S GIO DC & O TO KLK

TRNG THPT BUN MA THUT

T HA HC
TI :
MT S PHNG PHP GII NHANH BI TP NH LNG HA HC
Phn I
M u
I-L do chn ti:
- Trong vic gii quyt bi tp trc nghim khch thng lin quan n
yu t quan trng m hu ht hc sinh u mc phi l yu t thi
gian khc phc yu t ny hc sinh cn nm vng tnh s ha v
phng php gii quyt nhanh bi tp.
- Tng kh nng t duy , lm nhanh bi tp cho hc sinh lp 12 trong gii
quyt bi tp trc nghip dng tnh ton trong sch gio khoa , sch bi
tp , mt s dng bi tp trong cc thi vo i hc 2007-2008
- y l loi bi tp ph bin trong chng trnh hc ph thng v chng
trnh thi i hc t nm 2007 .- Gip hc sinh rn luyn k nng vit ph-
ng trnh phn ng. Khc su kin thc, h thng ho kin thc nng
cao mc t duy, kh nng phn tch phn on khi qut.
- Pht huy tnh tch cc ch ng sng to ca hc sinh trong vic gii
quyt bi tp trc nghim theo hng s ha vn .
T nhng l do trn, ti chn ti:nh hng mt s phng php gii
nhanh bi tp nh lng ha hc
II. Cc phng php gii bi tp nhanh
A. Phng php tng gim khi lng
1. V d 1: Ho tan 6,2g hn hp 2 kim loi kim trong nc (ly d) thu c
2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c bao nhiu
gam cht rn?
Gii
* Nu dng cc phng php i s thng thng: t n s, lp h phng
trnh th mt nhiu thi gian v kt cc khng tm ra p s cho bi
ton.
* Nu dng phng php tng gim khi lng v bo ton khi lng ta c th
gii quyt vn mt cch n gin v hiu qu.
m
rn
= m
hn hp kim loi
+
OH
m

V phn ng xy ra to hiroxit kim loi v gii phng H
2
. Ta bit:
H
2
O

H
+
+ OH
-
.
2
2, 24
2 2. 0, 2( )
22, 4
H
OH H
n n n mol
+

Vy m
rn
=6,2+0,2 17 = 9,6 (g).
2. V d 2: C 1 lt dung dch Na
2
CO
3
0,1M v (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
0,25M. Cho 43g
hn hp BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
vo dung dch . Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc
thu c 39,7g kt ta A. Tnh phn trm khi lng ca cc cht trong A.
Gii:
2
3
CO
n
trong 1lt dung dch Na
2
CO
3
0,1M v (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
0,25M l:
0,1+0,25=0,3 (mol)
Cc phn ng xy ra:
Ba
2+
+ CO
3
2-
BaCO
3

Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2-
CaCO
3

C 1 mol BaCl
2
hoc CaCl
2
chuyn thnh BaCO
3
hoc CaCO
3
khi lng
gim: 71- 60 = 11(g).
Vy tng s mol ca
43-39,7
(BaCO3 + CaCO3) = 0, 3( )
11
mol
chng t d CO
3
2-
.
Ta c ngay h phng trnh: t x, y l s mol ca BaCO
3
v CaCO
3
trong A
ta c:
0, 3
197 100 39, 7
x y
x y
+
'
+

gii ra:
0,1( )
0, 2( )
x mol
y mol

'

3
3
0,1 197
% 100 49, 62(%)
39, 7
% 100 49, 62 50, 38(%)
BaCO
CaCO
m
m

3. V d 3: Ho tan 10g hn hp 2 mui XCO
3
v Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
bng dung dch
HCl d ta thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh bay ra ktc. Hi c cn
dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
Gii
* Khi chuyn t mui ccbonat thnh mui Clorua, th c 1 mol CO
2
lng
mui tng.
CO
3
2-
chuyn thnh 2Cl
-
1mol CO
2

60g chuyn thnh 71g, khi lng tng 11g.
Theo gi thit:
2
0, 672
0, 03( )
22, 4
CO
n mol
* Khi c cn dung dch thu c mui Clorua.
Tng khi lng mui Clorua = 10 + 0,03 11 = 10,33(g).
B. Phng php bo ton khi lng
1. V d 1: Ho tan 10g hn hp 2 mui Cacbonat ca kim loi A, B ho tr
(II) bng dung dch axit HCl (d) ta thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lit kh
(ktc). Hi c cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
Gii:
*Bi ton ny c th gii bng phng php tng gim khi lng hoc c th
gii nhanh bng phng php bo ton khi lng.
*t cng thc chung ca A v B l
A
ta c:
3 2 2 2
2 ACO HCl ACl H O CO + + +
0,06 0,03 0,03
2 2
3 2
2
2
10 0, 06 36, 5 0, 03 18 0, 03 44
10, 33( )
HCl H O CO
ACO ACl
ACl
ACl
m m m m m
g m
m g
+ + +
+ + +

2. V d 2: C mt hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr. Cho hn hp tc dng vi
dung dch AgNO
3
d th to ra kt ta c khi lng bng khi lng ca AgNO
3
tham gia phn ng. Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng ca mi mui trong
hn hp u.
Gii
n
NaCl
=x mol, n
NaBr
=y mol. t x+y=1.
Phng trnh: NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + NaNO
3
mol x x x x
NaBr + AgNO
3
AgBr + NaNO
3
mol y y y y
3 3
3
1( ) 85( )
( ).170 170( )
NaNO NaNO
AgCl AgNO
n x y mol m g
m m x y g
+
+
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: m
NaCl
=m
NaBr
=85(g)
Ta c h phng trnh:
1 0, 405( )
58, 5 103 85 0, 595( )
x y x mol
x y y mol
+

' '
+

m
NaCl
=0,405 58,5 = 23,7(g) chim 27,88%
m
NaBr
chim100-27,88 = 72,11%
3. V d 3: Hn hp A gm 0,1 mol etylenglicol v 0,2 mol cht X. t
chy hn hp A cn 21,28 lt O
2
ktc v thu c 35,2g CO
2
v 19,8g H
2
O.
Tnh khi lng ca phn t X.
Gii:
Phng trnh t chy hn hp:
C
2
H
6
O
2
+ 2,5 O
2
2 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O
X + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
2 6 2 2 2 2
18, 4( )
18, 4
92( )
0, 2
X C H O O CO H O
X
X
m m m m m
m g
M u
+ + +

