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Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Li ni u
Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca nn cng ghip nc ta, tnh hnh nhim mi trng cng gia tng n mc bo ng. Do c th ca nn cng nghip mi pht trin, cha c s quy hoch tng th v nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau nh: iu kin kinh t ca nhiu x nghip cn kh khn, hoc do chi ph x l nh hng n li nhun nn hu nh cht thi cng nghip ca nhiu nh my cha c x l m thi thng ra mi trng. iu dn ti s nhim trm trng ca mi trng sng, nh hng n s pht trin ton din ca t nc, sc khe, i sng ca nhn dn cng nh v m quan ca khu vc. Mt trong nhng nghnh cng nghip mi nhn ca nc ta l cng nghip du kh hng nm cng pht thi ra mt lng ln cht thi c hi nh nc thi nhim du hay cc loi kh c hi : NOx , SOx Trong , nhim ngun nc l mt trong nhng thc trng ng ngi nht ca s hy hoi mi trng t nhin do nn vn minh ng thi. Ngy nay vn x l nc v cung cp nc sch ang l mt mi quan tm ln ca nhiu quc gia, nhiu t chc x hi v chnh bn thn mi cng ng dn c. V th trong ti X l nc nhim du chng ti s lm r v nc nhim du v trng tm ca ti l x l nc thi nhim du trong nh my lc ha du , bn cnh chng ti cng s tm hiu v cc ngun nc thi, tnh cht, nhng nh hng v cc phng php p dng x l chng. Vi s gip ca thy Phm Xun Ni v s c gng thc s ca nhm chng ti khi nghin cu mt vn khoa hc nhng khng th trnh khi thiu st, chng ti rt mong c s hng dn v ng gp ca thy v cc bn.

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

MC LC LI NI U

A.

Tng Quan

I. Tm hiu v nc thi
Nc t nhin c hnh thnh c v s lng, cht lng di nh hng ca cc qu trnh t nhin, khng c tc ng ca con ngi. Do tc ng ca con ngi, nc t nhin b nhim bn bi cc cht khc nhau dn n kt qu l lm nh hng n cht lng ca n . Cc khuynh hng thay i cht lng ca nc di nh hng cc tc ng ca con ngi bao gm :
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Gim pH ca nc ngt do nhim bi H 2SO4, HNO3 t kh quyn v nc thi cng nghip, tng hm lng SO32- v NO3- trong nc . Tng hm lng cc ion Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Si4+ trong nc ngm v nc sng do nc ma ha tan , phong ha cc qung cacbonat . Tng hm lng cc ion kim loi nng trong nc t nhin , trc ht l Pb2+, Hg2+, As3+, Zn2+ v c cc anion PO43- , NO3- , NO2- , Tng hm lng cc mui trong nc b mt v nc ngm do chng i vo mi trng nc cng nc thi t kh quyn v cc cht thi rn . Tng hm lng cc hp cht hu c, trc ht lag cc cht kh b phn hy sinh hc ( cc cht hot ng b mt, thuc tr su ) Gim nng oxy ha tan trong nc t nhin do cc qu trnh oxy ha lin quan ti qu trnh ph dng cc ngun cha nc v khong ha cc hp cht hu c

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Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Gim trong ca nc, tng kh nng nguy him ca nhim nc t nhin do cc nguyn t phng x. Cc tnh cht c trng ca nc thi bao gm ; pH, hm lng cht rn , nhu

cu oxi sinh ha BOD ( Biochemical Oxygen Demand ), hoc nhu cu oxy ha hc COD ( Chemical Oxygen Demand ), cc dng nit, photpho, du m, mi, mu, cc kim loi nng trong nc thi cng nghip Vic thi nc thi ch qua x l bng cc phng php thng thng y nhanh qu trnh ph dng do s pht trin bng n ca to v cc thc vt khc, lm gim cht lng nc, cn tr vic s dng li nc v cc hot ng khc. Do ngy nay pht trin v ng dng thm cc phng php x l cp 3 vo cc dy truyn x l nc thi. 1. Phn loi nc thi Nc thi sinh hot Nc thi sinh hot l nc thi t cc khu dn c, khu vc hot ng thng mi, cng s, trng hc Nc thi cng nghip ( hay cn gi l nc thi sn xut ) Nc thi cng nghip l nc thi t cc nh my ang hot ng ( nh my lc ha du ) c c nc thi sinh hot nhng trong nc thi cng nghip l ch yu. Nc thm qua y l nc ma thm vo h thng cng bng nhiu cch khc nhau qua cc khp ni, cc ng c khuyt tt hoc thnh ca h ga. Nc thi t nhin Nc ma c xem nh nc thi t nhin. nhng thnh ph hin i, nc thi t nhin c thu gom theo mt h thng thot nc ring. Nc thi th Nc thi th l thut ng chung ch cht lng trong h thng cng thot ca mt thnh ph. l hn hp ca cc loi nc k trn.

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Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Theo quan im qun l mi trng, cc ngun gy nhim nc, cc ngun gy nhim nc cn c phn thnh 2 loi : ngun xc nh v ngun khng xc nh. Cc ngun xc nh bao gm nc thi th v nc thi cng nghip, cc ca cng x nc ma v tt c cc ngun thi vo ngun tip nhn nc c t chc qua h thng cng v knh thi. Cc ngun khng xc nh bao gm nc chy tri trn b mt t, nc ma v cc ngun nc phn tn khc. S phn loi ny rt c ch khi cp ti cc vn iu chnh kim sot nhim. 2. Mt s thng s quan trng ca nc thi Hm lng cht rn Tng cht rn l thnh phn vt l c trng quan trng nht ca nc thi. N bao gm cc cht rn ni, l lng v keo tan. Theo kch thc ca ht rn, tng cht rn c phn thnh cc loi: cht rn l lng, cht rn keo v cht rn tan nh trnh by nh hnh di y. xc nh hm lng cht rn l lng thng dng giy lc Whatman GF/C, c kch thc l khong 1,2 Mm . Cht rn tan 10-5 10-4 10-8 10-7 10-3 106 Cht rn keo Kch thc ht, m 10-2 105 10-1 10-4 1 10-3 10 10-2 100 10-1 Cht rn l lng

Kch thc ht, mm Kh bng ng t Phn loi cht rn trong nc thi Hm lng oxy ha tan DO ( Dissolved oxygen )
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Lng c

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Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng ca nc l hm lng oxy ha tan, l hm lng oxi trong nc (mg/l) cn thit cho s h hp ca cc thy sinh. Khi nc b nhim do cc cht hu c d b phn hy bi vi sinh vt th lng oxy ha tan trong nc s b tiu th bt, do gi tr DO s thp hn so vi DO bo ha ti iu kin . V vy DO c s dng nh mt thng s nh gi mc nhim cht hu c ca cc ngun nc. DO c ngha ln i vi qu trnh t lm sch ca sng (assimilative capacity - AC). n v tnh ca DO thng dng l mg/l. DO thp : trong nc tn ti nhiu hp cht hu c, nhu cu oxi tng, nhu cu tiu th oxi tng. DO cao : trong nc cha nhiu sinh vt(rong, to), xy ra qu trnh quang hp v gii phng oxi. Phng php xc nh DO. C th xc nh DO bng hai phng php khc nhau: - Phng php Winkler (ha hc). - Phng php in cc oxy ha tan - my o oxy. Nhu cu oxy sinh ha BOD ( Biochemical oxygen deman ) Nhu cu oxy sinh ha l ch tiu thng dng nht xc nh mc nhim ca nc thi. BOD c nh ngha l lng oxy cn cung cp oxy ho cc cht hu c trong nc bi vi sinh vt . Phng trnh tng qut ca phn ng ny nh sau :

Cht hu c + O2

CO2 + H2O + t bo mi + sn phm c nh

Trong k thut mi trng ch tiu BOD c dng rng ri :

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Xc nh gn ng lng oxy cn thit n nh sinh hc cc cht hu c c trong nc thi. Xc nh kch thc thit b x l. Xc nh hiu sut x l ca mt s qu trnh. Xc nh s chp thun s tun theo nhng qui nh cho php thi cht thi.
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Trong thc t ngi ta khng th xc nh lng oxy cn thit phn hy hon ton cht hu c v nh th tn qu nhiu thi gian m ch xc nh lng oxy cn thit trong 5 ngy u nhit 20oC, k hiu l BOD5. Ch tiu ny c chun ha v c s dng hu khp cc nc trn th gii. Nhu cu oxy ha hc COD ( Chemical Oxygen Demand ) Ch s ny c dng rng ri biu th ha hm lng cht hu c c trong nc thi v mc nhim nc t nhin . COD c nh ngha l lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh oxy ha ha hc cc cht hu c c trong mu nc thnh CO2 v nc. Lng oxy ny tng ng vi hm lng cht hu c c th b oxy ha c xc nh khi x dng mt tc nhn oxy ha ha hc mnh trong mi trng axit. Phng php ph bin nht xc nh COD l phng php bicromat v c ch ca n theo phuonge trnh phn ng sau :

Cc cht hu c + Cr2O72- + H+

CO2 + H2O + 2Cr3+

Hm lng Nit Ch tiu hm lng Nit trong nc cng c xem nh l cht ch th tnh trng nhim ca nc . Ngoi nhng thng s quan trng nu trn, mt s thng s khc cng cn phi quan tm nh hm lng Photpho , hm lng Sunphat, hm lng clo, cc hp cht hu c, cc kim loi nng

II. Nc thi nhim du

1. Cc dng tn ti ca du trong nc thi X l nc thi nhim du cn ch n cc dng tn ti ca du trong nc thi . Bn cht ca du: du l cht lng sng snh, c mi c trng, nh hn nc v khng tan trong nc. Chng b oxy ha rt chm, c th tn ti n 50 nm
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Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Trong thc t du hin din nhiu trng thi khc nhau v kh xc nh chnh xc cc thnh phn ny bng th ngim. Ph bin du tn ti 4 trng thi sau:
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Dng t do: dng ny du s ni ln thnh cc mng du. Du hin din di dng cc ht du t do hoc ln vi mt t nc, du t do s ni ln trn b mt do trng lng ring ca du thp hn so vi trng lng ring ca nc. Dng nh tng ha hc: l dng to thnh do cc tc nhn ha hc ( x phng, xt n da, cht ty ra, Na ) hoc cc ha hc asphaten lm thay

i sc cng b mt v lm n nh ha hc du phn tn.

