n chuyn mn Quyn

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

M U
Trong cc mn n c truyn ni ting ca dn tc Vit Nam, Tm chua c xem l mt c sn ca ngi dn Vit. Tm chua c gi tr dinh dng cao giu cht m v thm ngon c bit. Thc cht tm chua l mt sn phm ca qu trnh ln men lactic v thu phn protein, c lm t tm, cm np, mui v gia v. N l mt mn n thng thy cc tnh pha Nam. T Tha Thin Hu tr vo tnh no cng mui tm chua, nhng tm chua x Hu thm ngon v c hng v c bit khc l so vi cc sn phm cng loi. Tuy l mt c sn nhng t trc n nay n cha c nghin cu k v pht trin n thnh sn phm cng nghip m ch c sn xut quy m gia nh vi sn lng khim tn, cht lng ph thuc vo tay ngh ca ngi ch bin. Nc ta c ngun nguyn liu tm rt ln v phong ph. Tm khng nhng c tiu th trong nc m cn c xut khu ra nc ngoi di dng cc sn phm tm ng lnh. Mc du l nc c sn lng v nguyn liu tm rt ln nhng thc t sn lng tm c tiu chun xut khu th ch chim khng qu 40% sn lng. S tm cn li c tiu th trong nc di dng nguyn liu ti hoc di dng cc sn phm tm khc nhau trong c sn phm tm chua. Vi li th thi gian bo qun di, d dng cho vic lu thng v phn phi, hng v thm ngon, sn phm tm chua nu c u t cho nghin cu v sn xut c th tr thnh mt mt hng ng gi trong tng lai. T xa con ngui bit ng dng vi khun lactic ang c s dng rng ri trong sn xut cc sn phm ln men chua trong c sn phm tm chua. Qu trnh ln men lactic trong cc sn phm ln men chua lm tng gi tr dinh dng, va c tnh cha bnh ng rut gip ta n ngon ming, d tiu ho m cn c tc dng bo qun sn phm lu hn, li c tnh an ton sinh hc. T trc ti nay, chng ta u ch bin tm chua theo phng php truyn thng, cho nn khng th khng trnh khi nhng nhc im ca phng php ny. l s ph thuc vo h vi sinh vt c trong t nhin v c trong tm, ph thuc vo cht lng ca tm, mi trng bn ngoi, tay ngh, c bit l nhit Tt c cc SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 1

 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn yu t u khng th khng ch c, gy ra s m n nh cht lng ca sn phm, nhiu khi lm cho qu trnh ln men kh xy ra c ( nhit thp vo ma ng ) hoc din ra qu nhanh vo ma h lm cho cht lng sn phm thp ng thi tng nguy c nhim cc vi sinh vt khng mong mun t mi trng hay kh kim sot c s pht trin ca cc tp khun c trong tm gy nguy him cho sc kho ngi tiu dng. l l do em chn ti ng dng vi khun lactic trong sn xut tm chua, nhm khc ph c nhng nhc im ca sn phm tm chua sn xut theo phng php truyn thng, n nh cht lng, m bo v sinh an ton thc phm.

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 n chuyn mn Quyn

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

PHN I

TNG QUAN TI LIU

1. LCH S NGHIN CU CHNG VI KHUN LACTIC Acid lactic ln u tin c pht hin ra t sa b ln men chua bi nh ton hc Thy in Carl Scheele nm 1780 v c gi l acid sa. Nm 1857 Louis Pasteur ln u tin chng minh c rng vic lm chua sa b l do nhm vi sinh vt c bit gi l vi khun lactic. Nm 1878, Josph Lister ln u tin phn lp c mt loi vi khun lactic t tn l Bacterium lactis (hin nay gi l Streptococcus lactis). T n nay nhiu loi vi khun lactic khc nhau c phn lp v nghin cu. 2. GII THIU TNG QUAN V VI KHUN LACTIC Vi khun lactic c xp chung vo h Lactobacteriacae. Mc d nhm vi khun ny khng ng nht v hnh thi (vi khun dng que ngn, que di ln vi khun hnh cu) song v mt sinh l chng tng i ng nht: vi khun Gram (+), khng to bo t, v hu ht khng di ng. Chng thu nhn nng lng nh phn gii hydratcacbon v tit ra acid lactic:
C6H12 O6 2CH3CHOHCOOH + 22,5 kcal

Tt c cc loi vi khun lactic u l vi khun ln men bt buc, chng khng cha cc xitocrom v enzyme catalaza. Tuy nhin chng c th sinh trng c khi c mt oxi, chng l cc loi vi khun sng t k kh ti hiu kh. Cc loi vi khun lactic bao gm 4 ging sau: Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Lactobacilus. 2.1. c im hnh thi Cc vi khun khc nhau c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau. Ngoi ra hnh dng v kch thc ca t bo vi khun lactic cn ph thuc vo mi trng, iu kin nui cy, s c mt ca oxi v tui t bo. - Ging Streptococcus c t bo hnh trn hoc hnh ovan ng knh khong 0,5 1,0m, sp xp ring bit, cp i hoc chui di.

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 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn - Ging Leuconostoc c hnh dng hi di hoc hnh ovan, ng knh t 0 , 5 0,8m, sp xp thnh chui v khng to thnh m tp trung. - Ging Lactobacillus c hnh que, y l loi vi khun ph bin nht. Hnh dng ca chng thay i t hnh que ngn cho n hnh que di. 2.2. c im sinh l, sinh ho 2.2.1. Nhu cu dinh dng ca vi khun lactic Nhu cu dinh dng ca vi khun lactic khc nhau th khc nhau, c bit nhu v cu vitamin v nit a. Nhu cu dinh dng cacbon Vi khun lactic c th s dng c rt nhiu loi hydratcacbon, t cc hexose, cc ng i, cho n cc polysaccharit Mt vi loi vi khun lactic ln men d hnh, phn lp c t cc sn phm thc phm, trong qu trnh trao i cht chng to ra CO 2, acid acetic v acid lactic. Do ch yu cc vi khun ln men lactic trong thc phm l vi khun ln men lactic d hnh. Phng trnh to thnh acid lactic:
C6H12 O6 CH3COOH + CO2 + C2H5COOH

b. Nhu cu dinh dng nit Mt s ln vi khun lactic khng th sinh c cc hp cht hu c phc tp c cha nit. V vy m bo cho s pht trin ca mnh chng phi s dng ngun nit c sn trong mi trng. Ch c mt s t loi vi khun lactic c kh nng sinh tng hp cc cht hu c t ngun nit v c. V vy sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng, ngoi nit di dng hn hp c acid amin, vi khun lactic cn cn nhng hp cht hu c phc tp cha nit nh cc sn phm thu phn protein t tht, casein, pepton, peptid c. Nhu cu vitamin Cc vi khun lactic rt cn vitamin cho s pht trin. Thng phi b sung vo mi trng cc cht vitamin nh khoai ty, c rt, dch t phn nm men v nhiu cht khc. Cc vitamin ng vai tr l coenzim trong qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo. Rt t vi khun lactic c kh nng sinh tng hp c vitamin.

