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INTRODUCTION
1.1 WHAT IS MORPH?
Launched alongside The Museum of Modern Art Design and The Elastic Mind exhibition, the Morph concept device is a bridge between highly advanced technologies and their potential benefits to end-users. This device concept showcases some revolutionary leaps being explored by Nokia Research Centre (NRC) in collaboration with the Cambridge Nanoscience Centre (United Kingdom) - nanoscale technologies that will potentially create a world of radically different devices that open up an entirely new spectrum of possibilities. Morph concept technologies might create fantastic opportunities for mobile devices: Newly-enabled flexible and transparent materials blend more seamlessly with the way we live Devices become self-cleaning and self-preserving Transparent electronics offering an entirely new aesthetic dimension Built-in solar absorption might charge a device, whilst batteries become smaller, longer lasting and faster to charge Integrated sensors might allow us to learn more about the environment around us, empowering us to make better choices In addition to the advances above, the integrated electronics shown in the Morph concept could cost less and include more functionality in a much smaller space, even as interfaces are simplified and usability is enhanced. All of these new capabilities will unleash new applications and services that will allow us to communicate and interact in unprecedented ways.
Being green isnt as hard as we might think. Consider what you have in your pocket. Can a phone help you to save the environment? Everyone seems to be carrying around a lot of gadgets now a day, mp3 players, mobile phone, laptops, digital camera, navigator and so many. It is always nice to have information, entertainment and creativity with you in your pockets. But for that
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you should have good amount of money and time with you in your pocket to buy these things

and charging it separately everyday. How would you feel if there is no need for carrying separate camera for capturing High resolution images, no ipod or mp3 player, no navigator or laptop device no separate credit card or visa, no PAN card or UID, a mobile charger or even a wrist watch, you just have to carry your cell phone? No you are not dreaming, Finnish company NOKIA has created the NOKIA Morph which is a concept mobile phone with all the features in one Mobile device. It will be the most environment friendly mobile till date. NOKIA Design explains that the aim of NOKIA Morph is to illustrate how a portable personal device can connect to the hidden information in the surrounding physical world, help to save the environment my lesser use of technical devices and, at the same time, not compromising our daily needs. It just changes the way how we do it. The device is not yet functional, and is affianced to provide a conceptual vitrics for all the future applications of nanotechnology in the realm of consumer electronics. The phone's theoretical feature list would include transparent electronics which would allow the device to be see-through yet functional; which would be so flexible that it can be bend into a wrist watch, so it can be worn around the wrist or held up to the face, a wrist watch that can take the color of any image which you feel will match your dress, self-cleaning surfaces, and that can absorb solar energy to recharge the phone's battery; and a wide range of fully integrated sensors. So no fear about loosing the phone if it falls from a height or water gets spilled over it, or about charging of battery if you forgot to bring the mobile charger or havent recharged it at home. Today while we are heavily dependent on our cell phones, scientists have found that cell phone causes radiations that can be dangerous for people, as well as for Apis Mellifera (bees). Through a thorough research and analysis it has been found that the radio-frequency radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation, can heat and damage tissues, as well as possibly cause other diseases in the long term, including cancer, brain tumors, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and many more. Cell phone radiation affects are limited not only to human being however it has also been found that the radiation coming from the cell phones also make these little bees extinct, which can cause all kinds of problems environmentally. This little creature helps to pollinate crops and other plants, which helps vegetables and fruit to grow and replenish the
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oxygen in the air. NOKIA Morph mobile would release about 60% less radiations which would help both human and wonderful species Bees form getting endangered. Nanosensors would help users in examining the environment around them in completely new way, from analyzing air pollution, to gaining insight into bio-chemical traces and processes. New capabilities might be complex but will definitely help us monitor changing conditions in the quality of our surroundings, our environment or as simple as knowing if the fruit we are about to take should be washed before we eat it. Wears in, Not Out Concept: The concept explores how people could upgrade their devices they use and update their mobile phones, so there would be no tension about buying a new phone every six months or year for upcoming new feature. Zero Waste Charger Concept: This concept explores ways to reduce the energy wasted when chargers are unplugged from a mobile device but still left plugged from the live mains socket. Nanotechnology scientist are trying to make the surface of the device a way to natural source of energy via a covering of Nanograss structures that harvest solar power. Dont think you have to carry heavy solar panels or cells with you. Today new high energy density storage materials allow batteries to become smaller and thinner, which is quicker to recharge and is able to endure more charging cycles without using any electricity.

Fig 1.1:Nano Grass

Changing in these ways can help us make key decisions that guide our daily actions which degrade our environment and ultimately can enhance our environment and so our health. If only 10 per cent of NOKIA mobile users out of those billions switched to this type of technology phones to do-it-all, would result in a cut out of 25million tons of CO2 emissions throughout a year. It will be just a boon to our coming generations. Even though Morph is still in early development, Nokia believes that certain elements of the device could be used in high-end Nokia devices within the next seven years. And as the technology matures, nanotechnology could eventually be incorporated into Nokias entire line of products to help lower manufacturing costs. This concept showcases some revolutionary leaps in technology that will open up an entirely new spectrum of possibilities. Nokia introduced earlier with its eco sensor concept that involves a wearable mobile phone and a sensing device that analyzes a person's health and surrounding environment.Nanotechnology holds out the possibility that the surface of a device will become a natural source of energy via a covering of Nanograss structures that harvest solar power. At the same time new high energy density storage materials allow batteries to become smaller and thinner, while also quicker to recharge and able to endure more charging cycles.

