1.

Classical Mechanics - 20%

v
2
= v
2
0
+ 2a(x x
0
) v in terms of x in uniform acceleration
L = L(q, q, t) = T U Lagrangian
d
dt
_
L
q
_
=
L
q
EL eqs of motion
S =
_
t
1
t
0
L(q(t), q(t), t)dt Action, minimize this integral
p =
L
q
generalized/conjugate momentum
F =
L
q
generalized force
H = p q L = T + U Hamiltonian
q =
H
p
p =
H
q
H eqs of motion
p + gy +
1
2
v
2
= constant Bernoullis eq
F
coriolis
= 2m r Coriolis force
F
centrifugal
= m ( r) Centrifugal force
= r F torque
L = r p angular momentum
I =

i
m
i
r
2
i
=
_
r
2
dm =
_
r
2
dV moment of inertia
=
_
mgr
I
=
_
g

frequency of pendulum

2
=
4
2
GMs
a
3
Keplers third law
where a is dist from center to aphelion
I = I
cm
+ md
2
parallel axis theorem
_
cos sin
sin cos
_
2D rotation matrix
=
m
1
m
2
m
1
+m
2
reduced mass
U
e
(r) = U(r) +

2
2r
2
2 body eective potential (1D)
=
_
k
m
frequency of harmonic oscillator
v = r v in terms of omega and r (in vectors)
F
b
=
f
V g bouyant force
f
beat
= |f
1
f
2
| beats per second for 2 superposed waves
No energy conserved in inelastic collision?
c
s
=
_

mono
= 5/3
dia
= 7/5 speed of sound
P = B = p/(V/V ) denition of bulk modulus
f =
cs

frequency of sound
c
s
=
_
kT
m
per particle
= 343 m/s for air speed of sound of ideal gas (and for air)
c
s
=
_
gh +
(atm)

speed of sound in water

A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
2
pipe ow (non-viscous)
v =
_
T

speed of waves on a string

1
R =
Dv

=
Dv

Reynolds number
where D=char length, v=char speed
=dynamic viscosity, = kinematic viscosity
R < 1 laminar, R > 1 turbulent
dP
dz
= g hydrostatic equilibrium
p/p
0
= /
0
= e
z/H
H =
p
0
g
0
= 8.55 km pressure vs height
M
dv
dt
=

F
ext
+ v
rel
dM
dt
rocket equation
v
2
=
2GM
R
escape velocity
F = A
dv
dy
viscous force

n
=
2L
n
n = 1, 2, 3 . . . standing waves in open tube (xed string)

n
=
4L
n
n = 1, 3, 5 . . . standing waves in closed tube (one end xed
string)
P = IV = Fv power denitions
L
total
= L
global
+ L
intrinsic
total angular momentum of a system
stable non-circular orbits exist only in simple har-
monic and inverse-square-force potentials
Bertrands theorem
=
_
w
2
0

t
2
4m
2
frequency of underdamped SHO
Moments of inertia:
I
z
=
mr
2
2
solid disc or cylinder
I =
2mr
2
5
solid sphere
I =
2mr
2
3
hollow sphere
I
center
=
mL
2
12
rod about center
I
center
=
mL
2
3
rod about end
kepler orbits?
normal modes?
2. E&M - 18%
= permittivity = permeability
=
0
(1 +
e
) electric susceptibility
=
0
(1 +
m
) magnetic susceptibility
=
0

r
dielectric constant/relative permittivity
n =
_

0
=
c
vp
=

r
index of refraction
c =
1

0
speed of light
v =
1

v in terms of EM stu
Typical values:
2
>
0
almost always, with
e
> 0 permittivity
<
0
,
m
< 0 diamagnetics
eld dies
>
0
,
m
> 0 paramagnetics
>>
0
,
m
>> 0 ferromagnetics
_
( A)d =
_
A da divergence theorem
_
(A) da =
_
A dl curl theorem
Maxwell Eqs:
E =
1

0
Gausss Law
E =
B
t
Faradays Law
B = 0 No monopoles
B =
0
J +
0

0
E
t
Amperes Law
D =
free
Gausss Law in matter
H = J
free
+
D
t
Amperes Law in matter
D =
0
E +P denition of electric displacement D
H =
1

