Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Division of Iloilo
DISTRICT OF PAVIA
NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER
MICROSOFT EXCEL
7.0
 Department of Education
Region VI - Western Visayas
Division of Iloilo
District of Pavia
PAVIA PILOT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Grade & Section: SIX - SPECIAL SCIENCE CLASS (SSC)

Subject: BSA 600
S.Y. : 2002 - 2003

BASIC SOFTWARE APPLICATION 600

No. of Days: 205
Hrs./Week: 3

DESCRIPTION
This subject deals with the study of the basic computer software
application. It also deals with the of Microsoft Excel program of
updated spreadsheet and graphics, featuring five work environments
namely: Worksheets, Charts, Database, Macros, and Advance Formatting.

TRAINING METHODS:
Lecture, Demonstration, Laboratory Exercises, Practical Test,
Written Test

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
1.
CONTENTS

TOPICS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Microsoft Excel 98
1.2 Features in learning Microsoft Excel
1.3 What Excel can Do

2.0 INVENTORYING A NEW WORKSHEET

2.1 Cells – The Basic Units
2.2 The Menu Bar
2.3 Reference Area
2.4 Formula Bar
2.5 The Toolbar
2.6 Column & Row Headings
2.7 Vertical/Horizontal Scroll Bars
2.8 Name Box
2.9 Status Bar
2.10 The Worksheet

3.0 FAMILIARIZING MOVEMENTS AROUND THE SCREEN

3.1 Key Strokes and Functions
3.2 Familiarizing with the Function Keys

4.0 THE MICROSOFT EXCEL SCREEN

4.1 Excel Screen Parts
4.2 Excel Standard Tool Bar
4.3 Excel Formula Toolbar
4.4 Excel Formatting Toolbar

5.0 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WORK BOOK AND

WORKSHEETS
5.1 Workbook and worksheets
5.2 Working in Cells and Ranges
5.3 How to Cancel as Entry
5.4 Work with Command Right where you need them
5.5 Review Questions

6.0 EXERCISES
6.1 Exercise # 1 - Create a Template
6.2 To Enter Data Automatically
6.3 Correct an Error
6.4 Enter Formula to Calculate Value
6.5 How Formula Calculate Values
6.6 Formula Syntax

7.0 WORKSHEET FUNCTIONS

 7.1 Calculation Operations in Formulas
7.2 Formula Syntax
7.3 About Cell and Range References
7.4 Using Functions to Calculate Values
7.5 Multiple Functions within Functions, or Nesting

8.0 THE FORMULA PALETTE

8.1 The formula Palette to Enter and edit Formulas
8.2 Exercise # 2
8.3 Exercise # 3
8.4 Review Questions

9.0 CREATING A CHART

9.1 What is a Chart?
• Bar/ 3-D Bar
• Column/3 – Bar
• Line/ 3 – D Bar
• Area/ 3-D Area
• Pie/3-D Pi
9.2 Plotting a Basic Chart
9.3 Enhancing a Basic Chart
• To Add a Text to a Chart
• To Add an Arrow to a Chart
9.4 Plotting Non-Continuous Data Ranges
9.5 Creating a Pie Chart
9.6 Adding a New Data to Existing Chart
• To Add New Data to an Existing Chart
• To Change the Chart Type

10.0 UNDERSTANDING TABLES AND DATABASES

10.1 What is a Database?
10.2 Sorting a Database
10.3 Exercise # 3a
10.4 Exercise # 3b
10.5 Exercise # 4
10.6 Exercise # 5

11.0 PREVIEWING AND PRINTING WORKSHEETS

11.1 What to do before you Print your Worksheet

12.0 PUBLISHING CONCEPTS

12.1 Basic element in desktop publishing
• Text
• Graphics
12.2 Basic Steps in desktop publishing
12.3 Create a simple News letter
12.4 Save / print / close / exit

REFERENCE:

1. M.A. Osorio and F.D. Osorio, Learning Basic Software

I
2. Internet Websites
3. Patrick J. Burns, Windows, Word & Excel Office
Companion
4. J. Parra, A Training Module in Basic Software
Application 102

Prepared by:

ELADIO J. JOVERO
Teacher

Checked by:

PACIENCIA J. JOVERO
Principal II

Approved:

VILMA J. VILA
District Supervisor
 Department of Education
Region VI - Western Visayas
Division of Iloilo
District of Pavia
PAVIA PILOT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER

Grade & Section: FOUR - SPECIAL SCIENCE CLASS (SSC)

Subject: BSA 400
S.Y. : 2002 - 2003

BASIC SOFTWARE APPLICATION 400

No. of Days: 205
Hrs./Week: 3

DESCRIPTION
This subject deals with the study of the basic computer
software application. It also deals with the proper hands - on
operation, MS DOS and Windows 98 Microsoft Word
application.

TRAINING METHODS:
Lecture, Demonstration, Laboratory Exercises, Practical
Test, Written Test

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
1. State the brief history of computer.
 2. Follow basic software and hardware application.
3. Perform MS DOS application.
4. Explain the fundamental concepts and application of
Microsoft Word.
5. Discuss the fundamental concepts and application of
Microsoft Word.
6. Perform the Microsoft Word laboratory exercises.

CONTENTS

TOPICS
1.0 BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER
1.1 Brief history of computer
1.2 Father of computing
1.3 Analog and digital computers
1.4 Brief computer basics
# Four basic units of digital computers
# The applications of digital computers
1.5 Computer graphics

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC SOFTWARE AND

HARDWARE
APPLICATION
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Software and hardware application and utilization
2.3 Two kinds of software
2.4 Functions and operation of hardware
2.5 Pictorial view of keyboard and key functions
# Special Keys
# Alphanumeric Keys
# Numeric Keypad
# Function Keys
2.6 Precautions and steps in turning on and off of a
computer unit
# Proper Care of Diskettes
 2.7 Application of computers in Education
# Computer - Assisted Instruction (CAI)
# Computer - Managed Instruction (CMI)

3.0 INTRODUCTION TO MS DOS

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Two types of DOS commands
3.3 Exercise # 1
# Displaying windows content using DOS
3.4 Exercise # 2
# To clear the screen
3.5 Exercise # 3
# To display the date and time version of operating
system
3.6 Exercise # 4
# To change loge/drive directory
3.7 Exercise # 5
# T o exit from MS DOS screen

4.0 APPLICATION OF WINDOWS 98/ME/2000/XP

4.1 Working with Windows 98/ME/2000/XP
4.2 Using the mouse
4.3 Practice drill # 1
# Start Windows 97/98
4.4 Practice drill # 2
# Selecting Desktop choices with mouse
4.5 Practice drill # 3
# Open Pop-up Menus with mouse
4.6 Practice drill # 4
# Shutting down the computer
4.7 Review Questions

5.0 WORD FOR WINDOWS 98/ME/2000/XP

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Familiarizing Movements Around the screen
5.3 The Word screen
5.4 Basic Lessons in Microsoft Word
5.5 Character Formatting
5.6 Saving a Document
5.7 Exercise # 1
5.8 Review Questions
5.9 Setting the Tab steps
5.10 Paragraph Formatting
5.11 Exercise # 2
5.12 Formatting Columns and Pages
5.13 Exercise # 3
5.14 Spelling and Grammar
5.15 Working with Pictures
5.16 Printing Documents
5.17 Exercise # 4
5.18 Exercise # 5
5.19 Exercise # 6
5.20 Review Questions

REFERENCE:

5. M.A. Osorio and F.D. Osorio, Learning Basic

Software I
6. Computer - Help Window
7. Internet Websites
8. J. Parra, A Training Module in Basic Software
Application 102

Prepared by:

ELADIO J. JOVERO
Teacher
Checked by:

PACIENCIA J. JOVERO
Principal II

Approved:

VILMA J. VILA
District Supervisor
 Department of Education
Region VI - Western Visayas
Division of Iloilo
District of Pavia
PAVIA PILOT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER
Grade & Section: ______________
Subject: BCCA 400
S.Y. : 2002 - 2003

BASIC COMPUTER CONCEPTS & APPLICATIONS 400

No. of Days: 205

Hrs./Week: _____

DESCRIPTION
This subject deals with the study of the basic computer
software application. It also deals with Windows 98 Word
application.