C. Phng php bo ton electron
* Nguyn tc
Khi c nhiu cht oxi ho, cht kh trong mt hn hp phn ng (c nhiu
phn ng hoc phn ng xy ra nhiu giai on) th tng s electron m
cc cht kh cho phi bng tng s electron m cht oxi ho nhn. Ta ch
cn xc nh ng trng thi u v trng thi cui ca cht oxi ho hoc
cht kh th c th gii c bi ton cho.
*Mt s v d
V d1: Cho 16,2 gam kim loi R tc dng vi 0,15 mol oxi. Cht rn thu -
c sau phn ng cho ho tan hon ton vo dung dch HCl d thy bay ra
13,44 lt (ktc). Hi R l kim loi no?
Gii:
Nhn xt: R tc dng vi oxi cho oxit kim loi m hn hp sau phn ng tc
dng vi HCl cho H
2
. Vy M tc dng cha ht vi oxi v hn hp cht rn bao
gm c R v oxit ca R.
Lu : Mun xc nh mt nguyn t cn tm c mi lin quan gia
nguyn t khi v ho tr ca n c th c trong cc hp cht.
4R + nO
2
= 2R
2
O
n
(1)
R
2
O
n
+ 2nHCl = 2RCl
n
+ H
2
O(2)
2R + 2nHCl = 2RCl
n
+ nH
2
(3)
) ( 6 , 0
4 , 22
44 , 13
2
mol n
H

+ Theo (1) v (3) tng s mol electron m kim loi R cho phi bng
tng s mol electron m oxi v H
+
nhn.
+ Gi x l s mol ca kim loi R, nguyn t khi ca kim loi R l M
s mol electron m kim loi R nhng l nx.
Theo gi thit v (1) ta c: S mol electron m oxi nhn l 0,15.4
Theo gi thit v (3) ta c: s mol electron m H
+
nhn l 0,6.2
nx= 0,15.4 + 0,6.2 = 1,8
n
x
8 , 1

(a)
M x l s mol ca kim loi
M
x
2 , 16

(b)
Kt hp (a) v (b) ta c:
M n
2 , 16 8 , 1
M=9n Ch c mt cp nghim duy
nht l: M = 27 v n = 3 l ph hp l Al.
V d2: Hn hp Y gm Fe v kim loi R c ho tr n duy nht.
a, Ho tan hon ton 3,61 gam hn hp Y bng dung dch HCl d thu c
2,128 lt H
2
, cn khi ho tan 3,61 gam Y bng dung dch HNO
3
long, d th
thu c 1,972 lt kh NO duy nht. Xc nh kim loi R v tnh thnh phn
% v khi lng mi kim loi trong Y.
b, Ly 3,61g Y cho tc dng vi 100ml dung dch cha AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
,
khuy k cho ti khi phn ng xy ra hon ton ch thu c 8,12 gam cht
rn gm 3 kim loi. Ho tan cht rn bng dung dch HCl d thy bay ra
0,672 lt H
2
.
Tnh C
M
ca AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
trong dung dch ban u. Bit hiu
sut phn ng l 100%. Cc kh o ktc.
Gii:
a, Fe + 2HCl = FeCl
2
+ H
2
(1)
2R + 2nHCl = 2RCl
n
+ nH
2
(2)
Fe + 4HNO
3
= Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O (3)
3R + 4nHNO
3
= 3R(NO
3
)
n
+ nNO + 2nH
2
O (4)
*Gi x l s mol Fe, y l s mol R c trong 3,61 gam Y.
S mol electron m Fe nhng (1) l 2x. S mol electron R nhng (2) l
ny.
S mol electron m H
+
thu vo (1) v (2) l:
) ( 19 , 0
4 , 22
128 , 2
. 2 mol
Tng s mol electron m Fe v R nhng bng tng s electron m H
+
nhn
2x + ny = 0,19 (a)
- S mol electron m Fe nhng (3) l 3x
- S mol electron m R nhng (4) l ny (v R c 1 ho tr duy nht)
S mol electron m N
+5
thu vo to ra NO l:
) ( 24 , 0
4 , 22
792 , 1
. 3 mol
3x + ny = 0,24 (b)
Ly (b) tr (a) x=0,05 ny=0,09 (c)
+ Mt khc ta c phng trnh theo khi lng (gi nguyn t khi ca
nguyn t R l M):
56x + My = 3,61; m x=0,05 My=0,81 (d)
T (c): ny=0,09 y=
n
09 , 0
(n l ho tr ca R, n: nguyn, dng)
Thay vo (d) M
n
09 , 0
=0,81 M = 9n
Nghim duy nht: Al (ho tr III, nguyn t khi 27)
%Fe =
% 25 , 77 % 100
61 , 3
56 . 05 , 0

%Al = 22,75%
b, Cc phn ng c th xy ra:
Al + 3AgNO
3
= Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3Ag (5)
2Al + 3Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 2Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3Cu (6)
Fe + 2AgNO
3
= Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag (7)
Fe + Cu(NO
3
)
2
= Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu (8)
(gio vin lu hc sinh phn ng oxi ho Fe bng ion Ag
+
)
*V khng bit lng AgNO
3
, Cu(NO
3
)
2
nn c th d c Al, Fe v c 2 kim loi
mi to ra l Cu, Ag.
Theo gi thit: cht rn thu c gm 3 kim loi m Al hot ng mnh hn
Fe nn Al phn ng ht theo (5) cn li: Fe, Cu, Ag.
Fe + 2HCl = FeCl
2
+ H
2
(9)
+ Theo (9): n
Fe
=
) ( 03 , 0
4 , 22
672 , 0
2
mol n
H

Theo gi thit dung dch HCl d Fe phn ng ht n
Al
trong hn hp l
) ( 03 , 0
27
56 . 05 , 0 61 , 3
mol

Gi a l s mol AgNO
3
, b l s mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
p dng phng php bo ton electron ta c phng trnh:
1a+2b+2.0,03 = 3.0,03 + 2.0,05 a+2b = 0,13 (*)
Phng trnh theo khi lng: 108a + 64b + 0,03.56 = 8,12 (**)
Gii h phng trnh (*), (**) ta c: a = 0,03 (mol); b = 0,05 (mol).
Vy: Nng mol/l ca AgNO
3
l: C
M
=
M 3 , 0
1 , 0
03 , 0

Nng mol/l ca Cu(NO

3
)
2
l: C
M
=
M 5 , 0
1 , 0
05 , 0

D. Phng php dng cc gi tr trung bnh

D.1. Phng php khi lng mol trung bnh ( M )
- S dng gii nhanh cc bi ton l hn hp ca 2 hay nhiu cht.
- Xc nh nguyn t khi ca 2 kim loi 2 chu k lin tip nhau, thnh
phn % s lng mi ng v ca 1 nguyn t, tnh thnh phn % v th
tch cc kh trong hn hp
- c bit thch hp khi gii cc bi tp lp cng thc cc ng ng k
tip.
* Khi lng mol trung bnh ( M ) l khi lng ca mt mol hn hp.
M =
M n m
n n
n M n M
n
m
hh
hh
hh
.
..
...
2 1
2 2 1 1