0
BM denition of auxiliary eld H
In linear media:
P =
0

e
E polarization eld
D = E displacement eld
M =
m
H magnetization eld
H =
1

B auxiliary eld
V = N
d
dt
Induced voltage from Faradays Law
F =
1
4
0
q
1
q
2
r
2
Coulombs Law
dB =

0
4
IdL r
r
2
Biot-Savart Law
B =

0
I
2
r
2
(r
2
+z
2
)
3/2
Magnetic eld on axis of a circle of current
B =

0
I
2R
Magnetic eld from innite straight wire
dF = I d B Force on a wire from a magnetic eld
Boundary conditions:
E

above
E

below
=
1

0
BCs for E
E

above
= E

below
D

above
D

below
=
f
BCs for D
3
D

above
D

below
= P

above
P

below
B

above
= B

below
BCs for B
B

above
B

below
=
0
(K n)
H

above
H

below
= (M

above
M

below
) BCs for H
H

above
H

below
= K
f
n
Q = CV U =
1
2
CV
2
Capacitance and energy
C =
A
d
Parallel plate capacitor
V = V
b
V
a
= L
dI
dt
U =
1
2
LI
2
Inductance and energy
= LI inductance
L =
N
2
A
l
Inductance of a solenoid
Z = R Z =
1
iC
Z = iL impedance for resistor, capacitor, inductor
=
qB
m
Cyclotron frequency
charged particle passes through a medium faster
than v = c/n and emits blue light in nuclear re-
actors
Cherenkov radiation
P =
q
2
a
2
6
0
c
3
Larmor formula for radiated power
=
E
J
resistivity
R =
L
A
resistance, L = length, A = area
J = E conductivity
10
4
m/s electron drift velocity
J =
I
A
= E = nev
drift
equation for drift velocity
E

= 0 outsiede,

E reversed upon reection reection o a conductor
E

0
p
0

2
4
(
sin
r
)

E eld of oscillating electric dipole

B

0
p
0

2
4
(
sin
r
)

B eld of oscillating electric dipole

E

0
m
0

2
4c
(
sin
r
)

E eld of oscillating magnetic dipole

B

0
m
0

2
4c
(
sin
r
)

B eld of oscillating magnetic dipole

p = qd electric dipole moment
m = IA magnetic dipole moment
=
0
V
n
surface charge on conductor vs V
Z
load
= Z

source
impedance matching

b
= P n bound surface charge

b
= P bound volume charge
K
b
= M n bound surface current
J
b
= M bound volume current
used to measure exponent in Coulomb law placed
a charge inside a hollow charged sphere measured
how far it moved (not much)
Cavendish-Maxwell experiment
4
= B torque on a dipole
U = B dipole potential energy
B =

0

2z
3
magnetic dipole eld
L =

0
N
2
h
2
ln
b
a
inductance of a toroid
E =
1
4
0
p
x
3
electric dipole eld (approx)
E =
1
4
0
p
(x
2
+(d/2)
2
)
3/2
electric dipole eld (exact)
current ows in metal in perp B eld, charge accu-
mulates on one side, magnetic force balances new
E eld, determines sign of charge carriers
Hall eect
S =
1

0
(E B) Poynting vector
gauges?
EM eld transformations ?
cross product identities?
3. Optics and Wave Phenomena - 9%
v
phase
=

k
v
group
=
d
dk
Phase velocity versus group velocity
group velocity information travels at...
=
0
1v
obs
/cn
1vsource/cn
Doppler shift (for sound waves in a medium)
Top signs moving towards each other
1
o
+
1
i
=
1
f
Thin lens formula
sin =
l
f
1.22

d
Rayleigh Criterion (aperture)
f =
R
2
1
f
= (n 1)
_
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
_
Focal length of mirror and lens
I
0
cos
2
( ) Intensity of polarized light through polarizer
y
m
= m
D
d
double slit interference, position of maxima
d sin = m m = 0, 1, 2, . . . same equation in terms of
wsin = m m = 1, 2, . . . single slit diraction, position of minima
I

