. Values: ti y bn c th ly cc gi tr hng s nh e, pi hay t cc tham s, di on thng, s o gc no do bn chn trc. Functions: ti y bn c th s dng cc hm s c bn c sn trong Geometers Sketchpad nh ngha hm s ca bn. Units: ti y bn c th chn n v cho bin ca hm s. Equation: ti y bn c th chn loi hm s no m bn cn to ra. C cc loi sau: y=f(x); x=f(y); r = f (q ); q = f (r ); Sau khi chn xong cc thng s th Click Ok. Nu mun thay i hay sa li hm s th Double-Click vo hm .
6.1.8. V th hm s (Plot Function)

V th ca mt hm s bt k l cng vic khng d cht no i vi nhng ngi hc ton nu khng ni l khng th lm c bng thc v compa. Tuy nhin gi y, nu s dng Geometers Sketchpad bn s cm thy nh nhn hn. Nu bn to ra mt hm s ri v by gi bn mun v th ca hm s th bn c th: Right-Click/Plot Function (Click chut phi vo hm s v chn Plot Function). C th i vi hm s m ti va to mc trn, sau khi thc hin lnh Right-Click/Plot Function th ti s thu c kt qu nh hnh di y:
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Bn cng c th chn hm s cn v th ri thc hin lnh Graph/Plot Fuction. Cn nu nh bn cha c mt hm s no trc hay mun v th ca mt hm s mi th bn thc hin lnh Graph/Plot New Fuction. Khi chic my tnh con Calculate s xut hin cho bn nhp cc thng s cho mt hm s. hnh bn ti to ra mt hm s f ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 4 x 2 - 9 x - 6 Vi thng s nh trn khi bn Click Ok th Geometers Sketchpad s xc nh cho bn mt h ta (nu trc cha c) v v hm s va to ln . i khi hm s ny khng nm ht trong bn v, v gi tr ca x hoc y chy trong khong kh rng. gii hn li gi tr ca x nm trong khong no bn hy Click chut phi vo th v chn properties khi mt hp thoi xut hin cho php iu chnh gi tr ca x. Hoc bn cng c th iu chnh n v di ca h trc ta . y l kt qu v th ca hm s trn khi cha iu chnh khong gi tr.
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V y l kt qu iu chnh di ca n v ca h ta :
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6.1.9. o hm (Derivative)v tip tuyn ng cong(tangent)

o hm (Derivative) Geometers Sketchpad cho php bn tnh o hm ca mt hm s mt cch tng qut (o hm tr). tnh o hm th trc bn phi chn mt hm s. Bn cng c th tnh o hm cp 2, cp 3 ca mt hm bng cch chn o hm va tnh c v thc hin tnh o hm ln 2, 3 Khi thc hin tch o hm xong, bn c th v th ca o hm va tnh ln mt phng. tch o hm bn lm nh sau: chn hm s ri sau hoc Right-Click/Derivative hoc Graph/Derivative. Hnh sau y cho thy o hm cp 2, 3 ca hm s mc trn v th ca chng.
f(x) f(x)
f(x)
Tip tuyn ng cong By gi chng ta p dng o hm vo v tip tuyn ca mt ng cong no . Chng ta bit rng o hm ca ca hm s ti mt im no thuc hm s chnh l h s gc ca tip tuyn ti im . p dng u ny v dng Geometers Sketchpad chng ta c th d dng v tip tuyn ca mt ng cong. y ti xin ly ng cong l mt hm s bc 3. Trc tin bn hy v th ca hm s y = x 3 - 5 x 2 + 3 x + 3 bng cch thc hin lnh Graph/Plot New Function. Ri nhp thng s ca hm vo my tnh con 55
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com (Calculate) ri click ok. Sau trn bn v hy chn hm s v tnh o hm ca hm s trn bng lnh Graph/Derivative. Tip theo hy dng mt im A no bt k trn th bng cch dng cng c im (Point Tool) click vo th. Dng cng c chn (Selection Arrow Tool) chn im A va xc nh v thc hin lnh Measure/Abscissa(x). By gi trn bng v bn c f(x), f(x) v gi tr xA. Ta cng bit rng tip tuyn ti im A l ng thng c phng trnh l y=f(xA)*x-xA*f(xA)+f(xA). Cho nn by gi ta i tnh f(xA), f(xA). Bng cch: Chn gi tr xA , chn hm s f(x), f(x) trn bng v v thc hin lnh Measure/Calculate khi my tnh con xut hin. Ti mc Function ca my tnh con hy chn f(x) v k ti mc Values ca my tnh con hy chn XA ri click Ok. Khi bn c gi tr f(XA) trn bng v. Thc hin tng t cho f(XA). Bc tip theo chng ta v tip tuyn ca f(x) ti im A bng cch chn xA , f(xA), f(xA) ri thc hin lnh Graph/Plot New Function ri nhp hm s f(xA)*x-xA*f(xA)+f(xA) vo my tnh con. C mt iu bn hy nh l cc gi tr tng ng bn ly trong mc Values ca my tnh con. Sau khi v xong tip tuyn, bn hy drag im A di chuyn trn th f(x), khi tip tuyn cng thay i theo. V hnh sau y l kt qu:
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6.1.10. Lp bng gi tr tng ng (Tabulate)