+ +
+ +

...
...
2 1
2 2 1 1
+ +
+ +

V V
V M V M
M hhkh
V d1: Hai kim loi kim R v R nm 2 chu k k tip nhau trong bng
h thng tun hon. Ho tan mt t hn hp ca R v R trong nc ta c
dung dch A v 0,336 lt H
2
(ktc). Cho HCl d vo dung dch A, sau c
cn ta c 2,075 gam mui khan. Xc nh tn kim loi R v R.
Gii:
2R + 2H
2
O = 2ROH + H
2
(1)
2R + 2H
2
O = 2ROH + H
2
(2)
ROH + HCl = RCl + H
2
O (3)
ROH + HCl = RCl + H
2
O (4)
+ Gi x l s mol ca kim loi R. Nguyn t khi ca R l M.
Gi y l s mol ca kim loi R. Nguyn t khi ca R l M.
+ Theo (1) v (2)
015 , 0
4 , 22
336 , 0
2 2
+
y x
x+y = 0,03(mol)
+ Theo (1),(2),(3) v (4): Tng s mol 2 mui bng tng s mol 2 kim loi
n
mui
=x+y = 0,03(mol).
69
03 , 0
075 , 2
2 muoi M
M+35,5 < 69 < M+35,5
R l Na (Nguyn t khi l 23), R l K (Nguyn t khi l 39).
V d2: Cho 11g hn hp 2 ru no, n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng
ng tc dng ht vi Na thu c 3,36 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Xc nh cng
thc cu to ca 2 ru trn.
Gii:
Gi: ru th nht l ROH, ru th hai l ROH.
2ROH + 2Na 2RONa + H
2
(1)
2ROH + 2Na 2RONa + H
2
(2)
) ( 15 , 0
4 , 22
36 , 3
2
mol n
H

Theo (1),(2) n
2ru
=2
2
H
n
=2.0,15 = 0,3(mol)

'

'

< <


O H H C O H R
O H C H R O H
H C R
C H R
R R R
R
O H R M
5 2
3
5 2
3
: '
:
: '
:
'
6 7 , 1 9 1 7 6 7 , 3 6
6 7 , 3 6 6 7 , 3 6
3 , 0
1 1
D.2. Phng php s nguyn t ccbon trung bnh
* Cch tnh s nguyn t ccbon trung bnh (k hiu l n )
Trong phn ng chy chng ta c: n =
hh
CO
n
n
2
Trong hn hp cht: n =
...
...
2 1
2 2 1 1
+ +
+ +
x x
x n x n
n
1
, n
2
: S nguyn t ccbon ca cht 1, 2,
x
1
, x
2
: s mol ca cht 1, 2,
Trong hn hp cht c thnh phn nh tnh nh nhau, V dhn hp cht
u c to thnh t ba nguyn t l C, H, O ta c cng thc z y
O H C

z y x M 16 12 + +
Mt s th d:
V d1: t chy hon ton 10,2 gam 2 anhit no, n chc A v B l
ng ng k tip. em sn phm thu c hp th hon ton vo dung
dch Ca(OH)
2
th thu c 10g kt ta. Lc b kt ta, un nng phn
dung dch thu c 20g kt ta. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A v B.
+Thay th 2 anhit bng cng thc tng ng:
CHO H C
n n 1 2 +
CHO H C
n n 1 2 +
+ O H n CO n O
n
2 2 2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
2 3
+ + +
+
(1)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
= CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (2)
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
= Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(3)
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

0
t
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(4)
Theo (2): n
2 co
=n
3 caco
=
100
10
=0,1(mol)
Theo(4):n
3 caco
=
100
20
=0,2(mol)
Theo (3): n
2 co
=0,4(mol)
Tng s mol CO
2
l :n
2 co
= 0,1 + 0,4 = 0,5 (mol)
Theo (1) ta c :
30 14
2 , 10
+ n
mol Cn H
n 2
CHO sau khi chy cho ( n +1).
30 14
2 , 10
+ n
mol CO
2
.
Theo (1) ,(2), (3),(4) ta c : ( n +1).
30 14
2 , 10
+ n
= 0,5.
Gii phng trnh

n =1,5

A l : CH
3
CHO v B l C
2
H
5
CHO.
V d2: B l hn hp gm hai axit X v Y k tip nhau trong dy ng
ng axit fomic .Cho m gam B tc dng ht vi Na thu c 6.72 lt kh
iu kin tiu chun .
t chy hon ton m gam B ,ri cho ton b sn phm chy ln lt i qua
bnh (1) ng H
2
SO
4
c ,bnh (2) ng NaOH rn .Sau th
nghim , tng khi lng bnh (2) ln hn tng khi lng bnh (1) l
36,4 gam.
a) Tnh m
b) Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A v B.
Gii :
X, Y l ng ng ca HCOOH

X,Y l axit cacboxylic no,n chc .

+thay th X,Y bng cng thc tng ng C
n
H
n 2 1 +
COOH
2 C
n
H
n 2 1 +
COOH + 2Na

2 C
n
H
n 2 1 +
COONa+H
2
(1)
Theo gi thit:n
2 h
=
4 , 22
72 , 6
=0,3 (mol)

Theo (1) tng s mol axit l :2. 0,3=0,6 (mol)

C
n
H
n 2 1 +
COOH + (
2
1 3 + n
) O
2

( n +1)CO
2
+( n +1)H
2
O (1)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
= CaCO
3
+H
2
O (2)
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
= Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(3)
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

0 t
CaCO
3

+ H
2
O +CO
2
(4)
theo (2) :
2
CO
n

=
3
CaCO
n

(4) : =
100
10

= 0,1 mol

theo (4) :
3
CaCO
n
=
100
20
= 0,2 mol
theo(3):
2
CO
n
=0,4mol.TngsmolCO
2
l:
2
CO
n
=0,1+0,4=0,5mol
theo (1) ta c :
30 14
2 , 10
+ n
mol
n
C
1 2 + n
H
CHO sau khi chy cho ( n +1).
30 14
2 , 10
+ n
mol CO
2
theo (1),(2),(3),(4) ta c :( n +1)
30 14
2 , 10
+ n
= 0,5 .
gii phng trnh

n =1,5

A l : CH
3
CHO v B l C
2
H
5
CHO.
V d3: B l hn hp gm 2 axit X v Y k tip nhau trong dy ng ng
ca axit fomic .cho m gam B tc dng ht vi Na thu c 6,72 lit kh iu
kin tiu chun .t chy hon ton m gam B , ri cho ton b sn phm
chy ln lt qua
bnh (1)ng H
2
SO
4
c bnh (2) ng NaOH rn. Sau th nghim,
tng khi lng bnh (2) ln hn tng khi lng bnh (1) l 36,4 gam.
a, Tnh m .
b, Xc nh cng thc cu to ca Av B
Gii:
X,Y l ng ng ca HCOOH

X,Y l axit cacboxylic no ,n chc .