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 n chuyn mn Quyn d. Nhu cu mui v c

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

m bo sinh trng v pht trin y , vi khun lactic cn rt nhiu cc hp cht v c nh ng st, natri, kali, lu hunh, mangan. c bit l mangan v mangan ngn cn s t phn ca t bo v n cn thit cho qa trnh sng bnh thng ca vi khun sau ny. Mt khc mt vi enzyme c s tham gia ca cc ion kim loi nh Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ trong cu trc ca trung tm hot ng. e. Cc cht hu c khc cn cho nhu cu pht trin ca vi khun lactic Ngoi acid amin v vitamin, vi khun lactic cn c nhu cu rt ln v cc hp cht hu c khc cho s pht trin ca chng nh: - Acid hu c: acid acetic c tc ng n s sinh trng ca t bo. - Cc baz nit: Adenin, Guanin, Uraxin, Thiminthc y s pht trin nht nh ca vi khun. - Acid amin: L asparagin, L glutamin. 2.3. Phn loi chng vi khun lactic Ngi ta da vo qu trnh ln men chia vi khun lactic thnh hai loi: vi khun ln men lactic ng hnh v d hnh. 2.3.1. Ln men ng hnh - Lactobacterium casei: y l nhng trc khun rt ngn gy chua sa t nhin. Ym kh tu tin, ln men tt glucose, maltose, lactose to ra mi trng c t 0,8 1% acid lactic. iu kin bnh thng gy chua sa trong vng 10 n 12 gi. Ngun nit cho vi khun ny l peptone. Nhit ti thiu cho chng pht trin l 100C, ti u l 350C v ti a l 450C, chng thu phn cazein v gelatin rt yu - Streptococcus cremoris: Thng to thnh chui di, thng pht trin nhit thp hn Lactobacterium casei, ti u t 250C 300C, ln men glucose, galactose.

Hnh 1.1. Streptococcus cremoris

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 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn - Lactobacterium bulgaricus: y l trc khun rt di, nhit pht trin ti u l 200C, c kh nng ln men glucose, lactose. C kh nng to acid cao (3,7% acid lactic). - Lactobacterium delbruckii: thng gp trn ht i mch, y l trc khun ln. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mnh chng c kh nng to thnh si. Nhit ti u cho chng pht trin t 45 500C, khc vi cc loi khc chng khng c kh nng ln men ng lactose v vy chng khng c dng trong ch bin sa. - Lactobacterium cueumeris fermenti: thng tm thy chng trong sa chua. L trc khun khng chuyn ng, thng to thnh t bo n v c khi to thnh chui. Thng chng to thnh chui trong qu trnh ln men. Kh nng to axit ti a trong mi trng t 0,9 1,2%. 2.3.2. Ln men d hnh - Streptobacterium hassice fermentatae: thng thy chng trong cc dch ln men chua rau ci. Chng tn ti tng t bo ring bit hoc ghp thnh tng i, hoc chui ngn c khi ghp thnh tng chui di hnh si. Khi ln men rau ci chua to thnh acid lactic, acid acetic, ru etylic v CO2. Ln men ng saccarose tt hn ln men ng lactose. - Lactobacterium lycopersici: l trc khun gram dng, sinh hi, t bo to thnh chui hay n, c khi ghp thnh i mt. Khi ln men chng to thnh acid lactic, ru tylic, acid axetic v CO2. Chng c kh nng to bo t, t bo sinh dng thng cht nhit 800C

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 n chuyn mn Quyn Mt s hnh nh v vi khun lactic

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

Hnh1.3. Leuconostoc Hnh 1.2. Streptococcus

Hnh 1.4. Lactobacillus casei

Hnh1.5. Lactobacillus bulgaricus

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 n chuyn mn Quyn 3. Tng quan v sn phm tm chua 3.1. Nguyn liu sn xut tm chua - Tm toi - Ti - Go np - Mui - Cc h nha 3.2. Thnh phn ho hc trong tm chua Thnh phn ho hc trong tm chua gm: - Protein - Lipid - Glucid - Acid lactic 3.3. Tng quan v ngun nguyn liu tm

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

- Ring - t - Ru trng 400C - ng - Ging chun

3.3.1. Ngun li v tnh hnh thng mi tm trn th gii v ti Vit Nam 3.3.1.1. Tm trn th gii Ngun li tm phn b hu ht trn th gii. Tm phn b c bin v sng h. Tuy vy tm bin vn nhiu hn hn. Tn nc ngt ch chim 3 4% sn lng tm khai thc c. Hin nay trn th gii bit n hng trm loi tm nhng tm c gi tr thng phm ch hn 20 loi. Ngun li tm hu nh phn b khp th gii v c rt nhiu chng loi nhng tr thnh hng ho c gi tr th b hn ch bi nhiu iu kin nh ging tm, ni sinh sng, iu kin chm sc v iu kin t nhin. Phn loi tm theo khu vc sinh sng th c th chia lm 2 loi chnh l tm hn i v tm nhit i. a. Tm hn i Bin hn i nh Bc Bng Dng vo ma ng nhit trong nc bin m hn nhit trong khng kh nn to thnh dng i lu trong bin. y l iu kin cho cc loi thu sn pht trin. Tm hn i a s sng thnh n ven b su khong 10m. Tuy vy cng c th nh bt c tm tng nc su. Nhng nhn chung loi tm sng vng su hn th c gi tr thng phm li km hn.

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 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn Nh vy, hu ht cc loi tm c gi tr thng phm sng ven b bin, mi trng sinh sng rt a dng do chn lnh v cc iu kin: - Chnh lnh thu triu. - Chnh lnh nhit ca nc. - Tnh a dng ca iu kin sng y sng, bin nh ln, d nh, ct bn. - S sai khc v iu kin nhit ,nng oxy, nh sng. Do tnh a dng ca mi trng lm cho chng loi tm tr nn a dng. b. Tm nhit i Do hon cnh u i nn tm nhit i thng trng thnh nhanh.Ch trong vng 1 thng tm nhit i pht dc v sinh si ny n tt. Tm nhit i c ngun li thc phm cao. 3.3.1.2. Tm Vit Nam Tm l i tng rt quan trng ca ngnh thu sn nc ta v n chim 70 80% kim ngch xut khu ca ngnh. Tm c gi tr dinh dng cao, t chc c tht sn chc, c mi v thm ngon c trng hp dn. Xut pht t nhu cu ca ngh nui tm v khai thc tm nc ta ang y mnh. Vit Nam c khong 70 loi tm c phn b vng bin xa b, vng bin ven b v cc thu vc trong ni a. Cc khu vc c nhiu tm nc ta l: - Khu vc vnh Bc B tm tp trung cc ca sng ln nh sng Hng, song Thi Bnh, sng M, y c nhiu tm ro, tm bc. Tm xut hin quanh nm nhng tp trung vo thng 3- 5 v thng 7 10 hng nm. - Khu vc Bnh nh, Khnh Ho i tng khai thc ch yu l tm s, tm v, tm bc, tm rng - Khu vc nam Hong sa ch yu l tm rng. - Khu vc Cn Sn c cc loi tm thuc h tm gai. - Khu vc Ty Nam B ch yu l tm s, tm bc. Hin nay nhu cu v tm ngy cng cao, sn lng nh bt c hn v vy ngh nui tm ang c pht trin mnh c bit l khu vc Nam Trung B ko di n vng ng bng sng Cu Long.