C l nu ai tng cm mt t giy v mt cy vit v ang chm ch theo di v ghi chp thng s ca mt i lng thay i no , mt i lng ang ph thuc i lng thay i ti mi gi tr ca n. Khi bn s cm thy s nng nhc ca cng vic. Nhng gi y nh Geometers Sketchpad bn c th lm iu mt cch d dng vi chc nng to bng gi tr tng ng (Tabulate) ca Geometer's Sketchpad. to mt bng gi tr bng hy chn i tng mun to bng gi tr tng ng v thc hin lnh Graph/Tabulate. hiu r hn chc nng ny ta cng i xt mt s v d sau: V d 1: C , trong C l chu vi ca ng trn v d l ng knh. d By gi chng ta s lp bng th hin gi tr chu vi ca ng trn, ng knh v t s ca chng khi ng trn thay i bn knh. Chng ta bit rng hng s p = Trc tin hy v ng trn (O,OA). Chn ng trn ri tnh bn knh bng lnh Measure/Radius, tnh chu vi bng lnh Measure/Circumference. Chn gi tr bn knh, chu vi va tnh (xut hin trn bng v) ri tnh t s C/d bng lnh Measure/Calculate. By gi bn hy cho ng trn (O,OA) thay i bng cch drag im A hoc im O. Khi bn thy R, C u thay i nhng t s th vn l hng. thy r hn chng ta i lp bng gi tr tng ng cho tng i lng. Bng cch: chn gi tr bn knh trn bng v v thc hin lnh Graph/Tabulate. Lm tng t cho chu vi v t s C/d. By gi bn s c 3 bng mi bng u c 2 dng v dng u tin mi bng th hin tn ca i tng v dng th 2 th hin gi tr ca i tng . Gi chng ta thm d liu cho cc bng bng cch chn bng ri hoc Right-Click/Add Table Data hoc Graph/Add Table Data. Lm cng vic ny cho ba bng trn. Ch rng khi thc hin lnh mt hp thoi s xut hin. Add One Entry Now: khi ty chn ny c chn, bn click ok th bng s ng thm mt dng d liu mi c gi tr bng gi tr ca dng trc (nu nh cc i lng u ang khng thay i). AddEntries As Values Change: ty chn ny cho php t ng thm s dng vo bng khi i lng thay i. C th hnh bn s thm 10 dng vo bng khi i lng thay i. Adding 1 Entry Every. Second(s): ty chn ny cho php khong thi gian thm mt dng mi l bao nhiu. C th hnh trn th khi i lng thay i c 1 giy Geometers Sketchpad s t ng thm mt dng d liu vo bng. Thm khi no 10 dng th dng li. Cng vic cn li by gi l hy kch hot cho im A chuyn ng thay i cc gi tr ca ng trn (O,OA) v quan st cc bng. Chng ta s thy c rng Geometers Sketchpad s thm 10 dng vo mi bng. C th chng ta c hnh sau y:
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Nhn vo bng trn ta thy khi R v C u thay i nhng t s vn l 3.14. Lnh Tabulate trong Menu Graph cn nhiu ng dng na, trn y ch l mt v d nh. Bn c th tm hiu thm trong phn Help ca Geometer's Sketchpad. Ch : bn c th thm dng d liu (data row) vo bng th bn cng c th loi dng d liu hin c ra khi bng. loi mt dng d liu ra khi bng, bn hy chn bng ri hoc RightClick/Remove Table Data hoc Graph/Remove Table Data. Bn cng c th Double-Click vo bng thm dng d liu mi v Shitf+Double-Click loi dng d liu.
6.2. Cc H Trc Ta
Geometers Sketchpad h tr hin th v v th theo 3 h ta l: H ta cc (Polar Grid); h ta Descartes (Square Grid); h ta ch nht (Rectangular Grid)
6.2.1. H ta cc (Polar)
mt phng lm vic ca Geometers Sketchpad hin th li ta cc v cc i tng trn cng c tnh theo ta cc bn lm nh sau: Hoc l Right-Click/Polar Grid hoc l Graph/Grid Form/Polar Grid.
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Right-Click/Polar Grid
Khi thc hin lnh trn th mt phng s hin th li ta cc v cc i tng cng c Geometers Sketchpad tnh theo ta dng (r , q ) . V d: V th ca ng trn c phng trnh l 4sin(q ) . Khi chng ta s thu c nh hnh sau:
6.2.2. Ta Descartes v ta ch nht.