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Dng nh tng c hc: c 2 dng nh tng c hc ty theo ng knh ca git du: + Vi chc micromet: n nh thp . + Loi nh hn: c n nh cao, tng t nh dng keo. Dng ha tan: phn t ha tan nh cc cht thm.

Ngoi ra du khng ha tan to thnh mt lp mng mng bc quanh cc cht rn l lng, chng c th nh hng n kh nng lng hoc ni ca cc cht rn l lng khi to thnh cc hp cht kt hp khng lng c. 2. Cc ngun pht sinh a ) T cc dn khoan du Ti cc dn khoan nc nhim du nh nc thi tng hp c nhim du pht sinh t cc sn tu, cc thit b my mc v cc khu vc v sinh my mc thit b, nc bn y tu, tt c s c dn ti mt h thng x l nc nhim du,hm lng du sau khi x l phi <1,5mg/l. b ) T cc s c trn du
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Phun tro du ti cc m du. Du t cc v chm tu ch du, v t cc thit b my mc khi xy ra s c.

c ) Trong nh my lc ha du Trong nh my lc ha du cc ngun pht thi nc nhim du chnh m chng ta s xt trong phn sau.
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d ) T cc cc hot ng ca kho cha xng du Nc thi nhim du pht sinh t 2 khu vc:
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Khu vc kho cha: pht sinh do cc nguyn nhn sau + Sc ra, lm mt bn cha. + V sinh my mc, thit b. + Ri vi xng du xung ngun nc. + Xy ra s c. + Nc ma chy trn qua khu vc kho.

Trong nc x cn t qu trnh sc ra bn cha vi chu k 2 nm sc ra 1 ln l ngun thi c mc nhim du cao nht, nng ln n hng chc ngn ppm.
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Khu vc tip nhn. + Nc v sinh tu. + Nc ng du ( khi ko t bin ln boong ). + R r trn ng ng dn du t tu v kho cha.

c ) Nc nhim du t qu trnh s dng xng du Trong qu trnh s dng xng du khng th trnh khi vic tht thot xng du ra ngoi mi trng v th s pht sinh ra nc nhim du.
3. Nhng nh hng ca nc thi nhim du

a ) nh hng ti mi trng Lm thay i tnh cht l ha ca mi trng nuc. Tng nht, gim nng oxy hp th vo nc,.. dn n thit hi nghim trng i vi mi trng. V d nh trong cc s c trn du ra bin: Mt tn du m trn ra bin c th loang ph 12 km2 mt nc, to thnh lp vng du ngn cch nc v khng kh, lm thay i tnh cht ca mi trng bin, cn tr vic trao i kh oxi v cacbonic vi bu kh quyn. b ) i vi vi sinh vt

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Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Nc nhim du khi cha c x l m thi ra mi trng s nh hng rt ln n cc vi sinh vt. Nh trong s c trn du sinh vt ph du, u trng c, v cc sinh vt di y u b nh hng mt cch mnh m. Ngay c c bin, trai, hu cng u b nh hng do trn du. Du thm qua b lng ca chim bin, lm gim kh nng bo v ca lng, v vy lm cho chim tr nn d tn thng vi s thay i nhit bt thng v lm gim ni trn mt nc ca chng. N cng lm gim kh nng bay ca chim, cng lm chng kh thot cc ng vt sn mi. Khi c gng ra lng, chim thng nut du vo bng, dn ti lm hi thn, thay i chc nng ca phi, v kch thch h tiu ha. Cc vn ny v kh nng hp thu thc n b hn ch gy ra s mt nc v mt cn bng trao i cht. S thay i cn bng hormon bao gm luteinizing protein cng c th xy ra mt s loi chim khi tip xc vi du. Hu ht chim b nh hng bi du trn u cht, tr khi c s can thip ca con ngi. Cc ng vt c v bin b dnh du cng b nh hng tng t nh vi chim. Du ph ln b lng ca ri c v hi cu lm gim kh nng trao i cht v lm gim thn nhit. Khi n phi du, ng vt s b chng mt nc v gim kh nng tiu ha. Do du ni trn mt nc lm nh sng gim khi xuyn vo trong nc, n hn ch s quang hp ca cc thc vt bin v cc sinh vt ph du. iu ny lm gim lng c th ca h ng vt c nh hng n chui thc n trong h sinh thi. Trn du c th lm hng ton b dy chuyn thc phm trong khu vc. c ) i vi kinh t, x hi v con ngi Tn km tin bc lm sch mi trng b nhim. Ngoi nhng thit hi trc tip v ti sn ra cn c cc nh hng mang tnh cht lu di nh cc cnh quan, cc vng nui trng, nh bt thy hi sn. Du c nh hng trc tip n ngi thng qua tip xc trc tip hoc ht th hi du gy bun nn, nhc u, cc vn v da... Ngoi ra chng cn gy ra 1 s bnh nh ung th, bnh phi, gin on hormon Thit hi nghim trng v kinh t cho ngi dn. S suy gim sn lng c nh bt, hn na c nh bt ln mang bn ch, ngi tiu dng khng dm n v tm
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c c mi xng du nn ngi dn nh gc ng c. Suy gim nng sut ca thy hi sn nui. Him ha trn du ang buc dn nui nghu phi i mt vi nguy c mt trng hng ngn t ng nu nghu b cht do nhim du.

III. Cc phng php x l

1. Cc phng php sinh hc Thc cht ca bin php sinh hc x l nc thi l s dng kh nng sng v hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht bn hu c trong nc thi. Chng s dng cc hp cht hu c v mt s cht khong lm ngun dinh dng v to nng lng. Trong qu trnh dinh dng, chng nhn c cc cht lm vt liu xy dng t bo, sinh trng v sinh sn nn sinh khi c tng ln. Phng php ny thng c s dng lm sch cc loi c cha cc cht hu c ha tan hoc cc cht phn tn nh, keo. Do vy, chng thng c dng sau khi loi cc tp cht phn tn th ra khi nc thi. i vi cc cht hu c c trong nc thi th phng php ny dng kh cc hp cht sunfit, mui amoni nitrat - tc l cc cht cha b oxy ha hon ton. Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh phn hy sinh ha cc cht bn s l CO 2, H2O, N2, SO42-,Cc nghin cu cho thy vi sinh vt c th phn hy tt c cc cht hu c c trong thin nhin v rt nhiu cht hu c tng hp nhn to. X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc gm cc phng php sau: Phng php hiu kh. Phng php k kh. Phng php thiu kh.

Ty iu kin c th nh a hnh, tnh cht v khi lng nc thi, kh hu, mt bng ni cn x l, kinh ph cho php vi cng ngh thch hp, ngi ta s chn mt trong nhng phng php trn hay kt hp vi nhau Cc phng php ny c nhng u im sau: C th x l nc thi c ph nhim bn cc cht hu c tng i rng.

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H thng c th t iu chnh theo ph cc cht nhim bn v nng ca chng. Thit k v trang thit b n gin. u t c bn cho vic xy dng kh tn km. Phi c ch cng ngh lm sch ng b v hon chnh. Cc cht hu c kh phn hy cng nh cc cht v c c c tnh nh hng n thi gian v hiu qu lm sch. Cc cht c c tnh tc ng n qun th sinh vt ni chung v trong bn hot tnh lm gim hiu sut x l ca qu trnh.

ng thi chng cng c nhng nhc im sau:

C th phi lm long nc thi c nng cht bn cao, nh vy s lm tng lng nc thi v cn din tch mt bng rng.

Tuy vy, cc phng php sinh hc vn c dng ph bin rng ri v t ra rt thch hp cho qu trnh lm sch nc thi cha cc cht hu c d phn hy. 2. Cc phng php ha l Lm sch sinh hc ch c ng dng trong trng hp cn loi ra khi nc cc cht hu c, nu cc cht bn c ngun gc v c th phng php ny khng ph hp. Cc phng php ha l c ng dng x l nc thi gm lc, ng t v keo t, tuyn ni, hp ph, trao i ion, thm thu ngc, siu lc, thm tch v in thm tch,Cc phng php ny c ng dng loi ra khi nc thi cc ht phn tn l lng ( rn v lng ), cc kh tan nhng cht v c v hu c ha tan. Vic ng dng cc phng php ha l x l nc thi c nhng u im sau:
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C kh nng loi cc cht c hu c khng b oxy ha sinh hc. Hiu qu x l cao hn. Kch thc h thng x l nh hn. nhy i vi s thay i ti trng thp hn. C th t ng ha hon ton. Khng cn theo di hot ng ca sinh vt.
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X l nc nhim du
C th thu hi cc cht khc nhau.