+thay th X,Y bng cng thc tng ng
n
C
1 2 + n
H
COONa +H
2
(1)
theo gi thit
2
H
n
=
4 , 22
72 , 6
= 0,3 mol

theo (1) tng s mol axit l :2. 0,3 =0,6 mol

n
C
1 2 + n
H
COOH + (
2
1 3 + n
) O
2

( n +1) CO
2
+ ( n +1) H
2
O (2)
bnh (1) :hp th nc .
bnh (2) :CO
2
+2NaOH
rn
= Na
2
CO
3
+H
2
O
theo gi thit :
2
CO
m
-
O H
m
2
=36,4

0,6( n +1).(44-18)=36,4

n =1,333
a) m=n. M =0,6(14 n +46)=38,8(gam)
b, n =1,33
COOH H C COOH CH X
5 2 3
; :
D.3. Phng php s nguyn t hiro trung bnh
c im ca ng ng lin tip l khc nhau 1 nhm CH
2
. Nh vy i
vi nguyn t C th gi trC b kp gia 2 gi tr tm c, cn i vi s
nguyn t H th l 2 gi tr kp gi tr s nguyn t H trung bnh. Ta
ly cc gi tr chn hay l ty thuc vo loi hp cht. V d i vi
hirocacbon th s nguyn t H lun l s chn, cn i vi amin n
chc li l s l: CH
3
- NH
2
; C
2
H
5
- NH
2
. Nh phng php ny, vic gii mt s
bi ton tr nn n gin v nhanh hn nhiu.
V d1: Hn hp kh A gm imetylamin v 2 hirocacbon l ng ng
lin tip. Trn 100ml A vi O
2
(d) ri t chy ht hn hp kh A. Bit
imetylamin chy thnh CO
2
, H
2
O v N
2
; th tch hn hp kh sau khi t
chy l 650ml. Cho hn hp kh ny qua H
2
SO
4
c th cn li 370ml v
cho qua tip dung dch KOH c th cn 120ml kh. Cc th tch kh o
cng iu kin t
o
v p. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t cc hirocacbon.
Gii:
Gi y x, l s nguyn t C trung bnh v s nguyn t H trung bnh
ca 2 hirocacbon.
)
2
1
2
7
2
4
15
) (
2 2 2 2 2 3
N O H CO O NH CH + + + (1)
O H
y
CO x O
y
x H C
y x
2 2 2
2
)
4
( + + + (2)
Theo gi thit:
ml V ml V
CO hoi O H
250 120 370 ; 280 370 650
2 2
) (

2
O
V
tham gia t chy
=
2
CO
V
to thnh
+
O H
V
2
2
1
(hi)
ml 390 280
2
1
250 +
q
O
V
(d)
ml 110 390 500
ml V
N
10 110 120
2

Theo (1): V
imetylamin
= 10.2 = 20 ml
Tng V
2 hiocacbon
= 100 20 = 80ml
Theo(1), (2): tng . 625 , 2 250 80 2 . 20
2
+ x x V
CO
Vy hirocacbon th nht
c 2 nguyn t C v hirocacbon th hai c 3 nguyn t C.
Tng
O H
V
2
(hi)
25 , 5 280 80 .
2
1
5 , 3 . 20 + y y
Vy hirocacbon th nht phi c 4 nguyn t H v hirocacbon th hai
phi c 6 nguyn t H (v cch nhau 2 nguyn t H v s nguyn t H phi
chn).
Vy l C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
V d2: Cho 3,82 g hn hp 3 ru n chc A, B, C trong B, C c cng s
nguyn t cacbon v s mol A bng
3
5
tng s mol ca B v C. Xc nh
cng thc phn t ca A, B, C. Bit rng tng s mol ca 3 ru l 0,08 mol.
Gii:
M 3 ru
2 , 42
08 , 0
38 , 3

Nh vy phi c t nht mt ru c M < 42,2. Ch c
32
3

OH CH
M
tho mn.
V
OH H C
M
5 2
= 46, cc ru khng no t nht cng c 3 nguyn t cacbon v
1 nhm OH nn M > 53.
V B v C c cng s nguyn t C nn A phi l CH
3
OH.
05 , 0
3 5
5 . 08 , 0

A
n
g m
A
6 , 1 32 . 05 , 0
g m
C B
78 , 1 6 , 1 38 , 3
+
; 03 , 0
3 5
3 . 08 , 0

+C B
n
3 , 59
03 , 0
78 , 1
, C B M
Gi y l s nguyn t H trung bnh trong 2 ru B, C
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca
OH H C
y
x l 3 , 59 17 12 + +y x
-> 3 , 42 12 +y x
x 1 2 3
y
30,3 18,3 6,3
Ch c x = 3 l hp l. B, C phi c mt ru c s nguyn t H>6,3 v mt r-
u c s nguyn t
H< 6,3. C 2 cp nghim:
C
3
H
7
OH v C
3
H
5
OH
C
3
H
7
OH v C
3
H
3
OH
D.4. Phng php gc hirocacbon trung bnh:
Gii bi ton hn hp bng cch dng gc hirocacbon trung bnh . ) (R
Th d: Hn hp A gm 2 este l ng phn ca nhau to bi axit n
chc v ru n chc. T khi hi ca este so vi H
2
l 44. Thy phn
26,4g hn hp A bng 100ml dung dch NaOH 20% (d=1,2), ri em c cn
dung dch thu c 38,3g cht rn khan. Xc nh cng thc phn t v
tnh thnh phn % v s mol mi este trong hn hp.
Gii:
88 2 . 44 A M
Gi R v
'
R
l gc hirocacbon trung bnh ca cc axit v ru
OH R COONa R NaOH R COO R
' '
+ +
n
este thu phn
= n
NaOH phn ng
= mol 3 , 0
88
4 , 26

mol n
NaOH
6 , 0
40 . 100
20 . 2 , 1 . 100

NaOH
n
d
= 0,6- 0,3 = 0,3 mol -> m
NaOH
= 0,3.40= 12g
Khi lng cc mui l: 33,8 12 = 21,8g

M
mui
6 , 72
3 , 0
8 , 21

6 , 5 67 6 , 72 R -> ngha l c 1 gc R< 5,6 tc l R ch c th l H v do
gc ru: R= 88- 1- 44= 43 ng vi gc C
3
H
7
-, nh vy este l no.
Gc R th hai phi ln hn 5.6 c th l CH
3
- (M = 15) hoc C
2
H
5
( M =
29 ). Nh vy c hai nghim:
Cp mt : HCOOC
3
H
7
v C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
3
Cp hai : HCOOC
3
H
7
v C
2
H
5
COOH
3
Tnh % v s mol :
Vi cp 1 : Gi x, y l s mol HCOOC
2
H
5
( p dng cng thc :
R
m
=
R
n
. , 2 2 1 1
R n R n M
R
+
trong n l s mol )

'

+
+
6 , 5 . 3 , 0 1 5 . 1
3 , 0
y x
y x
->

'

1 , 0
2 , 0
y
x
% HCOOC
3
H
7
=
% 7 , 66
2 , 0 1 , 0
% 100 . 2 , 0

+
% CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
= 100% - 67,7% = 33,3%
Cp 2 : Gi x, y l s mol HCOOC
3
H
7
v CH
3
COOCH
3

'