Fig 1.2 nokia morph various modes

1.2 ABOUT:
1.2.1 Nokia Morph
Morph is a concept that demonstrates how future mobile devices might be stretchable and flexible, allowing the user to transform their mobile device into radically different shapes. It demonstrates the ultimate functionality that nanotechnology might be capable of delivering: flexible materials, transparent electronics and self-cleaning surfaces. The device, which is made using nanotechnology, is intended to demonstrate how cell phones in the future could be stretched and bent into different shapes, allowing users to morph their devices into whatever shape they want. Want to wear your cell phone as a bracelet? No problem, just bend it around your wrist. Even though Morph is still in early development, Nokia believes that certain elements of the device could be used in high-end Nokia devices within the next seven years. And as the technology matures, nanotechnology could eventually be incorporated into Nokias entire line of products to help lower manufacturing costs. Nokia Morph is truly an the house of Nokia Since the KAIST, developed a transparent resistive random access memory (TRRAM), the idea of morph technology seems to be growing. By integrating TRRAM device with other transparent electronic components, we can create a total see-through embedded electronic system which became the major platform for Nokia morph technology. absolutely wonderful gadget with flexible bending and wearing options and surely the best in the gadgets segment from

1.2.2 What is Nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology means The science, engineering and technology related to the understanding and control of matter at the length scale of approximately 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanotechnology was first introduced in 1959 by Richard Feynman. Nanotechnology is an umbrella term that encompasses all fields of science that operate on the nanoscale. Nanotechnology is an extremely diverse and multidisciplinary field, ranging from novel extensions of conventional device physics, to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, to developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale. Nanotechnology allows control of physical properties of nanostructures and devices with single molecule
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precision. Development of nanotechnologies creates a new basis for solutions and systems in sensing & actuation, memory, information, signal processing and communication. It creates miniaturized, power efficient technologies for the future mobile, multimedia and computers and also enables intelligent systems that can be embedded into human environments. Nanotechnologies also provide a new generation of added value products and services with superior performances across a range of applications. Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control. Consider 10000 transistors being fitted on a single fly hair, the nanostructure of Nokia morph is similar to this. Nanograss, Nanosensors, Nanoflowers, Nanoscale mesh, Nanotube etc are the nanotechnologies used inside Nokia morph. A basic definition: Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced.In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products. Nanotechnology may one day lead to low cost manufacturing solutions, and offers the possibility of integrating complex functionality at a low price. Nanotechnology also can be leveraged to create self-cleaning surfaces on mobile devices, ultimately reducing corrosion, wear and improving longevity. Nanostructured surfaces, such as Nanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints utilizing effects also seen in natural systems.

Figure 1.3 a Nano Flower Elegant three-dimensional MoS2 nanoflowers were uniformly formed via heating a MoO 2 thin film in a vapor sulphur atmosphere. Tens to hundreds of petals were self- assembled within a single nanoflower. Each petal, 100-300 nm wide and only several nanometers thick, exhibited a hexagonal structure. The number of petal layers gradually decreased towards the edges, resulting in uniquely thin edges, typically less than 3 nm. The MoS2 nanoflowers appeared to be excellent field emitters displaying a current density of 0.01 and 10? mA/cm 2 at macroscopic fields of 4.5-5.5 and 7.6-8.6 V/m, respectively; the electron field emission was consistent with the Fowler-Nordheim theory.

1.2.3 Molecular nanotechnology:

Molecular nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, describes engineered nanosystems (nanoscale machines) operating on the molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with the molecular assembler, a machine that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of mechanosynthesis. Manufacturing in the context of productive nanosystems is not related to, and should be clearly distinguished from, the conventional technologies used to manufacture nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles When the term "nanotechnology" was independently coined and popularized by Eric Drexler (who at the time was unaware of an earlier usage by Norio Taniguchi) it referred to a future manufacturing technology based on molecular machine systems. The premise was that molecular scale biological analogies of traditional machine components demonstrated molecular machines were possible: by the countless examples found in biology, it is known that sophisticated, stochastically optimised biological machines can be produced..

It is hoped that developments in nanotechnology will make possible their construction by some other means, perhaps using bio mimetic principles. However, Drexler and other researchers[6] have proposed that advanced nanotechnology, although perhaps initially implemented by bio mimetic means, ultimately could be based on mechanical engineering principles, namely, a manufacturing technology based on the mechanical functionality of these components (such as gears, bearings, motors, and structural members) that would enable programmable, positional assembly to atomic specification.[7] The physics and engineering performance of exemplar designs were analyzed in Drexler's book Nanosystems.