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

2.1. Lc qua song chn rc ( x l s b ) i tng x l l rc thi loi ln ( nh: gi, rc, v hp, cc mu , g v cc vt thi khc ), chng thng c tch ra khi gy tc nghn ng ng. Ngi ta dng li lm bng cc thanh kim loi c t nghing mt gc 6075 0. Rc thi c ly ra bng co c gii. i vi rc c kch c nh hn ngi ta c th dng ry. y l hnh thc x l s b. Mc ch ca qu trnh l loi tt c cc tp vt c th gy ra s c trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng x l nc thi nh lm tc bm, ng ng hoc knh dn. y l bc quan trng m bo an ton v iu kin lm vic thun li cho c h thng x l nc t nhin ln nc thi. 2.2. Lng t c dng lng cc tp cht tan th ra khi nc thi ( sinh hot v cng nghip ). Lng t din ra di tc dng ca trng lc. lng ngi ta s dng b lng ct, b lng v b lng trong. B lng ct c dng loi s b cht bn khong v hu c ( 0,2-0,25mm ) ra khi nc thi. B lng ct ngang l h cha c tit din ngang l tam gic hoc hnh thang. Chiu su b lng ct 0,25-1m. Vn tc chuyn ng ca nc khng qu 0,3m/s. B lng ct dc c dng hnh ch nht, trn, trong nc chuyn ng theo dng t di ln vi vn tc 0,05m/s. B lng ngang B lng ngang l b h cha hnh ch nht, c hai hay nhiu ngn hot ng ng thi. Nc chuyn ng t u ny n u kia ca b. Chiu su ca b lng H=1,5-4 m, chiu di L=( 8-12 )xH, chiu rng B=3-6 m. B lng ngang c ng dng khi lu lng nc thi ln hn 15000m 3/ngy m. Hiu qu b lng 60%. B lng ng

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B lng ng l b cha hnh tr ( hoc tit din vung ) c y chp. Nc thi c cho vo theo ng trung tm. Sau nc chy t di ln trn vo cc rnh chy trn. Nh vy, qu trnh lng cn din ra trong dng i ln, vn tc nc l 0,5-0,6m/s. Chiu cao vng lng 4-5m. B lng hng tm B lng hng tm l b lng trn. Nc trong chuyn ng t tm ra vnh ai. Vn tc nc nh nht l vnh ai. Loi b lng ny c ng dng cho lu lng nc thi ln hn 20.000m3/ngy m. B lng dng bng bn trong b lng dng bng c cc bn t nghing v song song vi nhau. Nc chuyn ng gia cc bn, cn cn trt xung vo bnh cha. B lng trong B lng c s dng lm sch t nhin v lm trong nc thi cng nghip. Ngi ta thng s dng b lng trong vi lp cn l lng trong ngi ta cho nc vi cht ng t i qua . 2.3. Lc Lc c dng x l nc thi, tch cc loi tp cht nh ra khi nc thi m b lng khng lng c. Trong cc loi phin lc thng c cc loi phin lc dng vt liu lc dng tm hoc dng ht. Vt liu dng tm c th lm bng tm thp c c l hoc li bng thp khng g, nhm, niken, ng, thau, v c cc loi vi khc nhau ( thy tinh, aming, bng, len, si tng hp). Tm lc cn c tr lc nh, bn v do c hc, khng b trng n v b ph hy iu kin lc. Vt liu lc dng ht l ct thch anh, than cc, si, nghin thm ch c than g. c tnh quan trng ca lp ht lc l xp v b mt ring. Qu trnh lc c th xy ra di tc dng ca p sut ca ct cht lng hay p sut cao trc vch vt liu lc hoc chn khng sau lp lc. Cc phin lc lm vic s tch cc phn t tp cht phn tn hoc l lng kh lng khi nc. Cc phin lc lm vic khng hon ton da vo nguyn l c hc.
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Khi nc qua lp lc d t hay nhiu cng to ra lp mng trn mt cc ht vt liu lc, mng ny l mng sinh hc. Do vy, ngoi tc dng tch cc phn t tp cht phn tn ra khi nc, cc mng sinh hc cng bin i cc cht ha tan trong nc thi nh qun th cc vi sinh vt c trong mng sinh hc. Cht bn v mng sinh hc s bm vo b mt vt liu lc dn dn bt cc khe h ca lp lc lm cho dng chy b chm li hoc ngng chy. Do , trong qu trnh lm vic, ngi ta phi ra phin lc, ly bt mng bn pha trn, v cho nc thi i t di ln trn tch mng bn ra khi vt liu lc. 2.4. ng t v keo t a. ng t Hn hp phn tn nh c loi ra khi nc bng phng php ng t. ng t l phng php x l nc bng tc cht nhm hnh thnh cc phn t ln t cc phn t nh. Phn t cc cht c mang in tch m. Vic loi cc cht ny nh cc cht ng t l to thnh mui t cc cht kim v axit yu. Cht ng t trong nc to thnh cc bng hydroxit kim loi, lng nhanh trong trng trng lc. Cc bng ny c kh nng ht cc ht keo v ht l lng kt hp vi chng. Cc cht ny tham gia vo phn ng trao i vi ion nc v hnh thnh cc tp cht c phi tr phc tp . Qu trnh thy phn cc cht ng t v to thnh cc bng keo xy ra theo cc giai on sau: Me3+ + HOH Me(OH)2+ + H+ Me(OH)2+ + HOH Me(OH)2+ + H+ Me(OH)2+ + HOH Me(OH)3 + H+ Me3+ + 3HOH Me(OH)3 + 3H+ Cc cht ng t thng dng trong mc ch ny l cc mui nhm hoc mui st hoc hn hp ca chng. y l hai loi ha cht rt thng dng trong x l nc cp nht l x l nc sinh hot. Cc mui nhm gm c: Al 2(SO4)3.18 H2O, NH4Al(SO4)2.12 H2O, NaAlO2. Al2(OH)5Cl, KAl(SO4)2.12 H2O, Trong c s dng rng ri nht l Al2(SO4)3

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v Al2(SO4)3 ha tan tt trong nc, chi ph thp, hot ng c hiu qu cao trong khong pH= 57,5 . Trong phn ln cc trng hp, ngi ta dng hn hp NaAlO2 v Al2(SO4)3 theo t l ( 10:1 )( 20:1 ). Phn ng xy ra nh sau: 6NaAlO2 + Al2(SO4)3 + 12 H2O 8 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4 Vic s dng hn hp ny cho php tng hiu qu ca qu trnh lm trong nc, tng khi lng v tc lng ca cc bng keo t, m rng khong pH ti u ca mi trng. Al2(OH)5Cl c axit thp dng lm sch nc c kim yu nh phn ng: Al2(OH)5Cl + Ca(HCO3)2 4 Al(OH)3 +CaCl2 + 2CO2 Cc mui st Fe2(SO4)3. 2 H2O, Fe2(SO4)3. 3 H2O, FeSO4. 7 H2O v FeCl3 cng thng c dng lm cht ng t . Dng FeCl3 loi photphat: FeCl3 + 6 H2O + PO43- FePO4 + 3 Cl- + 6 H2O To bng keo qua phn ng: FeCl3 + 6 H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3 HCl Fe2(SO4)3 + 6 H2O 2 Fe(OH)3 + 3 H2SO4 Cc mui st thng c dng lm cht ng t v c nhiu u im hn so vi cc mui nhm do: -

Tc dng tt hn nhit thp. C khong gi tr pH ti u ca mi trng rng hn. bn ln v kch thc bng keo c khong gii hn rng ca thnh phn mui. C th kh c mi v khi c H2S.

Nhng cc mui st c nhc im l chng to thnh cc phc ha tan nhum mu qua phn ng ca cc cation st vi mt s cht hu c Trong qu trnh to bng keo ca hiroxit nhm hoc st, ngi ta thng thm cc cht tr ng nh: tinh bt, cc ete, xenluloz,, vi liu lng 1-5mg/l, hay cht tr ng t tng hp nht l polyarylamit nhm gim liu lng cht ng t, gim thi gian ng t v nng cao tc lng ca cc bng keo. b. Keo t
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Keo t l qu trnh kt hp cc ht l lng khi cho cc hp cht cao phn t vo nc. Khc vi qu trnh ng t, khi keo t s kt hp din ra khng ch do tip xc trc tip m cn do tng tc ln nhau gia cc phn t cht keo t b hp ph trn cc ht l lng. c. Keo t in ha Keo t khng c tc cht hay keo t in ha din ra bng cch dn nc qua cc tm nhm c xp cch nhau 10-20 mm. Bn cht ca qu trnh l ha tan anot ca cc tm nhm c ni ln lt vi cc cc dng v cc m ca ngun in c cng cao v hiu in th thp. Khi ion nhm s chuyn vo nc v to thnh hydroxit. u im ca qu trnh ny l hnh thnh v lng nhanh cc si bng dai v khng cn iu chnh pH. Nhc im ca n l chi ph in nng cao. Phng php ny c th c dng x l nc ph sa cc tnh thuc ng bng Sng Cu Long, nhng do mng li in cha c lp t y v chi ph in cao nn cn b hn ch. 2.5. Tuyn ni Phng php tuyn ni da trn nguyn tc: cc phn t phn tn trong nc c kh nng t lng km, nhng c kh nng kt dnh vo cc bt kh ni ln trn b mt nc. Sau ngi ta tch bt kh cng cc phn t dnh ra khi nc. Thc cht y l qu trnh tch bt hay lm c bt. Ngoi ra, qu trnh ny cn tch cc cht ha tan nh cc hot ng b mt. Trong cng nghip, tuyn ni c p dng x l cht khong, ti sinh nguyn liu t nc ra, lm sch nc thi, x l bn v thu hi khong sn qu. Trong x l nc cp, qu trnh tuyn ni c kt hp vi qu trnh keo t to bng, c bit l i vi cht mn v to sau qu trnh keo t to bng c tch ra khi nc bng tuyn ni. Phng php ny c thc hin nh thi khng kh thnh bt nh vo trong nc thi. Cc bt kh dnh cc ht l lng lng km v ni ln trn mt nc. Khi ni ln cc bt kh tp hp thnh bng ht ln, ri to thnh mt lp bt cha nhiu ht bn.
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Tuyn ni bt nhm tch cc ht l lng khng tan v mt s cht keo hoc ha tan ra khi pha lng. K thut ny c th dng cho x l nc thi th v nhiu lnh vc cng nghip nh: ch bin du bo, dt thuc da, lc ha du, Ngoi ra, tuyn ni ion v phn t l mt phng php mi tch cc cht tan ra khi nc, c s dng trong nhng nm gn y . Hiu sut ca phng php tuyn ni ph thuc vo kch thc v s lng bong bng kh, kch thc cc tp cht trong nc thi. Kch thc ti u ca bong bng kh l 15 30m, kch thc ht tp cht l 0,2 1,5m . C nhiu phng php tuyn ni x l nc thi:
-

Tuyn ni t s tch khng kh t dung dch. Tuyn ni vi s phn tn khng kh bng c gii. Tuyn ni nh cc tm xp. Tuyn ni bng phng php tch phn on bt. Tuyn ni ha hc, sinh hc v ion. Tuyn ni in.