+
+
6 8 , 1 2 9 . 1
3 , 0
y x
y x
->

'

0 5 , 0
2 5 , 0
y
x

%HCOOC
3
H
7
=
% 3 , 83
3 , 0
% 100 . 25 , 0

=> %C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
= 16.7%
D.5. Phng php s nhm chc trung bnh:
Th d: Nitro ho benzen bng HNO
3
c thu c 2 hp cht nitro l A v B
hn km nhau 1 nhm NO
2
. t chy hon ton 2,3 gam hn hp A ,B thu -
c CO
2
, H
2
O v 255,8 ml N
2
( 27
0
C v 740 mm Hg ). Tm cng thc phn
t ca A, B.
Gii :
C
6
H
6
+
n
H C HNO n

6 6 3
(NO
2
) n +n H
2
O (1)
Trong n l s nhm NO
2
trung bnh ca A, B
C
6
H
6-
n
(NO
2
)
n

+ O
2

6CO
2
+
2 2
2 2
6
N
n
O H
n
+

(2)
Th tch N
2
ktc:
2 0
0
6 , 226
27 273
8 , 255 . 740
273
. 760
mlN V
V

+

Theo (2) ta c t l:
2266 , 0
2 , 11 (
34 , 2
) 45 78 ( n n

+
Rt ra: 1 , 1 n . Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C
6
H
5
NO
2
, B l C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
2
D.6. Phng php ha tr trung bnh
Th d: Cho mt lung H
2
i qua ng s t nng ng 11,3g hn hp 2
oxit vanai ha tr k nhau ti kh hon ton v cho kh i ra khi ng s
qua bnh ng H
2
SO
4
c, thy khi lng bnh axit tng ln 4,68g. Xc
nh cng thc cc oxit vanai.
Gii: Gi x l ha tr trung bnh ca vanai trong 2 oxit:
V
2
O
x
+ xH
2
O xH V
o
t
2
2 + (1)
Theo (1) ta c:
7 , 3
1
.
18
68 , 4
16 2 , 51
3 , 11

+
x
x x
Vy cc oxit l V
2
O
3
v VO
2
E. Phng php tch cng thc phn t
biu din thnh phn ca mt hp cht hu c, ta c th dng cng
thc phn t vit di dng khc nhau. Nguyn tc ca phng php tch
cng thc phn t da trn t l thnh phn (%khi lng) ca C v H trong
anken (olefin) l khng i bng
6
1
2
12

n
n
, ngha l trong anken, cacbon
chim 6/7 khi lng cn hiro chim 1/7(*). Dng phng php ny cho php
gii nhanh chng v n gin mt s bi ton hu c.
Mt s mu tch cng thc phn t:
1, Ankan: C
n
H
2n + 2

C
n
H
2n
.H
2
2, Ankaien, ankin: C
n
H
2n 2

C
m
H
2m
C, trong m= n- 1
3, Aren: C
n
H
2n-6

C
m
H
2m
.3C, trong m= n- 3
4, Ru no, n chc: C
n
H
2n+1
OH

C
n
H
2n
.H
2
O
5, Ru khng no, n chc c 1 ni i: C
n
H
2n-1
OH

C
n
H
2n
O hoc
C
m
H
2m
.CHO, trong m= n- 1.
6, Ru thm v phenol: C
n
H
2n-7
OH

C
m
H
2m
.C
3
O trong m=n-3
7, Anhit no, n chc: C
n
H
2n+1
- CHO

C
n
H
2n
.HCHO hoc C
m
H
2m
O trong
m= n +1
8, Axit no, n chc: C
n
H
2n+1
- COOH

C
n
H
2n
.HCOOH hoc C
m
H
2m
O m m=
n +1
9, Axit khng no, n chc c mt ni i: C
n
H
2n-1
- COOH

C
n
H
2n
.CO
2
Th d: Chia 6,15g hn hp 2 ru no n chc thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Ly phn 1 cho tc dng vi Na thu c 0,672 lt H
2
ktc. Phn 2 em
t chy th thu c bao nhiu lt CO
2
v bao nhiu gam H
2
O?
Gii:
Phng trnh phn ng ha hc xy ra:
C
n
H
2n+1
OH + Na

C
n
H
2n+1
ONa + 1/2H
2
(1)
C
m
H
2m+1
OH + Na

C
m
H
2m+1
ONa + 1/2H
2
(2)
C
n
H
2n+1
OH + O H n nCO O
n
2 2 2
) 1 (
2
3
+ + (3)
C
m
H
2m+1
OH + O H m mCO O
n
2 2 2
) 1 (
2
3
+ +
Theo (1), (2) : n
ru

. 06 , 0
4 , 22
672 , 0
. 2 2
2

H
n
Nu tch cng thc phn t ru thnh C
x
H
2x
.H
2
O th lng H
2
O trong phn
tch ra = 0,06.18 = 1,08g.
Khi lng phn anken C
x
H
2x
g 995 , 1 08 , 1
2
15 , 6

Theo (*) ta c: m
c
=
2
12 . 7
995 , 1 . 6
995 , 1 .
7
6
CO c
n n
lit V
CO
192 , 3
12 . 7
4 , 22 . 6 . 995 , 1
2

O H H H
n n m
2 2
2 . 7
995 , 1 . 1
995 , 1 .
7
1

Tng khi lng nc l: g m
O H
645 , 3 08 , 1
2 . 7
18 . 995 , 1 . 1
2
+
* u im: Tch 1 cng thc phc tp ra dng cng thc n gin v gii
bi ton ha hc t cu to n gin y.
* Nhc im: Ch dng cho bi ton hu c.
F. Phng php n s:
Mt bi ton thiu iu kin lm cho bi ton c dng v nh hoc
khng gii c. Phng php ghp n s l mt trong nhng phng php
n gin gii cc bi ton .
Nhc im: Phng php ghp n s l mt th thut ca ton hc,
khng mang tnh cht ho hc.
Th d: un p gam hn hp 2 ru vi H
2
SO
4
c ta thu c V lt (ktc) hn
hp 2 olfin. t chy hn hp olfin th thu c X lt CO
2
(ktc), Y gam
nc.
Lp cc biu thc tnh X, Y theo P, V
Gii:
V un nng vi H
2
SO
4
c ta thu c cc olfin nn hn hp u phi gm
c 2 ru no, n chc.
C
n
H
2n+1
OH

0
4 2
,t d SO H
C
n
H
2n
+ H
2
O (1)
C
m
H
2m+1
OH

0
4 2
,t d SO H
C
m
H
2m
+ H
2
O (2)
C
n
H
2n
+
2
3n
O
2
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O (3)
a mol na
C
m
H
2m
+
2
3m
O
2
mCO
2
+ mH
2
O (3)
b mol mb
Theo (3), (4):
mb na n n
O H CO
+
2 2
(a)
Theo (1), (2): Tng s mol ru l: a+b=
4 , 22
V
(lt) (b)
Khi lng ru bng: (14n+18)a + (14m+16)b=p
Hay 14(na + mb) + 18 (a+b) = P (c)
Th (b) vo (c) ta c:
14
4 , 22 / . 18 V P
mb na