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 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn 3.3.1.3.Mt s loi tm dng sn xut tm chua - Tm th

Hnh 1.6. Tm th - Tm s

Hnh 1.7. Tm s

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 n chuyn mn Quyn - Tm cng xanh

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

Hnh 1.8. Tm cng xanh - Tm bc

Hnh 1.9. Tm bc
-

Tm t

Hnh 1.10. Tm t

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 n chuyn mn Quyn 3.3.2. Thnh phn ho hc trong tm

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

Thnh phn ho hc trong tm gm c: Nc, prtein, lipid, cht khong, vitamin. Enzyme, hoocmon, hydratcacbon. Hm lng hydratcacbon trong tm rt t v ch tn ti di dng glycogen. Thnh phn ho hc ca tm khc nhau tu theo ging loi. Trong cng mt loi nhng c hon cnh sinh sng khc nhau th thnh phn ho hc khc nhau. Ngoi ra thnh phn ho hc ca tm cn ph thuc vo tnh trng sinh l, ma v v thi titS khc nhau v thnh phn ho hc v s bin i ca chng lm nh hng rt ln n gi tr dinh dng sn phm, vic bo qun ti nguyn liu v qu trnh bo qun. 3.3.2.1. Nc C tht ca tm cha 70 80% nc hm lng ny ph thuc vo ging, loi tm v tnh trng dinh dng ca tm. Giai on nhn i thng xy ra nhiu loi tm trong thi gian trng, lm gim nng lng d tr trong m c v dn n lm tng hm lng nc trong c th tm. Trong c v trong cc t bo, nc ng vai tr quan trng lm dung mi cho cc cht v c v hu c, to ra mi trng cho cc hot ng sinh ho trong t bo. ng thi nc cng tham gia nhiu vo cc phn ng ho hc v c nh hng ln n cc phn ng ca protein. trng thi ca nc trong c tht tm ph thuc nhiu vo s tng tc gia cu trc ca nc v cc cht dinh dng khc trong t bo v c bit l cc protein. Nhng thay i v hm lng nc trong tht tm gy ra bi qu trnh ch bin c nh hng mnh n tnh thm thu, gi tr dinh dng v cht lng cm quan ca tht tm. Nhng thay i ny cng nh hng ln n thi gian bo qun c ca sn phm. 3.3.2.2. Protein C tht ca tm thng cha khong 13 25% protein. Hm lng ny bin thin tu thuc vo ging, loi tm, iu kin dinh dng v loi c tht. C th chia protein trong m c ca tm nguyn liu thnh 3 nhm sau: - Protein cu trc: 70 80% tng hm lng protein. - Protein c (mycoalbumin, globulin) chim 23 30% tng hm lng protein

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 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn - Protein m lin kt: im ng in ca protein tm khong pH = 4.5 5.5, gi tr pH ny cc protein trung ho v in v k nc hn trng thi ion ho. iu c ngha kh nng lin kt vi nc v kh nng ho tan thp nht. Nu pH cao hn hoc thp hn im ng in th ho tan s tng ln. Tm l loi thc phm kh giu cc acid amin. Gi tr dinh dng ca tm cao l nh cc acid amin ny. Trong thnh phn cc acid amin cha lu hunh cao hn tht nn khi cc acid amin ny b thu phn s to ra mi n thi rt kh chu. 3.3.2.3. Lipid M c ca tm cha khong 0.01 3% lipid so vi khi lng ca tm m thnh phn ch yu l cc phospholipid. 3.3.2.4. Cht khong Tm l loi thc phm rt giu cht khong. Hm lng cht khong c trong tht tm bin thin khong t 0,7 1,5% khi lng tm. Hm lng cht khong trong tht tm c c trng theo loi v bin thin theo ma, ng thi hm lng cht khong ph thuc rt ln vo iu kin sng ca tm. 3.3.2.5. H vi sinh vt v enzyme Cc loi thu sn c h vi sinh vt t nhin cao do sng trong mi trng nc. Tm c lng vi sinh vt cao nhng t hn c do c v chitosan dy bo v. Cc nhm sinh vt ch yu bao gm: - Nhm vi khun hiu kh trong nc: Pseudomonas sp, Liquefacciens sp. - Trong ni tng tp trung cc vi khun hiu kh nh: Clotrium sp, Escherichina coli, Samonella. Cc vi khun ny tham gia vo qu trnh n thi ca tm. - u tm l ni cha c quan ni tng trong c b my tiu ho. Hai enzyme protease nh hng n qu trnh mui tm sau ny l trypsin v pepsin 3.4. Cc qu trnh sinh ho xy ra trong qu trnh mui tm chua 3.4.1.C s khoa hc ca qu trnh ln men tm chua Qa trnh ln men to thnh sn phm Tm chua l mt qu trnh Oxy ha kh sinh hc di tc dng ca h enzyme ca vi sinh vt v enzyme ni ti trong nguyn liu. Qa trnh ny c th xy ra trong iu kin ym kh hoc hiu kh. Tuy nhin, ch yu din ra trong iu kin k kh, khi hiu sut bin i c cht ln men thnh acid lactic l nhiu nht, y l iu mong mun xy ra. Qu trnh ln men to acid lactic thng qua chu trnh ng phn (EMP), lc u phn t glucose thng qua qu trnh SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 13

 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn ng phn to thnh acid pyruvic, tip acid pyruvic b kh to thnh acid lactic. Lacta ehydrogenaza Acid pyruvic acid lactic

C hai qu trnh chnh din ra trong qu trnh ln men hnh thnh nn sn phm l: qu trnh ln men to thnh axit lactic t cc ngun c cht khc nhau v qu trnh thy phn protein thnh cc axit amin v cc peptides. 3.4.2. Qu trnh ln men lactic 3.4.2.1. Qu trnh ln men lactic Qu trnh ln men lactic trong mui tm chua xy ra nhiu giai on,to ra nhiu sn phm trung gian. Trong giai on u ca qu trnh chuyn ho, sn phm chung l acid pyruvic. Sau acid pyruvic b kh thnh acid lactic. Song song vi qu trnh to ra acid lactic l qu trnh ln men ru, ln men acid acetic, acid propionic v acid butylic Theo thi gian mui tm chua, cc hp cht trn c to ra, s phi hp gia cc thnh phn chnh l acid lactic cng vi ru etylic, acid acetic.to ra hng v c trng cho sn phm. Trong mi trng acid lactic, protein b bin tnh to cho tm c ma p. 3.4.2.2. S bin i trong qu trnh ln men lactic - S bin i lng acid lactic Trong qu trnh mui tm chua, lng acid lactic tng ln. Hm lng acid lactic ln hn 2% c kh nng c ch khng nhng vi vi sinh vt c hi m cn c ch c vi khun lactic. Tuy nhin tm chua vi lng acid lactic ln hn 2% c kh nng bo qun c lu. - S bin i lng acid chung Trong qu trnh ln men lactic khng in hnh, ngoi acid lactic th sn phm cn kh nhiu acid hu c khc. Theo thi gian ln, lng acid chung ngy cng tng ln. Nu mui tm chua theo phng php dng ng thay cm np s c mi v c trng ca sn phm ln men lactic. - S bin i hm lng ru tylic SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 14

