1.

Tng quan giao thc Sigtran SIGTRAN l mt b giao thc do IETF xut nhm mc ch truyn cc d liu bo hiu thi gian thc qua mng IP. SIGTRAN cho php cc nt pha mng IP giao tip vi cc nt pha mng SS7 nh th chng l mt phn ca mng bo hiu SS7. N cng cho php cc nt SS7 c th giao tip vi nhau qua cc link IP, lm gim lu lng trn link bo hiu, trnh tc nghn. 1.1 Cu trc tng quan giao thc Sigtran Mt cu trc giao thc Sigtran bao gm 3 thnh phn: Chun IP Giao thc truyn ti bo hiu chung, giao thc truyn dn iu khin lung (SCTP): giao thc SCTP cung cp kt ni c nh hng kh dng chuyn giao cc bn tin ca khch hng trn mt SCTP (cc giao thc lp thch ng). Lu rng lp SCTP thay th cho lp TCP. Lp thch ng: Cc giao thc c nh ngha cho lp ny l M2PA, M2UA, M3UA, IUA v SUA.

Di y l m hnh giao thc Sigtran:

Hnh 1: M hnh giao thc Sigtran 1.2 Cc thnh phn trong giao thc Sigtran SIGTRAN nh ngha su lp con thch nghi sau y: M2UA cung cp dch v ca lp MTP2 di m hnh client-server, v d nh kt ni gia SG v MGC. Lp MTP3 l ngi dng ca M2UA.

 M2PA cung cp dch v ca lp MTP2 di m hnh ngang hng peerto-peer, v d nh kt ni gia cc SG. Lp MTP3 l ngi dng ca M2PA. M3UA cung cp dch v lp MTP3 c m hnh client-server (SG-toMGC) v peer-to-peer. Lp s dng n l SCCP hoc ISUP. SUA cung cp dch v lp SCCP m hnh ngang hng nh gia SG vi SCP nm bn pha mng IP (IP SCP). Lp s dng SUA l TCAP IUA cung cp dch v lp ISDN. V5UA cung cp dch v giao thc V.5.2 Lp M2UA M2UA l giao thc nh ngha bi IETF cho php truyn cc bn tin bo hiu lp ngi s dng MTP2 ( v d nh MTP3) qua mng IP s dng giao thc SCTP. M2UA cung cp cc dch v cho lp ngi s dng ca n tng t nh cc dch v do MTP2 cung cp cho MTP3. M2UA c cc mc ch sau: Cung cp mt c ch cho php truyn bn tin bo hiu lp ngi s dng ca MTP2 qua mng IP s dng giao thc SCTP. Tp trung lu lng SS7 t cc link SS7 cch xa nhau v mt im tp trung trn mng. Bng vic s dng M2UA, mt vi im bo hiu c th hp nht thnh mt im bo hiu tp trung. i li, cc im bo hiu ny khi c th c t gn cc thnh phn mng khc hn. Khi , vic truyn bo hiu gia cc thnh phn ny s l truyn qua cc knh dnh ring, do vy s gim chi ph cho vic xy dng cc im trung truyn bo hiu. M hnh kin trc s dng M2UA nh hnh v:

Hnh 2: M hnh kin trc M2UA Ta bit l mi lp MTP3 phi km theo mt a ch point code nht nh. Trong trng hp ny, nu mi SG s dng lp MTP3 th mi SG s phi c mt SS7 point code ring. iu ny s dn n s lng ph a ch SS7. Bng vic s dng lp M2UA, cc SG s khng cn phi c a ch SS7 point code, cc bn tin lp MTP2 m SG nhn c s c chuyn n lp MTP3 MGC x l v nh tuyn ti pha ch. Lp M2PA M2PA l giao thc truyn cc bn tin bo hiu lp MTP3 qua mng IP s dng giao thc truyn dn SCTP. M2PA tng ng vi M2UA. Tuy nhin, n khng ch l cung cp kt ni gia 2 lp MTP2 v MTP3 cch xa nhau m n c th thay th hon ton lp MTP2 bn di lp MTP3. Ngi dng ca M2PA l lp MTP3 c 2 u kt ni (vi M2UA, ngi dng mt u l MTP3, u cn li l SG NIF). M2PA cho php cc lp MTP3 ngang hng ca cc SG c th lin lc trc tip vi nhau. Thc cht, n m rng mng SS7 sang mng IP. M hnh kin trc s dng lp M2PA nh hnh v:

Hnh 3: M hnh kin trc s dng lp M2PA M hnh ny c p dng ch yu cho cc kt ni gia SG vi SG, s dng nh cu ni gia 2 mng SS7. Trong trng hp ny, mi mt SG c th kt ni ti nhiu SG khc m khng phi quan tm xem cc lp pha trn ca cc SG l g. Lp MTP3 ti mi SG s cung cp chc nng nh tuyn v qun l cc link MTP2/M2PA. V c lp MTP3 cho nn mi SG phi c mt a ch pointcode tng ng. M2PA cng c th thay th link MTP2 trong trng hp kt ni gia SG vi IP SCP bn pha mng IP. M2PA c cc chc nng sau:

 Duy tr hot ng lin tc gia cc thc th ngang hng MTP3 giao tip vi nhau qua mng IP. Mt ct giao din MTP2/MTP3, cho php qun l cc phin truyn dn SCTP v lu lng thay cho MTP2 link. Thng bo v nhng thay i trng thi phc v cho mc ch qun l iu hnh Lp M3UA M3UA l giao thc h tr cho vic truyn dn cc bn tin bo hiu MTP3 (v d nh ISUP, SCCP) qua mng IP s dng giao thc truyn dn SCTP. V chc nng hot ng, M3UA tng t nh M2UA. Giao thc ny c s dng giao tip gia SG v MGC hay cc IP SCP bn pha mng IP. M3UA cho php dch v lp MTP3 c th c cung cp bi mt MGC nm trong mng IP, do vy n m rng mng bo hiu SS7 sang pha mng IP.