Phng php ny c u im l hot ng lin tc, phm vi ng dng rng ri, chi ph u t v vn hnh khng ln, hiu qu x l cao, thit b n gin, thu cn c m nh v c th thu hi tp cht trong cn. Ngoi ra, nc thi c x l bng phng php tuyn ni s c thng kh, gim c hm lng cht hot ng b mt, cht d b oxy ha. 2.6. Hp ph Phng php hp ph c dng rng ri lm sch trit nc thi khi cc cht hu c ha tan sau khi x l sinh hc cng nh x l cc b khi trong nc thi c cha mt hm lng rt nh cc cht . Nhng cht ny thng khng phn hy bng con ng sinh hc v thng c c tnh cao. Nu cc cht ny b hp ph tt v khi chi ph ring lng cht hp ph khng ln th vic ng dng phng php ny l hp l hn c. Trong x l nc thi cng nghip, hp ph c ng dng kh c nc thi khi thuc dit c, phenol, thuc st trng, cc hp cht hu c vng thm, cht hot ng b mt, thuc nhum, mu hot tnh.
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Cc cht hp ph thng dng l: than hot tnh, t st, silicagen, keo nhm, mt s cht tng hp hoc cht thi sn xut nh: x, mt st,Trong s ny, than hot tnh l c dng ph bin nht. Than hot tnh c hai dng: ht v bt u c dng hp ph. Cc cht hu c, kim loi nng v cc cht mu d b than hp ph. Lng cht ny ty thuc vo kh nng hp ph ca tng cht v hm lng cht bn c trong nc. Phng php ny c kh nng hp ph c 58-95% cc cht hu c v mu. Cc cht hu c c th b hp ph c tnh n l phenol, alkylbenzen, sunfonic axit, thuc nhum, cc hp cht thm. c nhng ng dng dng than hot tnh hp ph thy ngn v nhng thuc nhum kh phn hy, nhng tn km v lm cho qu trnh khng kinh t. loi b cc kim loi nng, cc cht hu c, v c c hi, ngi ta dng than bn hp ph v nui bo ty trn mt h. Phng php hp ph c tc dng tt trong vic x l nc thi cha cc cht hu c, cc kim loi nng v mu. loi b cc kim loi nng, cc cht v c v hu c c hi hin nay ngi ta c th s dng than bn hoc mt s loi thc vt nc nh lc bnh. u im ca phng php ny l hiu qu cao, c kh nng x l nhiu cht trong nc thi v c th thu hi cc cht ny. X l nc hp ph c th ti sinh, tc thu hi v tn dng cht thi; phn hy v tiu hy cht thi cng vi cht hp ph . 2.7. Trao i ion Trao i ion l qu trnh tng tc ca dung dch vi pha rn c tnh cht trao i ion cha n bng cc ion khc c trong dung dch. Bng cch ny ngi ta c th loi i mt s ion trong dung dch nc. Phng php ny c ng dng lm sch nc hoc nc thi khi cc kim loi nh: Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Hg, Cd, V, Mn,, cng nh cc hp cht ca asen, photpho, xyanua v cc cht phng x, kh mui trong nc cp, cho php thu hi cc cht c gi tr v t mc lm sch cao. V vy, n c ng dng rng ri tch mui trong x l nc v nc thi. Mt s cht trao i ion: zeolic, silicagen, than ,
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2.8. Thm thu ngc L qu trnh lc dung dch qua mng bn thm di mt p sut cao hn p sut thm thu . C ch ca qu trnh: C nhiu c ch gii thch qu trnh thm thu ngc. Mt trong nhng c ch gii thch nh sau: mng bn thm khng c kh nng ha tan. Nu nh chiu dy ca lp phn t nc b hp ph bng hoc ln hn mt na ng knh mao qun ca mng th di tc dng ca p sut ch c nc sch i qua, mc d kch thc ca nhiu ion nh hn kch thc cu phn t nc. Lp hirat ca cc ion ny cn tr khng cho chng i qua mao qun ca mng. Kch thc mng hirat ca cc ion khc nhau s khc nhau. Nu chiu dy ca lp phn t nc b hp ph nh hn na ng knh mao qun th cc cht ha tan s chui qua mng cng vi nc. u im ca phng php thm thu ngc l: - Khng c pha chuyn tip trong tch tp cht cho php tin hnh qu trnh vi chi ph nng lng thp. - C th tin hnh qu trnh nhit phng khng c b sung hoc b sung t ha cht. - n gin trong kt cu Nhc im ca phng php thm thu ngc: Nng sut, hiu qu lm sch v thi gian lm vic ca mng lc gim khi nng cht tan trn b mt mng lc tng. Qu trnh hot ng di p sut cao, do cn c vt liu c bit lm kn thit b. Thm thu ngc c ng dng rng ri tch mui khi nc trong h thng cp nc nh my nhit in v cc ngnh cng nghip khc ( nh cng nghip bn dn, n hnh, dc). Nhng nm gn y, phng php ny c s dng lm sch mt s nc thi cng nghip v th . 2.9. Siu lc
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C siu lc v thm thu ngc u ph thuc vo p sut, ng lc ca qu trnh v i hi mng cho php mt s cu t thm qua, gi li mt s cu t khc. S khc bit gia hai qu trnh l ch siu lc thng c s dng tch dung dch c khi lng phn t trn 500 v c p sut thm thu nh ( nh vi khun, tinh bt, protin, t st,). Cn thm thu ngc thng c s dng kh cc vt liu c khi lng phn t thp v c p sut thm thu cao. Siu lc thng c s dng kh t st, vi sinh vt, cc cht thc vt, tch nc cho bn . C ch ca qu trnh siu lc hon ton khc so vi c ch ca qu trnh thm thu ngc. Cht tan b gi trn mng lc v kch thc phn t ca chng ln hn ng knh l xp hoc do ma st phn t vi thnh l xp ca mng. Qu trnh ny phc tp hn nhiu. Khi s dng kt hp thm thu ngc v siu lc c th lm m c v phn tch cc cht ha tan hu c v v c trong nc thi. 2.10. Thm tch v in thm tch ( TT v TT ) Php thm tch l qu trnh phn tch cht rn bng s dng khuch tn khng bng nhau qua mng. in thm tch c thc hin bng cch t cc mng c tnh chn lc vi cation v anion lun phin nhau dc theo dng in. Khi a dng in vo, cc cation c gn in i qua mng trao i cation v mt hng, cn cc anion s i qua mng trao i ion v mt hng khc. Kt qu l mui gim trong khoang ca mt cp mng v tng trong khoang bn cnh. Nc khi c th i qua mt s mng cho n khi t n mn cn thit theo yu cu. Phng php thm tch c dng thu hi axit, mui kim loi v cc hydroxit. Phng php in thm tch c nghin cu nh mt phng php kh nit trong nc thi nng nghip, n cng c ng dng rng ri lm ngt nc. Phng php ny cng c dng thu hi cc axit, lignin t nc thi ca sn xut giy, crm t nc thi ca m in.
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2.11. Cc phng php in ha Ngi ta s dng qu trnh oxy ha cc anot v kh ca catot, ng t in, lm sch nc thi khi cc tp cht ha tan v phn tn ln. Tt c cc qu trnh ny u xy ra trn in cc khi cho dng in mt chiu i qua nc thi. Cc phng php in ha cho php ly t nc thi cc sn phm c gi tr bng cc s cng ngh tng i n gin, t ng ha m khng cn s dng cc tc nhn ha hc. Cc phng php ny cn c dng x l nc thi cha nhiu xyanua trong cng ngh m in. Nhc im chnh ca cc phng php ny l tiu hao nng lng in nng ln. Tuy nhin, vic lm sch nc thi bng cc phng php ny c th tin hnh gin on hoc lin tc.
3. Cc phng php ha hc

Cc phng php ha hc dng trong x l nc thi gm c: trung ha, oxy ha v kh. Tt c cc phng php ny u dng cc tc nhn ha hc nn l phng php t tin. Ngi ta s dng cc phng php ha hc kh cc cht ha tan v trong cc h thng cp nc khp kn. i khi cc phng php ny c dng x l s b trc x l sinh hc hay sau cng on ny nh l mt phng php x l nc thi ln cui thi vo ngun nc

B. X l nc nhim du
I.

Phn loi v x l nc thi trong nh my lc ha du

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1. Phn loi hiu qu qu trnh x l cao, ngi ta phi tin hnh nh gi, phn loi cc ngun nc thi v x l s b trc khi a n h thng x l nc thi trung tm ca nh my. Cc ngun nc thi chnh trong nh my lc ha du bao gm:
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Nc thi b mt nhim du ( OWS ). Nc thi nhim du t khu cng ngh ( OW ). Nc thi sinh hot. Cc dng bn thi ln nc.
2. H thng x l nc thi

Do nc thi ca nh my lc ha du cha nhiu loi tp cht, v vy, h thng x l nc thi c phn chia ra nhiu b phn x l chuyn bit v nhiu cp x l loi cc tp cht mt cch c hiu qu v c chn lc. S khi h thng x l nc thi in hnh ca nh my lc ha du in hnh c m t trong hnh H1. Ty theo s ch bin, cng ngh p dng m ngun thi c th c nhng khc bit i cht v do h thng x l trong thc t c nhng khc bit. Nhn chung, tt c cc h thng x l nc thi trong nh my lc ha du u phn ra cc cp x l khc nhau nhm t c hiu qu cao. 2.1. S cng ngh a. Phn loi nc thi v x l ban u Tt c cc ngun nc thi trong nh my u c phn loi v x l s b trc khi a vo h thng x l chung. Cc dng nc thi c phn loi v thu gom thnh cc nhm sau: Nc nhim du b mt: Bao gm nc ma khu vc c nguy c nhim du, nc ra cc khu vc phn xng cng ngh, nc thi ra t h thng nc lm mt , t thit b lc ca ca h thng x l nc ngt v nc ngng Nc nhim du b mt c thu gom v b cha , c tch vng du s b ri chuyn sang

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thit b lng du ( CPI ). Du tch ra c chuyn ti b cha du m, cn nc c a ti b kim tra cht lng nc thi trc khi thi ra mi trng.