TRAINING METHODS:
Lecture, Demonstration, Laboratory Exercises, Written
Test

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
1. State the brief history of computer.
2. Follow basic software and hardware application.
3. Explain the fundamental concepts and application of
Microsoft Word Windows 98.
4. Discuss the fundamental concepts and application of
Word for Windows 98.
5. Perform Word for Windows 98 laboratory exercises.

CONTENTS
TOPICS
1.0 BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER
1.1 Brief history of computer
1.2 Father of computing
1.3 Analog and digital computers
1.4 Brief computer basics
# Four basic units of digital computers
# The applications of digital computers
1.5 Computer graphics
2.0 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC SOFTWARE AND
HARDWARE
APPLICATION
 2.1 Software and hardware application and utilization
2.2 Two kinds of software
2.3 Functions and operation of hardware
2.4 Pictorial view of keyboard and key functions
# Special Keys
# Function Keys
2.5 Precautions and steps in turning on and off of a
computer unit
2.6 Application of computers in Education
# Computer - Assisted Instruction (CAI)
# Computer - Managed Instruction (CMI)

3.0 APPLICATION OF WINDOWS 98

3.1 Working with Windows 98

3.2 Using the mouse
3.3 Practice drill # 1
# Start Windows 98
3.4 Practice drill # 2
# Selecting Desktop choices with mouse
3.5 Practice drill # 3
# Open Pop-up Menus with mouse
3.6 Practice drill # 4
# Shutting down the computer
3.7 Review Questions

4.0 WORD FOR WINDOWS 98

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Familiarizing Movements Around the screen
4.3 The Word screen
 REFERENCE:

1. . Osorio and F.D. Osorio, Learning Basic Software I

2. Computer - Help Window
3. Internet Websites
4. J. Parra, A Training Module in Basic Software Application
102

Prepared by:

ELADIO J.
JOVERO
Teacher

Checked by:

PACIENCIA J. JOVERO
Principal II

Approved:

VILMA J. VILA
District Supervisor
 Budgeted Outlay
In
Basic Computer Concepts and
Applications 400

1. Describe a Computer
1.1 Identify components of a computer
1.2 Identify input/output process
1.3 Practice proper care & safety in handling
computers

2. Demonstrate proper handling of parts/input/output

device of a computer
• Mouse
• Printer
• Floppy drives
• Diskettes
• Compact disc
• Keyboard
2.1 Connect computer peripherals properly
2.2 Opening a computer
• Turn on/shut down the computer properly
• Reboot/restart the computer
2.3 Use the Keyboard
2.2.1 Identify alphanumeric keys & other keys
2.4 Use the mouse properly
• click (left & right)
• double click
• drag
 • drop
3.0 Describe a Windows Desktop
3.1 Identify parts of a window desktop
• Desktop Icons
• Task Bar
• Wall paper
3.2 State the function of the Task Bar
3.3 Identify commonly used desktop icons
3.4 Execute Desktop Icons
3.5 Resize a window
3.6 Open and closing a program
4.0 Use the Start Button
4.1 Explore start button menus/sub-menus
• Programs
• Documents
• Settings
• Find
• Help
• Run
• Shut Down
5.0 Work with a Paint Brush Document
5.1 Create a paint brush document
5.2 Explore the different pull down menus
• File
• Edit
• View
• Image
• Options
• Help
5.3 Customize the paint window
• Maximizing a window
• Minimizing a window
• Restoring a window
• Sizing a window
• Moving a window
• Scrolling a window
• Closing a window
5.4 Create paint brush document
 5.5 Draw Lines & shapes
• Straight line
• Free-form line
• Curve line
• Rectangular & square
• Polygon
5.6 Save/Close/Exit
6.0 Edit an existing document
6.1 Delete text in a document
• Small area
• Entire area
• Select a text
• Copy/paste text
• Undo change

7.0 Working with a Program

7.1 Identify the different features of a Microsoft Word
Window
7.2 Explore the different buttons on the window
• Title bar
• Menu bar
• Tool bar
• Maximize & minimize button
• Scroll bars
- Vertical scroll bar
- Horizontal scroll bar
• Close/Exit
 Department of Education
Region VI - Western Visayas
Division of Iloilo
District of Pavia
PAVIA PILOT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER

Grade & Section: ______________

Subject: BCCA 500
S.Y. : 2002 - 2003

BASIC COMPUTER CONCEPTS & APPLICATIONS 500

No. of Days: 205

Hrs./Week: _____

DESCRIPTION
This subject deals with the study of the basic computer
software application. It also deals with the proper hands – on
in Windows 98 Microsoft Word & Excel applications.