= 4I
0
cos
2
(
d sin

) I

for 2 slit interference

I

= I
max
(
sin

)
2
I

for 1 slit diraction

where =
a

sin
product of the above 2 slit interference and diraction
reected wave same phase wave at boundary with n
1
> n
2
reected wave 180 phase shift wave at boundary with n
1
< n
2
=
v

wavelength
object side image side
tan
B
=
n
2
n
1
Brewsters angle
5

B
measured from vertical to incident ray
component perp to surface is eliminated
2d sin = n condition for constructive interference for Bragg
diraction
d is distance between lattices
is angle from horizontal
m

=
ey

ob
=
f
ob
fey
magnication for telescope

n
=

n
wavelength in material
reference wave interferes with wave reected o
object, stores phase and amplitude info
hologram
path di = 2d +
1
2

n
for each phase shift thin lms interference
sin =

d
diraction, angle to edge of central max
minimize blur = d + d
screen
using above eqn pinhole camera sharpness
4. Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics - 10%
e =
W
Q
input
denition of eciency
1 T
c
/T
h
eciency of Carnot cycle
U = S = 0 Carnot cycle
adiabat steeper than isotherm on PV plot
rectangle on US plot
Z =

s
e
Es/kT
P(s) = e
Es/kT
/Z Boltzmann distribution
U, N, and V entropy is a function of...
S = k
B
ln Approximate denition of entropy
S = k
B

s
p
s
ln(p
s
) Exact denition of entropy
S = Nk ln
V
f
V
i
change in entropy when U and N are xed
Q =
_
TdS relation between entropy and heat
1
2
kT per quad dof Equipartition theorem

max
T 3 10
3
m K Wiens Law (for a blackbody)
j = T
4
power per unit area radiated by blackbody
= 5.67 10
8
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
n
i
=
g
i
e
(
i
)/kT
+1
Fermi-Dirac stat, number fermions in state i
n
i
=
g
i
e
(
i
)/kT
1
Bose-Einstein stat, number bosons in state i
g degeneracy, energy,
chem potential
U
N
PV = NkT ideal gas law
k = 1.381 10
23
J/K Boltzmanns constant
3 dofs for monatomic ideal gas
6
3 at > 10K dofs for cold diatomic ideal gas
5 at > 100K dofs for diatomic ideal gas
7 at > 1000K dofs for hot diatomic ideal gas
v
max
=
_
2kT
m
v
max
for an ideal gas
v =
_
8kT
m
v for an ideal gas
v
rms
=
_
3kT
m
v
rms
for an ideal gas
U
thermal
= N f
1
2
kT total thermal energy of ideal gas
U = Q + W
on sys
1st law of thermo
dW
on sys
= PdV work in quasistatic compression
Q = 0 adiabatic
T = const isothermal
W = NkT ln
V
i
V
f
work in isothermal compression of ideal gas
V T
f
2
= const V
f+2
f
P = const relations for adiabatic compression
t
1/2
=
ln 2
k
half life
where k = decay rate
number of indep events in some time Poisson distribution

N uncertainty of N-count P distribution

=
_
< (x x)
2
> standard deviation
aka RMS deviation from mean

2
variance
C =
heat needed
degree temp increase
heat capacity
c = C/m specic heat
C
V
= (
U
T
)
V
=
Nfk
2
heat capacity at constant volume
C
P
= (
U
T
)
P
+ P(
V
T
)
P
= C
V
+ Nk heat capacity at constant pressure
A =
P
w
scattering cross section
where P is probability and w is width
L = LT linear expansion
energy of highest QM state at T = absolute zero Fermi energy
Q
t
= kA
T
x
Fouriers law (heat conduction)
5. Quantum Mechanics - 12%
Time-Independent Perturbation Theory
E
1
n
=
0
n
|H

|
0
n
rst order correction to energy
|
1
n
=

m=n

0
m
|H|
0
n

E
0
n
E
0
m
|
0
m
rst order correction to wavefn
E
2
n
=

m=n
|
0
m
|H|
0
n
|
2
E
0
n
E
0
m
second order correction to energy
degeneracies?
7
i

t
= H (t) = e
iHt/
(0) time dependent SE
H = E (t) = e
iEt/
(0) time independent SE

H =

2
2m

2
+ V Hamiltonian
p = i momentum operator
[x, p] = i commutator of x and p

B
|
1
2i
[A, B]| generalized uncertainty principle

p
/2 Heisenberg uncertainty principle
=
h
p
=
2
p
de Broglie Wavelength
E = hc/ energy in terms of wavelength
|1, 1 = triplet states (j = 1)
|1, 0 =
1