Hnh 4: M hnh kin trc M3UA Trong trng hp ny, MTP3 ti SG s khng nhn bit c l lp ngi dng ISUP ca MGC t xa. Tng t, lp ISUP bn pha MGC cng khng bit c l n ang c phc v bi lp MTP3 ca SG cc b. Do vy cc bn tin bo hiu s 7 s c truyn mt cch trong sut t SG ti MGC qua mng IP Lp SUA SUA l giao thc h tr truyn dn cc bn tin lp SCCP qua mng IP s dng giao thc SCTP. N cho php truy nhp ti cc lp ng dng (v d nh TCAP) ti IP SCP thng qua SG. Kin trc mng s dng SUA cho php mt SG c th kt ni n nhiu IP SCP. Cc IP SCP khng cn phi c lp MTP3 cc b, do vy khng i hi phi c a ch SS7 point code ring.

Hnh 5: M hnh kin trc lp SUA SUA h tr cc chc nng sau: Truyn dn cc bn tin SCCP (TCAP, MAP, INAP...) H tr dch v khng kt ni SCCP H tr dch v hng kt ni SCCP Qun l cc phin truyn dn ca SCTP gia SG v mt hay nhiu nt bo hiu pha mng IP Phn tn cc nt bo hiu pha mng IP Thng bo v cc thay i trng thi phc v cho mc ch qun l. Lp IUA v V5UA IUA cung cp dch v ca lp ISDN Data Link. Cn V5UA cung cp dch v ca giao thc V.5.2. Lp giao thc SCTP SIGTRAN Working Group xy dng giao thc SCTP nhm mc ch khc phc cc khim khuyt ca TCP.

Hnh 6: Cu trc tng quan SCTP

SCTP c cc c im sau: SCTP l giao thc n im- thc hin trao i d liu c thc hin gia 2 u cui SCTP nh ngha nh thi timer ngn hn nhiu so vi ca TCP. SCTP cung cp c ch truyn d liu ngi dng mt cch tin cy, c c ch pht hin mt hay khng tun t d liu v thc hin vic sa cha nu cn thit. SCTP c kh nng t iu chnh tc (rate-adaptive) tu theo tnh trng ca mng hin ti. SCTP h tr c ch a a ch multi-homing. Mi mt u cui SCTP c th c nhiu a ch IP. nh tuyn ti mt a ch l c lp vi cc tuyn khc, do vy trong trng hp mt tuyn c s c th tuyn khc s c s dng. SCTP s dng th tc khi to, da trn c ch Cookie ngn chn kiu tn cng t chi dch v SCTP cung cp chc nng bundling, cho php mt gi tin SCTP c th bao gm nhiu on d liu, mi on c th bao gm mt bn tin bo hiu hon chnh. SCTP cng h tr chc nng phn tch d liu, cho php chia nh bn tin bo hiu thnh nhiu bn tin SCTP cho ph hp vi cc PDU bn di. SCTP l giao thc hng bn tin. SCTP nh ngha cu trc khung ca d liu. Cn TCP ngc li l khng nh ngha cu trc ca d liu m ch xem d liu di dng mt chui byte. SCTP cung cp chc nng multi-streaming (a lung). D liu c chia thnh nhiu lung khc nhau, mi lung c mt c ch phn phi tun t c lp nhau. TCP khng h tr chc nng ny. 2. Phng php o kim cc thnh phn thuc giao thc Sigtran o kim l mt vn quan trng trong qu trnh trin khai, khai thc h thng. Vic o kim xc nh tnh tun th ca h thng theo chun v kh nng tng tc, phi hp vi cc h thng khc. Giao thc Sigtran bao gm trong l 6 lp giao thc con M2UA, M2PA, M3UA, SCTP, SUA v IUA, do o kim giao thc SIGTRAN l o kim cc lp con nm trong . Cho n thi im hin ti cc khuyn ngh ca RFC v ETSI mi

ch tp trung cho vic o kim ba lp con nm trong giao thc SIGTRAN l: lp SCTP, lp M2UA v lp M3UA. Trong qu trnh khai thc bo dng, chng ta cng cn nh k o kim hot ng ca giao thc Sigtran ca cc thit b nhm xc nh cc thay i trong qu trnh hot ng cng nh xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra li v a ra gii php khc phc (trong trng hp xut hin li trong qu trnh khai thc v bo dng thit b). Vic o kim cc lp con trong giao thc Sigtran c th dng phng php gim st hoc m phng ty thuc vo kh nng ca thit b cn o v cc yu cu o kim. Tt c cc lp con M2UA, M3UA v SCTP u c th o kim dng phng php git st hoc m phng, cu hnh o gim st cc lp con c cu hnh di y:

Hnh 7: Cu hnh o gim st Trong cu hnh o gim st bo hiu Sigtran, my o c u xen vo gia gim st vic trao i bn tin giao thc Sigtran gia SGP v AS. Cu hnh o gim st c s dng o kim cc hot ng bnh thng ca cc thit b cn o l SGP v AS. Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp c th dng phng php m phng kim tra cc tnh nng k thut ca cc lp con thuc giao thc Sigtran, cu hnh o m phng c dng di y:

Hnh 8: Cu hnh o m phng Trong cu hnh o m phng giao thc Sigtran, my o c cu hnh m phng mt thit b SGP kt ni vi AS cn kim tra thng qua giao thc Sigtran. Cu hnh o ny c s dng kim cc hot ng bt thng ca thit b c s dng giao thc Sigtran.