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H-1; S khi h thng x l nc thi trong nh my lc ha du

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Nc nhim du : Nc ln du c tch ra t cc phn xng cng ngh, khu b cha v b cha du thi c a ti b lng du. Ti y mt phn du c tch ra ri a ti b cha du m , cn nc thi c bm ti b ha trn cc dng nc sau qua x l s b. Nc thi sinh hot : Nc thi sinh hot thu gom t cc ngun nh khu nh hnh chnh , nh n , nh v sinh c thu v b cha nc thi sinh hot . Ti y cc tp cht c hc c kch thc ln c loi b , cn nc thi c bm sang thit b x l sinh hc. Nc c ln Phenol : Phenol l mt cht c hi vi sc khe con ngi, v vy cc tiu chun v cht lng nc thi qui nh rt ngt ngho v hm lng ca cht ny. hiu qu qu trnh tch Phenol c cao, ngun nc nhim Phenol c tch x l ring trc khi ha vo h thng x l chung ca nh my. Ngun nc cha Phenol ( ch yu l nc t phn xng sc nc chua ) c a ti b thu gom sau a n thit b x l Phenol. Qua thit b x l, Phenol b chuyn ha sang dng ha cht khng c hi khc hoc b hp ph li ty theo phng php x l. Nc thi sau khi x l s c chuyn ti b ha trn. Nc thi sau khi x l s b s c a vo h thng x l chung. Qa trnh x l tri qua cc cng on sau y. b. X l bc mt Cc ngun nc thi sau khi phn loi v x l s b c a ti b iu ha. Ti y cc dng nc thi c ha trn ng nht x l theo cc cng on tip theo. B ha trn c sc cha thit k ph hp vi c im cc dng khng n nh. Cc dng nc thi thu gom v b ha trn bao gm cc dng chnh sau: Dng nc thi t b lng du ( CPI ) ca dng nc thi ln du khu vc cng ngh . Dng nc thi t b lng du ( CPI ) ca dng nc thi ln du khu vc b cha. Nc tch t b cha du m . Nc t phn xng trung ha . Nc t thit b x l phenol . Nc thi tun hon trong h thng .
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Nc thi t b ha trn c bm ti b khuy trn iu chnh PH, b sung cc cht keo t nhm iu chnh mi trng nc phi ph hp tch cc ht rn l lng c kch thc nh. tng cng ha trn, trng b lp t c h thng khuy tnh v my khuy c hc. Nc t b khuy trn s t chy vo b tuyn ni kh. B tuyn ni kh c nhim v tch nt du t do v cc cht rn trong trong nc thi bng phng php tuyn ni thu nc thi c iu kin thch hp cho x l sinh hc tip theo. Nc thi sau khi tuyn ni c bm qua thit b lm mt nhm iu chnh nhit ti u cho qua trnh x l bc 2 ( x l sinh hc ). c. X l bc 2 X l bc 2 c mc ch chuyn ha phn cc hp cht hu c ha tan trong nc thi ti gii hn theo yu cu tiu chun mi trng. Nc thi t h thng x l cp 1 v nc thi sinh hot c a ti thit b x l sinh hc. iu chnh cht lng nc thi, mt phn nc thi t b kim tra cht lng nc trc khi x ra mi trng cng c tun hon li thit b x l sinh hc. X l bc 2 thng l h thng x l sinh hc 2 giai on. Nc thi sau khi i vo cc thit b lc sinh hc c b sung dinh dng cn thit cho s pht trin ca sinh vt. Mi giai on x l bao gm mt b cha nc thi , mt bnh lc sinh hc ( thit b phn ng sinh hc ), mt thit b phn tch, thu gom bn v b cha nc bm tun hon. Ngoi ra, mi giai on cng trang b mt s thit b km theo : h thng nh lng ha cht, dinh dng b sung, h thng cp khng kh cn thit cho s phat trin ca sinh vt. Nc thi sau khi x l sinh hc s c a ti thit b x l bc 3, cn bn cn c a ti thit b x l s b bn thi. d. X l bc 3 Nc thi sau khi ra khi thit b x l bc 2 c a ti thit b lc tch nt cc tp cht rn l lng cn xt li. Thit b lc thng c s dng l thit b lc ct nhanh c h thng ra ngc, Nc thi c thu gom v mt b cha. Nc thi t b cha nc lc sau t chy vo b kim tra cht lng nc thi trc khi thi vo mi trng nh dc. Ti b cha ny c h thng kim tra ln cui cht lng nc thi , nu nc thi p ng tiu chun mi trng s c thi ra mi trng.
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Trong trng hp nc thi khng p ng yu cu th mt phn nc thi s c bm tun hon li cc thit b x l pha trc x l. Nc thi khng t yu cu c bm ti thit b x li bc 2 hay bc 3 ty thuc vo ch tiu no ca nc thi cha t yu cu. 2.2 . Cc thit b x l Thit b x l nc thi trong nh my lc ha du c chia thnh bn nhm: Thit b phn loi v x l s b bn u, thit b x l bc mt, thit b x l bc hai v thit b x l bc ba. S cng ngh tm tt h thng x l nc in hnh vi cc loi thit b s dng c trnh by trong hnh H -2. a.Thit b phn loi v x l s b Thit b x l s b nc nhim du b mt. X l nc nhim du b mt bao gm cc thit b chnh sau: B phn phi dng, b cha nc ma, b lng du CPI. Nc nhim du b mt c thu gom v bnh phn chia dng ri chy ti b cha v x l s b. B cha v x l s b l dng b lng du (CPI) c nhim v tch cc cht thi rn ko theo v tch du ni trn b mt ra khi nc thi. nng cao hiu qu qu trnh tch du, trong b c gn cc tm dp nhn tng cng qu trnh phn tch du v nc. Pha trn b mt thang ca b c lp h thng thu gom du ni. Du tch ra c chuyn ti b cha du m, cn nc c chuyn ti b kim tra cht lng nc thi trc khi x ra mi trng. Nu ngun nc thi ny b nhim du nng trong thi gian di th nc thi khng c a trc tip ti b kim tra cht lng trc khi thi m a ti h thng nc nhim du x l. Khi lng nc thi ln (khi ma ) nc t bnh phn dng s chy trn vo b cha nc ma .

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H-2 : S cng ngh h thng x l nc thi trong nh my lc ha du

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Thit b x l s b nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Thit b x l s b nc nhim du bao gm hai b lng du x l nc nhim du t khu cng ngh v khu b cha. Nc nhim du c phn loi v a v cc b lng du tng ng x l s b. y l dng b lng du (CPI) c nhim v tch cc cht thi rn ko theo v tch du ni trn b mt ra khi nc thi. Cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca b thu gom v x l s b ny tng t nh b lng nc nhim du b mt. C im khc bit so vi nc thi nhim du b mt l nc thi nhim du t khu cng ngh v b cha sau khi x l s b c a ti b ho trn ca x l bc mt m khng a thng ti b kim tra cht lng nc trc khi thi . Thit b x l s b nc sinh hot Thit b x l s b nc thi sinh hot ch bao gm cc b thu gom nc thi. n linh ng vn hnh thng thng, c hai b cha nc thi hot ng song song. Nc thi sinh hot thu gom v cc b cha ny c x l s b. Ti y, cc tp cht c hc c loi b , nc thi sau c bm sang thit b x l sinh hc (x l bc hai). Thit b x l Phenol Thit b x l nc thi cha phenol rt a dng, ty thuc vo cng ngh x l c p dng. Hin nay, trong thc t ngi ta s dng ba phng php x l phenol chnh l phng php sinh hc, phng php ha hc (-xy ha) v phng php hp ph bng than hot tnh. Phng php sinh hc c s dng tng i rng ri do thn thin vi mi trng , p ng c yu cu ngt ngho v hm lng phenol trong nc thi. Thit b chnh ca phng php s l phenol bng sinh hc l cc bnh phn ng sinh hc. Cc bnh phn ng ny c dng tr bn trong cha cc lp m thm vi sinh vt c kh nng phn hy phenol cha trong nc thi. Nc thi cha phenol sau khi x l s c chuyn ti b ha trn trc khi a ti thit b x l bc mt. B cha du m B cha du m c nhim v cha du tch ra t khu vc x l nc thi , x l s b trc khi a ti b cha du thi trong nh my. Thng thng, c hai b
29

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

cha du thi m. Trong mi b thu gom du thi m ny c trang b gia nhit kiu ng rut g (gia nhit bng hi thp p) tng cng phn chia pha du v nc. Ti cc bnh thu gom ny, du c tch ra trn v c bm ti b cha du thi ca nh my, nc thi c bm ti b ha trn. b. Thit b x l bc 1 Cm x l nc thi bc mt bao gm cc thit b chnh sau : B ha trn, b khuy trn iu chnh pH v b sung ha cht v b tuyn ni kh. B ha trn B ha trn l b cha c thit k tng tr v ho trn tt c cc ngun nc thi c x l s b. B ho trn phi c dung tch ln dung ho s khng n nh lu lng ca cc dng thi. Chc nng ca b cha ny l iu ho lu lng dng chy vo cc thit b x l pha sau, lm ng u thnh phn nc thi x l. Bn trong b thng c trang b mt my khuy trn. Nc thi sau khi ho trn c a ti b khuy trn . B khuy trn B khuy trn c nhim v iu ho mi trng nc thi ph hp vi iu kin cho cc giai on x l tip theo. Nc thi trc ht c iu chnh pH, thng thng trong nh my lc du, ngun nc thi c tnh kim, v vy, gi tr pH ca nc thi c iu chnh bng dung dch a-xt . Nc sau khi iu chnh pH c chuyn sang khoang b sung cht to keo v cht polime nhm mc ch to lp keo t tch cc ht rn l lng, du dng nh tng v phn tn trong nc thi khi chuyn sang thit b tuyn ni kh pha sau. B khuy trn c chia thnh ba khoang : khoang iu chnh pH , khoang b sung ha cht keo t v khoang b sung polime. Cc khoang ny u c lp t thit b khuy trn tnh hay my khuy ty theo iu kin c th. Nc thi sau khi c iu chnh pH v b sung ha cht c chuyn sang thit b tuyn ni kh. Thit b tuyn ni kh Nc thi sau khi c b sung ha cht s hnh thnh lp kt ta, du phn tn v nh tng c tch ra dng du t do. Nc thi t b khuy trn s c chy sang b tuyn ni nh trng lc. B tuyn ni c nhim v lm cc pha cha du t do v cht rn ni ln pha b mt lng d dng tch ra khi pha lng
30