2
( + )
|1, 1 =
|0, 0 =
1

2
( ) singlet state (j = 0)
Pauli spin matrices:
_
0 1
1 0
_

x
_
0 i
i 0
_

y
_
1 0
0 1
_

z
[AB, C] = A[B, C] + [A, C]B identity for [AB, C]
P =
_
||
2
dV =
_
P
r
dr how P relates to P
r
l = 0 wavefunctions with spherical symmetry?
in scattering: incoming plane wave not substan-
tially altered by potential
Born approximation
(r
1
, r
2
) = A(
a
(r
1
)
b
(r
2
) +
b
(r
1
)
a
(r
2
)) bosons
sym, do not obey Pauli exclusion
P
boson
T
5/2
(r
1
, r
2
) = A(
a
(r
1
)
b
(r
2
)
b
(r
1
)
a
(r
2
)) fermions
antisym, obey Pauli exclusion
E =
n
2

2
2ma
2
energy levels in square well

n
(x) =
_
2
a
sin(
n
a
x) wavefunctions in square well
p = k p in terms of k

0
=
1

a
3
e
r/a
0
Hydrogen ground state wavefunction
H

= eE
ext
z perturbed H for Stark eect
Might not need:
dQ
dt
=
i

[H, Q] +
Q
t

[L
i
, L
j
] = iL
k

ijk
angular momentum commutators
6. Atomic Physics - 10%
8
Electron quantum numbers
n = 1, 2, 3, . . . principle quantum number, radial wavefn
= 0, 1, . . . , n 1 orbital quantum number, wavefn
L
2
=
2
( + 1)
m

= , + 1, . . . , 1, magnetic quantum number, wavefn

L
z
= m

s = (1/2) electron spin

S
2
| =
2
s(s + 1)|
m
s
= (1/2) z-component of electron spin
S
z
| = m
s
|
j = | s|, . . . , ( + s) = | (1/2)| total ang momentum quantum number
J
2
| =
2
j(j + 1)|
m
j
= j, j + 1, . . . , j 1, j z-component of total angular momentum
m
j
= m

+ m
s
J
z
| = m
j
|
= 1 (= 0) m

= 0, 1 electric dipole transition selection rules

j = 0, 1 m
s
= 0
Wigner=Eckart theorem governs these
energy level splitting when ext B eld applied Zeeman eect
electrical analog of Zeeman eect Stark eect
a
n
=
4
0

2
e
2
Z
n
2
(0.529A

)
_
me

n
2
Z
_
Bohr model radius
E
n
=
Z
2
e
4
8
2
0
h
2
_
1
n
2
_
(13.6 eV)
_
Z
2
n
2


me
_
Bohr model energy
E

= 13.6eV(
1
n
2
i

1
n
2
f
) energy of radiated photon from transition
1

= R(
1
n
2
f

1
n
2
i
) wavelength of radiated photon
R = 1.097 10
7
m
1
Rydberg constant
x ray spectrum from electrons red at atoms:
photon knocks our inner e

, replaced by outer e

Auger transition
continuous spectrum, radiation produced by de-
celeration of a charged particle
Bremsstrahlung
K, L, M, N n
f
= 1, 2, 3, 4 x ray series names
pick L (S,P,D,F,G,H,... for L = 0, 1, 2, . . .) term symbol
where J is between L + S and |L S|
write
spin multiplicity = 2S+1
L
J
= S = (eg/2m
e
)S intrinsic magnetic moment
9
g = 2
e
= 1.76 10
1
1 gyromagnetic ration for an electron
photons hitting metal knocks o electrons, light
shines on emitter, sending electrons to a collector,
making a current, which stops at some negative
voltage (at V=0 some electrons still collected)
Photoelectric eect
dominant process up to 500 KeV
minimum energy needed to free electron from ma-
terial
work function
photon scatters o electron, changes wavelength,
electron ies o
Compton scattering
=
h
mc
(1 cos ) Compton eect equation
is angle between scattered photon and horizon-
tal
conrmed Bohrs quantized model, atoms could
only absorb specic amounts of energy
Franck-Hertz experiment
d
d
= (
kqQ
2mv
2
0
)
2 1
sin
4
(/2)
Rutherford scattering
incident ring, scattered solid angle
shot particles at gold foil, found concentrated
nucleus
= (
q
2
4
0
mc
2
)
2
Thomson scattering
is the cross section (area/solid angle)
photons scattering o electrons
photon destroyed, e
+
e