Vic thay i cu hnh o m phng hoc gim st ph thuc vo yu cu o kim cc tnh nng k thut ca tng lp con trong giao thc Sigtran v ph thuc vo kh nng h tr ca thit b cn o. Kt lun Giao thc Sigtran l mt giao thc mi ng dng cho mng NGN, n cho php cc nt pha mng IP giao tip vi cc nt pha mng SS7 nhm nng cao hiu sut s dng mng v phi hp hot ng gia mng PSTN hin c vi mng NGN trong tng lai. V vy, vic nghin cu giao thc Sigtran cng cc tnh nng k thut v phng php o kim cc tnh nng k thut trong cho php trin khai mng NGN c d dng hn trong tng lai v c bit h tr phi hp tng tc hot ng gia mng hin ang tn ti vi mng NGN. Ti liu tham kho [1]. [2]. [3]. [4]. [5]. [6]. [7]. [8]. draft-ietf-sigtran-m2pa-09.txt draft-ietf-sigtran-sctp-mib-10.txt RFC3057.txt RFC2960.txt RFC3331.txt RFC3332.txt www.msforum.org www.ss7open.org

[9]. www.iec.org

My o bo hiu J 6803B AGILENT:

Signaling Analyzer - J7830A:

The Agilent Signaling Analyzer is a high-performance solution for 2, 2.5 and 3G system verification, troubleshooting, and RAN optimization. Its intelligent call trace-centric approach enables distributed call trace, performance measurements, and drill-down problem isolation for calls on UMTS, GSM, TD-SCDMA, and CDMA RANs, as well as the mobile core, IMS, PSTN and Internet. Support of SS7 evolution The Signaling Analyzer supports the evolution of SS7: SS7 in PSTN SS7 in GSM / UMTS / CDMA mobile core network SSS over IP - SIGTRAN Specific benefits for Signaling Analyzer SS7 Signaling Analyzer SS7 shares the same powerful architecture of the rest of the Signaling analyzer products.

SS7 evolution support:: SS7 in PSTN, SS7 in GSM / UMTS / CDMA mobile core network SSS over IP - SGTRAN Support of channelized E1/T1, ATM and IP transport Application layer protocols support such as MAP, INAP, BICC, TCAP Transport layer support such as MTP2, MTP3, MTP3b, SCCP, ISUP, SCTP, M2UA and M3UA Analysis of Clear Down Time, Setup Time, OPC, DPC, CIC, Calling Party Number, Called Party Number, Release Cause and Start Time, based on OPC, DPC and CIC, etc. Correlation of SS7 protocols in mobile core and RAN

Cc yu cu v my o trong BCNCKT: - Card giao din E1/T1 PCM, ATM phi h tr cc tnh nng: s lng 08 lung E1: + C kh nng h tr 08 PCM stream/Card (full duplex) vi ch o c cu hnh linh hot channelized hoc HSL. + C kh nng gim st ti 32 timeslot trn mi lung E1. + C kh nng chn cu hnh o linh hot ATM hoc PCM do ngi dng nh ngha. + H tr gim st ti a 04 lung HSL ng thi trn mi card o. + H tr tr khng 120 ohm (E1) v tr khng cao. + Di in p u vo 70mVpeak to 3.3 Vpeak + Suy hao chn -18dB + nhy -35dB + Giao din: RJ-45 - Card Gigabit Ethernet: + H tr 2 cng RJ45 GE 10/100/1000 BaseT. + Tch hp CPU Intel Core 2 Duo; 2,16Ghz; 1Gb RAM. - Giao din STM-1 channelized: thng qua b chuyn i STM-1 <-> E1: + H tr 01xSTM-1 (Full duplex) + C kh nng ghp cc timeslot bo hiu thuc cc E1 khc nhau trn lung STM-1 vo mt lung E1 thc hin phn tch. + C kh nng gim st E1 HSL (TDM v ATM) trn lung STM-1. My o c kh nng h tr o cc giao thc: MTP1, MTP2, SCCP, TCAP, CAMEL, EDSS1, TUP, ISUP, INAP, IPBCP, BGP, OSPF, RIP, HSRP, SNMP, SCTP, STC(Signaling Transport Converter), SMPP, M3UA, Cc giao thc bo hiu mng GSM: MAP, CAMEL, LAPB, LAPD, TRAU full rate v half rate (rt nhiu tham s v chun c nu c th m thit b c th p ng) Cc giao thc bo hiu mng GPRS: y/c h tr cc chun trn giao din Gb, Gc, Gd,Gf, Gr, Gs, Gn, Gp, Gi: Frame Relay, Ipv4, TCP, UDP, MTP, SCCP, TCAP, MAP, ICMP Cc giao thc bo hiu mng thng minh IN: CAMEL, INAP alcatel E10 version 5 v 3.

Cc giao thc bo hiu mng NGN IP: MEGACO(Media gatewway Control Protocol), GCP, MGCP, SIP, SDP, RTP,. o bo hiu HSL High Speed Signalling Cc th tc coding/decoding ca Alcatel: LAPD, L2M,RSL, MAC GSM, Alcatel O&M Release 6.3, PCU Cc th tc coding/decoding ca Ericsson: LAPD, L2M, RLC MAC, RLC MAC GSM, Ericson O&M. Cc th tc bo hiu ring ca Huawei C tht lu tr cc bn tin o c di dng file v xut ra offline, giao din o d s dng (v d nh dng ct c th la chn cc trng hin th) H tr hin th dng ha ng thi cc thng s: Rxlev, RxQual,Timing, MS Power, BS Power trn giao din Abis Phn mm tt u ha v khc phc s c mng GSM/GPRS: phn mm phi cho php tm v gii quyt li v ti u ha mng GSM/GPRS trn cc giao din A, Abis v Gb. Hin th v nh gi li di dng bng biu, cc bn tin chuyn giao, bn tin trn knh SDCCH v TCH,. (rt nhiu tham s v chun c nu c th m thit b c th p ng v k) Yu cu v my o: H tr o cc loi bo hiu: SS7, HSL, IP, ATM, STM, Sigtran, Camel Phase 3. B sung thm module tch tn hiu quang o online lung STM-1 giao din quang cho mi my (My o hin ti cha c chc nng o online lung quang). TCAP :Transaction Capabilities Application Part, from ITU-T recommendations Q.771-Q.775 or ANSI T1.114 is a protocol for Signalling System 7 networks. Its primary purpose is to facilitate multiple concurrent dialogs between the same sub-systems on the same machines, using Transaction IDs to differentiate these, similar to the way TCP ports facilitate multiplexing connections between the same IP addresses on the Internet. TCAP is used to transport INAP in Intelligent Networks and MAP in mobile phone networks.