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

nhm mc ch thu c nc ph hp cho qu trnh x l sinh hc giai on tip theo. Thit b tuyn ni thng l thit b kiu nm ngang, c chia thnh nhiu ngn ni tip nhau, ngn cui cng c lp bm tun hon nhm tng cng hiu qu qu trnh phn tch pha. Phn cui thit b c lp mng thu lp ni pha trn mt nc v a v b cha du thi m. Nc thi qua thit b tuyn ni s c a ti thit b x l bc hai ( x l sinh hc ). c. Thit b x l bc 2 Thit b x l bc hai thng c s dng l thit b x l sinh hc hai giai on truyn thng. Nhim v ca thit b x l bc hai l chuyn ha cc hp cht hu c ho tan trong nc thi xung di mc yu cu. Mi giai on x l sinh hc bao gm mt thit b lc sinh hc ( thit b phn ng sinh hc ) cng vi h thng tch bn , b cha nc sau khi qua thit b lc sinh hc. Pha trc thit b lc sinh hc c h thng cung cp dinh dng cho s pht trin vi sinh vt phc v cho qu trnh x l. Thit b lc sinh hc l thit b thit b quan trng nht, bn cht y l thit b phn ng sinh hc. Pha trong thit b l cc m plastic c thm cc vi sinh c kh nng phn hu cc cht hu c ho tan trong nc thi. thc y qu trnh phn ng, khng kh c a vo cng vi dng nc thi cp xy cho qu trnh oxy ha sinh hc. Bn to ra trong qu trnh x l sinh hc c phn tch v chuyn ti bnh x l bn s b trc khi chuyn ti h thng x l bn v h thng x l cht thi rn. Nc thi sau khi x l c a tip ti thit b x l bc ba. d. Thit b x l bc 3 H thng thit b x l bc ba bao gm cc thit b chnh sau: Thit b lc , b cha nc lc, b cha v kim tra cht lng nc trc khi thi vo mi trng v khoang cha nc bm tun hon. H thng x l bc ba c nhim v tch nt cc tp cht cn li trong nc thi, kim tra v iu chnh cht lng nc thi trc khi x vo mi trng . Thit b lc Thit b lc c nhim v tch nt cc ht rn c kch thc nh cn li trong nc thi. y l dng thit b lc ct nhanh c h thng ra ngc hon nguyn lp ct lc. Nc sau lc ct c chuyn ti b cha nc lc. Nc ra ti sinh
31

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

lp m ct c thu v b cha nc ra thu hi x l. B cha nc lc B cha nc lc n thun c chc nng cha nc sau khi lc nhm iu ho hot ng chung ca h thng thit b ( dng thi khng n nh ), v vy, cc b cha c chc nng iu ho cc dng chy n nh cng sut cc thit b x l. B cha nc thi c th lm bng b tng ct thp hoc b thp ty theo iu kin c th . B cha kim tra v hiu chnh cht lng nc thi Nc thi t b cha nc lc c chy t nhin vo b cha kim tra v hiu chnh cht lng nc thi. B ny c thit k thc hin nhim v kim tra cht lng nc ln cui trc khi thi vo mi trng. Khi cht lng nc khng p ng yu cu th mt phn nc t b cha c bm ngc li cc thit b x l pha trc x l li. Nc thi p ng tiu chun mi trng c x ra mi trng kt thc qu trnh x l.

32

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

II. Nc thi nhim du trong nh my lc ha du

1. Ngun pht sinh

Trong nh my lc ha du nc thi nhim du pht sinh t nhng ngun chnh sau y : -

Nc x y Nc ra thit b Bn b cha Nc thi t thit b tch mui ca phn xng chng ct du th (CDU) Nc tch ra t b cha du th Nc tch t cc b cha du thi Cc dng nc thi ca phn xng trung ha kim Phn xng sc nc chua Nc t qu trnh x l cht thi ( ETP )
2. c tnh ca nc thi nhim du

Oil : 350mg/l SS : 160 mg/l BOD5 : 250 mg/l COD : 650 mg/l Phenol : 250 mg/l Amonium : 25 mg/l Chloride : 600mg/l Thng s n v Ga tr gii hn A B 40 5.5 n 9 5 50 80 C 45 5 n 9 10 100 400
33

TT

1 2 3 4 5

Nhit PH Du m khong BOD5 ( 200C ) COD

C mg/l mg/l mg/l

40 6 n 9 5 30 50

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

6 Phenol mg/l 0.1 0.5 1 7 Amoni ( tnh theo Nit ) mg/l 5 10 15 8 SS mg/l 50 100 200 9 . Bng 1 : Mt s gi tr gii hn cc thng s v nng cc cc cht nhim trong nc thi cng nghip ( TCVN 5945-2005 ).

III.

X l OW

H-3 ; S x l nc thi nhim du trong nh my lc du

1. X l th

BA
CPI

Nc ln du c tch ra t cc phn xng cng ngh , khu b cha v b cha du thi c x l qua phn on th trc tin.

Screening

1.1.

Sng lc (screening)

Biological treatment
34

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

i tng x l l rc thi loi ln ( nh: gi, rc, v hp, cc mu , g v cc vt thi khc ), chng thng c tch ra khi gy tc nghn ng ng. Ngi ta dng li lm bng cc thanh kim loi c t nghing mt gc 6075 0. Rc thi c ly ra bng co c gii. i vi rc c kch c nh hn ngi ta c th dng ry. y l hnh thc x l s b. Mc ch ca qu trnh l loi tt c cc tp vt c th gy ra s c trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng x l nc thi nh lm tc bm, ng ng hoc knh dn. y l bc quan trng m bo an ton v iu kin lm vic thun li cho c h thng x l nc t nhin ln nc thi. 1.2. B tch CPI

Mc ch Thit b ny c th x l vi lu lng nc t 1500-3000 l/h, x l du c kch thc 60micromet, hiu qu x l du t10ppm. Cu to L nhng tm song song c ch to sn vi dng nc chy ngang v chiu cho nhau. Cc tm mng c 2 chc nng: to l trnh ngn nht cho tng tc cc git du v chng c hiu qu gy kt t du. Du c tch trc tip t b mt nghing ca cc tm, nhng ht cn c tp trung v chy xung pha di .
35

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Hnh 6Tm gn sng

Thit b tch du dng tm gn sng CPI (Corrugated Plate Interception) l loi ph bin nht trong cc loi thit b tch du bng trng lc. Thit b c lp nhng mm tch song song c np gp cch nhau 20-40mm, t nghin gc 450 so vi dng vo. Thit b c kh nng tch nhng git du c kch thc >60micromet v nng du sau khi x l t t 10-50ppm. Dy mm theo tiu chun c kch thc 1mx2m c th x l c 30m3 nc thi/gi.

Hnh 7thit b tch du CPI

Hot ng : Nc thi chy vo h thng mt phn cht rn l lng c lng xung, phn nc thi tip tc i qua vch ngn phn phi v i qua cc tm song song nm nghing. Ti y cc git du c gi li v tng tc vi nhau to thnh cc git ln hn v ni ln trn to thnh vng du, nhng vng du s c vt vo b
36

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

cha du m, cn nc thi tip tc chy sang ngn tip theo. Ti y hn hp bn s b lng xung di v nc thi s chy sang b iu ha . Nhn xt: thit b tch trng lc ch x l hiu qu du dng t do v khng c hiu qu i vi du dng nh. B iu ha

1.3.

Mc ch Chc nng iu ho lu lng hoc nng cc cht bn trong nc thi B iu ha lu lng v cht lng nm trc tip trn ng chuyn ng ca dng chy. Nguyn tc hot ng B iu ho lm vic theo nguyn tc xo trn chia ra lm 2 loi: xo trn cng bc (my khuy, kh nn) v xo trn t nhin (gi hoc khch tn do chnh lch nng , nhit , t trng). Vic khuy trn trong b iu ho cn gip trnh lng cn, tham gia lm thong s b, oxi ho mt phn cc cht hu c v pha long cc cht c hi nu c to iu kin thun li cho giai on x l sinh hc sau . Ngoi ra trong b iu ho c th b tr thm cc thit b thu gom v x bt, vng ni.

37

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

H-8 ; B iu ha Nhng li ch do b ny mang li l:

-

Gim lu lng cc i trong nhng gi sn xut cao im. Gim nng cc cht nhim hu c cao cho qu trnh x l sinh hc theo sau. Ti u qu cc iu kin cho qu trnh x l sinh hc theo sau bao gm vic gim ti lng hu c, gim v lm chm li s dao ng ti lng hu c trong qu trnh sn xut, gim nng c cht trong nc thi (ho cht dng dit khun trong phn xng sn xut)

Kim sot c pH. B c khuy trn tt bng my thi kh (air blower) vi h thng ng phn phi b tr di y b, m bo iu kin hiu kh cho ton b th tch b ngn nga nc thi iu kin k kh ( septic) v gy mi hi thi.

38

X l nc nhim du
2. X l ha hc v ha l. 2.1.

