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Dung trng th hin chc ca t, dung trng cng ln t cng chc, cng lm t
cng ln
Cu 3: ti ca t
L tnh cht thay i th tch ca t trc v sau khi o
R=(V-V0)/V0
V0: th tch t ban y
V: th tch t sau khi o ln
R c th m, t cng rn ti xp cng ln, cng tn nhiu cng vn chuyn t
sau khi o ln hay cng cn nhiu t thc hin cng tc lp.
Cu 4: n nh mi dc:
dc t nhin ca t l gc ln nht ca mi dc khi ta o hay khi ng m
khng gy st l cho t.
I=tg(anpha)=H/B
I ph thuc vo gc ma st trong ca t , dnh ca ht t v ti trng tc dng ln
mt t.
dc t nhin ca t nh hng rt ln n bin php thi cng o, p t.
Bit c dc t nhin ca t ta mi ra bin php thi cng ph hp v c hiu
qu v an ton
Ph tr:
Lu tc cho php
* nh ngha: Lu tc cho php l tc ti a ca dng chy m khng gy xi l
t.
* Tnh cht
+ t c lu tc cho php cng ln th kh nng chng xi mn cng cao.
+ i vi cc cng trnh bng t tip xc trc tip vi dng chy nh p, knh,
mng... ta cn phi quan tm n tnh cht ny khi chn t thi cng. i vi nn
cng trnh cn quan tm n tnh cht ny c cc bin php phng chng s cun
tri ca t khi c dng chy chy qua.
+ Mun chng xi l th lu tc dng chy khng c ln hn mt gi tr m ti
cc ht t bt u b cun theo dng chy.
Phn loi t:
Cp t
+ Cp t l mc phn loi da trn mc kh hay d khi thi cng hay l mc
hao ph cng lao ng (th cng hay c gii) nhiu hay t. Cp t cng cao cng
kh thi cng hay hao ph cng lao ng cng nhiu.
+ Trong thi cng vic xc nh cp t l rt quan trng. Mi mt loi cp t
ng vi mt loi dng c hay my thi cng, do vic xc nh cp nh hng trc
tip n nng sut thi cng v hiu qu kinh t ca cng
Cu 17,18,19 My o gu thun
c im:
Tay gu kho, ngn, o c t t cp 1 n co 4
Kh nng t hnh cao
Khi lm vic va o, quay, t ln xe vn chuyn
Dung tch gu t 0.35-6m3
Ch lm vic c ni kh ro
Khi o ng bn di, v vy phi m ng cho my ln xung
ng dng:
o h mng c nn t ti v tr cao trnh my ng n nh, khng b ngp
Dng vi cng vic c khi lng o ln, chiu su ~ 5m
S :
Bn knh h <1,5 bn knh o max: o dc, mt bn
Bn knh h <1,9 bn knh o max: o dc, 2 bn
Bn knh h <2,5 bn knh o max: o dc, chy ch chi
Chu k lm vic:
T=thi gian o+thi gian lm y gu+2xthi gian quay+thi gian ln xe vn
chuyn (thi gian quay l quan trng nht)
Cu 20,21 My o gu nghch
c im:
Tay cn di
Kh nng t hnh cao
Dung tch gu 0,15-0,5m3
Nng sut thp hn my o gu thun cng dng tch gu
Khi o c th ng trn cao o di thp
ng dng:
o h nng
o cc v tr b ngp nc (ng trn cao o)
S :
Tng t my o gu thun, nhng c th o tin hoc o li
o ngang
Cu 22, 23 My o gu dy
c im:
Tay cn di, gu c th vng nn phm vi o ln
Nng sut thp hn my o gu thun v nghch cng dung tch gu
t khng linh hot do dng cp mm
C kh nng ng cao, o su, o h c nc
ng dng:
Dng khi h o ngp su trong nc
Dng khi t o ln ch cn thnh ng
Thng s k thut
R1: bn knh qung gu ln nht
H1: chiu su o ln nht mt v tr ng
R2: bn knh t
H2: chiu cao t ln nht
Nng sut my o mt gu