1. GII THIU ISDN v B-ISDN

1.1. Cc c im ca mng vin thng ngy nay Hin nay, cc mng vin thng hin ti c c im chung l tn ti mt cch ring r, ng vi mi loi dch v thng tin li c t nht mt loi mng vin thng ring bit phc v dch v . Th d: Mng Telex: dng gi cc bc in di dng cc k t c m ho bng m 5 bit (m Baudot). Tc truyn rt thp (t 75 ti 300 bit/s). Mng in thoi cng cng, cn gi l mng POST (Plain Old Telephone Service): y thng tin ting ni c s ho v chuyn mch h thng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN (Public Swiched Telephone Network).

Mng truyn s liu: bao gm cc mng chuyn mch gi trao i s liu gia cc my tnh da trn cc giao thc ca X.25 v h thng truyn s liu chuyn mch knh da trn cc giao thc X.21. Cc tn hiu truyn hnh c th c truyn theo ba cch: truyn bng sng v tuyn, truyn qua h thng mng truyn hnh CATV (Community Antenna TV) bng cp ng trc hoc truyn qua h thng v tinh, cn gi h thng truyn qua h thng v tinh, cn gi h thng truyn hnh trc tip DBS (Direct Broadcast System). Trong phm vi c quan, s liu gia cc my tnh c trao i thng qua mng cc b LAN (Local Area Network) m ni ting nht l mng Ethernet, Token Bus v Token Ring.

Mi mng trn c thit k cho cc dch v ring bit v khng th s dng cho cc mc ch khc. Th d, ta khng th truyn ting ni qua mng chuyn mch gi X.25 v tr qua mng ny qu ln. Hu qu l hin nay c rt nhiu loi mng khc nhau cng song song tn ti. Mi mng li yu cu phng php thit k, sn xut, vn hnh, bo dng khc nhau. Nh vy h thng mng vin thng hin ti c rt nhiu nhc im m quan trng nht l: Ch truyn c cc dch v c lp tng ng vi tng mng. Thiu mm do: S ra i ca cc thut ton nn ting ni, nn nh v tin b trong cng ngh VLSI nh hng mnh m ti tc truyn tn hiu. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu dch v truyn thng trong tng lai m hin nay cha d on trc c, mi loi dch v s c tc truyn khc nhau. Ta d dng nhn thy rng h thng hin nay rt kh thch nghi vi yu cu ca cc dch v khc nhau trong tng lai. Km hiu qu trong vic bo dng, vn hnh cng nh vic s dng ti nguyn. Ti nguyn sn c trong mt mng khng th chia s cho cc mng cng s dng.

1.2. S ra i ca h thng vin thng mi - B-ISDN Nh nu trn, yu cu c mt mng vin thng duy nht ngy cng tr nn bc thit, ch yu l do cc nguyn nhn sau: Cc yu cu dch v bng rng ang tng ln. Cc k thut x l tn hiu, chuyn mch, truyn dn tc cao (c khong vi trm Mbit/s ti vi Gbit/s) tr thnh hin thc. Tin b v kh nng x l nh v s liu. S pht trin ca cc ng dng phn mm trong lnh vc tin hc v vin thng. S cn thit phi t hp cc dch v ph thuc ln nhau chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi vo mt mng bng rng duy nht. So vi cc mng khc, dch v t hp v mng t hp c nhiu u im v mt kinh t, pht trin, thc hin, vn hnh v bo dng.

S cn thit phi tho mn tnh mm do cho cc yu cu v pha ngi s dng cng nh ngi qun tr mng (v mt tc truyn, cht lng dch v .v.v.).

Khuyn ngh ITU-T I.121 a ra tng quan v kh nng ca B-ISDN nh sau: Mng t hp dch v s bng rng (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network - B-ISDN) cung cp cc cuc ni thng qua chuyn mch, cc cuc ni c nh (Permanent) hoc bn c nh (Semi-Permanent), cc cuc ni t im ti im ti im hoc t im ti nhiu im v cung cp cc dch v yu cu, cc dch v dnh trc hoc cc dch v yu cu c nh. Cuc ni trong B-ISDN phc v cho c cc dch v chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi theo kiu a phng tin (Multimedia), n phng tin (Monomedia), theo kiu hng lin kt (Connection-Oriented) hoc khng lin kt (Connectionless) v theo cu hnh n hng hoc a hng. B-ISDN l mt mng thng minh c kh nng cung cp cc dch v ci tin, cung cp cc cng c bo dng v vn hnh (OAM), iu khin v qun l mng rt hiu qu. 2. KHI NIM C BN V ATM 2.1. nh ngha v cc c im chnh ca ATM B-ISDN theo ITU-T da trn c s kiu truyn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Nh vy ATM s l nn tng ca B-ISDN trong tng lai. Trong kiu truyn khng ng b, thut ng "truyn" bao gm c lnh vc truyn dn v chuyn mch, do "dng truyn" m ch c ch truyn dn v chuyn mch thng tin trong mng. Thut ng "khng ng b" gii thch cho mt kiu truyn trong cc gi trong cng mt cuc ni c th lp li mt cch bt bnh thng nh lc chng c to ra theo yu cu c th m khng theo chu k. minh ha, hnh 1.1 v 1.2 biu din s khc nhau gia dng truyn ng b v dng truyn khng ng b. Trong dng truyn ng b STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode), cc phn t s liu tng ng vi knh cho c nhn bit bi v tr ca n trong khung truyn (hnh 1.1) trong khi ATM, cc gi thuc v mt cuc ni li tng ng vi cc knh o c th v c th xut hin ti bt k v tr no (hnh 1.2).

ATM cn c hai c im quan trng: Th nht, ATM s dng cc gi c kch thc nh v c nh gi l cc t bo ATM (ATM Cell), cc t bo nh cng vi tc truyn ln s lm cho tr truyn v bin ng tr (Delay Jitter) gim nh i vi cc dch v thi gian thc, ngoi ra kch thc nh cng s to iu kin cho vic hp knh tc cao c d dng hn. Th hai, ATM cn c mt c im rt quan trng l kh nng nhm mt vi knh o (Virtual Channel) thnh mt ng o (Virtual Path), nhm gip cho vic nh tuyn c d dng. 2.2. Cc lnh vc cng ngh mi quyt nh s ra i v pht trin ca ATM C hai yu t nh hng ti ATM, l: S pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh bn dn cng nh cng ngh quang in t. S pht trin cc tng mi v khi nim h thng.