 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn Khi mui tm chua theo phng php c truyn, ngi ta c phun vo tm chua mt t ru vi mc dch lm cho sn phm thm hng v. Qu trnh ln men lactic d hnh ngoi acid lactic cn c ru v cc acid khc. Trong ru etylic l trung gian chuyn ha thnh cc acid khc. B sung thm lng ru lm hm lng cc acid khc trong sn phm tng ln. Khi kt thc qu trnh ln men lng ru etylic cn st li mt lng nh cng gp phn to mi thm cho sn phm tm chua. - S bin i pH Trong tm chua th qu trnh bin ng pH theo xu hng ngy cng gim. Do trong qu trnh ln men tm chua th vi khun lactic s dng c cht l ng tng hp nn acid lactic lm cho hm lng acid trong sn phm tng ln nn pH gim xung. 3.2.2.3. Cc nh hng ln qu trnh ln men lactic - nh hng ca lng mui n. - Mui n c nh hng rt ln n hot ng ca vi khun lactic v s tch lu acid lactic trong sn phm tm chua. Hm lng mui n khong 6% lm gim i n 30% s hot ng ca vi khun lactic. Tuy nhin mui n c hot ng tch cc l km hm s hot ng ca cc vi khun gy thi. S dng nc mm thay mui n mui tm chua l mt gii php v trong nc mm cha nhiu acid amin v c chc nng n nh v. Tuy nhin n s lm tng gi thnh sn phm v gim mi v c trng ca sn phm. - Vi hm lng mui n s dng khc nhau th lng acid chung to ra trong tm chua cng khc nhau. Vi hm lng mui n khong 4% th lng acid chung to ra trong tm chua ln nht. Hm lng mui n cng thp th lng acid chung trong tm chua to ra cng nhiu. Tuy nhin nu hm lng mui n nh hn 2%, cc vi khun gy thi hot ng mnh, sn phm tm chua s h hng. Hm lng mui n cao th c ch s hot ng ca vi khun lactic lm qu trnh ln men chm. - nh hng ca hm lng ng ng l yu t c tnh cht quyt nh n qu trnh ln men lactic. Vi s c mt ca ng vi khun lactic mi thc hin qu trnh ln men c. Lng ng nhiu hay t u lm nh hng n s tch lu acid lactic trong sn phm.

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 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn Khi lng ng tng th tc ln men lactic tng, nhng khi hm lng ng ln hn 20% th tc ln men lactic gim dn xung. Vi lng ng 14 17% m bo to ra mt lng acid chung va phi, lm cho tm chua ngt thch hp. - nh hng ca gia v Khi mui tm chua ngi ta dng gia v gm: ti, t, ring. Cc gia v nh ti, ring c kh nng c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt gy thi to iu kin cho vi khun lactic pht trin mnh. V trong t, ti, ring c cht st khun nn n c ch c cc vi sinh vt gy thi. - nh hng ca nhit + Nhit nh hng trc tip n qu trnh ln men lactic v cht lng sn phm. Ma nng tm chn nhanh, vo ma nng th nhit rt thch hp cho vi khun lactic pht trin (nhit 300C 400C), ma lnh tm lu chn v vo ma lnh nhit mi trng thp nn c ch s pht trin ca vi khun lactic nn qu trnh ln men lactic xy ra chm. Tm chua mui vo ma nng c cht lng sn phm cao hn, mu sc ti v mi v thm ngon. + Nhit mui tm chua ngy cng cao th qu trnh mui tm chua cng nhanh, lng acid chung tch lu ngy cng nhiu. Nhng nhit cao, mt s vi khun gy thi li c kh nng pht trin mnh lm h hng sn phm. Ngoi ra qu trnh ln men butylic xy ra mnh trong iu kin ym kh v nhit 30 40 0C do hn ch tm chua ln men butyric nn mui tm chua nhit di 300C tuy nhit ny qu trnh ln men xy ra chm hn nhit 350C. - nh hng ca ging vi khun lactic s dng trong mui tm chua. + Tm chua ch bin theo phng php c truyn, c ln men lactic t nhin, cc vi khun lactic c tr trong nguyn liu, trong khng kh xm nhp vo thc hin qu trnh ln men lactic. + Ging vi khun s dng ln men lactic phi l ging thun chng, c tc sinh trng nhanh, sinh sn mnh. 3.4.3. Qu trnh thu phn protein 3.4.3.1. Qu trnh thu phn protin Khi mui tm chua, tm c nguyn c u s dng protein ni tng ca tm. Khc vi mm tm, tm chua sau khi mui vn cn nguyn c con cn mm tm sau khi mui xong yu cu phi nhuyn ra. Qu trnh thu phn protin din ra do SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 16

 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn s hot ng ca protease do cc vi sinh vt t nhin c trong tm to ra v c sn trong ni tng ca tm. y l mt dng n thi thng gp thu sn. Qu trnh ny v bn cht l khng c li cho sn phm v n to ra cc hp cht amin c mi kh chu. Tuy nhin cc hp cht ny nu tn ti mt hm lng nh li to nn hng v c trng cho sn phm, nht l khi phi hp vi cc acid bay hi. V vy vn cn gii quyt ca qu trnh mui tm chua chnh l vic khng ch kim sot qu trnh thu phn protein ny. Cng vi qu trnh thu phn protein l qa trnh bin tnh protin di tc ng ca pH thp do acid lactic gy ra to cho tm c mu p. Trong v tm c cha asthaxanthin mu xanh tm. Khi tm ti th asthaxanthin lin kt cht ch vi protein, khi c tc nhn gy bin tnh hay phn hu ( nhit , pH, s thi ra ) protein ca tm th asthaxanthin tch ri khi protin v d dng oxy ho thnh asthaxin c mu gch. Ngoi pH, acid, th nhit cao cng l nguyn nhn gy bin tnh. nhit trn 400C th qu trnh bin tnh ny xy ra. V vy nu qu trnh mui tm chua nhit cao th tm chua c mu p. 3.4.3.2. Cc nh hng ln qu trnh thu phn protein - nh hng ca lng mui n ln qu trmh thu phn protein Mui n c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh thu phn protin tm cng nh s to ra cc hp cht amin trong sn phm tm chua. Mui n c tc dng tch cc l km hm hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt gy thi cng nh gim hot tnh protease do chng sinh ra. Nhn chung lng mui n cng cao th tc thu phn protin cng chm - nh hng ca qu trnh ln men lactic ln qu trnh thu phn protein. ng di tc dng ca vi khun lactic chuyn ho thnh acid lactic v cc acid hu c khc. Cc acid ny to mi trng pH thp ( 4 4,5 ). Mi trng pH ny c nh hng n qu trnh thu phn protin. Mt mt n to ra mi trng thch hp cho cc enzyme protease thu phn protin. Cc protease ny c sn trong tm hay dom cc vi khun tng hp nn. Mt khc n li c ch s c mt cc vi khun gy thi v cng hn ch lun s tng hp protease ca cc vi khun ny. Nh vy tc ng ny c hai mt. SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 17

 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn Vi khun lactic cng c kh nng tng hp protease. Protease ca vi khun lactic cng tham gia vo qu trnh thu phn protin trong tm nhng protease ny c hm lng t v hot tnh khng cao. Acid lactic to ra trong qu trnh mui tm chua c kh nng c ch cc hot ng ca vi khun gy thi cng nh kh nng tng hp protease ca chng. Nh vy ch c protease ca tm ng vai tr chnh trong qu trnh thu phn protein. Nhng protease ca tm li gim hot tnh mnh trong mi trng c nng mui cao, trong khi protease ca vi khun li c kh nng hot ng trong mi trng c nng mui cao mnh hn protease ca tm. V vy qu trnh chnh ca tm thng phi ko di.