+
7
23 , 7 9
18 .
14
4 , 22 / . 18
2
V P
Y
V P
Y m
O H

7
9 2 , 11
14
4 , 22 / . 18
2
V P
X
V P
X V
CO

G. Phng php t chn lng cht:
Vi mt s bi ton ngi ta cho lng cht di dng tng qut hoc khng
ni n lng cht. Nu cho cc lng cht khc nhau vn ch cho 1 kt qu
ng th trong nhng trng hp ny ta t chn mt gi tr nh th no
bi ton tr nn n gin.
*Mt s th d:
V d1: Ho tan 1 mui cacbonat ca kim loi R bng 1 lng va dung
dch H
2
SO
4
9,8% thu c 1 dung dch mui sunfat c nng 14,18%. Hi
R l kim loi no?
Gii:
Gi n l ha tr ca R ta c:
R
2
(CO
3
)n + nH
2
SO
4
= R
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nH
2
O + nCO
2

*T chn: 1 mol R
2
(CO
3
)
n
. Nguyn t khi ca R l M ta c:
ha tan 1 mol [(2M + 60n) gam] mui cacbonat cn n mol H
2
SO
4
hay 98n
gam H
2
SO
4
nguyn cht.
Khi lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
9,8% cn dng l: 1000n gam
Khi lng CO
2
bay ra l: 44n
Khi lng mui sunfat thu c: (2M + 96n) gam.
Khi lng dung dch mui (Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng) l:
(1000n + 2M + 60n - 44n) gam.
Theo gi thit ta c: % 18 , 14
44 60 2 1000
% 100 ). 96 2 (

+ +
+
n n M n
n M

Rt ra M = 28n
Cho cc gi tr n = 1, 2, 3, 4

n=2 v M= 56 l ph hp

kim loi l Fe.

V d2: Hn hp X gm 2 hircacbon A v B c khi lng a gam. t chy
hon ton X thu c
41
132 a
gam CO
2
v
41
45a
gam H
2
O. Nu thm vo X mt
na lng A c trong X ri t chy hon ton th thu c
41
165 a
gam CO
2
v
41
75 , 60 a
gam H
2
O.
a) Tm cng thc phn t ca A v B. Bit X khng lm mt mu nc brom;
A, B thuc loi hircacbon hc.
b) Tnh thnh phn % v s mol ca A v B c trong X.
Gii:
Ch : Phn ng t chy
Ankan: C
n
H
2n+2
+
O H n nCO O
n
2 2 2
) 1 (
2
1 3
+ +
,
_

+
Ta thy:
2 2
CO O H
n n >
- Vi anken, xicloankan:
O nH nCO O
n
H C
n n 2 2 2 2
2
3
+ + . Ta thy
2 2
CO O H
n n
-Vi ankin, ankaien, xicloanken:
. ) 1 (
2
1 3
2 2 2 2 2
O H n nCO O
n
H C
n n
+
,
_

Ta thy
O H CO
n n
2 2
>
- Vi aren:
O H n nCO O
2 2 2
) 3 (
2
3 - 3n
6 - CnH2n +
,
_

+
.
Ta thy
O H CO
n n
2 2
>>
1) Gi thit cho X khng lm mt mu nc brm

A v B thuc 1 trong 3
loi: ankan, xicloankan, aren.
* d tnh ton: Ta chn a= 41
a) Khi t chy A ta c lng CO
2
v H
2
O l:
) ( 75 , 0
44
33
) ( 33 132 165
2 2
mol n gam m
CO CO

mol n gam m
O H O H
875 , 0
18
75 , 15
) ( 75 , 15 45 75 , 60
2 2

Ta thy khi t chy A:
2 2
CO O H
n n >
A l ankan (C
n
H
2n+2
)
O H n nCO O
n
H C
n n 2 2 2 2 2
) 1 (
2
1 3
+ +
,
_

+
+
+
(1)
75 , 0
875 , 0 1
2
2

+

n
n
n
n
O H
CO
Gii phng trnh:

n= 6

A: C
6
H
14
b) Lng CO
2
v H
2
O khi t chy B l:
) ( 15 , 0
44
66
) ( 66 33 . 2 132
2 2
mol n gam m
CO CO

) ( 75 , 0
18
5 , 13
) ( 5 , 13 75 , 15 . 2 45
2 2
mol n g m
O H O H

>
O H CO
n n
2 2
B l aren.

O H n nCO O
n
H C
n n 2 2 2 6 2
) 3 (
2
3 3
+
,
_

(2)
6
5 , 1
75 , 0 3
2
2

n
n
n
n
n
CO
O H
Cng thc ca B l C
6
H
6.
c, Tng s mol CO
2
do B sinh ra l 1,5 mol. A v B u c 6 nguyn t
ccbon. M: n
A
=n
B

Mi cht chim 50% v s mol.

H. Phng php bin lun tm cng thc phn t cc cht:
gii bi ton tm cng thc phn t ta c th bin lun theo cc ni
dung sau:
- Bin lun theo ho tr
- Bin lun theo lng cht (g, mol)
- Bin lun theo tnh cht
- Bin lun theo kt qu bi ton.
- Bin lun theo cc kh nng phn ng c th xy ra.
- Bin lun theo phng trnh v nh
- Bin lun theo gii hn
*Mt s th d:
V d1: Ho tan 16g hn hp gm Fe v 1 kim loi ho tr II vo dung dch
HCl (d) th thu c 8,96 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Mt khc khi ho tan 9,6 gam
kim loi ho tr II cn dng cha n 1000 ml dung dch HCl 1M. Xc
nh kim loi ho tr II .
Gii:
Gi kim loi ho tr II l R c nguyn t khi l M.
Fe + 2HCl = FeCl
2
+ H
2
(1)
R + 2HCl = RCl
2
+ H
2
(2)
Gi: x l s mol ca Fe trong hn hp, y l s mol ca R trong hn hp.
Theo gi thit:
) ( 4 , 0
4 , 22
96 , 8
2
mol n
H Tng s mol ca 2 kim loi l 0,4 mol.
+ Gi s x = 0 (ch c kim loi R)

y=0,4 mol
40
4 , 0
16
M
Nu c st th M=
x
x

4 , 0
56 16
Lp bng ta c:
x 0 0,1 0,2
0,3
(a
)
M 40 34,7 24
-8
T bng (a) M<40
Theo gi thit v (2) ta c: n
R
< 0,5 mol.
R
n
M
6 , 9

vi n
R
< 0,5

M >19,2

19,2 < M < 40 , R ho tr II

R l Mg.
V d2: t chy ht 1 gam n cht X cn dng lng va l 0,7 lt
O
2
iu kin tiu chun. Hy xc nh n cht X.
Gii:
Gi M l nguyn t khi, n l ho tr ca nguyn t X:
n
O X O
n
X
2 2
2
2 + (1)
Theo (1): C 2M gam X tc dng va vi
2
n
.22,4 lt O
2
( ktc).
Vy 1 gam X tc dng va vi 0,7 lt ( ktc).