TRAINING METHODS:
Lecture, Demonstration, Laboratory Exercises, Written
Test

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
1. Describe how computer works.
2. Explore the use of computer peripherals.
3. Identify the parts of a Desktop.
 4. Managing Files/Folders.
5. Working with a Document.
6. Word Processing.
7. Open an existing document.
8. Working with the Electronic Spreadsheet.

CONTENTS
TOPICS

1.0 DESCRIBE HOW COMPUTER WORKS

1.6 Identify the components of a computer & its function
1.7 Practice proper care & safety in handling computers

2.0 EXPLORE THE USE OF COMPUTER PERIPHERALS

2.1 Use the Keyboard
2.1.1Identify the different group keys &
the function of each

3.0 INDENTIFY THE PARTS OF A WINDOWS DESKTOP

3.1 Open an existing document
3.2 Explore the different pull down menus
• File
• Edit
• View
• Format
• Tools
• Data
• Window
• Help
3.3 Close / Exit program

4.0 MANAGING FILES/FOLDERS

4.1 Create a File/Folder
4.2 Open a File/Folder
4.3 Rename a File/Folder
4.4 Copying & Moving a File/Folder
4.5 Delete File/Folder

5.0 WORKING WITH A DOCUMENT

 5.1 Open a paint brush document
5.2 Inset text
5.3 Fill with Colors
• Fill an area with color
• Paint with a brush
• Create an airbrush effect
• Use black & white instead of color
• Invert all colors in a picture
• Change color from one area or object to
another
5.4 Changing how your picture looks like
• Change size of a picture
• Zoom in or out
• Enlarge the size on the viewing area
• Using the outline to create and organize
slides
• Display gridlines
• Flip rotate picture
• Stretch or skew item
5.5 Use paint with other program
• Insert bitmap file in a document
5.6 Save/Close /Exit

6.0 WORD PROCESSING

6.1 Open Microsoft Word Document
6.2 Use the different pull down menus
• File menu
• Edit menu
• View menu
• Insert menu
• Format menu
• Help menu
6.3 Use Microsoft Word to create a new document
• saving/closing/exit

7.0 OPEN AN EXISTING DOCUMENT

7.1 Edit ad sort text
7.2 Correct & delete text
7.3 Move or copy text
 7.4 Replace & format text
7.5 Check spelling & grammar
Save/close/exit

8.0 WORKING WITH THE ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET

8.1 Use different pull down menus
• File
• Edit
• View
• Insert
• Format
• Tools
• Data
• Window
• Help
8.2 Save/close/exit

REFERENCE:

5. M. A. Osorio and F.D. Osorio, Learning Basic Software I

6. Patrick J. Burns, Windows, Word & Excel Office
Companion
7. J. Parra, A Training Module in Basic Software Application
102

Prepared by:

ELADIO J. JOVERO
Teacher

Checked by:

PACIENCIA J. JOVERO
Principal II

Approved:
 VILMA J. VILA
District Supervisor
 Department of Education
Region VI - Western Visayas
Division of Iloilo
District of Pavia
PAVIA PILOT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER

Grade & Section: _____________

Subject: BCCA 600
S.Y. : 2002 - 2003

BASIC COMPUTER CONCEPTS & APPLICATIONS 600

No. of Days: 205

Hrs./Week: _______

DESCRIPTION
This subject deals with the study of the basic computer
software application. It also deals with the proper hands – on
in Windows 98 Microsoft Word, Excel, Power Point, and
Electronic Mail applications.

TRAINING METHODS:
Lecture, Demonstration, Laboratory Exercises, Written
Test

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
1. Select proper handling of input / output storage device.
 2. Follow basic software and hardware application.
6. Customize desktop display.
7. Mange the file.
8. Work with a document.
9. Identify the basic elements of desktop publishing.
10.Open Electronic Spreadsheets.
11.Create a simple presentation.
12.Work with E-mail.
13.Perform laboratory exercises.