SVTH: Dng Vn Bng

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 n chuyn mn Quyn

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

PHN II

QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT

1. QUY TRNH SN XUT GING 1.1. Phn lp ging vi khun lactic t nc chua da ci 1.1.1. Mi trng dng phn lp chng vi khun lactic - Glucose - Cao nm men - CaCO3 - Nc p c chua + K2HPO4 + KH2PO4 + Nc ct + MgSO4 + NaCl + FeSO4 + MnSO4 + Nc ct - Nc ct - Thch - pH = 6,9 1.1.2. Chun b mi trng C chua em thi lt, lm nh, sau dng vi lc vt ly nc, hoc dng my p vt ly nc. Ly phn nc em un si v lc ly nc trong. Cho thch vo cc thy tinh, thm nc ct v tin hnh un si, dng a thy tinh khuy u cho thch tan ra ht. Song song vi qu trnh ny dng cc thy tinh khc cho mt t nc ct vo v cho vo cc thnh phn cn li, un si trn bp in khuy u cho tan ht. Ha trn cc thnh phn ny vi nhau ta c mi trng cn dng. Nhanh chng phn mi trng vo cc ng nghim v bnh tam gic. Trnh mi trng dnh ln thnh ng nghim. Sau y nt bng v bao gi li ri em SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 19 600ml 20 g 10 g/l 10 g/l 5 g/l 400 ml 2,5 g 2,5 g 250 ml 10 g 0,5 g 0,5 g 0,5 g 250 ml

- Dung dch mui A 5 ml

- Dung dch mui B 5 ml

 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn mi trng i kh trng. Kh trng mi trng trong ni hp p lc cao nhit 1200C trong 20 pht. Sau khi kh trng xong cc ng nghim s c lm nghing to mi trng thch nghing cy chuyn ging. 1.1.3. Phn lp

9 ml nc ct

9 ml nc ct

9 ml nc ct

9 ml nc ct

Mu

9 ml nc ct

10-1 - Gieo cy mu

10-2 10-3 10-4 Hnh 2.1. S pha long mu

10-5

9 ml nc ct
10-6 Trang 20

Ly cc ng nghim c mu pha long trn, mi ng ly 0,1 ml mu cho vo a petri. Dng thch trong bnh tam gic (sau khi un nng lm nui n nhit khong 500C) vo cc a petri va cy mu xong, mt lp mng va phi, cho b mt thch tht kh. Dng giy bao gi li, ri em lt ngc a v nui trong t m 370C trong vng 24 48 gi. 1.2. Nhn ging vi khun lactic sn xut tm chua 1.2.1. Tuyn chn v cy chuyn vi khun lactic Sau khi nui vi khun lactic nhit 370C trong 24 48 gi th cc khun lc xut hin. Khun lc c c im hnh trn, b mt bng. Tin hnh la chn cc khun lc mc tch bit v c vng phn gii CaCO3 ln cy chuyn vo cc ng nghim thch nghing hay cc a petri nhm ph v cho vic nhn ging cho sn xut. 1.2.2. Cy chuyn ging sang ng nghim thch nghing - Bt n t ngoi trong t cy v trng khong 30 60 pht. - t que cy trn ngn la n cn.

SVTH: Dng Vn Bng

Lp 07SCB2

 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn - Dng tay tri m np a petri va cho que cy vo, tay phi cm que cy chm vo b mt thch cho ngui i v ly mt t ging trn vng que cy sau y np a petri li. - Tay tri cm ng nghim thch nghing, tay phi m nt bng bng cc k ngn tay v h ming ng nghim trn ngn la n cn, a que cy c ging vo tn y ng nghim. Nh nhng u que cy tip xc vi b mt thch ri a t di ln trn theo ng dch dc hoc cy thnh vt thng. Thao tc phi nhanh, chnh xc. - H ming ng nghip v nt bng trn ngn la n cn v y nt bng li. - a tt c cc ng nghim cy ging di nui nhit 370C, sau 24 48 gi ging pht trin v em i bo qun. 1.2.3. Nhn ging - Nhn ging nhm mc ch cung cp s lng ging cho qu trnh sn xut. - c ging cho sn xut chng ta thng nhn ging ln nhiu ln. + Nhn ging trung gian: mi trng nhn ging trung gian th cng ging mi trng nui cy vi khun lactic nhng qu trnh nhn ging trung gian thng c nhn ging trong cc bnh tam gic c th tch ln. + Nhn ging cho qu trnh sn xut: mi trng nhn ging ging vi mi trng dng sn xut nhm gip cho vi sinh vt thch ng vi mi trng sn xut. 1.3. Bo qun ging vi khun lactic 1.3.1.Muc ch ca bo qun ging Bo qun ging l mt mc ch ht sc phc tap, i hi ngi lm vic ny phi hiu bit su cc mt ca vi sinh vt nh c tnh sinh l, c tnh sinh ho, c tnh di truyn ca chng. Vn bo qun ging hin nay cha mang tnh tp trung v thng nht. Ni chung, gi ging l mt vn kh, phi m bo hai nhim v c bn: - Cung cp ging cho sn xut. - Cung cp ging cho sn xut khoa hc. Gi ging phi m bo hai mc ch ti thu sau: - m bo cho ging khng c ln (hay ni cch khc l khng b nhim cc vi sinh vt khc), nu b nhim tc l ta thu c ging khng thun chng.

SVTH: Dng Vn Bng

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 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn - m bo cho ging khng b toi ho, ngha l cc c tnh sinh l, sinh thi, sinh ho, di truyn ca n khng b bin mt trong thi gian di. y l nhng mc ch ht sc quan trng. Nu khng hon thnh mc ch ny th vn gi ging c t ra cng nh khng. 1.3.2.Nhng phng php bo qun ging vi sinh vt Tu tng iu kin c th ca mi nh my, trng hc, c quan nghin cu, m ngi ta ra nhng phng php bo qun ging khc nhau la: a.Cy truyn nh k L mt phng php thng s dn nht trong cc phng th nghim. Ging c cy vo nhiu ng nghim (ti thiu 3-5 ng), sau em nui trong t m. Sau khi nui ly ng nghim ra v quan st, chn ly nhng ng mc u, tt, khng b nhim cc sinh vt khc. tin hnh kim tra bng cch nghin cu cc c tnh sinh l, sinh ho ca chng. S cn li cho vo t lnh bo qun nhit 3-5 0C, hoc thp hn. Mc ch ca bo qun lnh ny l lm hn ch s pht trin v pht trin ca vi sinh vt, nh th trnh cho chng khi b thoi ho. Thng thng i vi nm men v vi khun, ngi ta cy truyn mt thng mt ln.Bng phng php ny c th gi ging c mt thi gian kh di qua hng chc nm.Tt nhin trc khi em s dng sn xut, phi tin hnh kim tra mi c tnh ging. Nu m bo cht lng mi cho sn xut. b. Cy truyn v bo qun di du vaselin y l mt phng php rt tt, trnh c mi trng khi b kh. Du em dng phi tinh khit v trung tnh, c nht cao, khng cha sn phm oxy ho hoc cht c i vi vi sinh vt, c trng ring t 0,8-0,9. Tt nht l dng loi thng dng trong y hc. Cch tin hnh nh sau: v trng vaselin bng cch hp 1210C trong 2 gi, sau sy kh 1700C trong1-2 gi ngui ri rt vo cc ng ging pht trin tt, sau nhit thng. Ch lp du khng nn qu dy, ch cn cch trn mp ng thch 1cm. Bng phng php ny ta c th gi ging 2-3 nm mi cy li mt ln , ging m bo tt. c. Bo qun trng thi sy kh