Pkt=3600/Tck*q*Ks/r
Pkt: nng sut k thut (m3/h)
Tck: chu k hot ng (s)
Q: dung tch gu (m3)
Ks: h s xc t
r: ti ban u
Ptd=Pkt*Z*Kt
Ptd: nng sut thc t
Z: s gi lm vic mt ca
Kt: h s s dng thi gian
Bin php nng cao nng sut:
V mt k thut: gim Tck, tng Ks
V mt t chc: tng Kt
10
Cu 24 25 My i
c im:
C nhiu loi cng sut v kch thc
C c loi bnh lp v bnh xch
C th thay i gc y 60-90 theo phng vung gc trc my v 5-6 theo
phng ngang
ng dng:
p nn 1-1,5m
o h rnh su 1-1,5m
Thch hp co lp cy c trn mt t mm, bc lp t mt, lp ch trng,
S hot ng
Tin li: dng khi cn chuyn t phm vi 10-50m lp h, rnh
Tin quay:
Nng sut:
Ptd=3600*Z*q*Ks*Ki*Kt/Tck
Ptd: nng sut thc t
Z: s gi lm vic mt ca
Q: dung tch t trc bn gt
Ks: H s ri vi (cng chy xa cng ri nhiu)
Kt: h s thi gian
Ki: h s ph thuc dc mt t
Tck=ld/vd+lvc/vvc+(ld+lvc)/v0+t
Ld,vd: qung ng, vn tc o t
Lvc,vvc: qung ng, vn tc vn chuyn t
V0: vn tc my chy v
T0: thi gian my quay, nng h bn gt
Nng cao nng sut:
Khong cch vn chuyn hp l 30-40m
Khi i khong cch ln, cho i theo rnh, i i hay i thnh tng t
11
Cu 26, 27 My cp
c im:
L my o chuyn t c nng sut cao.
Thng dng phi hp vi my i nng cao nng sut
Dung tch thng cng tc thng t 2,25-10m3
ng dng:
Thng dng cc cng trnh thy li ln v cng trnh giao thng theo tuyn
S ct t:
Tun t: mt na s nht ct nng, mt na s nht ct nh
c: nht ct na u nng na sau nh
Hnh dng nht ct (tam gic, rng ca, thang) nh hng ln n nng sut, ph thuc
loi t (ri, m, kh) v cht ca t
S hot ng:
Hnh elip
Hnh s 8 -> gim gc quay xe mi chu k
Hnh con thoi -> gim s ln quay my
Nng sut:
Ptd=(3600*Z*q*Ks*Kt)/(Tck*r)
Ptd:nng sut thc t
Z: s gi lm vic 1 ca
Q: dung tch thng
Ks: h s xc y thng
Kt: h s thi gian
Tck: chu k
R: cht ban u ca t
Tck=l1/v1+l2/v2+l3/v3+l4/v4
L1,v1: qung ng v vn tc cp
L2,v2: qung ng v vn tc chuyn
L3,v3: qung ng v vn tc ri
L4,v4: qung ng v vn tc tr v
12
13
Cu 29 My m t:
m ln: Lc m tc dng t t qua sc nn ca cc bnh ln c dng mt nhn,
chn cu hay bnh hi. S trn, tin li, ko theo nhiu qu lu. Khi m cho my
chy dn t ngoi vo trong, bng lu ln nhau 20cm, my chy chm
Mt nhn: t 6-20t, din tip xc b nn p lc gim nhanh theo chiu su,
chiu dy mi lp m khong 15-20cm, thch hp m t dnh
Chn cu: chiu dy lp m 30-50cm, thch hp m t dnh
Bnh lp: din tch tip xc ln nht, chiu dy lp m 25-50cm, thch hp
vi t ri v dnh
m nn: s dng ng nng ca vt ri tc dng ln mt t. Chiu dy lp m 1m
vi ct, 80cm vi t dnh. m t 2 mp dn vo gia.
m rung: s dng vi t ri hay t c m cao
Lu : trnh lc m qu ln lm hng cu trc t. sigma~0,9R l hp l
Ph thm An ton khi thi cng t
o t su phi c ro chn quanh h o, c n bo hiu ban m
Quan st cc vt nt quanh h o v vch h o trc khi vo thi cng
Khng o khot kiu hm ch
Khng cht nng b h, cch mp t nht 2m mi c xp t nhng khng c
xp nng
Li ln xung phi c bc
Trnh va chm vi h thng cp ngm
14
Chng VI. Cc v vn c.
