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PHNG TRNH - BT PHNG TRNH V T

Vn ny xut hin nhiu trong cc thi ton vo i
hc, Cao ng. Ngay t lp 10 cc bn cn nm vng nhng
phng php gii quyt cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh
v t.
1. Phng php ly tha
Nhng iu cn lu :
- Phi m bo cc cn bc chn c ngha.
- Ch c bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh, bt phng trnh
khi hai v khng m.
- Mt s php bin i tng ng c bn
a = b . ;
a b
a 0
=

a = b .
2
b 0
a b
=


a < b . 0 = a < b ; a b < .
2
b 0
a b
a 0
>

<


a b > .
2
b 0
a 0
b 0
a b
<

=

>



- Thn trng trc khi quyt nh ly tha hai v bi s lm tng
bc ca n. C khi phng trnh, bt phng trnh a v c
dng tch.
Th d 1: ( HXD - 1997) Gii phng trnh
2
x x 1 + + =1 (*)
Gii: Ta c (*) .
2
x 1 1 x + = .
2
2 2
1 x 0
x 1 (1 x )

>

+ =

. .
2
1 x 1
(x 1)[1 (1 x) (1 x) ] 0
= =

+ + =

2
1 x 1
x(x 1)(x x 1) 0
= =

+ =

.
1 x 1
x 0
x 1
1 5
x
2
= =


.
x 0
x 1
1 5
x
2
=


Th d 2: Gii phng trnh
Mn Ton Tin s L Thng Nht
Nh xut bn Gio dc
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3x 1 2x 1 x + + =


Gii: Ta c 3x 1 2x 1 (3x 1) (2x 1) + + = + +
.
( )[ ]
3x 1 2x 1 3x 1 2x 1 1 0 + + + + + =
Trng hp 1: 3x 1 2x 1 + = + . 3x + 1 = 2x + 1 = 0
Trng hp 2: 3x 1 2x 1 1 + + + =
.
1
x
3
5x 2 2 (3x 1)(2x 1) 1

+ + + + =

.
2
1
x
3
2 6x 5x 1 5x 1

+ + =


.
2
1 1
x
3 5
x 10x 3

= =

0
. x 5 2 7 =
Tm li pt c 2 nghim x = 0 hoc x = 5 2 . 7
Ch : Nu cc bn dng phng php ly tha ngay t u m
khng a v dng tch th li gii s phc tp hn nhiu.
Th d 3: ( thi Ti chnh K ton - 1997)
Gii bt phng trnh:
2
51 2x x
1
1 x

<

(*)
Gii: (*) . .
2
2 2
2
1 x 0
51 2x x 0
1 x 0
51 2x x (1 x)
51 2x x 0
<

>

<

>


2
2
2
x 1
x 2x 51
x 1
x 25 0
x 2x 51
>

+ =

<

>

+ =


0
0
Gii tng h ta c nghim x (1; 1 2 13 ] [ 1 2 13; 5] . + .
Ch : Nhiu bn v nhiu cun sch luyn thi hin nay ang s
dng php bin i:
3 3
a b + = c (1) .
( )
3 3 3 3 3
a b 3 a . b a b c = + + =
Sau th
3 3
a + b bi c c:
3 3 3
a b 3 a b .c c + + = (2)
Lu rng cc nghim ca (2) cha hn l nghim ca (1). Ta
th tm mi lin h gia tp nghim ca (1) v (2).
Ta c: (2) .
3 3 3
a b ( c) 3 a b .( c) 0 + + =
Dng kt qu:

3 3 3 2 2 2
x y z 3xyz (x y z)(x y z xy yz zx) + + = + + + +
ta dn n:
Mn Ton Tin s L Thng Nht
Nh xut bn Gio dc
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(2) .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
a b c a b a c b c
(
+ + + + + =

0

.
3 3
3 3
a b c
a b

+ =

= =

c
(1)
(3)

Nh vy:
y Nu (3) v nghim th (1) v (2) tng ng.
y Nu (3) c nghim x = th (2) cng c nghim x = . Nghim
ny tha mn (1) . x = l nghim ca h
3 3
3 3
a b c
a b

+ =

= =

c
. a = b = c = 0
Nghim ny khng tha mn (1) . x =
khng tha mn : a = b = c = 0.
y Nu x = l nghim ca (2), khng l nghim ca (3) s l
nghim ca (1).
Th d 4: Gii phng trnh:
3 3 3
2x 1 x 1 3x 1 + + + = (1)
Gii: a = 2x + 1; b = x + 1;
3
c 3x = 1
Ta c phng trnh (2)
2x + 1 + x + 1 +
3
(2x 1)(x 1)(3x 1) 3x 1 + + = 3
.
3
(2x 1)(x 1)(3x 1) 1 + + =
. .
3 2
6x 7x 0 + =
x 0
7
x
6
=