Ta c t l:
n M 2 , 11
7 , 0
2
1

M = 8n
Bin lun:
n=1

M=8: loi.
n=2

M = 16: loi v X chnh l Oxi.

n=3

M = 24: loi (Mg khng c ho tr III).

n=4

M = 32: ng (X l lu hunh).
n = 5

M = 40: loi (Ca khng c ho tr V).

n = 6

M = 48: loi (Ti khng c ho tr VI).

n = 7

M = 56: loi (Fe khng c oxi trong st c ho tr VII).

n=8

M = 64: loi (Cu khng c oxi trong Cu c ho tr VIII).

Kt lun: X l lu hunh.
K. Phng php ng cho:
Phng php ny thng c p dng gii cc bi ton trn ln cc
cht vi nhau. Cc cht em trn c th l ng th: lng vi lng, kh vi
kh, rn vi rn; hoc d th: rn vi lng, kh vi lng . Nhng hn hp cui
cng phi ng th.
Phng php ny c bit thch hp khi pha ch dung dch.
Ch : Phng php ny khng p dng cho cc trng hp khi trn ln cc
cht m c xy ra phn ng ho hc (V d: Cho dung dch NaOH vo dung
dch HCl).
- Vi trng hp c phn ng nhng cui cng cho cng mt cht th p dng
c (VD: ho tan Na
2
O vo dung dch NaOH, thu c dung dch NaOH).
*Nguyn tc: Trn 2 dung dch vi nng khc nhau ca cng 1 cht th
lng cht tan trong phn dung dch c nng ln hn gim i, cn trong
phn dung dch c nng nh hn tng ln.
S tng qut: (Gi s x
1
>x>x
2
)
D
1
x
1
x-x
2
x
x x
x x
D
D

1
2
2
1
(1)
D
2
x
2
x
1
-x
D
1
, D
2
: Khi lng cc cht em trn ng vi x
1
, x
2
.
x, x
1
, x
2
: Khi lng cc cht quy v trong 100 n v khi lng D
1
, D
2
.
*Mt s th d:
V d1: Cn thm bao nhiu gam H
2
O vo 500g dung dch NaOH 12%
c dung dch NaOH 8%.
Gii: Gi m l khi lng nc cn thm vo:
m 0 4
8 (1)
500 12 8
250
8
4
500
m
m
(gam nc). (x
1
=0 v trong nc khng c NaOH)
V d2: Cn trn H
2
v CO theo t l th tch nh th no thu c hn
hp kh c t khi so vi metan bng 1,5.
Gii:
24 16 . 5 , 1 hh M
2
H
V
2 4
24
11
2
22
4
2

CO
H
V
V
V
CO
28 22
III. Cc bi ton minh ho
Bi 1:
Cho 3,04g hn hp NaOH v KOH tc dng vi dung dch HCl thu c 4,15g
cc mui clorua. Nu em in phn nng chy hn hp trn lng hn hp
kim loi thu c l bao nhiu (g)?
A.2,02 B. 2,03 C. 2,04 D. p n khc
Gii:
t n
NaOH
= x mol, n
KOH
= y mol. Ta c h phng trnh:
40 56 3, 04
58, 5 74, 5 4,15
x y
x y
+
'
+

gii h:
0, 02
0, 04
x
y

'

0, 02( )
0, 04( )
Na
K
n mol
n mol

'

m=0,02 23 + 0,04 39 = 2,02 (g)

Bi 2:
Trung ho 200ml dd HNO
3
0,5M cn 6,26g hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
. Nu
cho 3,13g hn hp mui trn tc dng hon ton vi dd HCl thu c V lt kh
ktc. Hp th hon ton V lt kh vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thu c
m gam kt ta. m nhn gi tr l (g):
A. 2,5 B. 3 C. 3,5 D. 4
Gii:
3
0, 2.0, 5 0,1( )
HNO
n mol
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HNO
3

2NaNO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
x 2x x
K
2
CO
3
+ 2HNO
3

2KNO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
y 2y y
Ta c h phng trnh:
0, 05 0, 02
106 138 6, 26 0, 03
x y x
x y y
+

' '
+

2
0, 05 0, 05
.100 2, 5( )
2 2
CO
n m g
Bi 3:
Ho tan 9,14g hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng axit HCl d thu c kh A v 2,54g
cht rn B. Bit trong hp kim ny khi lng Al gp 4,5 ln khi lng Mg. Th
tch kh A l (lit):
A. 7,84 B. 5,6 C. 5,8 C. 6,2 D.Khng xc nh c.
Gii:
m
Mg+Al
= 9,14 - m
Cu
= 9,14 - 2,54 = 6,6(g) tng ng 1 phn khi lng Mg
v 4,5 phn khi lng Al

Khi lng Mg = 1,2g

Khi lng Al = 5,4 g.
n
Mg
= 0,05 mol; n
Al
= 0,2 mol.
Mg +2H
+

Mg
2+

+ H
2
Al + 3H
+

Al
3+
+
2
3
2
H

2
H
V l 7,84 lt (ktc). p n A.
Bi 4:
thu ly Ag tinh khit t hn hp X (gm a mol Al
2
O
3
, b mol CuO, c mol
Ag
2
O). Ngi ta ho tan X bi dung dch cha (6a+2b+2c) mol HNO
3
c dd
Y; sau thm (gi thit cc phn ng t hiu sut 100%)
A. c mol bt Al vo Y B. c mol bt Cu vo Y
C. 2c mol bt Al vo Y D. 2c mol bt Cu vo Y
Gii:
Dung dch Y c 2a mol Al(NO
3
)
3
, b mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
, 2c mol AgNO
3
cho Cu
Cu + 2AgNO
3

Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
c 2c
p n: B
Bi 5:
nhn bit ba axit c ngui: HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
ng ring bit trong ba
l b mt nhn ta dng thuc th l:
A. Fe B. CuO C. Al D. Cu
Gii: p n D.
Bi 6:
Cho lung kh H
2
(d) qua hn hp cc oxit CuO, Fe
2
O
3
, ZnO, MgO ri nung
nhit cao. Sau phn ng hn hp rn cn li l:
A. Cu, Fe, Zn, MgO B. Cu, Fe, ZnO, MgO
C. Cu, Fe, Zn, Mg D. Cu, FeO, ZnO, MgO
Gii: p n A
Bi 7:
Cho m gam hn hp Mg v Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit HCl
1M v axit H
2
SO
4
0,5M thu c 5,32 lit H
2
( ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th
tch ca dung dch khng i). Dung dch Y c pH l:
A. 1 B. 6 C. 7 D.2
Gii:
V=0,25 lt
n
HCl
= 1.0,25 = 0,25