In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as all one has to position atoms are other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Another view, put forth by Carlo Montesano is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Yet another view, put forward by the late Richard Smalley, is that mechanosynthesis is impossible due to the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules This led to an exchange of letters in the ACS publication Chemical & Engineering News in 2003 Though biology clearly demonstrates that molecular machine systems are possible, non-biological molecular machines are today only in their infancy. Leaders in research on non-biological molecular machines are Dr. Alex Zettl and his colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories and UC Berkeley. They have constructed at least three distinct molecular devices whose motion is controlled from the desktop with changing voltage: a nanotube nanomotor, a molecular actuator and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator . An experiment indicating that positional molecular assembly is possible was performed by Ho and Lee at Cornell University in 1999. They used a scanning tunneling microscope to move an individual carbon monoxide molecule (CO) to an individual iron atom (Fe) sitting on a flat silver crystal, and chemically bound the CO to the Fe by applying a voltage.

1.2.4 Collaboration Between NRC and University of Cambridge

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The partnership between Nokia and the University of Cambridge was announced in March, 2007 - an agreement to work together on an extensive and long term programme of joint research projects. NRC has established a research facility at the University's West Cambridge site and collaborates with several departments - initially the Nanoscience Centre and Electrical Division of the Engineering Department - on projects that, to begin with, are cantered. With the ability of the phone to take on a variety of shapes and sizes, most people may not need to change phones so often as they currently have been doing so every 1.5 years on average According to Nokia, it would take seven years before Morph phones are future mobile evices. 1. Newly-enabled flexible transparent materials way we live. 2. Devices become self-cleaning and self-preserving. 3. Transparent electronics offering an entirely new aesthetic dimension. 4. Built-in solar absorption might charge a device, whilst batteries become smaller, longer lasting and faster to charge. 5. Integrated sensors might allow us to learn more about the environment around us, empowering us to make better choices. In addition to the advances above, the integrated electronics would cost less and include more functionality in a much smaller space, even as interfaces are simplified and usability is enhanced. Mobile phones like Nano Morph certainly depict the upcoming Nano Technology and it will surely be a front-runner in the use of various gadgets and technologies be it Computers, Air Conditioners, Robots, Cars or like this one viz Mobile phones and smart phones. blend more seamlessly with the available at consumer markets. The Morph concept technology carries numerous interesting features for

1.2.5 About University of Cambridge Nano Research Center

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In Nanoscience Centre is an 1800m research facility completed in January 2003 and located at the north east corner of the University's West Cambridge Site. The Centre provides open access to over 300 researchers from a variety of University Departments to the nanofabrication and characterisation facilities housed in a combination of Clean Rooms and low noise laboratories. Office space is primarily home to the Department of Engineerings Nanoscience Group, technical and administrative staff and members of other research groups who require long term access to facilities. The partnership between Nokia and the University of Cambridge was announced in March, 2007 - an agreement to work together on an extensive and long term programme of joint research projects. NRC has established a research facility at the University's West Cambridge site and collaborates with several departments initially the Nanoscience Center and Electrical Division of the Engineering Department - on projects that, to begin with, are cantered on nanotechnology.

1.2.6 Nokia Research Centre

Nokia believes that effective research and development is vital to remaining competitive in the mobile computing and communications industry. As of April 1, 2007, we had R&D centers in 11 countries and employed 14,500 people in research and development, representing approximately 32% of Nokias total workforce. R&D expenses totaled EUR 3,9 billion in 2006, representing 9,5% of Nokias net sales. We invest a substantial portion of our resources in research and development activities within our principal (NRC). Nokia Research Center has a unique mission to lead Nokia into the future: NRC will be the global leader of open innovation for human mobility systems of the fused physical and digital world, giving birth to the growth of businesses for Nokia. Nokia Research Center was founded in 1986 from the Nokia Electronics R&D unit, with the headcount of 86 persons. Today, NRC employs roughly 800 researchers from 43 countires and a wide variety of fields. Representing just over 4% of Nokias R&D employees, NRC researchers produce about one half of Nokias essential patents, and 34% of all Nokia invention reports (2006). NRC has a two-fold approach to achieving its mandate. The work for core
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business groups Mobile Phones,

Multimedia and Enterprise Solutions, Technology Platforms , and in the Nokia Research Center

technology breakthroughs supporting Nokia's existing businesses takes place in the Core Technology Centers, the CTC's. More visionary, exploratory systems research that goes well beyond any current business model is conducted at the many System Research Centers, the SRC's. 1.2.7. MOBILE GATEWAY The mobile device works at the centre of our everyday life, interconnecting local intelligence-temperature changes, air pollution, our heart rate-with needed information and services. Mobile devices together with the intelligence that will be embedded in human environments home, office, public places will create a new platform that enables ubiquitous sensing, computing, and communication. Core requirements for this kind of ubiquitous ambient intelligence are that the devices are autonomous and robust. They can be deployed easily, and they survive without explicit management or care. As shown in FIG 4, mobile devices will be the gateways to personally access ambient intelligence and needed information.