chn ta Descartes thc hin: hoc Right-Click/Square Grid hoc Graph/Grid Form/Square Grid. hin th theo h ta ch nht ta thc hin: hoc l Right-Clcik/Rectangular Grid hoc Graph/Grid Form/Rectangular Grid. Khi lm vic vi 2 h ta trn cc i tng c tnh ta theo dng (x,y) trong x l honh , y l tung . Theo mc nh th Geometers Sketchpad chn h ta Descartes vi chiu di n v l 1 cm. 59
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Khi khi to h ta vung gc Descartes (Square Grid) nu bn mun thay i di ca n v th drag chut ti 1 im trn trc honh v gn gc ta nht, drag n ra xa hoc li gn.
6.3. V Th Hm S Cho Bi Phng Trnh C Cha Tham S

6.3.1. ng thng
x = x0 + at ng thng cho bi phng trnh: vi t l tham s. y = y0 + bt Trc tin bn phi xc nh gi tr ca tham s t. Nu t [t1 , t2 ] th Bc 1: Xc nh mt h trc ta . (C th chn h ta c sn bng lnh Right-Click/Square Grid hoc Graph/Grid Form/Square Grid. Bc 2: Xc nh 2 im t1, t2 trn trc honh. Bc 3: Dng on thng t1t2 v xc nh mt im A thuc on thng va dng. Bc 4: Chn im A v tnh gi tr honh ca A bng lnh Measure/Abscissa(x). Bc 5: Chn gi tr XA va tnh c v thc hin lnh: Measure/Calculate. Khi mt my tnh con s xut hin. Bn hy ln lt tnh cc gi tr x0+a*XA v y0+b*XA. Bc 6: Chn gi tr x0+a*XA ri chn tip gi tr y0+b*XA v thc hin lnh Graph/Plot As (x,y). Khi trn mt phng ta thu c im B(x0+a*XA, y0+b*XA). Bc 7: Chn im A ri chn im B v thc hin lnh Construct/Locus. Thc hin 7 bc trn bn s c c th ca ng thng trn trn mt phng. Nu t l mt tham s t do th bn cng thc hin nh trn nhng b i bc 2 v bc 3 xc nh A l mt im thuc trc honh.
6.3.2. ng trn:
x = a + R cos t ng trn cho bi phng trnh tham s vi t l tham s, R l bn y = b + R sin t knh v (a,b) l ta ca tm. Bc 1:Dng mt ng trn (O,OA) bt k. Bc 2: Xc nh mt im M trn (O).
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Bc 3: Dng cung bng cch chn im O, chn im A, chn im M v thc AM hin lnh Construct/Arc On Circle. V tip thc hin lnh Measure/Arc Angle. Khi bn s thu c s o gc ca cung mAM . Bc 4: Tip tc thc hin lnh Measure/Calculate v tnh cc gi tr ca a + R cos mAM , b + R sin mAM my tnh con. Bc 5: Xc nh im M( a + R cos mAM , b + R sin mAM ) trn mt phng bng cch chn gi tr a + R cos mAM , b + R sin mAM v thc hin lnh Graph/Plot As (x,y) v xc nh O(a,b) ln mt phng bng lnh Graph/Plot Point ri nhp vo gi tr a, b. Bc 6: Chn im M ri chn M v thc hin lnh Construct/Locus Thc hin theo nhng bc trn bn s c c th ca ng trn cho bi phng trnh c cha tham s. trn ti chn tham s bng cch da vo s o ca mt cung trn ng trn. Tuy nhin bn cng c th chn tham s bng cch da vo honh ca mt im thay i trn trc Ox hay i tng khc no .
6.3.3. ng Elip
x = x0 + a cos t ng elip cho bi phng trnh trong ( x0 , y0 ) l ta tm ca y = y0 + b sin t elip v 2a, 2b ln lt l di trc ln v trc b. dng elip trn ta thc hin theo cc bc sau: Bc 1:Dng mt ng trn (O,OA) bt k. Bc 2: Xc nh mt im M trn (O). AM Bc 3: Dng cung bng cch chn im O, chn im A, chn im M v thc hin lnh Construct/Arc On Circle. V tip thc hin lnh Measure/Angle. Khi bn s thu c s o gc ca cung mAM . Bc 4: Tip tc thc hin lnh Measure/Calculate v tnh cc gi tr ca x0 + a cos mAM , y0 + b sin mAM my tnh con. Bc 5: Xc nh im M( x0 + a cos mAM , y0 + b sin mAM ) trn mt phng bng cch chn gi tr x + a cos mAM , y + b sin mAM v thc hin lnh Graph/Plot As (x,y) v xc nh
0 0
O(x0,y0) ln mt phng bng lnh Graph/Plot Point ri nhp vo gi tr x0,y0. Bc 6: Chn im M ri chn M v thc hin lnh Construct/Locus. Qua cc bc trn chng ta thy rng Geometers Sketchpad khng h tr v th c cho bng phng trnh tham s mt cch trc tip nhng chng ta c th v c bng cch da vo s quan h gia cc i tng hnh hc m ta bit. Hy vng rng, qua nhng minh ha v v th c cho bi phng trnh tham s, bn c th t mnh v mt th no khi bit phng trnh tham s.
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6.4. Bi Tp p Dng
Bi 1: Hy v th ca cc ng cong c phng trnh sau: ng cong r = sin(3q ) trong h ta cc. ng xon c Archimede r = q trong ta cc. ng cong c cho bi phng trnh r = 1 - cosq trong ta cc. ng xon c logarit cho b phng trnh r = a.ebq
Bi 2: V th ca hm s y = sin x + cos2 x . Mt im A di ng trn th , hy v tip tuyn ti A. x2 y2 = 1 trong a, b l s cho trc v a2 b2 Parabol (P): y 2 = 2 px trong p l mt s cho trc(ty chn). Bi 3: V th ca ng Hypebol (H): HD: Chuyn chng sang phng trnh tham s hoc chia ra 2 trng hp. Bi 4: V th ca cc ng cong c cho bi phng trnh sau: x = a (t - sin t ) ng Cycloid y = a (1 - cos t ) x = a cos 3 t ng Astroid 3 y = a sin t 3at x = 1+ t3 L Descartes 2 y = 3at 1+ t3
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7. CNG C NGI DNG V HNH HC FRACTAL

