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KHUYCH I DNG

VI MCH KHUCH I
THUT TON (OPAMP)
GII THIU CHUNG
Vi mch khuch i thut ton (Operational Amplifier)
k hiu l OpAmp u tin c dng ni v cc
mch khuch i c kh nng thay i theo mch ghp
ni bn ngoi thc hin cc php bin i ton hc
nh cng tr, bin i t l, vi tch phn... trong cc my
tnh tng t. Nh s pht trin ca cng ngh bn dn,
opamp ngy cng tr nn tin cy, kch thc nh, n
nh nhit, v vy, ngy nay opamp c s dng nh l
thnh phn c bn ca cc ng dng khuch i, bin i
tn hiu, cc b lc tch cc, to hm v chuyn i.
CU TO
Cu to c s ca vi mch khuch i thut ton l cc tng
khuch i vi sai. Cc vi mch khuch i thut ton bao gm
ba phn:
Khuch i vi sai.
Dng khuch i tn hiu vo, c c im l khuch i
nhiu thp, tr khng vo cao, thng u ra vi sai.
Khuch i in p.
To ra h s khuch i in p cao, thng u ra n cc.
Khuch i u ra.
Dng vi tn hiu ra, cho php kh nng ti dng ln, tr khng
ra thp, c cc mch chng ngn mch v hn ch dng in.
Mt vi mch khuch i thut ton ph dng l 741. S
mch bn trong ca vi mch khuch i thut ton 741c
trnh by nh trong hnh v:
OPAMP L TNG V THC T:
Vi mch khuch i thut ton (KTT) c k hiu nh hnh
v:
Hai u vo:
u vo 1 (u c k hiu du - trong vi mch KTT) gi l
u vo o. in p v
1
t vo u vo o s c khuch i v
bin v o pha u ra.
u vo 2 (u c k hiu du + trong vi mch KTT) gi l
u vo khng o. in p v
2
t vo u vo khng o s c
khuch i v bin v khng o pha u ra.
Mt u ra, in p ra k hiu l v
0-
.
OPAMP L TNG V THC T:
Mch tng ng n gin ca vi mch khuch i
thut ton tn s thp c m t nh hnh v:
OPAMP L TNG V THC T:
Mt b vi mch KTT khuch i vi sai in p v
d
=v
1
-
v
2
gia hai tn hiu vo. H s khuch i in p h
mch c tnh theo cng thc:
V bin , h s khuch i h mch A
OL
t gi tr t
10
4
ti 10
7
. Bin ln nht ca in p ra c gi l
in p bo ha. in p ny thng xp x nh hn in
p ngun cp l 2V. Nh vy:
- (Vcc - 2) < v
0
< Vcc - 2
d
OL
v
v
A
0
=
OPAMP L TNG V THC T:
Vi mch KTT l tng c 3 c im nh sau:
1. H s khuch i in p h mch l -.
2. Tr khng vo Rd gia hai cc 1 v 2 l v cng ln, v
vy, dng vo bng 0.
3. Tr khng ra bng 0, nh vy, in p ra khng ph thuc
vo ti.
S mch tng ng ca vi mch KTT l tng
c trnh by nh sau:
OPAMP L TNG V THC T:
T ba c im trn, vi vi mch KTT l tng ta lun
c:
0 = =
=
+
+
I I
U U
MCH KHUCH I O
Mch khuch i o (hnh v) c u vo khng o ni t, tn
hiu U
1
c a vo u vo o qua in tr R
1
, mch thc hin
hi tip m qua in tr R
2
. u ra U
2
o cc so vi u vo U
1
.
Tnh ton u ra U
2
:
0
0
= =
= =
+
+
I I
U U
MCH KHUCH I O
Xt ti nt A, ta c:
Thay vo ta c
Nhn xt:
in p vo c khuch i ln t l ln.
in p ra ngc pha vi in p vo.
0 0
0
2
2
1
1
2 1
=

R
U U
R
U U
I I I
0 =

U
1
1
2
2
.U
R
R
U =
1
2
R
R
MCH KHUCH I KHNG O
Mch khuch i khng o c tn hiu vo c a ti u vo
khng o, u vo o c ni t qua in tr R
1
nh hnh v.
Tnh ton u ra U
2
:
Xt ti nt A, ta c:
0
1
= =
= =
+
+
I I
U U U
0 0
0
0
2
2
1
2 1
=

R
U U
R
U
I I I
MCH KHUCH I KHNG O
Thay vo ta c:
Nhn xt:
in p vo c khuch i ln t l ln. Nh vy, in
p ra lun ln hn in p vo v bin .
in p ra cng pha vi in p vo.
1
U U =