Fig 1.4: Mobile devices become gateways to ambient intelligence and needed information

Mobility also implies limited size and restrictions on the power consumption. Intelligence, sensing, context awareness, and increased data rates require more memory and
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computing power, which together with the size limitations leads to severe challenges in thermal management. Nanotechnology could provide solutions for sensing, actuation, radio, embedding intelligence into the environment, power efficient computing, memory, energy sources, human machine interaction, materials, mechanics, manufacturing, and environmental issues. Think morph is a snapshot of a new kind of mobility, made possible by a personal device that intelligently bridges local and global information. By sensing ambient elements, physical objects, and your individual context, the device adapts its form factor and functionality accordingly. It connects automatically to global services and communities, transmitting local data and returning context-relevant information in real time. The vision of Nokia Research Center is to become the global leader of open innovation for human mobility systems of the fused physical and digital world, giving birth to the growth of business for Nokia. In this paper we will give an overview of how nanotechnology can help to realize this vision, and in particular what is the impact for wireless communication technologies.

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2. CONCEPT OF NOKIA MORPH

Morph is a concept that demonstrates how future mobile devices might be stretchable and flexible, allowing the user to transform their mobile device into radically different shapes. It demonstrates the ultimate functionality that nanotechnology might be capable of delivering: flexible materials, transparent electronics and self-cleaning surfaces. Dr. Bob Iannucci, Chief Technology Officer, Nokia, commented: "Nokia Research Center is possible". looking at ways to reinvent the form and function of mobile devices; the Morph concept shows what might be

Figure 2.1 Phone Mode Snap Professor Mark Welland, Head of the Department of Engineering's Nanoscience Group at the University of Cambridge and University Director of Nokia-Cambridge collaboration added: "Developing the Morph concept with Nokia has provided us with a focus that is both artistically inspirational but, more importantly, sets the technology agenda for our joint nanoscience research that will stimulate our future work together."

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2.1 VARIOUS MODES

FIG 2.2:-MORPH IN OPEN MODE

FIG 2.3:-MORPH IN FOLDED MODE MODE

FIG 2.4:-MORPH IN WRIST

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2.2APLLIED TECHNOLOGY
Nano Technology has evolved as an all together different technology area in the mobile world. Mobile phones are advancing at a great and faster pace than never before and Nokia Morph is truly a mobile wonder. This phone has been developed by Nokia and the University of Cambridge. Mobile phones like Research Center Nano Morph

certainly depict the upcoming Nano Technology and it will surely be a front-runner in the use of various gadgets and technologies be it Computers, Air Conditioners, Robots, Cars or like this one viz Mobile phones and smart phones. Nokia Morph is truly an absolutely wonderful gadget with flexible bending and wearing options and surely the best in the gadgets segment from the house of Nokia. Wonder what will be next from Nokia, Worlds leader in the Communication segme

It would also feature self-cleaning to prevent wear and tear based on nanostructures called Nano flowers which do not absorb liquids or retain fingerprints. The Nokia Morph phone would also include a detachable speaker that could clip onto the ear or connect to the phone as a speaker. In addition, the battery is solar powered with built in selfcharging high density solar charging modules called Nanograss which are capable of recharging faster than any other battery solution Morph phones would have Nano sensors to inform users of wireless environments and enable them to make choices on the available wireless networks. The phones would also be able to analyze the pollution levels of the environment and monitor the users surroundings

2.3 VARUIOUS NANOTECHNOLOGIES USED 2.3.1 NANO-ENABLED ENERGY:

Nanotechnology holds out the possibility that the surface of a device will become a natural source of energy via a covering of Nanograss structures that harvest solar power. At the same time new high energy density storage materials allow batteries to become smaller and thinner, while also quicker to recharge and able to endure more charging cycles.
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2.3.1.1 ENHANCED ENERGY HARVESTING AND STORAGE

1) ENHANCED ENERGY DENSITY BATTERIES o o Nanostructured electrodes for very low equivalent series R energy sources New electrolyte solutions (ionic liquids) for safe and high power batteries.

Deformable and bendable structures.

Figure 2.5: 10 nm Anion and Cation for battery

2)SUPER CAPACITORS Nanoenhanced dielectrics for separator and high power capacitors Ultra thin flexible structures, for ultimately distributed energy storage and integration.

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3)SOLAR CELL RESEARCH Nanowire solar cells using nanowire networks

Silicon solar cell production for emerging markets as primary power Source

Figure 2.6 Solar Cell Capacitor Architecture

4)ENERGY HARVESTING FROM RF USING WIDEBAND ANTENNAS AND USING NEMS STRUCTURES

Microwatt level energy harvesting from waste energy in the air Charging battery from ultra low power energy sources, and power Management for that.

2.3.2 SENSING SURFACES

Nanosensors would empower users to examine the environment around them in completely new ways, from analyzing air pollution, to gaining insight into bio-chemical traces and processes. New capabilities might be as complex as helping us monitor
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evolving conditions

in the quality of our surroundings, or as simple as knowing if the fruit we are about to enjoy

should be washed before we eat it.

Fig 2.7: Sensing surface and Graph Characteristics for sensor applications : Uniaxial piezoelectric response Enabler of novel touch sensor concepts N-type semiconductor behaviour Candidate for photovoltaics Enables various low-cost applications 2.3.2.1 NANOSCALE BENEFITS

The Huge Array of parallel sensors that can be either independently or collectively measured New sensor signal processing paradigm New materials that can be used to improve sensors characteristic Stability, resolution, reliability & response time.