7.1. Cng C Ngi Dng (Custom Tool)
Khi lm vic vi Geometers Sketchpad i lc chng ta cm thy bt tin v c nhng cng vic chng ta phi lm i lm li kh nhiu ln. V d v mt tam gic, mt t gic hay mt lc gic iu ny l do Geometers Sketchpad ch cung cp nhng cng c c bn nh im, thc k, compass. T nhng cng c ny chng ta c th dng nn nhng i tng hnh hc khc. Tuy nhin c mt iu rt hay, l Geometers Sketchpad cho php ngi s dng to ra nhng cng c ring cho mnh l Cng C Ngi Dng (Custom Tool). lm c iu ny bn s dng cc lnh trong Menu ca button Custom Tool hiu r hn by gi ta i gi s rng mnh cn to ra mt cng c dng tam gic, tin cho lm vic sau ny. Bc 1: dng mt tam gic by k ln mt phng. Bc 2: chn tam gic va mi dng ri click v gi chut ln button Custom Tool v chn Create New Tool
Bc 3: t tn cho cng c ti hp thoi New Tool ri Click OK. y ti t tn cng c l Tam giac.
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Thc hin xong ba bc trn th t gi tr i bn khng cn vt v dng li tam gic khi lm vic vi Geometers Sketchpad na. dng mt tam gic ngoi cch dng truyn thng ra bn cn mt cch nhanh hn l Click v gi chut ti button Custom Tool v chn Tam giac trong Menu.
Sau khi chn cng c Tam giac m bn va to, bn ch cn Click ti 3 im trn mt phng l bn dng c mt tam gic. Thc cht ca vic lm trn l bn bt Geometers Sketchpad ghi nh li cch dng mt tam gic, v sau mun dng li mt tam gic bn ch cn gi lnh m bn va cho Geometers Sketchpad nh. thy r hn bn hy chn cng c Tam giac ri chn lnh Show Script View Menu ca Custom Tool bn s thy hp thoi sau: T hp thoi bn ta thy rng c 2 phn. Phn u tin l phn Given. phn ny Geometers Sketchpad ghi nhn cho trc 3 im A, B, C trong mt phng. Phn th hai l phn Steps , phn ny ghi nhn nhng bc i dng cc i tng hnh hc thu c hnh sau cng m bn cn dng (i tng sau cng). C th hnh bn bc 1 dng on thng AB, bc 2 dng on BC v bc 3 l on CA. Thc hin ba bc trn t ba im sn c A, B, C chng ta s thu c tam gic ABC. Hp thoi ny ngoi vic cho php chng ta thy c cc bc dng nn i tng hnh hc sau cng, n cn cho php ta i dng li tng bc mt i tng hnh hc.
C th l sau khi hp thoi ny xut hin, chng ta hy xc nh 3 im bt k trn mt phng v sau chn 3 im th bn s thy cng l hp thoi trn nhng gi y li c thm 2 button mi xut hin phn di ca hp thoi l Next Step v All Steps. Khi click chut vo Next Step 64
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com bn s i dng tam gic tng bc tng bc mt t 3 im hin c. Nu click chut vo All Steps th ngay lp tc bn s thu c mt tam gic m khng cn qua tng bc dng.
chc rng bn s hiu r hn na ti v bn i xt v d l chng ta cn to ra mt cng c dng mt lc gic u. Khi ta lm nh sau: V on thng AB bt k Chn A lm tm v thc hin php quay 120 i vi B thu c B(Transform/Rotate). Chn B lm tm v thc hin php quay -120 i vi A thu c A. Dng cc on thng AB, BA. Dng on thng AB. Thc hin php i xng trc AB i vi cc on thng hin c. n on thng AB v cho hin th nhn ca cc im i xng vi A, B qua trc AB. Khi chng ta s thu c mt lc gic u. Chn lc gic ri chn lnh Create New Tool trong Menu ca button Custom Tool v t tn l Luc giac deu ti hp thoi New Tool. Sau tr li Menu ca Custom Tool chng ta thy c lnh Luc giac deu c trong .
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Vy l t nay tr v sau mi khi v lc gic u chng ta khng cn phi vt v nh lc trc na m chng ta ch cn chn cng c m chng ta va to v click vo 2 im no trn mt phng. By gi hy chn cng c Luc giac deu v thc hin lnh Show Script View chng ta s c hp thoi nh hnh bn. Thng tin trong hp thoi s cho php chng ta bit c qu trnh dng c lc gic u phi cn t nht l my i tng v phi qua bao nhiu bc. Gi y, bn thy rng p dng cch tng t nh 2 v d trn bn s hon ton c th to ra cc cng c khc nh dng tam gic u, tam gic vung, hnh bnh hnh, hnh ch nht, hnh thoi v rt nhiu i tng khc na! Bn cng thy c rng Geometers Sketchpad khng thua km cc phn mm hnh hc ng khc v cng c t no! Vn tip theo l nu bn to ra mt cng c mi cho ring bn nhng sau bn thy rng cng c ny mnh khng s dng thng xuyn hay n b li ch no v by gi bn mun loi n ra khi Menu ca button Custom Tool th phi lm sao? Vn ny hon ton c th gii quyt mt cch d dng bng cch bn hy chn lnh Tool Option trong Menu ca button Custom Tool. Khi mt hp thoi s xut hin, ti bn c th sp xp th t cc cng c m bn to trc v cng c th loi i mt cng c khng cn thit no . Nu chu b ra t thi gian, ngi dng nhng hnh cn thit ri thm n vo thanh cng c Custom Tool th sau mt thi gian, bn s cm thy thoi mi hn khi s dng Geometer's Sketchpad. Nu nh v l do g bn khng th t to ra cc cng c cn thit nhiu hn, th lc ny gii php thay th l bn hy tm n trn mng Internet hay ti trang ch ca nh sn xut http://www.keypress.com/sketchpad. Hoc vo trang www.google.com tm. Hoc vo th mc Example trong th mc ci t Geometer's Sketchpad.
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7.2. Hnh Hc Fractal