SVTH: Dng Vn Bng

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 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn Nguyn liu c dng trn l t, ct, mn ca, bng hoc giy lc c thanh trng v sy kh n mt m ht sc thp. sau dng ng ht nh lc gi ht bo t ca vi sinh vt trn u trong cc vt liu ny v bao b tht kn. Sau khi bao b xong bo qun nhit thp. Khi no ly ra nghin cu v sn xut li tin hnh phn lp li. Bng phng php ny s bo m gi ging tt. Ngoi ra cn mt s phng php khc cng c th bo qun ging tt, v d nh sy thng hoa hay bo qun nhit thp 2. QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT TM CHUA 2.1. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut tm chua bng phng php truyn thng 2.1.1. Quy trnh cng ngh Tm ti

X l s b

Xc ru

Ra sch

mui 5%, gia v

phi trn

Bt np

Gi nn

Ln men

Thnh phm

SVTH: Dng Vn Bng

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 n chuyn mn Quyn 2.1.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh a. Nguyn liu

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

- Tm th, tm s, tm cng xanh Yu cu tm cng ti th sn phm cng c cht lng, cng c mi v v hng thm c trng. b. X l s b - Nhm loi b nhng tp cht l nhng phn khng dng trong ch bin - Tm c ngm trong nc mui 3%. Sau ly ko ct b u tm v chn tm, lm n u ta vt tm n , s cn li ta vn ngm trong nc mui. - Sau khi x l s b xong th em i ra sch. c. Xc ru - Xc ru loi b mi khai nng kh chu, gy c hi, ng thi to cho tm c mu p khi chn - Cch lm: cho tm vo thau ri t ru vo tm xc u cho ngm, nh vy cho n khi bay ht mi ru ri cho nc l vo ra li cho sch. Sau ly 50ml nc l ri vo 1kg tm ri xc u khong 30 pht tm s c mu p. d. Phi trn - Mc ch to ra mt t l cn i gia cc nguyn liu, to ra mt sn phm t cht lng, phi trn b sung thm bt np nhm cung cp ngun cacbon cho vi sinh vt. - Cch thc hin + Tm x l xong ro. + Ti, t ct thnh tng lt nh. + Ring, mng ct si. + Tinh bt h ha vi t l tinh bt : nc = 1:4. Mc ch ca vic h ha l ph v cu trc t bo ca ht tinh bt, gip cho qu trnh chuyn ha thnh ng d dng hn, lm tng tc thy phn, rt ngn thi gian ln men. + ng, mui chun b sn chn nhng ht khng b m t, khng b vn cc. + Tin hnh phi trn: cho mt na lng tinh bt vo di y h, sau xp tm vo h dc theo thnh h, cn cc nguyn liu cn li em trn u v cho ln trn. SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 24

 n chuyn mn Quyn e. Gi nn

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

Nhm gi khi nguyn liu chm trong nc, to iu kin cho ln men ym kh. Sau khi gi nn xong ta y np li cho kn. g. Thc hin qu trnh ln men Tin hnh ln men nhit thng (28 300C) thi gian 20 25 ngy, trong qu trnh ln men phi theo di pH, theo di s thay i mu sc, thi gian chnca tm. 2.1.3. u nhc im ca phng php a.u im - Khng cn phi cy ging vi sinh vt vo. - Cc thao tc thc hin n gin, tn t thi gian. - Phng php ny ln men t nhin nn to ra hng v c bit. - Gi thnh sn phm thp. b. Nhc im - Thi gian ln men lactic v thu phn protein di. - Trong qu trnh ln men lactic ngoi sn phm chnh ca qu trnh ln men l acid lactic cn c cc sn phm khc nh ru etylic - Qu trnh ln men ph thuc vo nhit .

SVTH: Dng Vn Bng

Lp 07SCB2

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 n chuyn mn Quyn

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

2.2. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut tm chua bng phng php hin i 2.2.1. Quy trnh cng ngh Tm Ti

Ra sch

X l s b

Mui 15 20%

p mui

Ra mui, ro

Xc ru

Ra sch

Bt np

Ging vi khun lactic

Vo hp

Gia v

Ln men

Tm chua

SVTH: Dng Vn Bng

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Trang 26

 n chuyn mn Quyn 2.2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh a. Nguyn liu

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

- Cc loi tm bin, tm nc ngt, nc l, tht tm chc, tm cn ti, tm khng c mi ca ha cht, cht bo qun. b. Ra sch - Tm c ra sch di vi nc chy, nht sch cc tp cht nh rc, si, , tm n, u tm. C th ra tm my ra thi kh v cho tm chy trn bng ti chuyn ng vi vn tc 0,1 m/s. c. X l s b - Dng ko ct sch ru t mt tr ln v 3 i chn trc. Tm ra li tht sch v ro 10 pht. d. p mui - Tm sau khi x l s b xong , c ngm vi nc mui 15 20% trong 12 gi, vt ra ra sch bng nc v ro. e. Xc ru - Kh mi tanh ca tm v to cho tm c mu p khi chnh. g. Ln men - S dng ging Strep cremoris, strep lactic cy trn lactose ln men dch ng 300C trong 6 gi. Cho dch ng ha ln men vo tm gi nn vi t l 5% so vi khi lng tm. - Gia v s dng bao gm: t, ti, ring pha trong nc sch c nng mui khong 5 7%. Mui s dng l mui n hoc mui ly t nc mm. B sung thm ch phm protease hay trypsin, bromelin t da, papain t u . - Thi gian ln men 10 ngy nhit 300C. Tm c cho vo ang hoc thng thp khng r ln men. Kt thc qu trnh ln men t pH = 3,8 4,0, Tm chua c mu ti, thm ngon, c mi c trng ca sn phm ln men lactic. - Lc bt cn v b bt mt s thnh phn nguyn liu khng t chun. - Dch ln men s c c do mt s m c ca tm cng nh m thc vt ca gia v b tch ri khi nguyn liu. ng thi sinh khi ca vi khun lactic cng lm c dung dch. Lc s b gip loi b bt thnh phn gy c, lm dung dch trong, gi tr cm quan tng. SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 27

 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn - Mt s thnh phn nguyn liu b bin mu nh tm b en, ti, gng b ha nu, cc ht t cng cn c loi b. 2.2.3. u nhc im ca phng php a. u im - Thi gian ln men ngn, qu trnh thu phn protein trong tm trit . - Qu trnh ln men khng ph thuc vo nhit . - Do c s cy ging vi khun lactic vo nn trong qu trnh ln men lactic t to ra cc sn phm ph. - Sn phm t cht lng cao. b. Nhc im. - Tn nhiu thi gian do c qu trnh nui ging vi khun lactic sn xut. - Gi thnh sn phm cao hn so vi sn phm sn xut bng phng php truyn thng.

