Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

-1-

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

BI TP DI
MN HC: K THUT TRUYN DN
B MN: IN T VIN THNG
Sinh vin.............................................................................. Lp
Ngnh: in t vin thng
Gio vin hng dn: ThS. o Huy Du
Ngy giao : ............................................ Ngy hon thnh:
Tn ti: Thit k tuyn truyn dn
T cc
knh khc

(1)

Bin i A /D

(2)

X l t /h bng
gc

Ghp knh

iu ch

(3)

(4)

(5)
Knh truyn

Bin i D /A

Khi phc t /h
gc s

Gii ghp
knh

Gii iu
ch

(10)

(9)

(8)

(7)

(11)

Yu cu:
1. Tn hiu analog u vo c ph tn nm trong khong 100Hz n 8000Hz.
Di bin tn hiu 0 mV n 40mV
2. Bin i A/D: s dng phng php bin i PCM. Vi 3 mu u vo lin
tip 12mV ; 20mV; 37mV.
3. X l tn hiu bng gc: S dng phng php m ha HDB3 vi tn hiu
u vo l kt qu ca m ha mu 1,2,3.

4. Ghp knh s dng phng php ghp knh ng b SDH. Trnh by

phng php ghp lung 140M ln STM1. Hot ng con tr AU4-PTR.
5. iu ch s dng phng php iu ch QPSK. Vi lung bit u vo l
kt qu ca m ha mu 1,2,3.
GIO VIN HNG DN
(K v ghi r h tn)

-2-

(6)

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

Nhn xt ca gio vin

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-3-

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

Mc lc

-4-

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

Phn I
phn tch ti
thit k tuyn truyn dn
T cc
knh khc

(1)

Bin i A /D

(2)

X l t /h bng
gc

Ghp knh

iu ch

(3)

(4)

(5)
Knh truyn

Bin i D /A

Khi phc t /h
gc s

Gii ghp
knh

Gii iu
ch

(10)

(9)

(8)

(7)

(11)

Trn s khi h thng thng tin s bao gm mt lot cc khi x l d liu

c bn,cc khi ny thc hin cc chc nng sau y:
Khi bin i A/D,D/A:Bin i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s thuc
bn pht. N chuyn i tn hiu tng t lin tc thnh chui cc t m
biu din bng cc xung in p nh phn; v thnh phn chuyn t s
sang tng t (DAC) trong b thu, n chuyn i cc xung in p tr
thnh tn hiu tng t lin tc
Vic m ha c th c thc hin bi mt trong cc phng php nh
sau: iu xung m (PCM); iu xung m Logarit ( log(PCM)); iu xung
m vi sai (DPCM); iu xung m vi sai t thch nghi (ADPCM); iu ch
Delta (DM); iu ch delta t thch nghi (ADM) hoc m d on tuyn
tnh (LPC). Thng thng phng php c s dng ph bin l m ho
PCM.
ADC gm c mt mch ly mu, lng t v m ho PCM. Mch ly mu
to ra cc mu in p ri rc t cc qung thi gian u nhau ca tn hiu
tng t. Mch lng t lm xp x cc in p ny nh mc gn nht ca tp
hp cc mc in p ( l qu trnh lng t chuyn i tn hiu tng t
thnh tn hiu s). Mch m ho PCM chuyn i tng mc lng t thnh
m t m nh phn vi tng s 1 v 0 biu din bng mt trong hai mc in
p. Mch lc chng tp gim thiu s mo c th xy ra do kt qu ca qu
trnh ly mu.

-5-

(6)

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

Trong mch DAC ca khi thu, cc xung in p nh phn c chuyn
thnh cc mc in p lng t nh mch gii m PCM v sau c lm
bng phng nh mch lc thng thp ti to (t nht l xp x) li thnh tn
hiu tng t gc.
S s ho tn hiu thng lun tng rng bng tn truyn dn tn hiu
nhng n cho php nhn c t l tn hiu/tp thp hn nhng trng hp
khc. y l mt v d mt ngun ( rng bng) c th c i ly ti
nguyn khc nh th no (cng sut pht).
Cc thit b CODEC lm cho cc k thut x l tn hiu s phc tp c s
dng rng ri m ho hiu qu tn hiu trc khi truyn i v cng gii
m cc tn hiu nhn khi chng b hng do tp mo v nhiu. iu ny lm
tng phc tp ca thit b thu pht nhng cho php truyn dn hu nh
khng c li, c chnh xc v kh nng lp cao.