CONTENTS
TOPICS

1st Grading Period

9.0 SELECT PROPER HANDLING OF INPUT / OUTPUT

STORAGE DEVICE
9.1 Practice proper care with safety in handling
computers
9.2 Describe types of Disk Drives
• Floppy Disk Drive
• CD ROM Drive
• Zip Drive
9.3 Identify types of Diskettes
• 3.5 inch Floppy disk
• Zip disk

5.0 COSTUMIZE DESKTOP DISPLAY

5.1 Access the different window based programs
5.2 Minimize, resize, move and close the different
window based programs

2nd Grading Period

6.0 FILE MNAGEMENT

6.1 Copy a file
6.2 Delete a file
6.3 Name a file
6.4 Rename a file name
6.5 Make back-up copy
 6.6 Format floppy disk

7.0 WORK WITH A DOCUMENT

7.1 Create new document
7.2 Format paragraph
7.3 Add borders & shading to text & paragraph
7.4 Import graphics & create drawing objects
7.5 Working with tables
7.6 Save/ print/ close/ exit

3rd Grading Period

8.0 PUBLISHING CONCEPT

8.1 Identify basic element in desktop publishing
• Text
• Graphics
8.2 Identify basic steps in desktop publishing
8.3 Create a simple Newsletter
8.4 Save / print / close / exit

9.0 OPEN ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET

9.1 Create data
9.2 Edit worksheet data
9.3 Format cells
9.4 Create formulas
• Number format
• Create sum tool bar
9.5 Work with charts
9.6 Save / print / close / exit

4th Grading Period

10.0 WORKING WITH PRESENTATION

10.1 Introduction to Microsoft Power Point
10.2 Explore the different pull down menus
• File
• Edit
• View
• Insert
 • Format
• Tools
• Slide Show
• Window
• Help
10.3 Creating, Opening, and Saving presentation
10.4 Using the outline to create and organize slides
10.5 Working with slides
10.6 Adding and formatting Text
10.7 Creating Animated Slides
10.8 Setting Timings & Presentations
10.9 Running and Controlling an electronic Slide Show
10.10Printing Presentations

11.0 ELECTRONIC MAIL

11.1 Introduction to E-Mail
11.2 Use E-Mail
11.3 Read E-Mail messages
11.4 Create E-Mail messages
11.5 Send E-mail messages
11.6 Save / Close / exit

REFERENCE:

8. M. A. Osorio and F.D. Osorio, Learning Basic Software I

9. Computer - Help Window
10.Patrick J. Burns, Windows, Word & Excel Office Companion
11.J. Parra, A Training Module in Basic Software
Application 102

Prepared by:

ELADIO J. JOVERO
Teacher

Checked:

PACIENCIA J. JOVERO
Principal II
 Approved:

VILMA J. VILA
District Supervisor
 FORERUNNERS OF THE COMPUTER

Forerunners of the computer in one form or another have been with

us for a long time. The abacus, a hand-held counting device that is still
in use throughout the Orient, dates back to 500 BC. The French scientist,
Blaise Pascal developed a mechanical calculator in the middle of the
17th century that formed the basis for calculators manufactured well into
the 20th century.

Forerunners of the Modern Computer

Credit for the concept of the modern computer goes to the British
mathematician Charles Babbage who in the 1830’s designed a steam-
powered “ analytical engine” that worked with punch cards. Although
Babbage worked for decades at perfecting his design, he never built the
machine.
In the 1880’s American inventor Herman Hollerith developed a
“tabulator” to manipulate data on punch cards. The device was to
compile data from the 1890 census in less than two months compared to
the more than seven years it took to compile data from the previous
census by hand.

In 1848 George Boole, another British Mathematician, developed

a system of binary logic in which all questions could be answered as
“true” or “false”. It was almost a hundred years, however, before a
computer was developed based on binary numbers using Boolean logic or
Boolean algebra.
Until the late 1930’s calculators or computers were based on the
decimal system, mechanical devices that required hundreds of moving
parts. The transition to binary logic allowed the use of electrical circuitry,
that is, switches that were turned on or off, to perform complex
calculators.