SVTH: Dng Vn Bng

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 n chuyn mn Quyn

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

PHN III

NH GI CHT LNG SN PHM

1 CC CH TIU CHT LNG - Ch tiu cht lng sn phm tm chua l: + Khi tm chn c mu gch. + Dch ln men trong, khng c cc cn bn. + Sn phm c v chua nh ca acid lactic + Khng c cc mi v l. 2. NH GI CHT LNG SN PHM 2.1.Xc nh hm lng protein 2.1.1. Protein Protein l hp cht c phn t lng ln, c to thnh t cc acid amin. Protein l thnh phn khng th thiu ca c th sng ca sinh vt. Cng vi acid nucleic, protein gi vai tr quyt nh v l c s ca s sng. Protein c nhng c tnh khng c bt k hp cht hu c no nh tnh a dng v mt cu trc, tnh loi rt cao, kh nng phn ng ln... Lng protein cha trong c th sng khng nhiu v khc nhau. Trong c cha 16 23%, gan 18- 19%. Trong t bo thc vt, lng protein thp. Trong protein cha cc nguyn t C, H, O, N, mt lng nh S v P ngoi ra cn c mt s nguyn t vi lng khc. 2.1.2. Phng php Kiendan Phng php nh lng nit ton phn n gin m chnh xc. a. Nguyn tc V c ho thc phm bng acid sunfuric m c v cht xc tc. Dng mt kim mnh (NaOH, KOH) y NH3 t mui amoni sunfat hnh thnh th t do. nh lng NH3 bng acid. b. Dng c, vt liu - Bnh Kendan - Ho cht: + acid sunfuric m c + Cht xc tc gm hn hp dung dch ( K2SO4 50g, CuSO4 3,5g) + NaOH 50% khng cha cacbonat SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 29

 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn + Ch th mu: alizarim natri sunfat gm + Dung dch A: Metyl 0,1g cn 900 va 100ml. + Dung dch B: Dung dch metyl xanh 1% trong nc 4ml, Cn 90 0 va 100ml. + Khi dng th pha 1 dung tch dung dch A vi 1 dung tch dung dch B. Hn hp ch th mu ny c mu xanh lc pH > 5,5, chuyn thnh tm pH < 5,5, chuyn mu xm pH = 5,5. + Dng dch acid boric bo ho c pH = 5,5. + Dung dch chun acid sunfuric 0,1N hoc HCl 0,1N, + Dung dch Na2S2O3. c. Cc bc tin hnh Cn chnh xc 1g thc phm cho vo bnh Kiendan vi 10 ml acid sunfuric m c khong 5g cht xc tc. nguyn bnh Kiendan trn bp v un t t, un si cho n khi dung dch trong sut khng mu hoc mu xanh l ca CuSO4, ngui. Chuyn dung dch c v c ho vo bnh cu my ct m. Ra bnh Kiendan 2 ln vi nc ct. Trung ho bng NaOH 50%, alizarim natri sunfat lm ch th mu, sau thm 5ml NaOH 50%. Ct ko hi nc v nh lng trc tip NH3 bay sang trung ho trong bnh hng bng dung dch acid sunfuric 0,1N. d. Tnh kt qu Nit ton phn (g/100g) = P Trong : n: l s mol acid sunfuric 0,1N dng chun mu th. P: l trng lng mu th (g). 2.1.3. nh lng nit acid amin bng phng php nit foocmon a. Nguyn tc Cc acid amin trong dung dch nc th trung tnh, khng nhng do 2 nhm chc acid ( - COOH) v amin (- NH2) trung ho ln nhau, m do c 2 nhm chc yu, qu trnh in ly rt km. Gp formol, nhm amin kt hp vi nhm metylenic ( N = CH2) mt tnh kim, do tnh acid ca nhm ( -COOH) ni bt ln v c th nh lng bng mt cht kim v phenolphatalein lm cht ch th mu. SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 30
0,0014.n.100

 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn Phn ng ch xy ra hon ton pH = 9,0 9,5. V th khi dng phenolphtalein lm ch th phi chun dung dch ti mu sm. b. Dng c, vt liu. - Dng c: dng c vt liu thng thng trong phng th nghim. - Ho cht: + Formol trung tnh, thng thng dung dch formol c tnh acid do formol b oxy ho bi khng kh thnh acid fomic. Do khi s dng cn trung ho li formol bng NaOH 0,2N vi phenolphatalein lm cht ch th mu. + Dung dch phenolphtalein 1% trong cn 900. + Dung dch dinatri phophat 0,1N. + Dung dch Ba(OH)2 bo ha trong cn metylic. + BaCl2 tinh th. c. Cc bc tin hnh Cn chnh xc P (g) cht th xay nhuyn, cho vo bnh nh mc 100ml, vi 50ml nc ct. Lc mnh trong 10 pht ho tan. Cho thm 0,5ml dung dch phenolphtalein, khong 2g BaCl2 v tng git Ba(OH)2 ti mu hng nht. Cho thm 5ml Ba(OH)2 kt ta mui phophat v cacbonat, cho nc ct va 100ml lc u v lc. Ly 25 ml dch lc cho vo bnh nn vi 20ml dung dch formol trung tnh. Chun bng NaOH 0,2N cho ti mu ti. d. Tnh kt qu Hm lng nit formol trong 100g cht th:
100 Nit formol (g/100g) = 0,0028.n. 25 . 100 P

Hoc hm lng nit formol trong 1000ml cht th:

100 Nit formol (g/100g) = 0,0028.n. 25 . 100 V

Trong : 0,0028 l s g nit tng ng vi 1ml NaOH 0,2N. n l s ml NaOH 0,2N s dng. SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 31

 n chuyn mn Quyn P, V l s g hoc ml cht th 2.2. Xc nh hm lng lipid

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

Phn ln cc nguyn liu dng ch bin thc phm u cha mt hm lng cht bo nht nh. Bi vy vic xc nh hm lng cht bo l rt cn thit. Xc nh hm lng cht bo bng phng php Soxhlet. a. Nguyn tc Dng ete nng ho tan tt c cht bo t do trong thc phm. Sau khi ete bay hi ht, cn cht bo cn li v tnh hm lng lipid trong 100g thc phm. b. Dng c, ho cht - Dng c: + Dng c dng trong phmg th nghim nh bnh ht m, giy lc... + My chit Soxhlet vi ng giy p ng mu th. + Bp cch thu chy bng in - Ho cht: + Ete 500ml. + Dung dch NaOH hoc KOH 4% 5ml. + Dung dch KMnO4 50ml. c. Cch tin hnh Cn chnh xc 5g cht th, nghin nh, cho bay ht hi nc ni cch thu. Trn u vi 400g ct sch hoc Na2SO4 khan, cho vo ng giy hoc gi vo giy lc. Dng bng thm ete lau sch cc, cc s, ly ming bng y ln ng giy. Cho ng giy vo ng chit ca my. Bnh cu c sy kh, ngui v cn theo nguyn tc cn kp. Cho ete vo bnh ti mc 2/3 th tch. Cho nc chy vo ng sinh hn. Dng bnh cu v chit trong khong 8 12 gi. Khi ngng my, cn gi ng giy ngp trong ete. Khi ete chy ht xung bnh, ly ng giy ra, ct ly bt ete ln my chit ca ng ct. Rt bnh ra cho bay hi ht ete nhit bnh thng ri cho vo t sy nhit 100 1050C trong 90pht. Lm ngui trong bnh ht m30 35 pht. d. Tnh kt qu Hm lng cht bo tnh theo %

