Gii thiu hp kim nh hnh ( shape memory alloys) Gii thiu Hp kim nh hnh l cc hp kim c kh nng ghi nh hnh

dng ban u ca chng. Nguyn nhn cc SMA c th nh c hnh dng ban u ca chng ln u tin c TS Frederick E. Wang (mt chuyn gia trong ngnh vt l tinh th) gii thch nh sau: cc thay i trong cu trc thang nguyn t gy ra tnh cht ca SMA, ng nhn thy rng khi thay i n mt nhit nht nh th s c s chuyn bin pha trng thi rn i vi hp kim ny. Chuyn bin pha sau ny c gi l chuyn bin martensite, c lin quan mt thit n s thay i trong sp xp cc nguyn t trong mng tinh th ca hp kim. Di nhit chuyn bin Nitinol c cu trc Martensitic, v thnh phn ca Nitinol thay i khi nhit dao ng t -50 n 166oc (gi l nhit chuyn bin). trng thi Martensitic, hp kim c th d dng un thnh cc hnh dng khc nhau. to mt hnh dng gc (hnh dng ban u) cho Nitinol, u tin ngi ta gi cho Nitnol mt hnh dng c nh v nung ln n nhit khong 500oc, nhit cao lm cho cc nguyn t t sp xp theo cc cu trc Compact (b gn) v theo trt t kh d, kt qu l to ra mng tinh th lp phng (cn gi l Austenitic). nhit chuyn bin, Nitinol chuyn t pha Martensitic sang pha Austenitic v phc hi hnh dng gc ca mnh, cc chuyn bin ny c th lp li hng triu ln m Nitinol vn c th nh c. Vic chuyn i Martensitic c cc c im phn bit i vi chuyn i ca cc th rn khc nh sau: N c lin quan ti mt bin dng khng n hi ca mng tinh th khng c qu trnh khuch tn. Chuyn i ca cc giai on l kt qu ca cc chuyn ng ca tp hp cc nguyn t vi khon cch nh hn so vi khong cch ca thng s mng. V khng c qu trnh khuch tn nn vic chuyn i sang pha Martensitic gn nh tc thi. Hai pha cng tn ti trong qu trnh chuyn pha v v n l mt qu trnh chuyn i nn kt qu l c tn ti mt mt phng phn bit gia hai pha. Cc vector mng trong hai pha xc nh r mi quan h nh hng ln nhau v ph thuc vo bn cht ca hp kim. Mt phn t di ng to ra mt lng th tch v ng thi trt dc theo mt phng xc nh. Bin dng trt c th ln hn gp nhiu ln so vi bin dng n hi ca cc nguyn t. Chuyn i ny gi l s phc hi mng tinh th. Khi mng tinh th ca pha Martensitic c tnh i xng thp hn so vi pha Austenitic gc th cc bin th ca pha Martensitic c th c hnh thnh t cng pha Austenitic gc.

p lc v nhit c nh hng ln n vic chuyn i Martensitic. S chuyn pha din ra khi c s khc bit v nng lng t do gia 2 pha t n mt gi tr thch hp.

Cc c im ca chuyn i Martensitic trong hp kim nh hnh: Vic chuyn i Martensitic ( Austenitic sang Martensitic) xy ra khi nng lng t do ca pha Martensitic tr nn nh hn so vi nng lng t do ca Austenitic nhit nh hn T0 (nhit ti hn m ti cc ngun nng lng t do ca 2 pha u bng nhau). Tuy nhin vic chuyn i khng bt u chnh xc nhit T0, trong trng hp khng c p lc tc ng, mt nhit M0S (Nhit bt u to pha Martensitic) s nh hn T0. Vic chuyn i tip tc pht trin khi nhit h xung n nhit M0F (nhit kt thc chuyn pha Martensitic) l hon tt. Khon chnh lch nhit gia M0S v M0F l mt yu t quan trng trong vic m t hnh vi ca hp kim nh hnh. Khi SMA c nung nng t gia on Martensitic (trong trng hp khng c p lc tc dng), vic chuyn i ngc li (Martensitic thng Austenitic) bt u ti A0S (Nhit bt u hnh thnh pha Austenitic), v ti A0F (Nhit kt thc to pha Austenitic) mng tinh th ca vt liu s hon ton l Austenitic. Trng thi cn bng nhit T0 l mt trong cc vng ln cn ca (M0S + A0F)/2. Vic m rng khon (A0F v M0F) c lin quan ti nng lng tiu tn trong qu trnh chuyn i. Do tnh cht rt quan trng l s thay i ca pha Martensitic khi tc dng mt p lc. Trong qu trnh lm mt vt liu SMA di nhit M0S ( khi khng c lc tc dng), cc bin th ca pha Martensitic t xp theo cch thc xp i, kt qu l khng c s thay i hnh dng v m (theo s hnh 1). Bng cch tc dng lc bin th pha Martensitic nh hng li thnh mt bin th duy nht, s thay i hnh dng c th nhn thy c. Sau khi lm nng n mt nhit cao hn, pha martensitic c tnh i xng thp s thnh pha Martensitic c tnh i xng cao o s xut hin s co gin. phc hi hnh dng ban u. vic chuyn i pha Martensitic cng c th c to ra bng cch p ti thun cho vt liu ang trong giai on Austenitic, trong trng hp Martensitic trc tip nh hng li t Austenitic bi lc tc dng nhit cao hn M0S.