Hnh hc Fractal l hnh hc nghin cu v cc hnh t ng dng. Mt hnh c gi l t ng dng nu nh mi mu nh ca n u cha mt b phn ng dng vi hnh , tc l khi phng to mt b phn no ca hnh theo mt t l thch hp ta s thu c mt hnh c th t chng khch ln hnh cho. Mi hnh t ng dng th c gi l mt Fractal, cc fractal lun lun l mt tc phm p i vi nhng ngi hc ton v to ra n cng l mt th thch c v s hiu bit v tnh nhn ni v n tn kh nhiu thi gian cho vic tnh ton, o c v v hnh Nhng gi y vi php lp Interate (Transform/Interate) ca Geometers Sketchpad th bn c th to ra mt fractal mt cch d dng v nhanh chng hn bao gi ht min l bn bit lm cch no to ra fractal . By gi hiu r hn v chc nng ny ca Geometers Sketchpad chng ta hy i to ra mt vi Fractal no .
7.2.1. Thm Sierpinski

V tam gic ABC v dng 3 ng trung bnh ca chng nh hnh v:
Chn 3 im A, B, C v thc hin lnh Transform/Interate khi mt hp thoi s xut hin nh hnh sau:
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Cho im A bin thnh B (A=>D) bng cch Click vo im D (lu l im A phi ang c chn, nu im A khng c chn, khi bn click vo im D th im no bin thnh D ch khng phi A bin thnh D. Trong hnh trn im A ang c chn), B bin thnh chnh n (B=>B), C bin thnh E (C=>E) Nhn Ctrl+A hoc chn lnh Add New Map t Menu Structure to ra s bin i mi v cho A=>F, B=>E, C=>C. Tip tc nhn Ctrl+A v cho A=>A, B=>D, C=>F. Khi ta c nh hnh sau:
Click vo button Iterate chng ta s thu c thm Sierpinski cho tam gic nh sau:
Lp 3 ln
Lp 5 ln
By gi bn hy chn dng chut qut chn thm bn va to v sau nhn phm + hai ln bn s thu c chic thm nh hnh k bn. hnh th nht, trong hp thoi Interate bn chn Number of interations: l 3. hnh th 2 do bn chn hnh u tin v nhn phm + hai ln nn s ln lp l 5. Nu mun gim s ln lp bn hy nhn phm
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Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Hon ton tng t nh trn bn c th to ra cc thm Sierpinski cho hnh vung nh cc hnh di y:
7.2.2. ng Von Koch