Cu 35: cc loi cc v vn c, c im v yu cu k thut:
+) Cc loi cc:
Cc tre gi l cc tre nhng trong php tnh ton khng coi cc tre l cc m
ch l gii php gia c nn. Cc tre c s dng vng t lun lun m t.
tre lm cc phi l tre gi (trn nm nm tui) thng v ti. Chiu dy ca tht
tre phi t t 10-15 mm. ng knh cc tre trn 60mm, ph bin t 80100mm.Chiu di cc tre 2-3m. u cc trn ca phng cch mu khong
50mm. u di cch mu 200mm vt nhn. Khi ng cn gi cho u cc
khng b dp v. Mun vy ngi ta dng ci bt u cc bng st c hnh cc
vi. Cc ng xong phi dng ca ct b phn tre b dp, ko c dng dao
cht. Nu u cc dp v phi nh ln thay cc khc khi cha xung su.
Cc g: G lm cc thng l g d, thng, mung Cc g dng ni t
thng xuyn c nc trnh b mc do t lc t lc kh. G lm cc cn ti
c m trn 23%. Cy g phi thng khng cong. cong cho php l 1%
theo chiu di. Trn 1 m di, chnh ng knh thn cy khng qu 10mm.
Chiu di thng t 8-12 m. ng knh cy g l 200-300mm. G phi b ht
v, vt nhn mi cc. c khi bc mi cc bng thp. Cc di trn 10m nn nh
ai cho u cc.
Cc btng ct thp: cc btng ct thp thng c ch to ti xng hay ti
hin trng. Cc ph bin c tit din vung t 200 x 200 n 400 x 400. Loi
cc mini tit din 150 x 150. Chiu di cc btng ct thp t 3 16 m. Cc
mini thng ch to nhiu on ni trong qu trnh p. Mi on di t 1,2
2 m.Mc b tng cc l 200- 300. u cc thng t nm lui ct thp, mi
li cch nhau 50mm chng gn sut cc b. Nu sn xut cc to hin
trung phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
Mt bng sn xut cc phi bng phng, khun phi thng v phng, cn
bi cht chng dnh d d vn khun.
Chiu dy lp bo v ct thp thng ly l 30mm. b tng cc phi
lin tc, khng gin on cho mi cc, st thng l 60mm, bt u
t mi cc ln n nh cc, tt nht l m bng my, khng uc
rung ct thp.
Ch d khun khi t 25% cung cc.
Mt cc phi nhn , nhgn ch k u n khng qu 5mm, ch li b
mt khng qu 8mm.
cc c vt nt khng oc s dng
Khi xp cc loi cc di trn 5m cn k m g v tr t mc cu. nu cc k
c mc cu th v tr buc hay k m g ly bng 0,21 k chiu di cc. Khi
xp chgn c c kho bi chiu cao chng cc khng qu 2/3chiu rng ca
chng cc y v k qu 2m.
+) Vn c
15
16
Cu 38: Chn ba ng cc
-Chn s b: E>=25P, kGm.
+ E=Q.v.v/2/g= nng lg xung kch ca ba, cho tnh nng k thut ba.
v-tc ri, g- gia tc, Q-trng lg phn chy ca ba.
+ P=kh nng chu ti bn trn ca cc,T, (tnh theo t nn?)