SVTH: Dng Vn Bng

Lp 07SCB2

Trang 32

 n chuyn mn Quyn
G1 G2 X% = . 100

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

Trong :

G1 l trng lng bnh cucha cht bo (g). G2 l trng lng bng cu (g). G l trng lng mu phn tch. 2.3. Xc nh hm lng acid tng s Ngi ta thng dng khi nim v chua ca sn phm. chua bao gm cc loi acid c trong thc phm. Cc acid ny hoc c sn trong t nhin thc phm hoc c a vo thc phm vi mc ch ch bin hoc cc acid sinh ra trong qu trnh chuyn ho thc phm. Xc nh chua tc l xc nh gi tr ca sn phm hoc h hng ca sn phm. a. Nguyn tc Ngi ta dng mt dung dch kim chun trung ho ht lng acid c trong thc phm, vi phenolphtalein lm ch th mu. Thng thng ngi ta hay dng cht chun l NaOH hoc KOH. b. Dng c, ho cht - Dng c thng thng ca phng th nghim. - Ho cht: + NaOH 0,1N hoc KOH 0,1N. + Dung dch phenolphtalein 1%. c. Cch tin hnh Cn chnh xc 10g thc phm nghin nh v lc vi nc trung tnh trong 1gi. Sau cho thm nc trung tnh va 50ml, lng, ly 25ml trong trn nh lng. - nh lng: Cho vo bnh nn dch th 25ml v dung dch phenolphtalein 3 5 git. Nh NaOH 0,1N t buret xung cho n khi dung dchth c mu hng nht bn vng. d. Tnh kt qu acid ton phn c tnh theo % nh sau: SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 33

 n chuyn mn Quyn
50 X1 = K.n. 25 100 P

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

Trong : n l s ml NaOH 0,1 dng chun 20ml dch th. K l h s ca loi acid. P l trng lng mu th (g). 3. SO SNH QUY TRNH SN XUT TM CHUA BNG PHNG PHP HIN I VI QUY TRNH SN XUT TM CHUA BNG PHNG PHP TRUYN THNG 3.1. Ging nhau Nhn chung cc cng on trong sn xut tm chua bng phng php th cng v sn xut tm chua bng phng php hin i ging nhau. - u c qu trnh ln men lactic t ng v thu phn phn protein. 3.2. Khc nhau Phng php Truyn thng Phng php hin i Khng cn cy ging vi khun Cy ging vi khun lactic vo. lactic. Ln men gi h vi sinh vt c trong Ln men di tc dng ca vi t nhin. Thi gian ln men chm. khun lactic. Thi gian ln men ngn.

Qu trnh ln men ph thuc vo t ph thuc vo mi trng. nhit mi trng. Khng iu chnh c qu trnh iu chnh c qu trnh ln. ln men. Qu trnh ln men khng n nh. Cht lng sn phm khng cao Gi thnh sn phm thp Qu trnh ln men n nh. cht llng sn phm tt Gi thnh sn phm cao

PHN IV
SVTH: Dng Vn Bng

KT LUN
Lp 07SCB2 Trang 34

 n chuyn mn GVHD: Hong Minh Thc Quyn Tm chua l mt sn phm ln men truyn thng c trng ca n tc Vit Nam. Nu ta bit pht trin sn phm ny tr thnh mt mt hng c gi tr th c th mang li nhiu li ch. Trong ni dung n ny gii quyt c mt s vn nh sau:
-

L thuyt v phn lp ging vi khun lactic. xut c quy trnh sn xut tm chua bng phng php Cc ch tiu cht lng v sn phm tm chua.

mi.
-

Hin nay trong vic sn xut tm chua cn c mt s vn cn gii quyt: - Phi tm ra phng php bo qun chng li s h hng ca tm mt cch hiu qu. - Kim sot qu trnh ln men lactic cng nh qu trnh thu phn protein to ra sn phm cht lng ng u, s phi hp gia cc gia v tt nht.

TI LIU THAM KHO

SVTH: Dng Vn Bng Lp 07SCB2 Trang 35

 n chuyn mn Quyn

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

TI LIU VIT NAM

[1]. Nguyn Ln Dng, Phm Th Trn Chu, Nguyn Thanh Hin, L nh Lng, on Xun Mu, Phm Vn Ty (1978), Mt s phng php nghin cu vi sinh vt hc tp 3, NXB khoa hc v k thut. [2]. Nguyn c Lng (2006), Cng ngh vi sinh tp 1 (C s vi sinh vt cng nghip), NXB i hc quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh. [3]. Nguyn c Lng (2004), Cng ngh vi sinh tp2 (Vi sinh vt hc cng nghip), NXB i hc quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh [4]. Nguyn c Lng, Phan Th Huyn, Nguyn nh Tuyt (2003), Th nghim cng ngh sinh hc tp 2 (Th nghim vi sinh vt hc), NXB i hc quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh. [5]. Phm Th Thanh Mai (2005),Bi ging ho sinh hc, Trng C lng thc _ thc phm_ Nng. [6]. ]. TS. Nguyn TH Bch Thu, Trn Th Lan Hng, Nh Th Nhung (2007), Gio trnh cng ngh bo qun v ch bin rau qu, NXB H Ni. [7]. H Sng, Lng c Phm, L Vn T, Nguyn Th Hoa (1983), Vi sinh vt trong bo qun v ch bin thc phm. [8] GSTS. Phm Xun Vng (2007), Gio trnh kim tra cht lng thc phm, NXb H Ni. [9]. Gio trnh vi sinh vt hc (1997), B Nng Nghip PTNT, Trng TH nng nghip cng nghip thc phm Nng. TI LIU INTERNET [10]. Bo co tm chua, http://hc02bsh.googlepages.com/baocaotomchua.PDF [11].Ln men lactic, http://svdanang.com/@pbk/showthread.php?t=26870 [12].http://images.sh05a2.multiply.com/attachment/0/R92wfAoKCnIAABKFLWs1/ac id%20lactic.ppt?nmid=86622793

MC LC

SVTH: Dng Vn Bng

Lp 07SCB2

Trang 36

 n chuyn mn Quyn

GVHD: Hong Minh Thc

SVTH: Dng Vn Bng

Lp 07SCB2

Trang 37