Ta c (3) l
3 3 3
2x 1 x 1 3x 1 + = + = . x = 0.
Vy
7
x
6
= khng l nghim ca 93) nn l nghim ca (1). Mt
khc x = 0 khng tha mn 2x + 1 = x + 1 =
3
3x 1 0 = nn
khng tha mn (1).
Tm li phng trnh c nghim duy nht
7
x
6
= .
Ch : Cc bn gii bi trong 48 ca B thi tuyn sinh cn
lu (3) v nghim nn (1) v (2) tng uowng.
2. Phng php t n ph
iu cn lu cc bn l iu kin ca n ph phi tht chnh xc,
ko chuyn bi ton ban u v mt bi ton khng tng ng.
Cc hng t n ph s th hin qua cc th d:
Th d 5: ( thi HKTQD - 1998). Xc nh a phng trnh
1 x 8 x a (1 x)(8 x) + + = + (*) c nghim.
Gii: t t 1 x 8 = + + x
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8 x 1 x 7 2x
t '
2 (1 x)(8 x)
2 (1 x)(8 x)( 8 x 1 x)
+
= =
+
+ + +
.

Lp bng bin thin ca t:
x
-1 8
t' +
t


3

3 2





3

Khi :
2
t 9
(1 x)(8 x)
2

= + nn (*) tr thnh
2
t
t a
2

=
9
.
2
t 9
t a
2 2
+ = (**)
Phng trnh (*) c nghim . (**) c nghim tha mn
t [3; 3 2 ] . . ng thng y = a c im chung vi th
2
t 9
y f (t) t
2 2
= = + vi t [3; 3 2] . .
V f'(t) = t + 1 nn ta c bng bin thin:
t
1 3
3 2

f'(t) 0 + + +
f(t)


3

9
3 2
2
+



Do
9
a 3; 3 2
2
(
. +
(

.
Th d 6: Gii phng trnh:
2 2
(4x 1) x 1 2x 2x 1 = + +
Gii: t
2
t x 1 = + =
2
2(t 1) 2x +
1 1. th Phng trnh a v dng

2 2
x t =
(4x 1).t 1 = +
.
2
2t (4x 1)t 2x 1 0. + =
Gii t theo x ta c
1
t
2
= hoc t = 2x 1.





Mn Ton Tin s L Thng Nht
Nh xut bn Gio dc
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V t = 1 nn t = 2x 1 .
2
x 1 2x + = 1 .
2 2
1
x
2
x 1 (2x 1)

+ =


.
2
1
x
2
3x 4x 0

.
4
x
3
= .

Th d 7: Gii phng trnh:
3 3
x 1 2 2x + = 1

Gii: t
3
t 2x =
3
x 1 2t. + =
1 ,
t
x
1
1
0
. khi phng trnh cho
tr thnh Vy ta c h:
3
t 1 2x + =
3
3
x 1 2
t 1 2

+ =

+ =


Nu x > t 2t > 2x t > x mu thun.
3 3
x 1 t + > +
Nu x < t 2t < 2x t < x cng mu thun.
Vy t = x. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
3 3
x 1 t + < +
3
x 1 2x + = . (x
3
x 2x 1 + =
2
1)(x x 1) 0 + =

x 1
1 5
x
2
=

.
Th d 8: Gii phng trnh
4 4
x 17 x + = 3
Gii: t
4
u x = = 0 ;
4
7 x = = v 1 , dn n h: 0
7
=
0 0
4 4
u v 3
u v 1
+ =

+ =

.
2 2 2
u v 3
[(u v) 2uv] 2(uv) 17
+ =

+ =

. .
2
u v 3
(uv) 18(uv) 32 0
+ =

u v 3
uv 2
uv 16
+ =

=

Theo nh l Viet th u, v l cc nghim ca phng trnh:
. t = 1 v t = 2 hoc (v nghim).
2
t 3t 2 + =
2
t 3t 16 + =
Do :





Mn Ton Tin s L Thng Nht
Nh xut bn Gio dc
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u 1
v 2
u 2
v 1
=

=


.
4
4
4
4
x 1
17 x 2
x 2
17 x 1

=

. .
x 1
x 16
=

3. S dng bt ng thc v tnh cht hm s


Th d 9: Gii phng trnh
2000 2000
1 x 1 x 1 + + =
Gii: iu kin cn thc c ngha: 1 = x = 1.
Gi v tri l f(x). Nu x > 0 th
2000
1 x 1 + > nn f(x) > 1, khng
tha mn. Nu x < 0 th
2000
1 x nn f(x) > 0 cng khng tha
mn. Tm li phng trnh v nghim.

