Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

Materials Science Investigating relationships that exist between the structure and properties of materials

Materials Engineering Is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a pre-determined set of properties
Branch of engineering which deals with the study of engineering usefulness of solid materials.

Structure
Sub atomic electrons and nuclei (protons and neutrons)

Atomic organization of atoms or molecules Microscopic groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together Macroscopic viewable with the un-aided eye

Uses of Composites

Composite Banjo

Composite Piccolo

Composite Shoes

Composite Guitar

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Uses of Composites

Composite Baseball Bat from Miken Sports

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Uses of Composites

Composite Bicycle Laminated Fiberglass Bow Graphite Snowboard

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MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING IN A NUT SHELL

Many engineering materials have structure sensitive properties depending on presence or absence of imperfections. Imperfections volume fraction may be as small as 0.01% BUT their effect is very tremendous on some properties.

 Structure insensitive properties Elastic modules Density Melting point Specific heat Co-efficient of thermal expansion

Structure sensitive properties Electrical conductivity Semi-conductive phenomena Yield strength Fracture strength Creep strength

METALLIC CRYSTALS

Space lattice

So what is a Space lattice ?

3D regular arrangement of points in space How can the atomic arrangement in solids be mathematically described?

12/14/2011

Slide 3 (of 31)

When atoms are placed on the lattice points we get CRYSTAL STRUCTURESSlide 7 (of 31)

Lattice parameters
To define any lattice 6 lattice parameters are needed: a, b, c as (sides) & a, b, g (angles) How many unique space lattices can be derived? Only 7 such lattices can be derived
12/14/2011 Slide 4 (of 31)

Crystal systems

Crystal systems
Seven crystal systems Fourteen Bravais lattices Cubic and Hexagonal systems: 90% of all metals have a cubic or hexagonal structure

Slide 8 (of 31)

Bravais lattice

Crystal structures or 14 Bravais lattice

Slide 10 (of 31)

SIMPLE CUBIC STRUCTURE (SC)

Rare due to poor packing (only Po has Close-packed directions are cube edges.

this structure)

Coordination # = 6 (# nearest neighbors)

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson) 5

ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR

APF for a simple cubic structure = 0.52

Adapted from Fig. 3.19, Callister 6e.

BODY CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (BCC) Close packed directions are cube diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom is shaded differently only for ease of viewing.

Coordination # = 8

Adapted from Fig. 3.2, Callister 6e. (Courtesy P.M. Anderson) 7

ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR: BCC

APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.68

R
Adapted from Fig. 3.2, Callister 6e.

Unit cell c ontains: 1 + 8 x 1/8 = 2 atoms/unit cell

FACE CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (FCC)

Close packed directions are face diagonals. --Note: All atoms are identical; the face-centered atoms are shaded differently only for ease of viewing. Coordination # = 12

Adapted from Fig. 3.1(a), Callister 6e.

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson) 9

ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR: FCC

APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.74

Unit cell c ontains: 6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8 = 4 atoms/unit cell

a
Adapted from Fig. 3.1(a), Callister 6e.

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 ABCABC... Stacking Sequence 2D Projection

FCC STACKING SEQUENCE

A B C B

A sites B sites C sites

FCC Unit Cell

C B

B C B
B

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HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED STRUCTURE (HCP)

ABAB... Stacking Sequence 3D Projection 2D Projection

A sites B sites A sites

Adapted from Fig. 3.3, Callister 6e.

Coordination # = 12 APF = 0.74

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STRUCTURE OF COMPOUNDS: NaCl

Compounds:

Often have similar close-packed structures.

Close-packed directions --along cube edges.

Structure of NaCl

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson) 13

(c) 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning

OPTICAL MICROSCOPY (1) Useful up to 2000X magnification.

Polishing removes surface features (e.g., scratches) Etching changes reflectance, depending on crystal orientation.

close-packed planes
Adapted from Fig. 4.11(b) and (c), Callister 6e. (Fig. 4.11(c) is courtesy of J.E. Burke, General Electric Co.

micrograph of Brass (Cu and Zn)

0.75mm
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OPTICAL MICROSCOPY (2)

Grain boundaries...

are imperfections, are more susceptible to etching, may be revealed as dark lines, change direction in a polycrystal.
Adapted from Fig. 4.12(a) and (b), Callister 6e. (Fig. 4.12(b) is courtesy of L.C. Smith and C. Brady, the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC [now the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD].)

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The new era of Nanotechnology is coming

www.n a n o r o b o t d e s i g n.com

www.c a n b i o t e c h n e m s.com

Nanotechnology deals with the creation of

USEFUL materials, devices and systems through control of matter on the nanometer length scale and exploitation of NOVEL phenomena and properties (physical, chemical, biological) at that length scale

How small is a nanometer? (and other small sizes)

Start with a centimeter.
1 cm

A centimeter is about the size of a bean.

Now divide it into 10 equal parts.

1 mm

Each part is a millimeter long. About the size of a flea.

Now divide that into 10 equal parts.

100 mm

Each part is 100 micrometers long. About the size (width) of a human hair.

Now divide that into 100 equal parts.

1 mm

Each part is a micrometer long. About the size of a bacterium.

Now divide that into 10 equal parts.

100 nm

Each part is a 100 nanometers long. About the size of a virus.

Finally divide that into 100 equal parts.

1 nm

Each part is a nanometer. About the size of a few atoms or a small molecule.

The Nanometer Size Scale

Nanotube

Why is Small Good?

- Faster

- Lighter

- Can get into small spaces

- Cheaper

- More energy efficient

- Different properties at very small scale