Electronic Computers

In the early 1940’s the electronic computer came into being with
the mechanical relays replaced by vacuum tubes. These were, however,
single-purpose computers designed to aid in the war effort.
The first general-purpose electronic computer was ENIAC
(Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator) that was put into
operation at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946-a 30-ton machine
that contained over 17, 000 vacuum tubes and performed 100, 000
operations per second (100 kilohertz, or KHz), 1000 times slower than
today’s 100 megahertz (or MHz) chips.
With the invention of transistors in 1948, unreliable vacuum tubes
that generated an immense amount of heat were replaced by small
transistors that functioned perfectly as switches and generated little
heat.
By 1953 there were only about 100 computers in the entire world.
They were huge expensive machines and none but a few visionaries
anticipated that one-day machines that were hundreds of times smaller
and thousands of times more powerful would occupy most homes and
offices. Thomas J. Watson, Sr., who built IBM into company that
dominated the business-machine industry world-wide is credited with
contending that there was a market for less than a dozen computers.

Personal Computers

The first integrated circuit for computers was developed in 1958.

Only in 1971 was the microprocessor that contains all the basic elements
of a computer on a single chip introduced, followed by affordable desktop
computers in the mid-1970’s.
As you can see, the computer as we know it is a relatively recent
development. And along with the machine itself, the techniques for
programming changed as well. Early computers were built as single-
purpose machines, that is, they were built to perform a specific task. The
general-purpose ENIAC brought on line in 1946 was programmable, but
changing a program required rewiring the machine. Even though later
computers retained programs in memory, one needed to be familiar with
host of special codes, commands, syntax, etc. in order to run those
programs.
The micromini computers of the 1970’s and most in the 1980’s
followed the same pattern as the early mainframes, that is, they required
extensive knowledge of command codes and function keys. Moreover,
most required at least some knowledge of programming. After the
introduction of the IBM PC in 1981 followed by host of clones, but most
still had the look and feel of the mainframe and required some knowledge
of operating system commands.
Apple Computer’s Macintosh revolutionized the personal computer
industry with a machine that shielded the user from the operating
system. Called a graphical user interface (or GUI), programs,
functions, and files are represented by icons or small graphic images that
can be selected with a mouse or other pointing device-the user no longer
has to memorize an operating system command to load a program or file.
In addition, program functions are listed on drop-down menus so that as
well. And the computer monitor screen has the same appearance for all
applications so that learning how to navigate through one application
assists one in moving through other applications.
The concept of the graphical interface has been generally descried
as the most “User Friendly” and has thus been adapted to other
operating systems or system interfaces.

Computer Capabilities

Today the micromini computer, whether a desktop, personal

computer, laptop, notebook, hand-held, or whatever, has changed our
lives. At home we can use a computer to:

• Write a letter or other document

• Maintain a household budget
• Set up and maintain a financial plan
• Track investments
• Shop by modem
• Mange a checking account
• Pay bills
• Maintain a security system
• Check airfare and book passage
• Prepare a tax return
• Keep a household inventory
• Keep an appointment calendar
• Maintain an address book
• Set up and maintain a recipe file
• Access information from remote sources
• Learn a language or other skill
• Play games
• Compose music
• Draw and paint
In the office:
 • Keep accounting records
• Maintain inventory records
• Record client and personalized mailings
• Prepare audio-visual presentations
• Publish a newsletter or advertising material
• Compile a catalog
• Track appointment, sales, etc.
• Set up a business plan
• Track projects
• Design buildings, products, etc.
• Make labels
• Project budgets for sales, expenses, etc.

BRIEF COMPUTER BASICS

A computer is basically a group of electronic

devices designed to process data according to a programmed
instruction. It works following the input process - out put
system model. The computer performs data processing
operations automatically such as recording, sorting,
computing, classifying, summarizing, storing, and
communicating. A computer is dependent to man, it cannot
think, plan, evaluate or make decisions by itself.

The computer consists of the three major components,

namely: Input unit, Control unit and Output unit.