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2.3.3 STRETCHABLE ELECTRONICS

Target: o Creation of stretchable devices o Embedded active electronics in elastic structures (sensors, actuators, circuitry) o Ordered nanoscale internal structures for controlling the elasticity o A pixellated, integrated system to withstand extreme deformations o Minimal strain on rigid island platforms for sensitive components o Stretchable electronics structures to allow reconfigurable device form factors. Flexible electronics structures (interconnects, circuits and substrates) that sustain >10% 2D strain

Fig: 2.8 nano wires

ZnO Nanowires for flexible tactile arrays Arrays of aligned zinc oxide nanowires grown hydrothermally from zinc salt precursor on the surface of substrates (at roughly 70 - 100 oC) Economical and environmentally-friendly Compatible with polymer substrates
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Figure 2.9 ZnO Nanowires

Figure 2.10 Stretchable area

Nanowire Lithography Silicon Nanowires for Stretchable Electronics Combining top-down fabrication via SOI etching using masks made of nanowires grown by a bottom-up approach. Blue = Si; Grey = SiO2; Yellow = Metal (Ni) Highly-conducting SiNW networks via nanowire lithography (NWL): A. Colli, A. Fasoli, S. Pisana, Y. Fu, P. Beecher, W. I. Milne, A. C. Ferrari, Nano Letters 8, 1358 (2008)
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Figure 2.11 Patterned Zno nanowire array for tactile sensing - U of C /NRC Cambridge UK

2.3.4Functional Biomaterials
There is a big demand for biomaterials to assist or replace organ functions and to improve patients quality of life. Materials options include metals, ceramics and polymers. Unfortunately, conventional materials are used that were not specifically developed for biological applications.Interaction between biomaterials and natural tissues is an important subject for biomaterial science Such information is essential to aid the design of new biocompatible biomaterials.

Figure 2.12: Biological Effect

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The vision of ambient intelligence describes a network of sensors connected to one or more computing devices. Sensors will be everywhere: in your pocket, in your faucet, in your refrigerator, at your front door, and in your running shoe. The device integrates data from your physical world, deduces patterns, identifies issues, consults with Internet services, and responds with intelligenceseeming to anticipate your every needall at the rapid pace of your daily life. Computational Medicine and the Individual Start with inexpensive sensors that can be worn, implanted, or swallowed (as Feynman suggested in 1959). Marry them with data reduction capabilities that compute trends and interactions to build a holistic personal medical profile. Equipped with this information, the individuals mobile device can relay the diagnosis to health care resources, dispatching an ambulance automatically.

2.3.5 Nanoporous Hybrid Materials

Recently, the domain of nanoporous materials has been enlarged very much to the development of porous hybrid materials designated as metal-organic frameworks (MOF),1 porous coordination polymers2 or organic-inorganic hybrids3,4 which are the most recently highlighted class of materials consisting of metal ions linked together by organic bridging ligands in the framework. The attraction of combining properties from both inorganic and organic components has led to a quest of research toward new hybrid materials with potential applications including gas storage, catalysis, separation, and molecular recognition.1-4 Very recently, Frey and co-workers have repoted a novel hybrid material,chromium trimesate (designated as MIL-100), which has a hierarchical pore system (micro: 5-9 ; mesoporous: 25-30 ) with a very high Langmuir surface area. Porous inorganic solids have found great utility as catalysts and sorption media because of their large internal surface area, i.e. the presence of voids of controllable dimensions at the atomic, molecular, and nanometer scales. With increasing environmental concerns worldwide, nanoporous materials have become more important and useful for the separation of polluting species and the recovery of useful ones.
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Figure 2.13

2.3.6 Device Architectures

The Nano Devices team collaborates closely with researchers at the University of Cambridge, computing focussing on nanoscience research and its and application functional to novel solutions in such diverse areas as sensing, energy storage/harvesting, novel architectures, communications technology materials. Advances in all these fields will drive new device concepts and enable future ambient intelligence and wearable devices. As an example, the "Morph" design concept jointly developed by the University and NRC for the "Design and the Elastic Mind" exhibition at the New York Museum of Modern Art suggests how such nanotechnological developments may impact future mobile device form, function and use. Connecting the Unconnected In developing nations, we see more basic (and potentially crucial) applications. The mobile devices integrated sensors can monitor levels of pollutants, bacteria, and other environmental or health risks and notify officials when
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thresholds are exceeded.

monitoring empowering health care providers to deliver on-the-spot treat ment, informed by global Internet services and medical data banks

New signal processing methods/devices

The Nokia N900 is powered by a high-end OMAP 3430 ARM Cortex A8 which is a System-on-a-chip made by Texas Instruments based on a 65-nanometer CMOS process. The OMAP 3430 is composed of three microprocessors; the Cortex A8 running at 600 MHz used to run the OS and applications, the PowerVR SGX 530 GPU made by Imagination Technologies which supports OpenGL ES 2.0 and is capable of up to 14 MPolys/s and a TMS320C64x, the digital signal processors, running at 430 MHz used to run the image processing (camera), audio processing (telephony) and data transmission. The TMS320 C64x main purpose is to offload the Cortex A8 from having to process audio and video signal.[29] The system has 256 MB of dedicated high performance RAM (Mobile DDR) paired with access to 768 MB swap space managed by the OS. [2] This provides a total of 1 GB of virtual memory

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3. FEATURES AND CHARACTERSTICS

3.1 Flexible & Changing Design
Nanotechnology enables materials and components that are flexible, stretchable, transparent and remarkably strong. Fibril proteins are woven into a three dimensional mesh that reinforces thin elastic structures. Using the same principle behind spider silk, this elasticity enables the device to literally ch ange shapes and configure itself to adapt to the task at hand.