Hnh 1. S SMA Di Tc Dng Ca Nhit . Kt qu ca vic chuyn pha Martensitic to ra lc c tnh cht phi tuyn, tr v lc hi phc l rt ln. Vic phc hi hnh dng ny mnh hay khng l ph thuc vo nhit , chu k tc ng c nhit. Ngoi ra, v tr tng quan ca cc phn t c nh hng ng k n ng sut bin dng v nhit . Cu trc a thinh th i hi s p ng ca cc iu kin v kh nng tng thch hnh hoc ranh gii dng ht, ngoi kh nng tng thch gi Austenitic v cc bin th Martensitic khc nhau. Nh vy, vic chuyn i Martensitic dn dn gy ra gia cc ht khc nhau v tri ngc vi trng hp n tinh th. Khng c bt u r rng khi chuyn pha. Cc tc dng chnh ca SMA lin quan ti vic chuyn i Martensitic oc quan st theo ng v c tnh cht c nhit nh: n hi, tc dng nh hnh mt chiu, dng hai chiu. Cc c im lin quan n nhng tnh cht ny s c trnh by pha di y. Tc dng nh hnh: Mt SMA th hin cc kh nng tr v hnh dng ban u khi b bin dng trong giai on Martensitic v sau thi bin dng nhit di M0F. Nu sau un nng ln trn nhit A0F, n s ly li hnh dng ban u bng cch chuyn i thanh pha Austenitic gc. Bn cht ca tc dng nh hnh c th c hiu n gin hn bng s chuyn bin pha di tc dng ca nhit ( th hin hnh 2)

Giai on Austenitic gc (A) trong trng hp khng b tc dng s bin i khi lm mt to thnh cc bin th Martensitic (24 bin th ) trong mt nh hng ngu nhin v cu hnh tng t (B). Khi hn hp bin th Martensitic b bin dng, mt qu trnh phn gii xut hin, vic hnh thnh cc bin th thun li s ln t vic hnh thnh cc bin th khc. Vo cui ca qu trnh bin dng (C) v sau khi kt thc ch cn duy nht mt bin th Martensitic (D). Sau khi lm nng, nhit t n A0S, vic chuyn i ngc li bt u xy ra, v n kt thc ti A0F. Pha Austenitic gc i xng cao (Dng khi) ch c mt bin th v hnh dng ban u trc khi bin dng (E). Lu vic lm mt s tao ra nhiu bin th Martensitic khng c thay i hnh dng ng k, ngoi ra trong hnh 2, i t A n nhiu bin th B s bt u t nhng ht gc, trong khi i t D E l ch t mt bin th ca giai on bin th Martensitic l D. p lc t do ca vic lm mt Austenite to ra s sp xp phc tp ca mt vi bin th Mactensite. Mc pht trin ca n bin i sao cho dng chuyn i v m gn bng khng, nhng cc b mt trong vt liu (b mt ranh gii gia cc bin th Mactensite v mng kt i) l rt linh hot. S linh hot ny l trung tm ca cc SME ( Tc dng ca vt liu nh hnh). Chuyn ng ca cc b mt ny cng vi mng kt i thu c p lc thp hn nhiu so vi gii hn bin dng do ca Martensite. Hnh thc bin dng ny chim u th nhit thp hn M0F v c gi l s nh hng li ca cc bin th. Cc hin tng c m t trn c gi l tc dng nh hnh mt chiu ca hp kim nh hnh. (hay n gin l hiu ng nh hnh) bi v s phc hi hnh dng t c ch

trong thi gian lm nng. Bc u tin trong chui bin dng gy ra s pht trin ca cu trc pha Martensitic v khng c s thay i hnh dng v m nn chng ta khng th quan st thy c. Trong giai on th 2, p lc sinh ra trong qu trnh nh hng li cc bin th ca pha Mactensitic gy ra mt lc cng ln lm thay i cu trc ca n. Ch trong bc cui cng vic chuyn i ngc li t Austenite sang Martensite bng cch nung nng. K t khi pha Martensitic c nh hng li bi nhit to nn mng tinh th Austenite c bin tng t nhng s bin dng ny l khng n hi, do SMA quay tr li hnh dng ban u.