-Kim tra s ph hp ca ba:
+ H s thch dng: K=(M+q+q1)/E phi (Kmax>=K>=Kmin)
q-trng lg ton cc, q1-trng lg m cc, M-trng lg ton ba, kG.
ba song ng, diezen ng: cc g 3.5-5,thp 3.5-5.5, btct 4-6
ba n ng, diezen ct: g 3-3.5, thp 2.5-4, btct 3-5
ba treo: g 1.7-2, thp 2-2.5, btct 2-3
+ chi: e=<etk (20mm)
Vi e=nFgh/Pgh/(Pgh+nF)*(Q+0.2(q+q1))/(Q+q+q1)= chi 1 xung kch,cm.
n-h s=150T/m2 vi cc btct c m m,=100T/m2 vi cc g ko m,=80 vi cc g
c m,=500 vi cc thp ko m.
F- tit din ngang cc,m2.
Q- trng lg phn xung kch ca ba,T.
H- cao ri ba,cm
Pgh- ti gii hn ca cc,T.
Cu 39: K thut ng cc b tng ct thp
+ vn chuyn:
- Xp cc ngoi khu vc dng cc, g t bi xp n ch ng thun li.
- a cc ln xe vn chuyn cn lm 2 thanh cch u v mi cc 0.2l, hoc dng
mi cc xung th im buc 0.3l.
+ Lp cc vo gi:
- Buc cc vo gi ba th dng 2 mc cu c sn cc, la qua puli gi ba. Nng 2
mc ln ng thi, khi ko cc ln ngang tm 1m, rt u cc ln cao trnh mi cc
r di mt t.
- Chnh v tr ca cc bng my kinh v cho ng v tr v thng ng.
+ ng cc:
- ch tnh hnh xung ca cc ko qu nhanh cng ko vng mc. Nhng nht u
ng nh, khi ng gn dc phi o ln tng t xc nh chi.
- Yu cu : cc chng phi n lp t chng, cc ma st phi t chi thit k.
+ S ng cc: Khi s cc nhiu to thnh rung cc th phi nghin cu trnh t
ng cc. Phi m bo c t nht 2 pha bin dng t do C 2 s ng cc chnh
l: ng khm cc v ng rung cc (hve t nh)
17
18
19
20
21
5
2
b
)
3
2
8
6
1
9
7
7
Vn khun mng bng
a) : Mng bng c tit din phc tp , b) : Mng bng c tit
din n gin
1 : Vn thnh, 2 : Np ng, 3 : Thanh ging, 4 : Np ng
ng thi l cc th
5 : thanh vng ngang, 6 : thanh c, 7 : thanh chng, 8 : Bn
m, 9 : np ngang
1
2
4
22
7
2
3
1
1
1
6
1
0
Cu to vn khun ct.
1. Tm vn khun; 2. Np lin kt cc tm vn khun; 3. Gng ct; 4. Khung gia cng ti
cc mi ni dm - ct; 5. Khung nh v; 6. L cha v sinh chn ct; 7. L b tng;
8. Thanh chng hay dy ging; 9. Tng ; 10. Mc st ch sn; 11. Thanh g to im ta;
12. Cht gng ct.
23
I
1
5
4
1
2
1
2
I-I
1
1
4
2
1
1
14
13
1
0
1
0
Vn khun tng
1. Tm khun; 2. Sn ngang; 3. Sn dc; 4. Bu lng ging; 5. Bn
m; 6. ng nha;
7. Thanh nh v; 8. Thanh c bng b tng; 9.
Thanh c tm bng g; 10. Mu g chn sn trong b tn; 11. Thanh
chng xin (hay dy ging); 12. Con b; 13. Mc neo ch sn;
14.
Np ngang lm im ta.