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=

1
2
1 2
2
2 1
1
1
1
0
R
R
U U
R
U U
R
U
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
1
2
1
R
R
MCH CNG TR
a. Mch cng:
Php cng l mt trong nhng thao tc c bn nht ca ton
hc. C hai loi mch cng thc hin s dng vi mch
khuch i thut ton m ta s nghin cu l mch cng o
v mch cng khng o..
Mch cng o:
Mch cng o hai s s dng vi mch KTT c thc hin
nh hnh v sau:
Mch c 2 tn hiu vo U
1
v U
2
c a song song ti
u vo o ca vi mch KTT.
Tnh ton u ra U
r
:
Xt ti nt A, ta c:
Thay U
-
vo ta c:
in p ra s l tng cc in p vo, ly o du.
MCH CNG TR
0
0
= =
= =
+
+
I I
U U
0 0
0
1 1
2
1
1
2 1
=

= +

R
U U
R
U U
R
U U
I I I I
r
ht
( )
2 1
1 1
2
1
1
0
U U U
R
U
R
U
R
U
r
r
+ =
=

+
Tng qut: i vi trng hp nhiu u vo, mch
cng o c thc hin nh sau:
MCH CNG TR

=
=
N
i
i i r
U U
1
. o
Mch cng khng o:
MCH CNG TR
0 = =
= = =
+
+
I I
U U U U
B A
Xt ti nt A, ta c:
Xt ti nt B, ta c:
Thay vo ta c:
MCH CNG TR
2
0
0
0
2 2
0
r
A
r A A
ht
U
U
R
U U
R
U
I I I
=
=

=

2
0
0
2 1
1
2
1
1
2 1
U U
U
R
U U
R
U U
I I I
B
B B
+
=
=

= +
+
B A
U U =
( )
2 1
U U U
r
+ =
Tng qut: i vi trng hp nhiu u vo, mch
cng khng o c thc hin nh sau:
MCH CNG TR

=
=
N
i
i i r
U U
1
. o
b. Mch tr:
thc hin tr hai in p, ngi ta thng s dng
mch nh hnh v sau:
MCH CNG TR
0 = =
= = =
+
+
I I
U U U U
B A
Xt ti nt A, ta c:
Xt ti nt B, ta c:
Thay vo ta c:
MCH CNG TR
2
0
0
1
2 2
1
1
r
r
ht
U U
U
R
U U
R
U U
I I I
+
=
=

2
0
0
0
2
1 1
2
0 2
U
U
R
U
R
U U
I I I
=
=

= +
+
+ +
+
+
= U U
1 2
U U U
r
=
Mch cng tr tng qut:
Mch cng tr tng qut c thc hin nh hnh v sau:
MCH CNG TR
c tnh in ca t in:
Mch tch phn:
Khi thay in tr hi tip ca vi mch KTT bng t in, do
tnh cht in ca t in, ta s c mch thc hin ly tch
phn ca tn hiu vo nh hnh v
MCH VI TCH PHN
dt
dU
C i
C
. =
0
0
= =
= =
+
+
I I
U U
Xt ti nt A, ta c:
Nh vy, tn hiu ra chnh l tch phn ca tn hiu vo
c o du.
MCH VI TCH PHN
}
=
=
|
.
|

\
|

=

dt U
RC
U
dt
dU
C
R
U
I I I
r
r
C
1
1
1
1
0 .
0
0
Mch vi phn:
Khi thay t in vo in tr ni vi ngun tn hiu, do tnh
cht in ca t in, ta s c mch thc hin ly vi phn ca
tn hiu vo nh hnh v
MCH VI TCH PHN
0
0
= =
= =
+
+
I I
U U
Xt ti nt A, ta c:
Nh vy, tn hiu ra chnh l vi phn ca tn hiu vo c
o du
MCH VI TCH PHN
dt
dU
RC U
R
U U
dt
dU
C
I I I
r
r
ht C
1
1
.
0 .
0
=
=

BI TP
Bi 5.1: Cho mch khuch i hn hp s dng vi mch
khuch i thut ton nh hnh v
Gi thit n l s nguyn dng ln hn 1; q l s thc c
gi tr trong khong (0,1).
a. Xc nh biu thc tnh
gi tr in p ra U
2
(U
1
).
b. Bit E=9V, R0=20K,
R=440K, n=45, U
1
=200mV.
Tnh khong gi tr U
2
nhn
c li ra khi cho q bin
thin trong khong (0,1).
c. Xc nh cc khong gi tr ca q
vi mch khuch i thut ton lm vic ch bo ha.
Cho mch in nh hnh v:
Bit: R
1
=10K, R
2
=110K, R
3
=15K, R
4
=1K,
VR=2K, E=12V.
U
1
l in p vo hnh sin bin 70mV.
a. Tm biu thc tnh U
2
.
b. Tnh khong gi tr ca VR
vi mch khuch i thut ton
khng gy mo dng cho tn hiu.
BI TP

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