0, 25( )
H
n mol
+

2 4
0, 5.0, 25 0,125( ) 0, 25( )
H SO
H
n mol n mol
+

0,5( )
H
n mol
+

2
5, 32
0, 2375( )
22, 4
H
n mol
H
n
+ b kh = 0,2375.2 = 0,475 (mol)
Vy
H
n
+ cn d = 0,5-0,475 = 0,025(mol)
[H
+
] =
1
0, 025
0,1 10
22, 4


pH=1 => p n A
Bi 8:
Ho tan hon ton 2,81g hn hp gm Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml axit
H
2
SO
4
0,1M (va ). Sau phn ng hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi
c cn dung dch c khi lng l bao nhiu gam?
A. 6,81 B. 4,81 C. 3,81 D. 5,81
Gii:
2 4
0,1.0, 5 0, 05( )
H SO
n mol
2 2 2
2 4
.16;
H SO
O O O
m n n n


m
mui
= m
oxit
+ 2 2
4
SO O
m m

= 2,81 + 0,05.96 - 0,05.16 = 6,81(g)

p n A
Bi 9:
Cho 22,4g Fe tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
long, d, sau khi phn ng kt
thc to ra 0,1 mol NO v a mol NO
2
(sn phm kh HNO
3
ch to NO v
NO
2
). Gi tr ca a l:
A. 0,5 B. 0,3 C. p n khc D. 0,9
Gii:
22, 4
0, 4( )
56
Fe
n mol ; Fe-3e

Fe
3+
mol 0,4 1,2
N
+5
+1e

N
+4
(NO
2
)
a a
Ta c: 0,3 + a =
a = 0,9

p n: D
Bi 10 ( thi i hc nm 2007).
Cho 4,48 (l)hn hp X ( ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh
cha 1,4 (l)dung dch brom 0,5 M. Sau khi phn ng hon ton s mol brom
gim i mt na v khi lng bnh brom tng thm 6,7 g. CTPT ca 2
hirocacbon l :
A. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
6
C. C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
8
B. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
8
D. C
2
H
2
v C
3
H
8
Gi i
n
hn hp
= 0,2 (mol), n
Brom
= 0,7 (mol)
Lng brom gim i 1/2 ngha l s mol brom phn ng l 0,35 mol.
C
n
H
2n + 2 2a
+ a Br
2


C
n
H
2 n + 2 2 a
Br
2a
0,2 0,35
a = 1,75 .
14n + 2 3,5 = 6,7 : 0,2 = 33,5
14n = 35 n = 2,5
Nghim hp l : B
Bi 11 ( thi H nm 2007).
Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z k tip nhau trong dy ng ng.Trong khi
lng phn t Z gp i khi lng phn t X. t chy 0,1 mol cht Y, sn
phm hp th hon ton vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, thu c s gam kt ta
l :
A.20 B.40 C.30 D.10
Gii
X + 2 nhm CH
2
Z m khi lng phn t Z ln gp 2 ln X
=> X c cng thc l CH
2
= CH
2
X l eten Y l CH
2
= CH CH
3
0,1 mol cht Y c 0,3 mol C 0,3 mol CO
2
0,3 mol CaCO
3
(v Ca(OH)
2
d)
=> khi lng kt ta l 30g.
p n C
Bi 12 ( thi H nm 2007)
Mt hirocacbon X cng hp vi HCl theo t l mol 1:1 to sn phm c
thnh phn khi lng clo l 45,223%. Cng thc phn t ca X l :
A. C
3
H
6
B. C
3
H
4
C. C
2
H
4
D. C
4
H
8
Gii
C
x
H
y
+ HCl C
x
H
y+1
Cl
35,5 12x + y +36,5
45,223 100
12x + y + 36,5 = (35,5.100) : 45,223 = 78,5
12x + y = 42 x = 3; y = 6
p n A.
Bi 13
Ba hirocacbon A, B, C k tip nhau trong dy ng ng ankan, bit t
s khi lng phn t C v A l 29 : 15. Khi t chy ht 0,2 mol B, sn
phm hp th hon ton vo nc vi trong d. Thu c s gam kt ta l :
A.50 B. 60 C.80 D.Kt qu khc
Gii
t A l C
n
H
2n+2
C l C
n
H
2n+2
+ 2(CH
2
)
Theo gi thit (14n +2 + 28) : (14n + 2) = 29 : 15
n = 2
Cng thc ca B l C
3
H
8
.
0,2 mol B 0,6 mol CO
2
0,6 mol CaCO
3

p n B
Bi 14. (TS H A- 2007)
Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10.t
chy hon ton hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch
H
2
SO
4
c thu c hn hp kh Z c t khi i vi H
2
bng 19. Cng thc
phn t ca X l :
A. C
3
H
8
B. C
3
H
6
C. C
4
H
8
D. C
3
H
4
Gii
C
x
H
y
+ (x + y/4) O
2
x CO
2
+ y/2 H
2
O
a a(x + y/4) xa
Hn hp Z gm O
2
d v CO
2
Mol O
2
d = 10a xa ay/4
Mol CO
2
= xa
Khi lng trung bnh ca hn hp = 38
{(10a xa ay/4)32 + xa.44} : (10a xa ay/4 + xa) = 38
12ax + 1,5ya = 60a
12x + 1,5y = 60
x = 4; y = 8
Nu trnh biu thc ton hc phc tp hc sinh c th chn gii
php ng cho .
p n C
III) Phng php thc hin : Cc dng gii nhanh bi tp nh trn c p dng
trong cc gi luyn tp ,trong cc cu hi nhanh , gii bi tp nhanh
hc sinh coi trng yu t thi gian v hng tng hp ha vn c th gii
quyt c mt s dng bi tp tnh trc nghim theo hng s ha vn
.
gii quyt c cch l nhanh bi tp hc sinh cn phi nm vng l
thuyt mt cch h thng , vn dng nhanh cc s liu lin quan bi tp.
Mc du hnh thc kim tra hin nay theo yu cu l t lun nhng bn
thn ti vn ra nhng bi tp theo nh hng trc nghim cho hc sinh
hc sinh nm vng hn v phng php gii nhanh trong hc tp.
Cc lp ti tham gia ging dy u c lm p dng cc cch gii ny ty
theo i tng lp , chng trnh m cc em c th c tip thu mt s ph-
ng php ph hp v hc sinh tch cc hn trong vic tip thu v l nhanh
bi tp .
IV) Kt qu t c :
Hu ht cc em hc sinh lp thuc cc lp ging dy qua thi gian tip thu
vn dng c kh nng gii quyt bi tp trc nghim nhanh hn v hiu
qu hn , tit kim c nhiu thi gian hn , cc em t tin hn trong gii
quyt vn .
V) Li kt : Trn y ton b ti ca bn thn ti thc hin trong
nm hc 2008-2009 .Do c mn ti hn khng trnh khi sai st mong c
s gp chn tnh ca cc ng nghip hon thin hn trong cng
tc ging dy .
Bun Ma Thut
-20-03-2009

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