24
25
Loi kt cu
+ Bn, dm, vm c nhp nh hn 2m
+ Bn, dm, vm c nhp t 2m 8m
+ Bn, dm, vm c nhp ln hn 8m
Cng b
tng phi t
(%R28)
50
70
100
Thi gian ti
thiu tho
vn khun
(ngy)
7
10
28
26
28
Cu 61 : Hn tip im
in dc h p t 380V xung cn 3 9V, hai thanh thp dc dt tip xc vi
nhau ti im nh hn v kp gia hai cc ca my hn, dng in th cp dc phng
qua hai cc ca my hn v gia hai thanh thp, lm thp nung ln, dng lc p hai
thanh thp vo vi nhau gip chng dc hn ti im tip xc
C hai ch hn
- hn cng : dng cho thp mm, s/d dng in mnh I=300.10^6 A/m2. thi
gian hn ngn t= 0.01-0.5s
- Hn mm: dng cho thp cng, s/d dng in yu hn I<160.10^6 A/m2,
thi gian hn lu hn t=0.5 4s
p dng: cho hn lid hn khung vi <10mm
Cu 62: hn h quang
Dng dng in c in p 40- 60V to ra tia h quang, t chy que hn lp trng ch
hn, l phng php dc p dng ph bin nht hin nay. Khi hn m bo mi hn
nhn, k chy, k t qung v thu hp cc b, m bo chiu cao v chiu di ng
hn.
Ch p dng cho thanh thp chu nn c >8mm, tt nht l nn ln hn 12mm
29
30
31
32
33
34
73. b tng.
Nhng yu cu cn ch khi b tng.
- Trc khi b tng cn phi kim tra, nghim thu vn khun, ct thp, h
thng sn thao tc .
- Phi lm sch vn khun, ct thp. Sa cha cc khuyt tt nu c.
- Ti nc vn khun vn khun khng ht nc xi mng ( nu dng vn
khun g ).
- Khi va b tng ln lp va kh trc th phi lm sch mt b
tng. ti vo nc h xi mng ri mi b tng mi vo.
- Phi c k hoch cung ng va b tng b tng lin tc trong 1 ca,
mt kp.
Nhng nguyn tc v bin php b tng:
Nguyn tc 1: Khi b tng cc kt cu xy dng, ngi ta khng ch chiu cao
b tng khng c vt qu 2.5 m. b tng khng b phn tng.
m bo nguyn tc ny khi b tng c chiu cao > 2.5 m ngi ta s dng cc
bp sau:
- Dng ng vi voi.
- Dng mng nghing. ( mng )
- Dng l ch sn. ( ct )
Nguyn tc 2: b tng t trn xung nng cao nng sut lao ng. Khi b
tng dm, va b tng c trt t v tr cao hn ming dm, khi b tng ct va b
tng phi cao hn ca v nh cp qua ct. Khi v m khng c cc
phng tin thi cng va chm vo ct thp, vn khun.
Nguyn tc 3: Khi b tng phi t xa v gn so vi v tr tip nhn va b tng.
Nguyn tc ny nhm m bo khi b tng khng i li trn cc kt cu b tng
va xong.
Nguyn tc 4: Khi b tng cc khi ln, cc kt cu c chiu dy ln th phi
thnh nhiu lp. Chiu dy v dt mi lp c xc nh da vo bn knh nh hng
v nng sut ca loi my m s dng.
i vi m th cng chiu dy mi lp 10-15cm. Khi dng m di, chiu dy lp
nh hn 5-10cm so vi chiu di ca m. m bn chiu dy lp b tng t
25-30cm.
35
36
75 . Mch ngng
L do:
-
37
77. m my:
Phng php m my s dng khi khi lng b tng ln trong iu kin cng
trng c in c my m.
S tit kim c xi mng, gim cng lao ng, nng sut cao, cht lng be tng m
bo.
Cc loi m chn ng:
- m chn ng trong ( m di )
- m chn ng ngoi ( m bn )
- m mt ( m bn )
m chn ng bn trong:
Cc ch :
- m lun phi hng vung gc vi mt b tng , nu kt cu nm
nghing mi m nghing theo.
- Nu b tng lm nhiu lp th m phi cm vo c 5-10cm lp b
tng di.
- Chiu dy ca lp b tng m khng vt qu chiu di ca m.
- thi gian m ti thiu trong khong 15-60s
- Khi m xong 1 v tr di chuyn m sang v tr khc phi nh nhng, rt ln
hoc tra dm xung t t.