2.2.1. Cc tin b v mt cng ngh Cng ngh bn dn: Cng ngh CMOS l cng ngh rt c trin vng bi tch hp ln, tc cao (c vi trm Mbit/s ti vi Gbit/s), rng bng truyn ln, kch thc nh, mm do c hc cao, trnh c nhiu ca trng in t, xc sut truyn li thp v khng c nhiu xuyn m. 2.2.2. Cc tng mi v khi nim h thng Cc quan im mi v h thng c pht trin mnh m trong nhng nm gn y, l h thng phi c mm do thch hp, rng bng ca h thng phi tu thuc vo yu cu ca tng dch v c th, cc dch v thi gian thc c truyn theo phng php chuyn mch gi. Cc tng ny phi tho mn hai chc nng chnh ca mng l:

Tnh trong sut v mt ni dung:(Semantic Transparency): Tnh trong sut v mt ni dung l chc nng m bo vic truyn ng cc bit t u pht ti u thu (tc l s chnh xc v mt ni dung). Khi mi ra i, trong cc mng chuyn mch gi, cht lng truyn s liu cn km, do m bo cht lng truyn chp nhn c, ngi ta phi thc hin chc nng iu khin li trn mi lin kt (Link).Vic iu khin li ny c thc hin bi cc giao thc HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) bao gm cc chc nng: gii hn khung (Frame Delimiting), m bo truyn bit chnh xc, kim tra li (kim tra m d vng CRC-Cyclic Redundancy Check), sa li bng cc th tc truyn li. Hnh 1.3. trnh by th tc iu khin li y ca mng chuyn mch gi thng qua m hnh lin kt cc h thng m OSI. Ta thy qu trnh iu khin li c thc hin trn mi lin kt (Link-by-Link) thng qua nt chuyn mch, do nt chuyn mch phi x l mt lot cc th tc phc tp khc nhau lm nh hng n tc x l chung ca h thng.

Sau ny do cht lng ca h thng truyn dn v chuyn mch tng ln nn t l li trn mng gim. Vi mt mng cht lng cao nh vy, ngi ta ch cn thc hin mt s chc nng ca th tc HDLC nh chc nng gii hn khung, chc nng truyn bit chnh xc, kim tra li trn c s t lin kt ti lin kt (Link-by-Link). Nh vy ch c nhng chc nng ny c cung cp bi cc nt chuyn mch trong mng cn cc chc nng khc nh sa li s c thc hin trn c s t u cui ti u cui (End-to-End). Bng cch ny ngi ta gim c khi lng thng tin m nt chuyn mch cn s l, nh m tc x l ca nt tng ln. Nh vy lp 2 trn m hnh OSI c chia thnh hai lp con, lp 2a chuyn cung cp cc chc nng c bn ca lp 2, lp 2b cung cp cc chc nng b sung. Cc h thng ng dng nguyn l ny c gi l chuyn tip khung (frame relay). Cc nguyn l ny c trnh by trn hnh 1.4. i vi B-ISDN tng ny cn c m rng hn na, cc chc nng iu khin li khng cn c cung cp cc nt chuyn mch trong mng na m trong trng hp cn thit, s c cung cp bi cc thit b u cui. Nh vy cc chc nng c thc hin trong mng c gim t iu khin li y (Full error Control) mng chuyn mch gi X.25 xung cn cc k ti thiu mng ATM, do cc nt ca ATM c phc tp ti thiu v v th c tc truyn rt cao, c th ln ti 600 Mbit/s (hnh 1.5). Bng 1.1 trnh by cc chc nng c thc hin nt mng ATM so vi mng chuyn mch gi v chuyn tip khung.

Bng 1.1: Cc chc nng c thc hin nt mng ca X.25, chuyn tip khung, ATM Chuyn mch gi x x x Chuyn tip khung x x

Chc nng Truyn li gi Gii hn khung Kim tra li

ATM -

R rng nt mng ATM hu nh khng phi x l mt thng tin iu khin no trong khi nt chuyn mch X.25 v chuyn tip khung phi thc hin mt lot cc th tc phc tp khc nhau. Tnh trong sut v mt thi gian: (Time Transparency) Cc dch v thi gian thc yu cu dng bit c tr rt ngn khi c truyn t u pht ti u thu, tc l chng yu cu tnh chnh xc v mt thi gian. C th phn bit hai loi tr: tr do chuyn mch v tr t im u ti im cui. H thng chuyn mch gi v chuyn tip khung rt kh khn khi thc hin cc dch v thi gian thc v tr cao. Do phc tp ca cc nt chuyn mch, chng ch c th hot ng tc va v thp. Mng ATM, mt khc, ch cn nhng chc nng ti thiu nt chuyn mch, do n cho php truyn s liu tc rt cao, tr trn mng v cc bin ng tr gim xung cn vi trm micro giy, do quan h thi gian c m bo nh trong trng hp chuyn mch knh. 3. CC DCH V TNG LAI CA B-ISDN TRN C S ATM 3.1. Cc dch v phc v cho cc thu bao gia nh Cc dch v quan trng cho cc thu bao gia nh l nhng dch v truyn hnh (TV) bao gm dch v truyn hnh cp CATV, truyn hnh s chun SDTV(Standard Digital TV) hay trong tng lai l dch v truyn hnh phn gii cao HDTV (High Definition TV). Tuy vy

