Lu bin hc nghin cu v s chy v s bin dng vt liu di tc dng ca ng sut; s dch chuyn tng i ca cc phn t vt cht m khng ph v tnh

lin tc ca chnh vt liu chnh l bin dng; bin dng nghin cu thng l s chy ca cc cht, s chy c nh ngha nh sau: Di tc dng ca mt lc hu hn, bin dng ca vt th tng lin tc v khng thun nghch theo thi gian, vt liu ch chy khi lc vt qua mt gii hn no (gii hn chy ca vt liu). Cc kha cnh ca lu bin hc lin quan n s bin dng v s chy ca cc cht lu bin. Lu bin thc phm l s an xen gia tnh cht c hc v lu bin khi bao gm c thuc tnh sc mnh. Chy nht xy ra di tc dng ca lc bt k d chng nh nh th no i chng na v vn tc bin dng gim dn khi lc tc dng gim xung. Lc trit tiu th vn tc bin dng bng khng. Vt liu nghin cu ch yu l cht lng hay cht rn mm hoc cht rn chy khng bin dng n hi. Vt l thc phm nghin cu tnh lu bin ca thc phm. Cc nghin cu v lu bin cung cp nhng thng tin lin quan n tnh cht n hi v nht ca cht lng. Vt liu thc phm l cc cht khng han tan l cht lng hoc rn do th hin tnh nht n hi, ngha l tnh cht trung gian gia th lng v rn. Theo quan im ca lu bin hc c th chia h vt liu thc phm theo cc loi: Dn c trng thi nh cht lng, thch mang tnh cht nh vt th rn v gen l loi trung gian. Trong dn, pha lin lc hay mi trng phn tn l cht lng, pha phn tn l cht lng trong trng hp nh tng v cht rn trong trng hp huyn ph. Gen ch yu l pha rn, i khi khng ng nht th tch v c cu trc xp. Lu bin hc v vt liu thc phm c th c miu t thut ng bin dng n hi, lu ng nht hay lu ng do. Tnh cht phc hi hnh dng ca vt liu c gi l tnh n hi. Bin dng n hi mt i sau khi b ti trng (sc nng chnh bn thn vt liu v sc chuyn ch cc vt cht i cng). Tuy nhin vi pho mt, chng b bin cng do t sinh ra ng sut, mc d bin dng n hi b mt i khi b ti trng, nhng chng vn gi tnh n hi v vt th t sinh ra ng sut ngay c khi khng b tc dng bi ngoi lc. Nh c ng sut

mi c bin dng n hi. Bin dng do v nht lun km theo ng sut ,i vi cc cht ny bin dng khng nht thit b mt sau khi b ti, v chng tn ti c khi khng c ng sut. ng sut v bin dng (stress and deformation) ng sut l lc tc dng (theo phng bt k)trn mt n v din tch.
F

F ( Pa , N / m 2 ) A

ng sut php tuyn: ( Nn hay ko) Lc tc dng theo phng vung

gc vi b mtChiu di hay th tch ca vt thay i Bin dng di: + bin dng cauchy:
c = l L L0 = l0 L0

+ bin dng Hencky:

H = ln
L L0

ng sut trt: (ng sut tip):Lc tc dng theo phng song

song( tip xc vi b mt)Lp b mt dch chuyn so vi lp pha di. Bin dng gc:

tan( ) =

L khi nh th = tan( ) h

.S chy ca mt cht khng th ch b ph thuc vo nht nhit nht nh (v nht cn b nh hng bi nhiu yu t khc). V d: cng

nhit xc nh, nht ca tng c c th gim khi chng ta lc chng cn nc th khng xy ra hin tng . Cc kha cnh ca lu bin hc lin quan n s bin dng v s chy ca cc cht lu bin.
Tnh lu bin

Tnh bin dng n hi v khng n hi

Chy Do v n hi nht

Tuyn tnh v khng tuyn tnh

Cht lng newton v phi newton

Hookean l nh lut m t s bin dng ca thc phm, Newton l nh lut m t s chy ca thc phm.

Cht trung gian Cht rn (nh lut Hookean)

Cht lng (nh lut Newton)

C hc c in phn bit r cht lng v cht rn, mi trng thi c m t bi nhng phng trnh khc nhau. Cht rn c miu t bi nh lut Hooke, cht lng c miu t bi nh lut Newton. Tuy nhin c rt nhiu trng thi vt cht nm gia 2 trng thi ny, c bit l thc phm v cc vt th sinh hc. Cht rn n hi l cht rn khi bin dng hi phc li hnh dng ban u-elastic, khi tc ng m khng phc hi li hnh dng ban u l cht do-