1. data
1. answer
Characters 2. solution
3. information
a. alphabet
b. numbers
c. symbols
2. information
3. pictures
 1. print
2. magneti
c tapes
3. cd / disk

INPUT UNIT

- is the component of the computer system that

converts source data into communication, the
computer can "understand" the process. It accepts,
senses, reads or feeds the data into the storage portion
of the control-processing unit.

Central Processing Unit

- (CPU) is the heart of the computer consisting of the

three major components, namely: (1) storage unit, (2)
control unit, (3) arithmetical/logic unit.
The main Components:

Microprocessor
This is the most important chip. This chip
gathers data, processes the
Data and creates some output. This chip is
identified by three factors.

Chip Number each chip has a number

(8088,80286,……80286,……..).
In general, the higher the
number, the more data chip can
process at one time.
Chip Type the chip type indicates a chip
step down than the original
chip. SX chip is slower than
normal.
Chip Type: SX, DX, DX2, DX4

Chip Speed the chip speed is measured in

Megahertz. The higher the
number; the faster the data is
processed.
Chip Speed: 33, 66, and 100,
133

Motherboard
This is where different kinds of chips are
located and where the other internal parts are
attached.

Power Supply
This component supplies the needed electricity
of the other internal parts.

Floppy Disk Drive

 This drive is where floppy diskettes are
inserted. It sends information back and forth
the floppy disk and the CPU.

Hard Disk
This is a non- removable disk that stores more
information

Chips
These are small, rectangular pieces attached to the
motherboard that perform different tasks.

Fan
This keeps the inside of the CPU cool so that it won’t
overheat. A humming sound is heard when the
computer is turned on.

Boards and Cards

These Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) or cards enhance
the ability of the computer.

Expansion slots
These are slots where boards and cards are
inserted.

FDD/ HDD Controllers or Bus

This is a group of small wires hat carry computer
signals.

The STORAGE UNIT of the CPU is the file cabinet and

memory system of the computer. Sometimes called main or
internal storage, it receives and holds all computer programs
that the computer follows during the processing. Also, it holds
the result of processing until these results are released or
printed as output.
 Internal Memory

Read Only Memory (ROM)

This is a built-in memory that could not be
changed. It contains the permanent startup instructions for
the computer, and instructions that check the parts of the
computer to make sure everything is connected and working
properly. ROM chips are like a book, with its words already set
on each page.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

This is a memory that has no fixed value.
Instructions or data can be temporarily stored in silicon RAM
chips that are mounted directly on the computers main circuit
board or in chips mounted on peripheral cards that into the
computers main circuit board. These RAM chips consist of up to
a million switches that are sensitive to changes in electronic
current RAM chips are like pieces of paper that can be written
on, erased, and used again.

The CONTROL UNIT of the CPU executes the stored

programs. It directs the computer to perform the processes
required in the program. It also takes care of inspecting the
instructions and accepting those that are in correct form and
rejecting the deviants. It also issues orders and guides the
computer, direct and coordinates the input and output units,
transfer data to and form storage, and control the
arithmetic/logic unit.

The ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT of the CPU carries out

calculation function such as adding, subtracting, multiplying
and dividing. During processing, it monitors condition and
changes the sequence or made appropriate adjustments or
actions when necessary.
 Output Unit

The OUTPUT UNIT provides the end results of a

computer job. The output unit releases the answer, solution or
information from the storage unit in computer print, punched
card, magnetic tape or disks.

UNDERSTANDING COMPUTER PARTS PROCESSESS

When the Chips Are Up, the System Hums

The heart of a computer system is the chip or microprocessor,

also called a CPU or central processing unit. The microprocessor is
attached to a motherboard or system board that controls all of the
elements that make up a computer system.

Microprocessors come in a variety of flavors, such as the 386

series, 486 series, and Pentium. Chips are differentiated by such things
as their clock speed, internal caching, the presence or absence of a math
compressor, bus, size, and the capacity for parallel processing.

The Clock speed of a chip is calculated in millions of beats or

clock ticks per second (MHz) such as 486/33 (operating at 33 MHz) or
486/66 (operating at 66 MHz) and is representative of the relative speed
at which data at double the clock speed of that available for external
data.

An internal cache is a form of fast memory in the chip that stores

a copy of frequently used data so that it can be quickly retrieved to
speed operations.