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

X l ha hc

Mc ch X l ha hc nhm loi b nhng hp cht c hi c trong nc thi nhim du v iu chnh nng ca nc thi thun tin cho nhng qu trnh x l tip theo. Phn loi Ty theo thnh phn ca nc thi m ngi ta s s dng nhng phng php x l ha hc khc nhau, di y l 1 s phng php s l ha hc: a) Phng php ng t Mc ch: tng nhanh qu trnh lng cc cht l lng phn tn nh, keo,... ta dng phng php ng t, khi nng cht mu, mi, l lng s gim xung.Cc cht ng t thng dng l nhm sunfat, st sunfat, st clorua,...Al2(SO4)3 khi vo nc s tc dng vi bicacbonat trong nc to thnh Al(OH)3 dng bng v s hp ph , kt dnh cc ht huyn ph, cc cht dng keo llng trong NT. Cc bng ny s lng xung y dng cn. Al2(SO4) + 3Ca(HCO3)2 Khi dng cc mui st: 2FeCl3 + 3Ca(OH)2 3CaCl2 + 2Fe(OH)3 Hiu sut ng t cao nht khi pH 4-8,5. to cc bng ln, d lng ngi ta dng thm cht tr ng. l cht cao phn t tan trong nc v d phn ly thnh ion, gm cht tr ng t loi anion v cation. Hay dng l poliacrylamit (CH2CHCONH2)n, natri silicat hot tnh,... Gii hn s dng: chn la ha cht, liu lng ti u, th t cho vo nc, lng cn to thnh,..phi c tin hnh bng thc nghim, thng dng 1-5mg/l. iu kin: phn ng din ra hon ton v tit kim, cn phi: khuy u c th s dng cc loi my trn khc nhau. Loi hay dng: cnh qut c gii th NT s chuyn ng vng v to bng d dng ton b th tch. b) Phng php trung ha: Mc ch: do ngun thi cha axit v bazo gy nn n mn ha hc , gy c. Trung ha cn vi mc ch lm cho mt s mui kim loi nng lng xung v tch ra khi nc.V th ta phi trung ha nc.
39

2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + CO2

X l nc nhim du
Nguyn tc

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

u tin: tnh n kh nng trung ha ln nhau trong nc thi cha axit v kim.Qu trnh trung ha c thc hin trong cc b trung ha kiu lm vic lin tc hay gin on theo chu k. Nc thi sau khi trung ha c th cho lng cc h lng tp trung v nu iu kin thun li, cc h ny c th tch c th tr c cn lng trong khong 10-15 nm. Th tch cn lng ph thuc vo nng axit, ion kim loi nng trong nc thi, vo dng v liu lng ha cht. Vic la chn bin php trung ha ph thuc vo lng nc thi, ch x thi, nng , ha cht.. Thng s chnh iu chnh ph bin l i lng pH. Trung ha bng cch cho thm ha cht Nu nc thi cha qu nhiu axit hay kim ti mc khng th trung ha bng cch trn ln chng vi nhau c th phi cho thm ha cht. Phng php ny thng trung ha axit. Ha cht s dng: ph liu cng nghip a phng trung ha axit v c c th dng bt k dung dch c tnh baz no. Ha cht r tin v d kim l Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, MgCO3.. Liu lng ha cht c xc nh theo iu kin trung ha hon ton axit t do v ly ln hn tnh ton mt cht.Vic a dung dch cng tc vo nc thi c tin hnh nh bm hoc cc thit b nh lng c nh( nh mc vi p lc c nh..) Trung ha nc thi bng cch lc qua nhng lp vt liu trung ha . S dng cho nc thi cha HCl, HNO3, vi hm lng di 5g/l v khng cha mui kim loi nng. Cch tin hnh: cho NT tip xc cc b vt liu lc l vi, magiezit, hoa cng, lmit, kch thc ht 3-8 cm vi tc ph thuc vo vt liu nhng khng qu 5m3/h v thi gian tip xc khng qu 10 pht, nc thi c th chuyn ng ngang hoc ng trong b lc. Dng kh thi, khi t l hi trung ha nc thi cha kim y l bin php kh kinh t trung ha nc thi cha kim v kh t ng khi chy tt thng cha khong 14% CO2.

40

X l nc nhim du
c) Phng php oxy ha kh

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Mc ch :Cc cht bn trong nc thi c th phn ra hai loi: v c v hu c.Cc cht hu c thng l m, m, ng, cc hp cht cha phenol, cha nit,... nn c th b phn hy vi sinh vt, do c th dng phng php sinh hc x l. Cc cht v c thng l nhng cht khng x l bng phng php sinh hc c. Cc ion kim loi nng khng th x l bng vi sinh vt cng nh khng loi c di dng cn nh thy ngn, asen,.. l nhng cht rt c kh x l m cn tiu dit cc vi sinh vt c li trong nc. X l nc cha xianua bng phng php oxy ha kh Vic la chn bin php ph thuc vo tnh cht l ha ca nc. Cch thc thng dng l oxy ha xianua chuyn sang dng xianat, feri, fero, cc cn kt ta t nhng xianua n gin, phc cht ri sau tch khi nc thi bng phng php lng hoc lc. Cn u tin la chn bin php oxy ha xianua c thnh xianat khng c v y l bin php tt nht. y, nhm CN- b phn hy hon ton v nc s khng nhim bn trli bi cc cht xianua. X l nc cha crom bng phng php oxy ha kh. - Nguyn tc: chuyn Cr6+ bin v Cr3+, tip tch dng hidroxit kt ta. - Cc cht kh c th dng:Na2S, NaHSO3, FeSO4, SO2, khi cha kh SO2,... - Cc phn ng chuyn Cr6+ v Cr3+: Cr2O72-+ 3S2- + 14H+ 2Cr3+ 3S0 +7H2 O+ Cr2O7 Nu dng ncNa2S th trong dung dch Na2S b thy phn mnh v to kt taCr(OH)3 nn khng cn thm vi: S2- + 2H2O kt ta Cr(OH) 3. -Cng ngh x l nh sau: u tin nc thi c iu ha lu lng v nng . Sau kim tra pH nu thy pH > 4 cn iu chnh sao cho pH 2-4 trc khi thc hin phn ng kh,ng thi cn xc nh lng Cr6+ tnh ton lng cht kh ( thng dng gp 1,25 ln lng tnh ton theo l thuyt). Cht kh thng c chun b di dng dung dch 10% v cho vo b phn ng nh thit b nh lng. Thi gian khuy trn b phn ng di 30 pht, sau khi phn ng kh ktthc cho vi sa vo ( c chun b vi nng khong
41

H2S + 2OH

Nu dng NaHSO3 , FeSO4 th cn cho thm vi sa (hoc loi kim no )

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

2,5%) cho t pH 9, tip tc khuy khong 3-5 pht sau cho nc thi sang b lng vi thi gian khong 2h. 2.2. Qa trnh tuyn ni

V sao nc thi nhim du phi qua qu trnh tuyn ni Du m , cht rn l lng -> lp mng ph b mt -> ngn cn qu trnh hp ph oxy t khng kh vo nc -> nh hng qu trnh t lm sch.
-

Bt kn l rng vt liu hc trong b lc sinh hc . Ph hy cu trc bn hot tnh trong b bn hot tnh . Gy kh khn cho qu trnh ln men cn . Nc thi sau khi c b sung ha cht s hnh thnh lp kt ta, du phn tn

Mc ch v nh tng c tch ra dng du t do. Nc thi t b khuy trn s c chy sang b tuyn ni nh trng lc. B tuyn ni c nhim v lm cc pha cha du t do v cht rn ni ln pha b mt lng d dng tch ra khi pha lng

42

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

nhm mc ch thu c nc ph hp cho qu trnh x l sinh hc giai on tip theo. Cu to v hot ng

Hnh 9. S h thng tuyn ni

Nc thi sau khi c x l cc cng on trc s c a vo b tuyn ni . Ti bm iu p, y hn hp khng kh v nc s c trn ln vi nhau v to ra hn hp bt kh v nc ( Hnh 11). Sau hn hp ny c a vo bnh iu p. Khi nc thi i vo b tuyn ni, ng thi khi khng kh t bnh kh nn s sc trc tip khng kh vo dng nc thi, khi cc bt kh s bm ly cc git du. Khi khi lng ring ca tp hp cc bt kh v nhng git du nh hn khi

43

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

lng ring ca nc, nhng git du s theo bt kh ni ln trn b mt b dng bt.

Hnh 11. M phng qu trnh to bt kh ti bm

Bn trong b c thit b khuy tnh nhm tng cng kh nng bm dnh ca bt kh. Bt ni ln s c thit b vt bt thu hi v a vo mng thu bt v a v b cha du m. Cn phn nc thi s t chy vo b cha nc thi sau . Nc thi sau khi tuyn ni c bm qua thit b lm mt (heat exchanger) nhm iu chnh nhit ti u cho qua trnh x l bc 2 ( x l sinh hc ) . Mt phn nc thi s c tun hon li bm iu p. 3. X l sinh hc

44

X l nc nhim du

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Nc thi sau khi tuyn ni c bm qua thit b lm mt (heat exchanger) nhm iu chnh nhit ti u cho qua trnh x l sinh hc Mc ch Mc ch ca x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc l keo t v tch cc loi keo khng lng v n nh ( phn hy ) cc cht hu c nh s hot ng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh hoc k kh . Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh phn hy sinh hc thng l cc cht kh ( CO2 , N2 , CH4 , H2S ), cc cht v c ( NH4+, PO43-) v t bo mi . Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l Nng cht hu c: BOD 5 :N:P = 100: 5:1 hoc 200:5:2 (bn hot tnh) Hm lng tp cht Nhit , pH, cc nguyn t vi lng, kim loi Hm lng oxy trong nc thi Lu lng nc thi H thng x l: ch thu ng Khng c cht c lm cht hay c ch h vi sinh vt trong nc thi. c bit l hm lng cc kim loi nng nh: Sb >Ag >Cu >Hg >Co >Ni >Pb >Cr3+ >V >Cd >Zn >Fe Cht hu c trong nc thi phi l c cht dinh dng ngun cacbon v nng lng cho vi sinh vt nh : hidratcacbon, protein, lipit ho tan COD/BOD 2 hoc BOD/COD 0,5 mi c th a vo x l sinh hc(hiu kh), nu COD ln hn BOD nhiu ln, trong gm c xenluloz, hemixenluloz, prottein, tinh bt cha tan th phi qua x l sinh hc k kh . Cc qu trnh x l
-

iu kin nc thi a vo x l
-

Qa trnh x l s dng vi sinh vt hiu kh: cc vi sinh vt hot ng trong iu kin mi trng cung cp oxi lin tc, gm cc cng trnh nh: b lc sinh hc, b aerotank Qa trnh x l s dng vi sinh vt k kh: cc vi sinh vt hot ng trong iu kin mi trng khng c oxi,gm cc cng trnh nh b UASB, b UAF
45