plastic, v d: n bp xung th khng phc hi li hnh dng, dng th 3 l cht trung gian c tn l Elastoplastic, vi ng sut nh tc dng th n tr v trng thi ban u, cn vi ng sut ln th n khng hi phc li hnh dng ban u na. Trong phng trnh m t s chuyn ng ca cc cht theo ng sut v tc trt. C 3 hnh: Bin dng gia ng sut v tc trt c dng ng thng, tc ng ca ng sut bao nhiu th n sinh ra mt tc trt t l thun vi n, dng 2 l dng cht trung gian gia plastic v Elastic, vi ng sut nh th tc trt v ng sut t l thun vi nhau nhng vi ng sut ln th tc trt khng tuyn tnh vi ng sut na. Dng 3 l dng phi tuyn. Tm hiu cht lng, vi cht lng th c khi nim v nht, nht l g? Ti sao cht lng li c tnh cht nht, Ta thy rng chc tay vo bnh xng s khc vi bnh nc v nht, mi mt cht lng khc nhau v s trt cc lp cht lng khc nhau, v c trng cho iu l nht, theo khi nim tng bit, nht do tr lc ma st ni sinh ra gia cc phn t khi chng c hnh ng trt ln nhau, phn t no trt ln nhau cng kh th sinh ra ma st cng nhiu th sinh ra nht cng ln. nht nh hng ti qu trnh tnh tan nh vic tnh tan h s Re trong qu trnh vn chuyn bng bm, hay cc qu trnh thanh trng di ch d chy dng hay chy ri, qu trnh c c, sy chn khng thng hoa hay sy phun, ta cn tnh ton nht ca dch sao cho ph hp vi tp phun, trong qu trnh sy phun nht rt l quan trong to ra cc ht c s ng u v kch thc trong nhng ht sa sy. n v ca nht l Pa.s hay n v nh hn l mPa.s, Pa.s=
N s , mPa.s,poise,Trong qu trnh xc nh nht th c khi nim v m2

nht biu kin hay nht ng lc hc th n l 1, nht l hm v t l thun ca tc trt, cht lng c nh ngha l s xp chng ln nhau ca cc lp, khi ta tc ng mt lp pha trn th n ko theocc lp, nht ca cht lng Newton c xc nh bi mt im , khi ta xy dng c ci th lin quan gia ng sut v tc trt, l mt ng thng, v phi Newton

l mt ng cong. Ti sao phi o nht? nht th hin cht lng ca cht lng, th hin gi tr cm quan v mong mun ca ngi s dng tng tng, c th ni nht th hin bn cht cht lng, v d dung dch h tinh bt nu ln khc vi dung dch ng nu ln, mi mt dung mi c mt gi tr nht ring, th hin chuyn ng ni ma st ca cht lng, mt khc nht th hin gi tr cm quan, ngha l khi chng ta nhn, s, hay n, nht lm cho li ta cm nhn m c ca sn phm khi a vo trong ming, sn phm cng long d n hn, nh h tinh bt rt l kh n. Ung nc ngt thch ung hn nc yn, phi nhai. Gi tr cm quan th hin sn phm c nht cng tt th gi tr cm quan cng hin, cha tnh n gi tr dinh dng. nht cao hay thp c lin quan n tnh cht mu, khi lng ring, thnh phn dinh dng, nng , sn phm cng mt cht nh nhau m nht cao th lin quan n ngng cht tan cng ln v nht cng ln th gi tr dinh dng cng cao. Lin quan v mt nng . Xc nh nht xc nh thng s trong qu trnh ch bin, tt c cc qu trnh ch bin, khng ch , pha ch, iu ch ,s dng nht khng ch qu trnh v d nh pha dch ng hoc ln men mt sn phm no y, hay nu si r, ko, nc ngt ngi ta u da votnh cht nht xc nh n thng s lin quan n qu trnh. Trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm vi gi tr l Xt tnh lu bin ca bt nho: Bt nho khng phi th rn l tng mc d n c cha cc phn t rn. Vic nghin cu nhng ng thi lu bin c ng dng trong nhiu ngnh cng ngh khc nhau :
1.

Kim tra cht lng sn phm: Tnh gin, n hi, do, lin

kt. ci thin cht lng thc phm c sn, nu cha t yu cu nh sn xut a ra th cn phi ci thin quy trnh cng ngh hay bn cht quy trnh.
2.

Nghin cu mi lin h gia vi cu trc v ng thi lu bin nhm

pht hin ra cc sn phm mi. pht hin ra nguyn liu mi thay th nguyn

liu c p ng nhng yu cu ca sn phm, pht hin ra s thch hp ca nguyn liu vn c vi mt trng thi cm quan han tan mi. C phng php kim nh sn phm mi. 3. Cc tnh cht lu bin tham gia vo cc chu trnh tnh ton rt cn thit trong tnh tan k thut (cc qu trnh truyn nhit v ng lng), ty theo s thch ca ngi tiu dng c th to nn sn phm p ng nhu cu ca h.
4.

Am hiu v tnh lu bin c th gip chng ta thit k nhng my Tnh cht cu trc lin quan n tnh cm quan ca thc phm.

mc, thit b chnh xc v tip kim nng lng.

5.

Cu trc c nh hng rt ln n tnh lu bin quyt nh tnh cm quan ca thc phm. Cc tnh lu bin ca thc phm c chuyn sang cc ngn ng thng thng nh: Vng chc (firmness), cng (hardness), kh cng (crispiness), gin, d gy (brittleness), c th ko di (extensibility) nh hng ca hot nc n tnh lu bin ca thc phm: cng, n hi, dai, do. Nhiu nghin cu cho thy iu kin m ca thc phm kh v bn kh c vai tr quan trng trong vic to ra tnh lu bin ca thc phm. Nguyn nhn l do s c mt ca nc dn ti kh nng protein v cacbonhydrat ht nc, trng n, bin tnh, to gel, tng kh nng phn tn trong nc hay b thy phn. m ca thc phm thp cn thit to gin ca bnh bch quy, bp rang hay khoai ty chin, ngc li to dnh cho sn phm ko cn c hot khng qu thp. Qu trnh lm bnh t ng, sa bt, c ph cn trnh vic m thp. Phng php phn tch cu trc thc phm: +Phng php phn tch cm quan: Phn tch cm quan l k thut s dng cc c quan cm gic ca con ngi tm hin, m t v nh lng cc tnh cht cm gic ca mt sn phm thc phm.