Figure 3.1 Various Shapes of Nokia Morph A folded design would fit easily in a pocket and could lend itself ergonomically to being used as a traditional handset. An unfolded larger design could display more detailed information, and incorporate input devices such as keyboards and touch pads. Even integrated electronics, from interconnects to sensors, could share these flexible properties. Further, utilization of biodegradable materials might make production and recycling of devices easier and ecologically friendly.

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3.2 SENSING
Nokia Morph can interact with the surrounding environment and is capable of providing key information for anything from temperature changes to pollution i.e. Morph can sense its surrounding. Nanosensors are used for this purpose and it empowers users to examine the environment around them in completely new ways, from analyzing air pollution, to gaining insight into bio-chemical traces and processes. New capabilities might be as complex as it may help us monitor evolving conditions in the quality of our surroundings, or as simple as knowing if the fruit we are about to enjoy should be washed before we eat it. Our ability to tune into our environment in these ways can help us make key decisions that guide our daily actions and ultimately can enhance our health. Nanostructures can also enable robust chemical and biochemical sensing, especially in scenarios where nanoscale values are being measured. And since nanoscale is the scale of the fundamental processes of life, nanoscale chemical sensors can leverage principles and materials common to biological systems. Nanosensors construct a complete awareness of the user contextboth personal and environmental enabling an appropriate and intelligent response. In order to improve sensor and signal processing characteristics Nokia introduced Nanowire Lithography (NWL) process that fabricates a large area and self aligned 3D architectures.

FIG 3.2:- Nanosensor inside Nokia Morph

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3.3 ECOSENSOR CONCEPT

As an initial step for sensing ability of Morph, Nokia Research Center supported by Nokia designers conceived the Nokia Eco Sensor Concept. This visionary design concept is a mobile phone along with a compatible sensing device that will help us to stay connected to our friends and loved ones, as well as helps us to monitor our health and local environment. We can also share the environmental data that our sensing device collected and view other users shared data, thereby increasing our global environmental awareness. The concept consists of two parts a wearable sensor unit which can sense and analyze our environment, health, and local weather conditions, and a dedicated mobile phone. The sensor unit will be worn on a wrist or neck strap made from solar cells that provide power to the sensors. NFC (Near Field Communication) technology will relay information by touch from the sensors to the phone.

FIG 3.3:-Nokia Eco sensor Concept Phone.

3.4 HAPTIC SURFACE

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Touch sensitive and responsive (HAPTIC) surface of Nokia Morph is provided by large area sensing surfaces using piezoelectric nanowire arrays. ZnO nanowires are used to produce the piezoelectric nanowire arrays. Buttons on the device surface are in real 3D forms.

FIG 3.4:- Haptic surface of Nokia Morph.

ZnO exhibits an unusual combination of properties, including uniaxial piezoelectric response and n-type semiconductor characteristics. Nokia is exploiting these qualities to achieve strain-based electromechanical transducersideal for touch-sensitive (even direction-sensitive) surfaces. Arrays of ZnO nanowires can be fabricated at low temperatures (70100C), providing compatibility with polymer substrates, such as polyethylene terephtalate (PET). By coating a substrate (silicon, glass, or PET) with an array of these ZnO nanowires, the electrical signals on the surface can be activated by mechanical force. Since ZnO nanowires and nanoparticles are nearly transparent, this technique can be used to develop compliant, touch-sensitive, active matrix arrays that sit on top of displays or other structural elements

3.5 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS

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Nokia are developing thin-film electronic circuits and architectures supported on elastomeric substrates which are robust enough to allow multi-directional stretching. Nanotechnology enables materials and components that are flexible, stretchable, transparent and remarkably strong. Fibril proteins are woven into a three dimensional mesh that reinforces thin elastic structures. This elasticity enables the device to literally change shapes and configure itself to adapt to the task at hand. Thus nanoscale structure of the electronics enables stretching. A folded design would fit easily in a pocket and could lend itself ergonomically to being used as a traditional handset. An unfolded larger design could display more detailed information, and incorporate input devices such as keyboards and touch pads

FIG 3.5:-Stechable electronics of Morph

A nanoscale mesh of fibers similar to spider silk controls the stretching when device is folded. ZnO nanowires act as flexible tactile arrays that enable the flexible ability of Nokia Morph. Arrays of aligned zinc oxide nanowires grown hydrothermally from zinc salt precursor on the surface of substrates (at roughly 70 100 C) are used here

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FIG 3.6:- Nanoscale Fibers

FIG 3.7:- ZnO naowires

3.6 TRANSPARENT ELECTRONICS

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The whole electronic circuit inside Nokia Morph is entirely transparent. Nanoscale electronics becomes invisible to human eye. The major platform for transparent electronics came into existence with the introduction of transparent resistive random access memory (TRRAM) developed by KOREAN ADVANCED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (KAIST).