X l nc nhim du
Qa trnh thiu kh Qa trnh thiu kh v k kh kt hp Qa trnh h sinh vt

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Xt b x l sinh hc bng bn hot tnh (B Aerotank) Khi Nim B Aerotank l cng trnh nhn to x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc hiu kh, trong ngi ta cung cp xi v khuy trn nc thi vi bn hot tnh . V tr b :Nh hnh v bn di :

Nguyn tc hot ng Nc thi sau khi qua x l cp 1 s cn mt hm lng du tng i thp.Ty theo cng ngh p dng m c th nc thi sau khi qua x l cp I t tiu chun thi hoc phi tip tc x l sinh hc loi b nt nhng thnh phn du th cn li dng nh v du ha tan.Ti y cc vi khun v vi sinh vt trong b chuyn ha cc cht hu c phc tp thnh cc cht n gin l cc cht tr khng ha tan v thnh cc t bo mi.C th ti giai on ny s loi b cc cht ha tan c th phn r sinh hc: - Cc hp cht oxi ha cc axit , aldehyte , phenol . - Cc hp cht lu hunh - Mt phn cc hydrocacbon thm , NH4 u v nhc im
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- u im: t tn din tch

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

- Nhc im: gi thnh xy dng v vn hnh cao Cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra trong b Aerotank Qu trnh tng sinh khi

Qa trnh chuyn ha c cht

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Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Qu trnh kh nitro v nitrat ha

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Qu trnh kh pht pho

4. X l phn on cui 4.1. B lng th cp ( B lng 2 )

T b x l sinh hc nc v bn hot tnh c dn v b lng 2. Ti y din ra qu trnh phn tch gia nc thi v bn hot tnh. C ch: B lng 2 s loi b 1 phn cht rn l lng sau cc cng on x l s cp, cc loi bng keo t ha hc nh qu trnh lng ca cc ht kt t trong hn hp huyn ph. Cc ht rn ny lin kt li vi nhau lm tng sinh khi lng ht lng nn s lng nhanh hn. Mc ch B lng th cp t sau qu trnh x l nc thi : - Tch cn vi sinh v bn
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Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

- Lm trong nc thi trc khi ra ngun tip nhn. Cc loi b lng v c im Cn c vo chiu nc chy phn bit cc loi: b lng ngang, ng, radian B lng thng dng dng trong thc t:

Cc loi b lng
a. B lng ngang ; b. B lng ng ; c. B lng theo phng bn knh d. Thit b lng loi ng e. Thit b lng loi tm nghing ;

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1 . B lng ngang

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Hnh dng : b lng ngang c mt bng hnh ch nht, t l gia chiu rng v chiu di khng nh hn v chiu su n 4m Cu to: gm c mng dn nc vo , mng phn phi ,tm na chm ni, mng thu nc , mng thu v x cht ni v mng dn nc ra. Nguyn tc hot ng : nc thi theo mng phn phi vo b p trn thnh mng hoc tng c l xy dng u b, nc chy theo phng ngang vo b n mng thu nc , ti mng thu v x cht ni sau nc ti mng dn nc ra ngoi v cht ni c x ra ng thi( cc ht cn ngng chuyn ng khi chm y b) u im : Gn , c th lm h thu cn u b v cng c th lm nhiu h thu cn thnh b . Nhc im : gi thnh cao, c nhiu h thu cn to nn nhng vng xoy lm gim kh nng lng ca cc ht cn, ng thi khng kinh t v tng thm khi tch khng cn thit ca cng trnh. Lng cn tch ra khi b lng ph thuc vo : -

Nng cn ban u c tnh ca cn (hnh dng, kch thc, trng lng ring, tc ri ) Thi gian lu nc trong b

2. B lng ng Hnh dng : thng mt bng hnh trn hoc hnh vung , y dng nn hay chop ct . Cu to : ng knh khng vt qu 3 ln chiu su cng tc, c th n 10m gm mng dn nc , ng trung tm, mng thu nc, , mng tho nc , ng x cn v ng x cn ni. Nguyn tc hot ng : nc thi theo mng chy vo ng trung tm (kt thc loe hnh phu). Sau khi ra khi ng trung tm nc thi va vo tm chn v thay i hng ng sang hng ngang ri dng ln theo thn b. Nc a lng trong trn qua mng thu t xung quanh thnh b ra ngoi.khi nc thi dng ln theo thn b th cn thc hin mt chu trnh ngc li. u im : Thun tin trong cng tc x cn, t din tch xy dng.
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Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Khuyt im : Chiu cao xy dng ln lm tng gi thnh xy dng, s lng b nhiu, hiu sut thp Hiu qu lng ph thuc vo : Tnh cht cn Din tch b mt b Chiu cao lng Thi gian lu nc

3. B lng Radian Hnh dng : C mt bng hnh trn, ng knh t 16 40 m (c trng hp n 60m), chiu cao lm vic bng 1/16 1/10 ng knh b. Cu to : B ly tm :gm ng dn nc vo b , ng dn nc bn, dn quay, ng tho nc v ng tho cn ni. B hng tm: gm ng a nc thi vo b , mng phn phi , dn quay , h thng co gom cn, ng tho cn v h thng dn nc ra khi b. Nguyn tc hot ng : B hng tm : C dng chy nc thi trong b hng t chung quanh vo trung tm b. B lng ny c mng phn phi nc chu vi v phu thu nc trung tm. Mng phn phi c chiu rng c nh, nhng chiu cao gim dn t u n cui mng. y c nhiu l nc chy xung b Nc t ngoi dc a vo b qua mng phn phi ,di chuyn ng ca dn quay nc chuyn ng t thnh b vo trung tm , sau mt thi gian cn lng ri xung y b , s dng h thng ng co gom cn a vo ng tho cn thi ra ngoi, ng thi nc trong sau khi lng a vo h thng dn thot nc ra khi b.
-

B ly tm:

Nc thi chy t trong b hng ra chung quanh thnh, nc thi chy theo ng trung tm t di ln trn mi phn phi vo b. Cht ni nh tm chn l lng di dn quay dn gp li v chy lun qua ng xiphong x vo ging cn.
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Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Dn quay quay vi tc 2 3 vng trong mt gi, cng sut ca roto 0.5 2 kW. Khi dn quay quay, cn lng c dn vo h thu (xy dng trung tm b) nh h thng co gom cn gn phn di dn quay hp vi tr mt gc 450.cn x ra khi b c th s dng my bm hoc p lc thy tnh khng nh hn 1.5m. Sau khi qua b lng th cp nc thi c tch lm 2 phn , phn bn cn di v nc trong hn trn , phn nc trong hn ta cho qua b lc ct x l , phn bn cn cho vo b nn bn , mt phn bn cn c cho quay tr li qu trnh x l sinh hc duy tr mt vi sinh vt theo s sau :

4.2. B lc ct Nc sau khi qua khi b lng th cp c cho vo b lc ct x l vi mc ch lm tiu dit vi trng v mm bnh . y l giai on cui cng lm trong nc. Phn loi b lc: Theo tc : - B lc chm: c tc lc 0.1 0.5 m/h - B lc nhanh: vn tc lc 5 15 m/h - B lc cao tc: vn tc lc 36 100 m/h Theo ch lm vic: - B lc trng lc: h, khng p. - B lc c p lc : lc kn, Nc thi sau khi qua b lc ct c a vo thng cha ri thi ra mi trng.
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4.3. X l bn cn y cng l mt qu trnh tng i quan trng trong x l nc thi ni chung v nc thi nhim du ni ring v thnh phn ca bn cn rt phc tp, cha nhiu cht hu c v cc nguyn t dinh dng dng lm phn bn rt tt. Nhng li cha nhiu cht hu c d gy hi thi lm nhim mi trng khng kh, cha nhiu vi khun c vi khun gy bnh, m ln, s dng bn cn ti lm phn bn khng c li v kh vn chuyn. x l bn cn trong nc thi nhim du ta s dng phng php dng b nn bn : 4.3.1. B nn bn ( B nn bn trng lc )

Nhim v : B nn bn c nhim v lm gim m ca bn. C ch : - Phn bn d t b lng 2 c a vo b nn bn trng lc. Tng hm lng cht rn t b lng 1 khong 3-4%, b lng 2 thp hn 0.75%. - Sau qu trnh nn bn tng hm lng cht rn s tng ln 4-5%. Nc sau khi tch bn c dn ngc v b thu gom. - Nn bn trng lc gip lm gim kch thc ca cng trnh x l bn tip theo nh b phn hy bn hiu kh, tit kim chi ph nhn cng v nng lng.

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4.3.2. Sn phi bn

Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

Sn phi bn l cng trnh s dng nhit mt tri nhm mc ch gim khi lng ca hn hp bn cn bng cch gn mt phn hay phn ln lng nuc c trong hn hp gim kch thc thit b x l v gim trng lng phi vn chuyn n ni tip nhn. Bn sau khi c x l c vn chuyn n ni cha bn . V nc thi c x l hon tt.

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C . Kt lun
Qua ti ny ta thy c vic x l nc thi ni chung v x l nc thi nhim du ni ring c cc phng php ch yu l: phng php sinh hc, phng php ha hc, phng php ha l. Mi phng php s c nhng cng ngh khc nhau v chng c nhng u nhc im khc nhau. Ty thuc vo nhng loi nc thi khc nhau m s c nhng phng php x l khc nhau v chng ta cn phi kt hp nhng phng php x l vic x l t hiu qu cao. Nh trong ti ny chng ti ch trng tm hiu s cng ngh x l m thy Phm Xun Ni cp ti trong chng trnh hc ca chng ti. Thng qua tm hiu cc ti liu chuyn nghnh chng ti thy y l s cng ngh ph hp v ti u nht x l nc thi nhim du trong nh my lc du bi v cng ngh khng qu phc tp v gi thnh cng r l yu t kh quan trng hn na nc thi tuy khng th ni l x l trit nhng n cng tiu chun thi ra ngoi mi trng m khng gy ra nhng tc hi khng mong mun. Thng qua ti ny chng ti hi vng mi ngi s hiu r v nc thi nhim du, tc hi ca n n mi trng, vi sinh vt cng nh cc tc ng n con ngi v cng ngh x l chng c th cng nhau a ra nhng phng php x l hu hiu hn, t hiu qu cao hn lm cho mi trng ngy cng tt p.

Ti liu tham kho

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