2.1 Translation CHAPTER 2 : TRANSFORMATION I, II 1.

Translation is a transformation that moves all the points on a plane through the same distance and in the same direction. 2. Properties of a translation a) the shape, size and orientation of the object and the image are the same b) every point is moved through the same distance and in the same direction 3. A translation is usually expressed in the form , where h represents the horizontal k

movement parallel to the x-axis and k represents the vertical movement parallel to the y- axis Example 1 Exercise : i) Draw the image for each of the following object. ii) State the coordinates of the image for each of the points under the given translation.

y y 6 4
4

1.

Translation 0

2
O translation2

B 4 4 or each 6 point in  2
x

6 4
4

i) A is mapped onto B under a

triangle A is moved 4 units to the right followed by 2 uints downwards ii) Under the same translation, image of H is H(7,5). 2. Translation

A ) 6

 2 1

Answer : A( 4 O 2 3. Translation

 4  2

y 6 B 4
4

y C 6 4
4

A 2 2 4 6

O
Transformation I,II

x 1

Answer: O 2 4 6 x

Answer:

4. Translation 1

5. Translation

 3 0

6 4
4

6 4
4

2 x
Answer:

2
Answer :

To find the vector of translation k

h h k

In each of the diagram below, A' is the image of A under translation T . In each case, state the vector of translation. Example 1

4 units to the right Y 4

A 2
4

-4

-2

2 A'

i) Choose at least two corresponding points between object and image. ii) Count the number of units to move to the right or left, then the number of units to move upwards or downwards. h iii) The vector of translation is k 5 units downward
Thus, the vector translation is 2

-2
-4

4  5

A'

A A'

Translation

Translation

Transformation I,II

y 4 A' 2
4

y 4 A 2
4

A'
-2 0 2 4

-4

-2

-4

-2
-4

-2
-4

Translation: y
5.

Translation:

4 A
4

6.

y 4 A

2
0 2

A' x
-4
4

A'
4

2
0 2 4

-4

-2

-2

-2
-4
Translation :

-2
-4

Translation:

2.2 Reflection Reflection is a transformation which reflects all the points on a plane in a line called the axis of reflection. Properties of reflection : i) the shape and size of the object and its image are the same .(congruent) ii) the orientation of the image is laterally inverted compared to the object. iii) the position of any point lying on the axis of reflection does not change.

4 A '
4

P A A y =1 x P'

In the diagram: A' is the image of A under a reflection of y axis or x = 0 P is the image of P under reflection of line y =1

2 0 -2 -4 2

-4 4

-2

Transformation I,II

2.2.1 To determine the image under a reflection Draw and label the image under a reflection for each of the following. Example :

y 4 A' 2 A

Exercise: 1.

y 4 2

4 4

-4

-2

x
-4 -2 0 2 4

-2
-4

-2
-4

Axis of reflection
2 3

Axis of reflection

Y 4 2
4

P
4

Q X

-4

-2

-2
-4

R
4 4

Transformation I,II

2.2.2 To determine the axis of reflection Example: Draw the axis of reflection

Exercise 1.

B'
4 4

axis of reflection 2. 3

C A

4 4

C'

D'

2.2.3 State the axis of reflection. Example: y

Exersice 1 4 2
4

4 2
4

-4

-2

-4 4

-2 -2 -4

-2
-4 Axis of reflection : x = 2 y 2. Axis of reflection : 3 y

6 4
4

6 4
4

2 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Axis of reflection :

7 Axis of reflection :

Transformation I,II

2.3 Rotation A rotation is a transformation which rotates all the points on a plane : about a fixed point (known as centre of rotation) C through a given angle in the clockwise or anticlockwise direction.