V on thng AB. Dng B l nh ca B qua php v t tm A t s 2/3 v A l nh ca A qua php v t tm B t s 2/3 Dng B l nh ca B qua php quay tm A v gc quay l 60 . Dng cc on thng AA, AB, BB, BB v du i on AB. Chn A chn B v thc hin lnh Transform/Interate Cho [A=>A], [B=>A]; Ctrl+A: [A=>A],[B=>B]; Ctrl+A: [A=>B], [B=>B]; Ctrl+A:[A=>B],[B=>B]; Ti Menu Display ca hp thoi Interate chn Final Interation Only. Ri Click buton Interate. Du i cc on thng AA, AB, BB, BB ta s thu c ng Von Koch nh sau:
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7.2.3. Cy Pitago
Dng on thng CD. Dng hnh vung ABCD nhn CD l mt cnh. Dng M l trung im ca AB. Thc hin php quay tm M mt gc ty chn trong khong 0 n 180 i vi im B thu c im C.(Transform/Rotate) Dng tam gic ABC. Dng hnh vung cnh AC, CB hng ra min ngoi tam gic. Chn D chn C v thc hin lnh Transform/Interate. Cho [D=>A],[C=>C]; Ctrl+A: [D=>C], [C=>B]. Ri nhn nt Interate
Thc hin theo cc bc trn chng ta s thu c mt Fractal v n c gi l cy Pitago. Hnh sau y cho thy cy Pitago vi s ln lp l 6:
Mt s lu khi s dng php lp trong Menu Transform Php lp ch c hiu lc khi bn chn cc i tng thc hin php lp l cc i tng t do. V trn cc i tng t do bn phi to ra mt vi i tng khc, nhng i tng ny c quan h con-cha vi cc i tng t do trc . Hay ni mt cch khc l bn phi thc hin mt vi php bin hnh t i tng t do ban u. Ti hp thoi Interate Pre-Image: y l cc im to nh ca php lp. T cc im to nh-im ban u bn cho php n bin thnh cc im mi. First Images: y l cc im nh ca cc im bn nhm to nh. Mc du s dng php lp khng kh, nhng nu mi ln u bn s dng s thy nhiu ch bi ri. V th hiu r n khng cn cch no khc l bn i thc hnh vi n.
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8. DNG CC NG CONIC
8.1. Parabol
8.1.1. Parabol Cho Bi ng Chun V Tiu im. dng Parabol khi bit tiu im v ng chun chng ta lm nh sau:
Dng ng thng d lm ng chun ca Parabol Dng tiu im F (tt nhin l nm ngoi ng chun). Dng mt im D trn ng thng d. Dng ng trung trc ca on FD. Dng ng vung gc vi d ti D. Dng M l giao im ca 2 ng thng va to trn. Chn im D ri tip tc chn M v thc hin lnh Construct/Locus. n i tt c cc i tng ngoi tr ng chun, tiu im v qu tch. n Ctrl+A (chn tt c cc i tng cn li) v chn Create New Tool trong Menu ca cng c Custom Tool. V t tn l Parabol.
Sau khi tin hnh thc hin nhng bc nh trn bn dng c Parabol v t nay tr v sau bn c cng c dng Parabol khi bit tiu im v ng chun.
8.1.2. Parabol Qua Hai im V Bit Tiu im