ngi ta cn phi gii quyt cc vn v tnh tng thch gia cc tn hiu video ni trn sao cho mt chng trnh SDTV c th xem c trn mn hnh HDTV v ngc li. Tt c cc tn hiu video ni trn c th c cung cp bng nhiu cch khc nhau. D thc hin nht l phng php m phng CATV trong mt lot cc chng trnh TV c a ti thu bao theo cc ng ni bn c nh. Mt phng php khc l cc knh TV c truy nhp theo kiu chuyn mch, ngha l khch hng c th chn mt chng trnh mong mun theo mt knh thng tin xc nh. Xa hn na, ngi s dng c th gi ti mt th vin video sau chn ly mt knh t rt nhiu cc knh truyn hnh sn c. Mt ng dng quan trng na l dch v in thoi truyn hnh trong cc hnh nh cht lng cao c truyn i tc t 2 ti 5 Mbit/s vi gi thnh phi chng. Ngoi ra cn mt lot cc ng dng th v khc nh mua hng ti nh (Video-Shopping), dy hc ti nh (Home-Education), cc dch v thng tin qung co .v.v. 3.2. Cc dch v phc v trong lnh vc kinh doanh, giao dch Cc thu bao trong phm vi cng s, vn phng c nhng c im hon ton khc so vi cc thu bao gia nh. im chung duy nht gia hai lnh vc ny l in thoi truyn hnh. Tuy vy dch v ny cng phi c m rng tin ti in thoi hi ngh truyn hnh, sao cho ngi s dng c th dng dch v in thoi truyn hnh lin lc gia vi im cng mt lc. C th d on nhiu dch v ca B-ISDN cho mng LAN s c a vo ng dng trong tng lai. Cc h thng ATM-LAN c ni vi nhau s to kh nng truy nhp h c s d liu phn tn vi tc rt cao, iu ny rt quan trng do kh nng ca PC ang tng ln khng ngng v mt tc x l cng nh kh nng lu tr thng tin, do s c ngy cng nhiu cc phn mm ng dng chy trn cc my khc nhau trong mi trng d liu phn tn. Ngoi ra cn phi k n cc dch v khc nh: truyn nh y t cht lng cao phc v cho vic cha bnh t xa, gio dc phn tn, truyn thng a phng tin, th tn in t. Trong lnh vc sn xut, cc ng dng s l iu khin/gim st t xa, phn phi cc thng tin hnh nh v sn xut/x l ti cng nhn trong nh my. Bng 1.2. tm tt cc dch v bng rng c bn v tc tng ng ca chng. Bng 2: c im cc dch v bng rng c bn Dch v Truyn s liu (hng lin kt) Truyn s liu (khng lin kt) Truyn vn bn, ti liu in thoi truyn hnh / Hi ngh truyn hnh TV Tc (Mbit/s) 1,5 -130 1,5 -130 1,5 - 45 1,5 -130 30 - 130

Truyn hnh phn gii cao 4. TM TT

130

Chng ny trnh by cc c im ca cc mng vin thng hin hu cng nh cc mt hn ch cu chng v cc nhu cu dch v bng rng ang tng ln. T t ra vn phi c mt mng t hp bng rng duy nht ( B-ISDN) thay th tt c cc mng vin thng ni trn, chnh trn c s ny m ATM hnh thnh v pht trin. S pht trin ca k thut ATM l kt qu trc tip ca cc tng mi v khi nim h thng c h tr bi cc thnh tu to ln trong cng ngh bn dn v cng ngh quang in t. ATM c kh nng p ng c mt lot cc dch v bng rng khc nhau, k c trong lnh vc gia nh cng nh trong thng mi.

Mng vin thng th h mi

Mng vin thng th h mi (Next Generation Network-NGN) ang l xu hng nhiu nc trn th gii do cc tnh cht tin tin ca n nh hi t cc loi tn hiu, mng ng nht v bng thng rng. Ti Vit Nam, lnh vc vin thng ang pht trin rt mnh v nhu cu ca ngi dng v cc loi hnh dch v mi ngy cng cao v vy vic tin ln NGN cng l vn cp bch. Bi vit gii thiu mt s thng tin tng qut v mng NGN. TNG QUAN V NGN NGN l mng hi t c thoi, video v d liu trn cng mt c s h tng da trn nn tng IP, lm vic trn c hai phng tin truyn thng v tuyn v hu tuyn. NGN l s tch hp cu trc mng hin ti vi cu trc mng a dch v da trn c s h tng c sn, vi s hp nht cc h thng qun l v iu khin. Cc ng dng c bn bao gm thoi, hi ngh truyn hnh v nhn tin hp nht (unified messaging) nh voice mail, email v fax mail, cng nhiu dch v tim nng khc. Cc c im ca NGN: 1. S dng cng ngh chuyn mch mm (SW-SoftSwitch) thay th cc thit b tng i chuyn mch phn cng (hardware) cng knh. Cc mng ca tng dch v ring r c kt ni vi nhau thng qua s iu khin ca mt thit b tng i duy nht, thit b tng i ny da trn cng ngh SW c v nh l 'tri tim' ca NGN. 2. Mng hi t thoi v d liu, c nh v di ng. Cc loi tn hiu c truyn ti theo k thut chuyn mch gi, xu hng sp ti ang tin dn ln s dng mng IP vi k thut QoS nh MPLS. 3. Mng bng thng rng cung cp a dch v: Mng truyn dn quang vi cng ngh WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) hay DWDM (dense WDM). CU TRC MNG NGN Cu trc mng NGN bao gm 5 lp chc nng: lp truy nhp dch v (service access layer), lp chuyn ti dch v (service transport/core layer), lp iu khin (control layer), lp ng dng/dch v (application/service layer) v lp qun l (management layer). Hnh 1 th hin cu trc ca