Centre Angle Direction

A D

P The diagram shows that P is mapped onto P through a rotation about O of an angle in clockwise direction O P'

The properties of rotation : i) the shape of the object and the image are the same ii) the size of the object and image are the same iii) the orientation of object and image remain the same iv) the centre of rotation is the only point that does not change its position. Since full rotation is 3600 90 clockwise = 2700 anticlockwise 0 270 clockwise = 900 anticlockwise 0 180 clockwise = 1800 clockwise ( for a rotation 1800 it is not necessary to mention the direction of rotation) Example : Exercise Draw the image of M under a Rotation of 900 Draw the image for each of the object clockwise about A. under the rotation given :
0

y 6 6 M 4
4

4
4

2
A 2

90 M'
4 6 O 2 4 6

x 1. Rotation of 900 anticlockwise about A

Transformation I,II

2. Rotation of 1800 anticlockwise about H. y

3. Rotation of 900 clockwise about A. y

6 4
4

6 A
4

4
4

H 2 x
O 4. Rotation of 900 clockwise about B . 5. 2 4 6 x 2 2 4 6

Rotation of 900 anticlockwise about C

y 6 B 4
4

6
C

4
4

2
O 2 4 6

x
O 2 4 6

2.3.2 Determine and mark the centre of rotation The intersection of two or more lines of perpendicular bisectors is a centre of rotation. i) Join point D to D and construct the perpendicular bisector of line DD. ii) Join point C to C and construct the perpendicular bisector of line CC. iii) Extend the two lines until they intersect each other. The point of intersection of these two perpendicular bisectors is the centre of rotation.

D
4

C Centre of rotation

A
Perpendicular bisectors

Transformation I,II

Exercise : Determine and mark the centre of rotation for each of the following diagram 1 P

B A bbB B

Q
4

R Q

3.

Q
4

S C
4

P Q P S
To determine centre,angle and direction of rotation

B R
A Exercise : 1.

y 4 2

4 A B 2
4

A B
4

-4

-2

-4

-2

-2
-4 Centre : (0,0) Angle : 900 , Direction : clockwise

-2
-4 Centre : .. Angle : . Direction : ...

Transformation I,II

2.

B A 4

y 4 A 2 B
4

2 x
-4 -2

-4

-2

-2
-4 Centre : .. Angle :. Direction :

-2
-4 Centre : .. Angle : . Direction : ...

y 4 T 2

y 4 2
4

-4

-2

P
-2 0 2 4

-4

-2 T
-4 Centre : Angle : Direction : ..

-2
-4 Centre : .. Angle : . Direction : ...

Transformation I,II

2.4 ENLARGEMENT An enlargement is a transformation which has a fixed point call the centre of enlargement. All the points on the plane move at a constant ratio from the centre. The ratio is known as the scale factor. The image produced is always similar to the object.

Q Triangle PQR is the image of triangle PQR under an enlargement with centre C and scale factor (k) = 2 Q
4

P P R

Scale factor, k can be calculate by length of side of mage k= length of side of object P' R ' k= PQ 4 = 2 !2 Area under enlargement For any enlargement with scale factor k. Area of image = k2 area of object

To determine the centre of enlargement and the scale factor Example: i) Mark the centre of enlargement ii) State the factor scale of enlargment

Exersice 1.

y 4 2
4

A
2 4

-4

-2 A 0

-2 A
-4 Answer : Answer i) scale factor : 2 i)

Transformation I,II

10

2.

3.

B B R
4 4

A R

A D

i) Scale factor :

i) Scale factor :

6.

5.

B
4

M B
4

Scale factor : To draw an image under enlargement Draw and label an image under the following enlargement Example : centre (7,2) and scale factor 2

Scale factor : Exersice 1. Centre (2,2) and scale factor

1 . 2

y C C 2 2 A 2 A B 4 B 0 0 6 7 x 2 4 6 x 6
4

6
4

4 4

Transformation I,II

11

2. Centre (2,4) and scale factor

1 2

3. Centre (4,4) and scale factor 2

y 6 4 2 x
5
4

y R 6 4 2 x
4

0
4

Centre (1,3) and scale factor 3

Centre (0,0) and scale factor 2

6 4 P 2 x
4

6 4 Q 2 x
4

Transformation I,II

12