Dng ba im A, F, B ln mt phng trong sketchpad. Dng ng trn (A,AF) v (B,BF). Dng tip tuyn chung ca 2 ng trn trn: + Dng ng thng AB. + Dng bn knh AM ca (A,AF). + Dng bn knh BN ca (B,BF) sao cho AM//BN. + Xc nh O l giao im ca ng thng MN v AB. + Dng ng trn ng knh OA. + Dng C l giao im ca ng trn va dng v (A,AM). + Dng ng thng OC. + Dng E l giao im ca OC v (B,BF). Khi ta thy CE l tip tuyn chung ca 2 ng trn (A,AF) v (B,BF). Dng im D trn tip tuyn chung CE. Dng trung trc ca DF v ng thng qua D v vung gc vi CE. Dng K l giao im ca 2 ng thng va dng. Chn D ri chn K v thc hin lnh Construct/Locus. 71
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com n i tt c cc i tng v ch li 3 im A, F, B v qu tch. Chn lnh Create New Tool di Menu ca Custom Tool v t tn l Parabol_2
8.2. Elip
C rt nhiu cch khc nhau dng mt ng Elip nhng y ch xin gii thiu cch dng Elip khi bit 2 tiu im v mt im th 3 m Elip i qua. Dng F1, F2, P. Dng on F1F2 v trung im D ca n. Dng on F2P v tia F1P. Dng ng trn (P, PF2) Dng E l giao im ca ng trn (P,PF2) vi tia F1P. Dng on F1E v F l trung im ca n. Dng on FF1v ng trn tm D c bn knh bng on FF1. Dng ng trung trc ca F1F2. Dng ng trn tm F2 v c bn knh bng FF1. Dng G, H l giao im ca ng trn va dng v ng trung trc ca F1F2. Dng ng trn ng knh GH. Dng mt im I thuc ng trn va dng. Qua I dng ng thng song song vi F1F2. Dng tia DI v J l giao im ca n vi ng trn tm D bn knh FF1. Qua J dng ng vung gc vi F1 F2 v K l giao im ca ng thng va dng vi ng thng qua I v song song vi F1F2. Chn I ri chn K v thc hin lnh Construct/Locus n i tt c cc i tng ngai tr F1, F2, P v qu tch. Ta thu c Elip.
8.3. Hypebol
Dng mt hypebol khi bit hai tiu im v mt im m n i qua. Dng tiu 2 tiu im A, B v mt im C m n i qua. Dng ng thng AC. Dng (C,CB). Dng D l giao im ca AC v (C,CB). Dng (A,AD). Dng mt im E trn (A,AD). Dng on EB v F l trung im ca chng. Dng ng trung trc ca EB Dng ng trn (E, ED). 72
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Dng ng thng EA. Gi G l giao im ca EA v ng trung trc ca on EB. Chn E ri chn G v thc hin lnh Construct/Locus. n tt c cc i tng ngoi tr A,B,C v qu tch. Chn tt c cc i tng v chn lnh Create New Tool t Menu ca Custom Tool v t tn l Hypebol.
Thc hin nhng bc trn bn s c c mt Hypebol c tiu im l A, B v i qua C. ng thi bn cng ghi nh li cng c v Hypebol. T y v sau bn ch cn chn lnh Hypebol t Menu ca Custom Tool v click vo 3 im trn mt phng l c c mt Hypebol.
8.4. Elip Hoc Hypebol Khi C Tm Sai V Tiu im

Phn ny chng ta s cng i dng mt ng Elip hay Hypebol khi bit tiu im v tm sai. To ra mt tham s c tn l e v cho gi tr ban u l 0.75. Tnh t s 1/e. Dng 2 tiu im A, B. Dng B l nh ca B qua php v t t s 1/e. Dng (A,AB). Dng mt im C trn ng trn (A,AB). Dng on thng CB v ng trung trc ca n. Dng ng thng CA. Dng E l giao im ca 2 ng thng trn. Chn C ri chn E v thc hin lnh Construc/Locus. n i tt c cc i tng ngoi tr tham s, 2 tiu im v qu tch.
8.5. Conic Qua Nm im

- Dng nm im A, B, C, D, E. - Dng ng thng AB, BC, CD, EA. - Dng E l nh ca E qua php tnh tin vector (1,0) trong h ta ch nht. - Dng F l giao im ca DC v AE. - Dng E l nh ca E qua php tnh tin vector (-1,0) - Dng na ng trn c tm l E v qua EE.(chn E,E,E v construct/Arc On Circle) - Dng im G thuc na ng trn . - Dng ng thng EG. - Dng H l giao im ca AB v EG. - Dng I l giao im ca EG v BC. - Dng ng thng FI. 73
Created by: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com http://www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com - Dng J l giao im ca FI v AB. - Dng ng thng DJ. - Dng im K l giao ca JD v EG - Chn G ri chn K v thc hin lnh Construct/Locus. - n i tt c cc i tng ngoi tr qu tch v nm im ban u. - Chn tt c cc i tng cn li v thc hin lnh Create New Tool Menu ca Custom Tool lu cch dng li cho tin dng sau ny.
THAY LI KT
Bit s dng cc tnh nng c bn ca mt phn mm l mt vn hu nh khng bao gi kh. Tuy nhin tn dng v khai thc ht cc tnh nng ca phn mm th hu nh lun lun li l mt iu khng d. Rt kt kinh nghim t chnh mnh, mt ngi cha tng s dng Geometer's Sketchpad trc . Qua thi gian t tm hiu v hc hi (ch yu t nhng ti liu trn Internet) ti cn thn ghi nhn li nhng kh khn m mnh gp phi khi tip cn vi phn mm. T ch cha bit g, n ch s dng tng i ti cng phi mt mt khong thi gian nht nh. Vi mong mun gip nhng ngi cha tng s dng Geometer's Sketchpad trc kia. Ti quyt nh son ti liu hng dn ny, n c thit k cho nhng ngi mi u lm quen vi Geometer's Sketchpad. Tuy nhien cng c th l ti liu tham kho. Cng nh ni trn, Geometer's Sketchpad cng l mt phn mm v th bit s dng n cng l mt iu khng kh, nhng lm sao khai thc ht tnh nng ca phn mm l iu khng d. Nu bn thc s mun lm ch phn mm, th li khuyn tt nht l bn hy ng dng n vo vic gii cc bi ton bn ang dy hay ang hc hng ngyqua qu trnh bn lm vic vi phn mm, bn s khm ph ra rt nhiu iu b ch. Geometer's Sketchpad l mt phn mm 2D (hnh hc 2 chiu) tuy nhin bn cng c th ng dng n vo gii mt s bi ton hnh hc khng gian nht nh. Do c th ch thit k cho 2D nn bn s mt thi gian khi ng dng vo th gii 3D. Mt li khuyn thc sc l nu dng trong mi trng 3D th tt nht l bn nn s dng Cabri 3D, n s d dnh hn cho cc thao tc dng hnh ca bn. Geometer's Sketchpad l mt phn mm thin nhiu v ng dng cho ton, tuy nhin bn cng c th ng dng vo to cc m hnh cho vt l hay ha hc. Cui cng, mc du ti c rt c gng nhng chc chn khng th khng mc nhng thiu st nht nh. Mong rng ti s nhn c kin gp ca cc bn khi tham kho ti liu ny. Mi chi tit xin gi mail v a ch: dangtrunghieuspt@gmail.com hoc s in thoi 0939239628 hoc qua blog: www.dangtrunghieu.wordpress.com Cn th, thng 1 nm 2008. ng Trung Hiu
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Huong Dan Su Dung GSP