FIG 3.8:- Transparent electronics of Morph

FIG 3.9:- TRRAM

By integrating TRRAM device with other transparent electronic components a total see through embedded electronic system could be developed. TRRAM records data by changing the resistance of a metal oxide film known as resistive RAM.

3.7SELF CLEANING
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We all have seen a water droplet that beads up on a lotus leaf, it is due to the hydrophobic nanostructures and this principle is known as super hydrophobicity. The surface of Nokia Morph is similar to this. Nanotechnology can be leveraged to create self-cleaning surfaces on mobile devices, which ultimately reduces corrosion, wear and improving longevity. Nanostructured surfaces known as Nanoflowers provide the hydrophobicity to Morph that naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints. Double roughening of a hydrophobic surface, on the submicron and nanometer scale, creates superhydrophobicity.

FIG 3.11:- Nanoflower

Nanotechnology also can be leveraged to create self-cleaning surfaces on mobile devices, ultimately reducing corrosion, wear and improving longevity. Nanostructured surfaces, such as Nanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints utilizing effects also seen in natural systems. A nanoflower, in chemistry, refers to a compound of certain elements that results in formations which in microscopic view resemble flowers or, in some cases, trees that are called nanobouquets or nanotrees. These formations are nanometers long and thick so they can only be observed using electron microscopy Nanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints utilizing effects also seen in natural
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systems. That is why it is A nanoflower, in chemistry, refers to a compound of certain elements that results in formations which in microscopic view resemble flowers or, in some cases, trees that are called nanobouquets or nanotrees. These formations are nanometers long and thick so they can only be observed using electron microscopy Nanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints utilizing effects also seen in natural systems. That is why it is used for self cleaning purpose. Zinc oxide changes resistance when molecules of ethanol vapour stick onto it in a process called adsorption. The flower-like structures work at lower temperatures because their tiny size enhances adsorption. Each flower is made up of bundles of nanorods 15nm wide. They were made by blasting a zinc-containing solution with ultrasound.

3.8 Advanced Power Sources

Each and every mobile phone requires a power source. But in the case of morph it has got not one but many power sources. It has got an enhanced energy density battery that is quicker to recharge and is able to endure more charging cycles. Along with it polymer carbon nanotube composites with controlled conduction, nanotube enhanced super capacitors and nano composite solar cells also act as other power sources. Here nano enhanced dielectrics are used as separator and high power capacitors. Here energy is also harvested from RF using wideband antennas or by using nano electro mechanical (NEM) method. Microwatt level energy is harvested from waste energy in air. Nanograss is used for harvesting solar power. Nokia developed a full solid state, flexible Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) using ZnO nanostructure that act as photovoltaics which harvests solar energy. Nanotechnology holds out the possibility that the surface of a device will become a natural source of energy via a covering of Nanograss structures that harvest solar power. At the same time new high energy density storage materials allow batteries to become smaller and thinner, while also quicker to recharge and able to endure more charging cycles. ZnO nanostructures may also play an important role in low-cost photovoltaics. Researchers from Nokia and the University of Cambridge have demonstrated a new method for making a full solid-state, flexible dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Although their efficiency needs improvement, these DSSCs may present a low-cost alternative to silicon-based
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photovoltaics. Because conventional DSSCs also pose challenges related to solvent leakage and evaporation, Nokia is working to develop a stable DSSC based on solid electrolytes. Nokias team has produced a promising photocurrent using a novel ionic liquid gel, organic dye, and a thin film of CNTs stamped on a flexible PET substrate. The CNTs serve both as the charge collector and as scaffolds for the growth of ZnO nano particles, where the black dye molecules are anchored. The flexible and lightweight qualities of this film open up the possibility of a continuous roll-to-roll process for low-cost mass production of DSSCs.

FIG 3.12:- Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell

Fig3. 13: nano grass

Nanotechnology holds out the possibility that the surface of a device will become a natural source of energy via a covering of Nanograss structures that harvest solar power. At the same time new high energy density storage materials allow batteries to become smaller and thinner, while also quicker to recharge and able to endure more charging cycles.
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Figure 3.14 Nano Grass for solar cell

3.9 Sensing The Environment

Nanosensors would empower users to examine the environment around them in completely new ways, from analyzing air pollution, to gaining insight into biochemical traces and
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processes. New capabilities might be as complex as helping us monitor evolving conditions in the quality of our surroundings, or as simple as knowing if the fruit we are about to enjoy should be washed before we eat it. Our ability to tune into our environment in these ways can help us make key decisions that guide our daily actions and ultimately can enhance our health .