Th d 10: (H Ngoai thng - 1997). Gii phng trnh:
2 2
x 15 3x 2 x 8 + = + + .
Gii: Vit phng trnh v dng:

2 2
x 15 x 8 3x + + = 2 .
Gi v tri l f(x) th f(x) > 0 vi mi x nn 3x 2 > 0
2
x
3
> .
Lu :
2 2
7
x)
x 15 x 8
=
+ + +
f ( ta c:
+ f(1) = 1 = 3.1 2 nn x = 1 l nghim.
+ Nu x > 1 th f(x) < f(1) = 1 < 3x 2 nn khng tha
mn.
+ Nu
2
x 1
3
< < th f(x) > f(1) = 1 > 3x 2 nn cng khng tha
mn.
Tm li: PT c nghim duy nht x = 1.
Ch : Cc bn lp 12 c th thy f'(x) < 0 vi
2
x
3
> nn f(x)
nghch bin trn
2
;
3
+ 8
\ .
| |
|
.
Th d 11: Tm m phng trnh:
4 4
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x m + + + + + = c nghim duy nht.
Gii: Gi v tri l f(x) th f(x) l hm s chn trn [1; 1].
iu kin cn: Gi s phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = , v
f(x) l hm s chn nn f() = f() x = cng l nghim. V
nghim l duy nht nn = = 0. Thay x = 0 vo phng
trnh ta c m = f(0) = 4.
Mn Ton Tin s L Thng Nht
Nh xut bn Gio dc
BN QUYN THUC V
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iu kin : Vi m = 4, ta c phng trnh f(x) = 4. p dng bt
ng thc Bunhiacpski ta c
( )
2
1 x 1 x 2(1 x 1 x) 4 + + = + + = 1 x 1 x 2 + + = (1)
Tng t:
( ) ( )
2
4 4
1 x 1 x 2 1 x 1 x 4 + + = + + =

4 4
1 x 1 x 2 + + = (2)
T (1), (2) suy ra: f(x) = 4. Vy f(x) = 4 . (1), (2) ng thi tr
thnh ng thc.
.
4 4
1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x

+ =

+ =


Do m = 4 l gi tr duy nht tha mn.
Th d 12. Gii bt phng trnh
2 9
x x x 1 2 x + + > +
9
1

Gi v tri l f(x) v v phi l g(x)

( )
2 2
2
2 2 2
2x 1
1
(2x 1) 3 2x 1 x x x 1 '
2 x x 1
f '(x)
2 x x x 1 2 x x x 1 4 x x x 1. x 2x 1

+
+ + + +
+
= = =
+ + + + + + +
2

2 2
| 2x 1| 2x 1
0
4 x x x 1. x x 1
+
> =
+ + +
mi x
f(x) ng bin trn R.
Mt khc g'(x) = mi x nn f(x) nghch bin trn R.
2
99x 0 =
Ta c: f(1) = g(1) = 2 . Nu x > 1 th f(x) > f(1) = g(1) . g(x)
x > 1 tha mn. Nu x < 1 th f(x) < f(1) = g(1) < g(x) nn
khng tha mn.
Tm li: Nghim ca bt phng trnh l x > 1.
4. Phng php lng gic ha
Nhiu phng trnh, bt phng trnh c th lng gic ha li
dng cc cng thc lng gic rt gn cc biu thc v t.
Th d 13: Gii phng trnh
( )
2 2
1 1 x x 1 2 1 x + = +
Gii: cn thc c ngha th x . [1; 1]. t x = sin vi
;
2 2

.


(
(
. Phng trnh tr thnh:
Mn Ton Tin s L Thng Nht
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1 cos sin (1 2cos ) + = + .
3
2 cos sin sin 2 2 cos 2sin cos
2 2

= + <> =
2 2


;
2 2
(
.
(

0
2

.
3 2
sin
2 2

=
3 3 3
;
2 4 4
(
.
(

3
2 4

=
3 3
2 4

= =

V nn cos .
Do .
V nn hoc .
6

= hoc
2

= .
1
x
2
= hoc x = 1.
Th d 14: Tm m bt phng trnh:
m x m x + + = 2 c nghim.
Gii: Vi m < 0 th m x v ngha vi mi x nn bt PT v
nghim. Vi m = 0 th d thy bt phng trnh c nghim duy
nht x = 0. Vi m > 0 th iu kin cn thc c ngha l
x
0 1
m
= = .
t x mcos = vi . 0;
2
(
(

th bt phng trnh tr thnh:
m(1 cos ) m(1 cos ) + + . 2 =
1
cos
2 4 m
| |
=
|
\ .
. Vi
0;
2

.


(
(
th
2
cos .
2 2

= 1
4
| |
|
\ .
=
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim:
1
2 m
=
2
. 0 = m = 2. Tm li: 0 = m = 2.
Bi tp: 1. Gii phng trnh
a)
3 2
1 2(x 2) + = + 5 x
b)
2
2
5x 10x 1
x 2
x 6x 1
+
=
+ 1

c)
1 1
x x x 2000
2 4
+ + + + =
d) 3x 1 x 1 2x + + =
2. Tm m sao cho:
a)
2
3x mx m 3 1 2x + + = c nghim duy nht.
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b)
2 2
x 2x m 3 2x x + = + tha mn vi . x [ 1; 3] .
3. Gii bt phng trnh:
a)
1 1 x
x 1
x x

>
1
x

b)
3
3x 1 x 1 4. + + >
4*. Gii phng trnh:
2 3 3
1 1 x (1 x) (1 x) 2 1 x
(
+ + = +

2
.


Mn Ton Tin s L Thng Nht
Nh xut bn Gio dc

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