A math coprocessor is used to perform floating-point calculations

and markedly speeds up the operations of applications such as drawing
or drafting programs that rely heavily on such calculations; some
software packages require it. The coprocessor may be built into the main
chips have a suffix (such as DX for built in: SX for not) that indicates the
presence or lack of math coprocessor.

Bus size limits the amount of data transferred in a single pass; the
386 and 486 chips are 32-bit processors, that is, they process 32 bits at a
time, while the Pentium is a 64-bit processor. A 64-bit processor,
however, will only offer improved performance over a 32-bit processor if
the software being run is designed for 64-bit operation.
 Parallel processing describes the ability of a chip or chips to
process more than one set of instructions at the same time.

The term memory refers to either of two types of computer

storage: volatile memory such as RAM that needs to be constantly
refreshed to be retained; and static memory or permanent storage than
is retained even after the computer is turned off.

Ports and Slots

Ports are the connections on the outside of a computer case that

permit the exchange of the data with an external device. Slots are bays
in the computer case that are occupied by add-on boards, usually with
connectors, or bays to which boards may be added in the future (called
open slots).

Minimally, a computer should come equipped with:

• a special connector to accommodate a keyboard
• a special connector to attach a monitor
• at least one parallel port
• at least one serial port
It may also have connectors for:
• a mouse
• a telephone line
• a gaming device such as joystick
• speakers
• a microphone or other audio input device
• two or more open slots

The monitor connector (a 15-pin plug receptacle similar in size and

shape to the serial port connector) and keyboard connector (a round 6-
pin plug receptacle) are generally standard, so that almost any monitor
or keyboard will come equipped with a plug to fit the respective
connectors.

A parallel port connector (a 25-pin plug receptacle similar in shape to

the serial port connector, but larger) is a multichannel interface that
permits the transfer of a full computer word (usually 8 bits or 1 bite) at
one time. Usually designed as LPT1 or LPT2, the parallel port is the
traditional connector for a printer.

The serial port (a 9-pin receptacle similar and very near in size to the
monitor connector) as one might imagine, transfers data in series, one bit
at a time. Because of the slower rate of transfer as compared to the
parallel port, the serial port is customarily used for devices that have less
data to transfer. Often a mouse or other input device is connected
through the serial port.

The mouse connection can be through a serial port (serial mouse) or

through a round receptacle similar to that used for the keyboard (a PS/2
mouse, so-called for it’s emulation of the connector used by IBM for its
Personal System/2 computer). The advantage of a PS/2 mouse is that it
frees up the serial port. If the computer does not have a dedicated PS/2
port for the mouse.

The telephone line connection (a standard telephone jack) provides

the means by which data is sent over telephone lines, such as for sending
and receiving faxes, communicating with other computer, and
exchanging information over the worldwide web. Customarily there are
two connectors, one for the coming telephone line and one that connects
to the telephone.

The gaming device connector (a 15-pin receptacle similar to the

monitor receptacle) provides for the addition of a joystick or other similar
device.

Connectors for speakers and audio input are customarily a part of a

sound card that controls all audio functions such as output to speakers
or headphones and input from microphone, synthesizer, or other audio
device. If the computer lacks these connections, you probably don’t have
a sound card installed, but they can be added and they’re easy to install.

Open slots are important for those things you may want to do in the
future. Most of us buy a computer with the idea it has everything on it
that we want or need forevermore. Then a new device comes on the
market, or one we crossed off our wish list become affordable, and we
can’t resist the urge to expand. It should have at least two open slots for
adding a sound card, scanner, or other device.

Pen and Pad

Use a light pen to select commands or to write on a special monitor

screen.

Special monitor screens called “touched-sensitive” allow you to use your

finger as a pen or stylus to select your commands or options.

Sensitized pads range from:

 • small (about 2” square) units that permit the use of
a stylus or finger to move the cursor on a monitor
screen,
• large (about 4” by 6”) that are the screen for small
computer and accept input written to the screen
from a digitized pen.

The smaller units are most practical as a stand-in for a mouse on a

notebook or laptop computer, or wherever there is limited desk space.
The larger units are usually a part of a PDA (Personal Digital
Assistant).