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Huong Dan Su Dung GSP

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HNG DN S DNG PHN MM

GEOMETER'S SKETCHPAD V 4.07

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3. DNG HNH V QU TCH.................................................................... 25

3.2. Qy Tch Ca Mt im Hay i Tng (Locus) .........................................28 3.3. Bi Tp p Dng ...........................................................................................33

4. PHP BIN HNH TRONG GEOMETERS SKETCHPAD...................... 36

4.2. Bi Tp p Dng ...........................................................................................42

5.2. Bi Tp p Dng ...........................................................................................48

6.2. Cc H Trc Ta ......................................................................................58

6.3. V Th Hm S Cho Bi Phng Trnh C Cha Tham S......................60

6.4. Bi Tp p Dng ...........................................................................................62

7. CNG C NGI DNG V HNH HC FRACTAL ........................... 63

8. DNG CC NG CONIC ................................................................... 71

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1.2. Bt u Lm Quen Vi Geometer's Sketchpad.

Menu chnh ca Geometer's Sketchpad

Cc cng c c bn ca Geometer's Sketchpad.

Mt phng lm vic ca Geometer's Sketchpad

Quy c: vng lm vic ca Geometer's Sketchpad t y v sau ti s gi l mt phng hay bn v (sketch).

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1.2.2. Kho St Cc Menu Ca Geometer's Sketchpad:

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Nhp nhn (label) cho button vo y.

Click vo y nu mun nh dng v chn font ch cho nhn ca button.

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Hp thoi Movement ca Action Buttons

J Hy ch rng, khi lm vic vi cc i tng trn mt phng th chut phi rt c ch

Kch hot Dng li

i chiu Tm dng Tng, gim vn tc

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im th nht (tm ca ng trn) im th hai thuc ng trn

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2.1.3. on thng, ng thng v tia.

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2.1.4. Vit ch trong Geometer's Sketchpad

2.2. Quan H Gia Cc i Tng Hnh Hc Trong Geometer's Sketchpad

V on thng a, on thng i qua 2 im A, B cho trc.

V ng trn (C), ng trn khi cho bit tm O v mt im th 2 A thuc

V ng thng b, ng thng i qua 2 im A, B cho trc.

V tia, tia c gc l O cho trc v mt im th 2 l A.

V mt im A chuyn ng t do trn mt phng v to vt cho im trong khi chuyn ng.

Dng tam gic ABC, t gic DEFG.

Dng giao im A,B ca 2 ng trn. Giao im C,D,E,F ca ng thng a vi 2 ng trn .

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3. DNG HNH V QU TCH

3.1.1. Dng mt im trn i tng.(Point On Object)

3.1.2. Dng trung im ca mt on thng(Midpoint)

3.1.3. Dng giao im ca 2 i tng (Intersection)

3.1.4. Dng on thng, tia, ng thng.

3.1.5. Dng ng thng i qua mt im v song song vi ng thng cho trc

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3.1.6. Dng ng thng vung gc vi ng thng cho trc

3.1.7. Dng ng phn gic ca mt gc cho trc

3.1.8. Dng ng trn bit tm v mt im thuc ng trn

3.1.9. Dng ng trn khi bit bn knh v tm.

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3.1.10. Dng cung trn ng trn

Chn O, chn B, chn A

Chn O, chn A, chn B

3.1.11. Dng cung trn i qua 3 im

3.1.12. Dng min trong ca mt i tng

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