NGN. Lp ng dng/dch v Lp ng dng v dch v cung cp cc ng dng v dch v nh dch v mng thng minh IN (Intelligent network), tr tin trc, dch v gi tr gia tng Internet cho khch hng thng qua lp iu khin... H thng ng dng v dch v mng ny lin kt vi lp iu khin thng qua cc giao din m API. Nh giao din m ny m nh cung cp dch v c th pht trin cc ng dng v trin khai nhanh chng cc dch v trn mng. Trong mi trng pht trin cnh tranh s c rt nhiu thnh phn tham gia kinh doanh trong lp ny. Lp iu khin Lp iu khin bao gm cc h thng iu khin kt ni cuc gi gia cc thu bao thng qua vic iu khin cc thit b chuyn mch (ATM+IP) ca lp chuyn ti v cc thit b truy nhp ca lp truy nhp. Lp iu khin c chc nng kt ni cuc gi thu bao vi lp ng dng/dch v. Cc chc nng nh qun l, chm sc khch hng, tnh cc cng c tch hp trong lp iu khin. Lp chuyn ti dch v Bao gm cc nt chuyn mch (ATM+IP) v cc h thng truyn dn (SDH, WDM), thc hin chc nng chuyn mch, nh tuyn cc cuc gi gia cc thu bao ca lp truy nhp di s iu khin ca thit b iu khin cuc gi thuc lp iu khin. Hin nay ang cn nhiu tranh ci khi s dng ATM hay MPLS cho lp chuyn ti ny. Lp truy nhp dch v Bao gm cc thit b truy nhp cung cp cc cng kt ni vi thit b u cui thu bao qua h thng mng ngoi vi cp ng, hoc cp quang, hoc thng qua mi trng v tuyn (thng tin di ng, v tinh, truy nhp v tuyn c nh...) Lp qun l y l lp c bit xuyn sut cc lp trn. Cc chc nng qun l c ch trng l: qun l mng, qun l dch v, qun l kinh doanh. CC THNH PHN CA MNG NGN Mi tng quan gia cu trc phn lp chc nng v cc thnh phn chnh ca mng NGN c m t trong hnh 2. Theo hnh 2 ta nhn thy, cc loi thit b u cui kt ni n mng truy nhp (Access Network), sau kt ni n cc cng truyn thng (Media Gateway) nm bin ca mng trc. Thit b quan trng nht ca NGN l SW nm tm ca mng trc

(cn hay gi l mng li). SW iu khin cc chc nng chuyn mch v nh tuyn qua cc giao thc. Cc giao thc ny s c xem xt k phn sau. Hnh 3 lit k chi tit cc thnh phn trong mng NGN cng vi cc c im kt ni ca n n cc mng cng cng (PSTN). M t hot ng ca cc thnh phn: Thit b SW Thit b SW l thit b u no trong mng NGN. N lm nhim v iu khin cuc gi, bo hiu v cc tnh nng to mt cuc gi trong mng NGN hoc xuyn qua nhiu mng khc (v d PSTN, ISDN). SW cn c gi l Call Agent (v chc nng iu khin cuc gi ca n) hoc Media Gateway Controller - MGC (v chc nng iu khin cng truyn thng - Media Gateway). Thit b SW c kh nng tng tc vi mng PSTN thng qua cc cng bo hiu (Signalling Gateway) v cng truyn thng (Media Gateway). SW iu khin cuc gi thng qua cc bo hiu, c hai loi chnh: - Ngang hng (peer-to-peer): giao tip gia SW v SW, giao thc s dng l BICC hay SIP. - iu khin truyn thng: giao tip gia SW v Gateway, giao thc s dng l MGCP hay Megaco/H.248. Cng truyn thng Nhim v ch yu ca cng truyn thng (MG - Media Gateway) l chuyn i vic truyn thng t mt nh dng truyn dn ny sang mt nh dng khc, thng thng l t dng mch (circuit) sang dng gi (packet), hoc t dng mch analog/ISDN sang dng gi. Vic chuyn i ny c iu khin bng SW. MG thc hin vic m ha, gii m v nn d liu thoi. Ngoi ra, MG cn h tr cc giao tip vi mng in thoi truyn thng (PSTN) v cc giao thc khc nh CAS (Channel Associated Signalling) v ISDN. Tm li, MG cung cp mt phng tin truyn thng truyn ti thoi, d liu, fax v hnh nh gia mng truyn thng PSTN v mng gi IP. Cng truy nhp Cng truy nhp (AG - Access Gateway) l mt dng ca MG. N c kh nng giao tip vi my PC, thu bao ca mng PSTN, xDSL v giao tip vi mng gi IP qua giao tip STM. mng hin nay, lu lng thoi t thu bao c kt ni n tng i chuyn mch PSTN khc bng giao tip V5.2 thng qua cng truy nhp. Tuy nhin, trong mng NGN, cng truy nhp c iu khin t SW qua giao thc MGCP hay Megaco/H.248. Lc ny, lu lng thoi t cc thu bao s c ng gi v kt ni vo mng trc IP.

Hnh 3: Cc thnh phn chnh trong NGN Cng bo hiu Cng bo hiu (SG - Signalling Gateway) ng vai tr nh mt cng giao tip gia mng bo hiu s 7 (SS7 - Signalling System 7, giao thc c dng trong PSTN) v cc im c qun l bi thit b SW trong mng IP. Cng SG i hi mt ng kt ni vt l n mng SS7 v phi s dng cc giao thc ph hp. SG to ra mt cu ni gia mng SS7 v mng IP, di s iu khin ca SW. SG lm cho SW ging nh mt im nt bnh thng trong mng SS7. Lu rng SG ch iu khin SS7; cn MG iu khin cc mch thoi thit lp bi c ch SS7. Mng trc IP Mng trc c th hin l mng IP kt hp cng ngh ATM hoc MPLS. Vn s dng ATM hay MPLS cn ang tch thnh 2 xu hng. Cc dch v v ng dng trn mng NGN c qun l v cung cp bi cc my ch dch v (server). Cc my ch ny hot ng trn mng thng minh (IN - Intelligent Network) v giao tip vi mng PSTN thng qua SS7. CC GIAO THC BO HIU TRONG MNG NGN Cc giao thc v bo hiu trong mng NGN c th hin trong s hnh 4. Megaco/H.248 Megaco v H.248 ging nhau, u l giao thc iu khin MG. Megaco c pht trin bi IETF (a ra vo cui nm 1998), cn H.248 c a ra vo thng 5/1999 bi ITU-T. Sau c IETF v ITU-T cng hp tc thng nht giao thc iu khin MG, kt qu l vo thng 6/2000 chun Megaco/H.248 ra i. Megaco/H.248 l bo hiu gia SW/MGC vi MG (Trunking Media Gateway, Lines Media Gateway hoc IP Phone Media Gateway). Megaco/H.248 iu khin MG kt ni cc lung t ngoi. S iu khin MG ca Megaco/H.248 c th hin hnh 5. Megaco/H.248 tng t vi MGCP v mt cu trc v mi lin h gia b iu khin v cng gateway, tuy nhin Megaco/H248 h tr a dng hn cc loi mng (v d ATM).