- Khong cch gia 2 v tr m phi nh hn 2 ln bn knh nh hng ca
m ( ly 1-1.5ro)
- Khong cch t v tr m n vn khun phi l
2d< l1< 0,5 r0
khong cch t v tr m cui cng n v tr tip theo l l2> 2 r0
( d: ng knh m di, r0 bn knh nh hng ca m. )
Nng sut l thuyt: Pt= 2r0 2 3600(t1+t2)
m3/h
chiu dy lp b tng cn m
t1: thi gian m.
t2: thi gian di chuyn m.
Nng sut hu ch: Ph= KPt
m mt (m bn )
Dng m b tng cc kt cu xy dng lin khi, hoc cc kt cu lp ghp c
b mt ln v chiu dy t 3-35cm . Chiu dy ti u ca kt cu s dng m mt
l 3-20cm.
Quy nh:
- Phi khng ch thi gian m cho tng loi kt cu v tng loi m.
- Khong cch gia 2 v tr m lin nhau phi c chng ln nhau mt
khong 3-5cm.
Cng sut l thuyt:
Pt= F 3600(t1+t2)
m3/h
F din tch m b tng.
t1: thi gian m.
t2: thi gian di chuyn m.
Nng sut hu ch: Ph= KPt
38
78. Bo dng:
Quy trnh bo dng:
- B tng mi c xong phi c che khng b nh hng bi ma, nng
v phi c gi m thng xuyn.
- Trong ma nng hoc kh sau khi b tng xong phi ph ngay ln trn mt
kt cu mt lp gi m ( bao ti thm nc, ct m, v tranh m v.v.v. )
( vic ph b tng c ko di cho n khi BT t cng : 5kg/cm2.
- Sau phi lin tc ti nc gi m, thi gian ti nc v s ln ti nc
trong ngy ph thuc vo loi b tng v iu kin mi trng thi cng.
Hai ngy u c sau 2h ti 1 ln, ln u ti khi b tng 4-7h. Nhng
ngy sau khong 3-10h ti 1 ln ty theo nhit khng kh.
+ Xi mng pooclang: 7 ngy m
+ Xi mng oxit nhm : 3 ngy m
Vic i li trn b tng cho php khi b tng t 24kg/cm2 ( ma h t 1-2
ngy, ma ng 3 ngy )
79. Nhng khuyt tt v khc phc:
1. Cc hin tng r b tng:
- R ngoi: R ngoi lp bo v ca b tng.
- R su: R qua lp ct thp chu lc
- R thu sut : R xuyn qua kt cu , mt n trng thy mt kia.
Nguyn nhn gy r:
- Do m khng k, nht l lp b tng gia ct thp chu lc v vn khun.
- Do va b tng b phn tng khi di chuyn.
- Do va b tng trn khng u.
- Do vn khun thp khng kn kht lm chy mt va xi mng.
Bin php sa cha:
- i vi r mt: dng xa beng que st hoc bn chi ty sch cc vin
nm trong vng r, sau dng va b tng si nh, mc cao hn mc thit
k trt li v xoa phng mt.
- i vi r su: dng c st v xa beng cy sch cc vin nm trong
vng r , sau ghp vn khun b tng si nh mc cao hn mc thit
k, m cht.
- i vi r thu sut: Trc khi sa cha cn chng kt cu, sau ghp
vn khun v b tng mc cao hn mc thit k v m k. C th dng
bm va b tng b tng.
2. Hin tng trng mt b tng.
Nguyn nhn: Do khng bo dng, bo dng t, xi mng b mt nc.
Sa cha: p bao ti, ct hoc mn ca, ti nc, thng xuyn t 5-7 ngy
( hiu qu khng cao, ch t cao nht c 50% cng thit k )
3. Hin tng nt chn chim:
Khi tho vn khun, trn b mt b tng c nhng vt nt nh, pht trin khng
theo phng no nh vt chn chim.
Nguyn nhn: Khng che mt b tng mi , lm cho khi tri nng to, nc
bc hi qu nhanh, b tng co ngt lm nt.
Sa cha: Dng nc xi mng qut v trt li , sau ph bao ti ti nc bo
dng.
39
Mc lc
41