Fig 3.15:nano speaker

Sensing surfaces using piezoelectric nanowire arrays

ZnO exhibits an unusual combination of properties, including uniaxial piezoelectric response and n-type semiconductor characteristics. Nokia is exploiting these qualities to achieve strain-based electromechanical transducersideal for touch-sensitive (even direction-sensitive) surfaces. Arrays of ZnO nanowires can be fabricated at low temperatures (roughly 70100C),providing compatibility with polymer substrates, such as polyethylene terephtalate (PET).By coating a substrate (silicon, glass, or PET) with an array of these ZnO nanowires, the electrical signals on the surface can be activated by mechanical force. Since ZnO nanowires and nanoparticles are nearly transparent, this technique can be used to develop Compliant, touchsensitive, active matrix arrays that sit on top of displays or other Structural elements.

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4. WORKING AREA OF NOKIA MORPH

4.1 NEW TRENDS ARE EVOLVING:

Flexible, stretchable, thin, transparent conformal devices - enabled by nanotechnology Context aware device: adapts and transforms its functionality according to the tasks Wearable device Available always and everywhere New intuitive user interface Flexible, compliant and even stretchable structures are needed. New power source technologies Functional coatings

How can we fabricate and manufacture innovative mechanical structures that can be bothtransparent and compliant despite containing electronic and optical functions? create a library of reliable and durable functional materials that enables a multitude of functions on the device surface, e.g., robust surfaces, EM shielding, dirt/water integration, optical effects, touch sensors, haptics? repellence, antenna

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FIG 4.1:- Various Images of NOKIA MORPH

MERITS:
Stretchable and flexible electronics. Transparent electronics. Self-cleaning surfaces. It can sense its surrounding environment. It draws power from the sun for recharging

DEMERITS:
The initial manufacturing cost is very high.

The expected market price is around as 60000.

Conventional dsscs provides instability related to solvent leakage and evaporation.

Stretchable batteries have not yet being discovered

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5. APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE POTENTIAL

APPLICATIONS:

Nanotechnology enables the use of materials that are both flexible and strong. Fibril proteins are woven into a three dimensional mesh that reinforces thin elastic structures, making these devices highly adaptable. Another advantage of nanotechnology is the self-cleaning attribute of such devices, which reduces corrosion, wear, and improves longevity. Also, by using a cover of Nanograss structures that harvest solar power, the device's surface becomes a natural source of energy. Batteries improve and become smaller, longer lasting, and faster to charge thanks to new high energy density storage materials."Even integrated electronics, from
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interconnects to sensors, and could share these flexible properties. Further, utilization of biodegradable materials might make production and recycling of devices easier and ecologically friendly," states Nokia.Nanosensors would raise the awareness of mobile devices' users to the environment in a new way. When air pollution or bio-chemical traces and processes are right before our eyes, we will not be able to ignore them. It will also enhance our natural abilities and ease our daily decisions even on small matters such as whether or not to wash a certain fruit before eating it.

The whole electronic circuits inside the phone itself will be entirely transparent, thus making the phone even more dynamic in terms of futuristic designs. The batteries will become much smaller with solar energy being the vital source of our so called talk time. Or maybe batteries will serve as a backup to the Nanograss (a technology of nano structures that harvest solar power independently) covered, solar energy powered, Nokia phones, thus out running the currently used traditional Lithium Ion batteries completely, who knows! There might be built in environment sensors that will come with the phone, thus aesthetics of nanotechnology will be used to its fullest

FUTURE SCOPE:

1. The shapes could be made much simpler like in ring shape. 2. Morph in open mode could act as a keyboard for pcs. The technology is certainly leading edge "if not bleeding edge and the fun part is to speculate what it could mean," Neil Strother, a wireless analyst with Jupiter Research told TechNewsWorld.Technology embedded in clothing or other items that aren't traditionally considered devices could be among the applications that might follow, Strother pointed out. The
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Morph's flexibility could also unlock some of the potential for phones to be fashion items, he added. "We just don't know where a lot of this is headed, because nanotech is pretty out there and exciting," Strother said. "It may take a generation or two, but this certainly has some interesting applications." And if those are not enough for you to be in total awe, it is being foreseen that after the implementation of the Nokia Morph concept, the cost of the phone itself will come down significantly while offering dynamic space for further 3rd party application and feature development. The actual size of the Nokia will get much smaller, keeping the navigation simple and subtle while focusing on the external interactions we do through our cell phones which will only leap forward endlessly, seamlessly.

CONCLUSION

Think Morph as a snapshot of a new kind of mobility made possible through nanotechnology and along with Nokia Research as their slogan says Thinking, understanding and creating mobile innovations for cultures all over the world and Cambridge University Nanoscience research centre the Morph has the potential of being both evolutionary and revolutionary when applied to the field of mobile technology and with more it always be bonded and is always be connected to a range of objects and services that have not yet being imagined. Thus NOKIA MORPH is just a beginning to the future mobiles.
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REFERENCES Books:
o Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole & F.JOwens o Understanding Nanotechnology, Scientific American o Nanoscale Science and Technology, Robert Kelsall, Ian Hamley & o Mark Geoghegan. o Nanotechnology: Science, Innovation, and Opportunity, Lynn E.Foster o Nanoelectronics and Information Technology, Rainer Waser (ed)
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Websites:
o www.nanoscience.cam.ac.uk o www.inac.purdue.edu o research.nokia.com/projects/nanosciences o www.nokia.com/A4852062 o www.youtube.com o www.wikipedia.com

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