Hnh 4: S cc giao thc BICC BICC (Bearer Independent Call Control) l giao thc bo hiu gia 2 MGC/Call Server, c th l t cc nh cung cp khc nhau, nhm mc ch m bo lu lng thoi dng k thut gi (VoP - Voice over Packet). Theo ITU-T, BICC c thit k c th tch hp hon ton vi cc mng hin hu v bt k h thng no c h tr vic chuyn ti bn tin nhn thoi. BICC h tr cc dch v bng hp (PSTN, ISDN) mt cch c lp vi ng truyn v k thut chuyn ti bn tin bo hiu. Bn tin BICC chuyn ch c thng tin iu khin cuc gi v iu khin ng truyn. BICC gp phn n gin ha cc bo hiu s dng cho vic giao tip hot ng gia mng truyn thng vo mng NGN. Ni cch khc, mng NGN vi nn tng mng chuyn mch gi c th cung cp y cc dch v bng hp thng qua bo hiu BICC. Trong BICC, giao thc bo hiu iu khin ng truyn ph thuc vo cng ngh ng truyn lp di nh ATM, IP/MPLS. Hnh 6 m t ng dng ca BICC trong vic lin kt hot ng gia mng truyn thng (PSTN/ISDN) v mng NGN. Hai thu bao in thoi truyn thng lin lc vi nhau thng qua s iu khin ca softswitch theo bo hiu BICC. Bo hiu SIP s dng trong trng hp 2 thu bao IP phone hoc mt thu bao IP phone lin lc vi mt thu bao in thoi truyn thng. SIP SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) l giao thc iu khin lp ng dng c thit k v pht trin bi IETF. Giao thc SIP c s dng khi to, iu chnh v chm dt cc phin lm vic vi mt hay nhiu yu t tham d. Mt phin c hiu l mt tp hp ni gi, ni nhn lin lc vi nhau v trng thi bn trong mi lin lc . V d trng thi c th bao gm cuc gi in thoi Internet, tn hiu a phng tin phn tn, hi ngh truyn thng a phng tin, hay c th l tr chi my tnh phn tn... L giao thc bo hiu m, mm do v c kh nng m rng, SIP khai thc ti a cng c Internet to ra nhiu dch v mi trong mng NGN. S giao thc bo hiu SIP trong NGN c th hin trong hnh 7. SIP cn c dng lm bo hiu gia 2 SW nh th hin hnh 6.

Giao thc khi to phin SIP thm nhp vo thit k SW khng ch nh mt giao thc bo hiu cuc gi m cn ng vai tr ca mt c cu vn chuyn cho cc giao thc khc v cho bo hiu ca thit b SW n cc server ng dng v cho cc h thng p ng thoi tng tc hai chiu. Hin nay SIP c dng ph bin cho Voice Over IP. Hin nay, SIP ang tr thnh la chn thay th H.323 tr thnh giao thc im ni im (end-to-end protocol) trong cng ngh SW.

Hnh 5: S iu khin MG ca Megaco/H.248 H.323 H.323 l giao thc chun cho vic lin lc bng thoi, hnh v d liu trong h thng mng IP (bao gm mng Internet). H.323 l tp hp cc chun ca ITU cho vic truyn thng a phng tin v l mt trong nhng chun chnh cho VoIP nh Megaco hay SIP. H.323 c cng b ln u tin vo nm 1996 v phin bn mi nht (version 5) c hon thnh vo nm 2003. Cc thnh phn trong cu trc H.323 gm c terminal, gateway, gatekeeper... (tham kho bi 'Kin trc H.323...' trn TGVT A 1/2004, tr.75). MGCP: Media Gateway Control Protocol MGCP l giao thc VoIP v l mt chun c xc nh bi IETF, c dng iu khin MG t MGC/SW. MGCP l mt giao thc ch t (master/slave) m qua MG s thc thi cc lnh c gi t MGC/SW. MG truyn ti cc loi tn hiu nh thoi, d liu, hnh nh gia mng IP v mng truyn thng (PSTN). C th hiu, trong m hnh MGCP, cc MG ch trng vo chc nng phin dch tn hiu m thanh, trong khi SW m nhn chc nng x l bo hiu v cuc gi.

Ch , MGCP v Megaco/H.248 u l giao thc iu khin MG t MGC/SW. Tuy nhin, Megaco/H.248 l giao thc mi hn v ang c xu hng thay th MGCP. Mt s thit b c sn xut h tr c hai giao thc cng mt lc.

Hnh 7: SIP trong mng NGN Kt lun Vit Nam, vi xu th pht trin v hi nhp, lnh vc in t tin hc - vin thng ang c nhng bc tin nhanh v mnh trong vic ng dng cc cng ngh mi trn th gii nhm c gng rt ngn khong cch vi cc nc tin tin. K hoch pht trin vin thng ca Vit Nam ti nm 2010 c Chnh ph ph duyt vi mc tiu xy dng v pht trin c s h tng mng li vin thng, tin hc quc gia tin tin, hin i, hot ng hiu qu, an ton v tin cy. V vy mng vin thng th h mi - NGN c kh nng p ng nhng yu cu t ra. Phan Thanh Ho, Tn Tht Thin haophanthanh@yahoo.com, thientonthat@yahoo.com Bu in, TP.HCM

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. TS.Nguyn Qu Minh Hin, TS. Kim Bng, 'Mng vin thng th h sau', NXB Bu IN, 12-2002 2. F.D. Ohrtman Jr., 'Softswitch architecture for VoIP', McGraw-Hill, 12/2003. 3. K.H.Lee, K.O.Lee, K.C.Park, 'Architecture to be deployed on strategies of Next Generation Networks', IEEE Communication magazine 2003 4. G.De Marco, P.Asprino, A.Fresa, M.Longo, 'Developing new generation network services', IEEE Communication magazine 2003

SIP: Session Initial Protocol SDP: Session Description Protocol EDSS1: Euro ISDN The Inter-Working, Roaming Expert Group (IREG) specifies technical IREG : International Roaming Experts Group

GPRS SNDCP. Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol SNDCP