created, pair production

becomes signicant at 10 MeV
N
sc
= N
inc
n
tar
classical scattering relation
N
sc
(into d) = N
inc
n
tar
d
d
(, )d di scat cross (experiment)
d
d
=
b
sin
|
db
d
| di scat cross (theory)
is cross section area of one target
= A/r
2
denition of solid angle
d = sin dd
gamma ray photons from nuclear transition
x ray photons from electron transition
nucleus interacts with lower shell electron, eject-
ing it, higher shell electron lls hole, x ray when
heavy nucleus, visible when H atom
internal conversion
= 10
10
= 10
18
x ray
= 10
12
= 10
20
gamma ray
orbitals: go diagonal top right to bottom left
10
quantum numbers: row denotes n, col denotes l
number of electrons a shell can hold determined
by m
s
and m
l
s p d f g
1 1st
2 2nd 3rd
3 4th 5th 7th
4 6th 8th 10th 13th
5 9th 11th 14th 17th 21st
Might not need:
anomalous Zeeman eect?
hyperne splitting?
E
nj
=
13.6eV
n
2
[1 +

2
n
2
(
n
j+1/2

3
4
)] energy levels of H w/ ne structure
7. Special Relativity - 6%
=
1

1v
2
/c
2
1 Lorentz factor
1 +
1
2
v
2
c
2
1

1
1
2
v
2
c
2
ct

= (ct x) x

= (x (ct)) Lorentz transformations

L

=
Lproper

length contraction
T

= (T
proper
) time dilation
=
0
_
1v/c
1v/c
doppler shift for light
p = mv relativistic momentum
E =
_
(mc
2
)
2
+ (pc)
2
= mc
2
relativistic energy
black hole if R =
2GM
c
2
Schwarzchild radius
=

0
(1 cos )
general doppler shift
v
AC
=
v
AB
+v
BC
1+(v
AB
v
BC
/c
2
)
velocity addition
C is lab frame
11
8. Laboratory Methods - 6%
f = (

n
i=1
[(x
i
)(
i
f(x
1
, . . . , x
n
))]
2
)
1/2
error propagation
f
f
=
_

(
x
i
x
i
)
2
error propagation if no cross-corellated terms
1 J 6 10
18
eV Joules to eV conversion
(k
B
)(300 K) .02 eV room temp in eV
= 750 380 nm = 400 790 10
12
Hz visible light in m, Hz, eV
E = 2 3 eV
10

6m/s drift velocity of electrons in metal

functions like y = a
x
straight lines on semilog plot
functions like y = x
a
straight lines on log log plot

c
= RC 63% RC time constant
9. Specialized Topics - 9%
QM version of normal modes, vibration in lattice phonon
collection of Fermions, QM ideal gas Fermi gas
3 quarks (such as p, n), hadron baryon
each quark = 1/3 baryon number

e
, e,

, ,

, leptons
e, , each have own number lepton number
lepton and corresp have +1, anti have -1
2 quarks (such as
+
pion, K

kaon), hadron meson

E
bind
/c
2
= (total mass of nucleons)
(mass of nucleus)
binding energy
dened as positive, corresponds to negative po-
tential energy
iron element with highest binding energy per nucleon
2 protons, 2 neutrons particle
n p + e

+
e

decay
p n + e
+
+
e

+
decay
N-doped, P-doped semicond with more electrons, holes
=
0
(1 + T) resistivity as a fn of T
> 0 for conductors
< 0 for semiconductors
quarks, leptons weak force aects
quarks, gluons, hadrons strong force aects
crystal lattice looks the same from every point Bravais lattice
12
can cover entire lattice, contains 1 point primitive unit cell
sum density of each point (1/number shared
blocks)
calculate lattice point density
2 body centered point density
4 face centered point density
proton and neutron, boson deuteron
No weak interactions preserve strangeness?
10. Random
dA
dt
= kA A = A
0
e
kt
sin tan when is small
1.414

2
1.732

3
sin 2 = 2 sin cos trig identities
cos 2 = 2 cos
2
1
13