Khi x l bng gc : X l tn hiu gc truyn trn knh thng tin,X

l tn hiu bng gc l yu cu ch yu i vi cc knh thng tin truyn
trn cp ng trc hoc cp i xng, nhng n cng cn thit i vi cc
phng php truyn dn iu ch cao tn, ni m tn hiu cng c a
xung bng gc ti cc trm lp. Trong mt h thng thng tin s, thit b
lp cn c b lc, cn bng v ti sinh. Tuy nhin truyn dn chng, cn
phi bin i cc tn hiu nh phn t thit b ghp knh thnh cc m
ng gim li cho knh truyn dn.
Bao gm:M ho ngun, m ho bo mt v m iu khin li.
Ngoi vic m ho v gii m PCM, CODEC c th c 3 chc nng b sung.
u tin, chc nng m ho ngun (bn pht) lm gim s bit nh phn d
tha nh vo qu trnh tnh ton cc xc sut xut hin ca tin tc. Tip n l
m ho cc tn hiu bit bng cch s dng m bo mt nhm bo v thng
tin c nhn ca khch hng. M mt ny c th thuc dng b mt hoc cng
khai

Phn cui cng l m ho iu khin li (cn gi l m ho knh)

gim st li (xc nh li v sa).
C mt cch m ho iu khin li, m n b sung bit d tha vo cc lung
bit, ngc vi qu trnh m ho ngun (loi b d tha). Tuy nhin c hai qu
trnh ny c th c s dng trong cng mt h thng, bi v kiu d tha,
m n xut hin t nhin trong thng tin truyn i khng nht thit ging vi
kiu dng cho xc nh v hiu chnh li bn thu.
B ghp knh:Tp hp cc tn hiu bng gc s v phn chia tn hiu s t
tn hiu bng gc s c thc hin nh b ghp knh v b tch knh.

-6-

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

Hin nay mng vin thng tn ti nhiu h thng ghp tch theo tn s (FDM)
hoc theo thi gian (TDM). i vi thit b FDM, cc tp hp nhm, siu
nhm, ch nhm hoc 16 siu nhm FDM ca cc knh m tn thng cn
thit phi giao tip vi cc h thng truyn dn s. iu ny c thc hin
nh s dng cc Codec c bit. i vi h thng mi y , vic tp hp v
phn chia tn hiu s thng c thc hin nh s dng cc s ghp-tch
theo thi gian TDM .
Trong h thng thng tin s, ghp knh cung cp cc truyn dn ng
thi, thng l ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM). Cc b ghp knh TDM chn
hoc mt s t m PCM hoc cc s nh phn PCM cho php cc tuyn
thng tin c truyn i trn cng mt ng truyn vt l (nh cp, si
quang, knh tn s v tuyn). Nu vic thng tin theo thi gian thc th iu
ny c ngha l: Tc bit ca tn hiu c ghp knh gp t nht N ln so
vi tng tn hiu PCM ring bit v nh vy yu cu di thng tng ln
Tch knh l chia dng bit thu c tr li thnh cc tn hiu PCM thnh
phn.
iu ch v gii iu ch:
Cc Modem (b iu ch v gii iu ch) tc ng ln cc dng xung nh
phn thng tin n mang c th truyn qua mt thit b vt l no , mt
tc no , vi mt mo c th chp nhn c, trong mt di tn xc
nh hay c phn b. B iu ch bn pht c th thay i cc mc in p
ring l, cc bit. c bit b iu ch cng sa dng xung tn hiu hay lc
gii hn rng bng thng v cn thay i ph hp vi bng tn cho php.
V vy, u vo ca b iu ch l tn hiu s di gc trong khi u ra
thng l dng sng thng di.
B gii iu ch bn thu chuyn i t dng sng thng di thu c thnh
tn hiu di gc. B cn bng hiu chnh li mo tn hiu m n c th xut
hin trong khi truyn. Phn tch sng chuyn i tn hiu di gc iu ch
tr thnh dng k hiu nh phn. Trong b tch sng c b lc thch ng, y
l mt kiu x l tn hiu trc khi tn hiu a ti x l mch quyt nh
vi mc tiu l ci thin c tnh li.
Mt s phng php iu ch v gii iu ch hin ang c s dng
c phn loi theo kiu iu ch ch yu. Trong chng 6 s xem xt mt
vi loi sau y:
iu bin: iu bin xung (PAM) ; iu bin xung M mc (PAM M mc);
kho ng m (OOD) tch kt hp; kho ng m tch ng bao; iu bin
cu phng M trng thi (QAM M trng thi).
iu tn: Kho dch pha tn s-tch khng kt hp (FSK tch kt hp); Pa
lien tc-kho dch tn s-tch kt hp (CP-FSK-CD); pha lin tc-kho dch
tn s-tch khng kt hp (CP-FSK-NCD); kho dch cc tiu (MSK).

-7-

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

iu pha: Kho dch pha nh phn (BPSK)-tch kt hp; kho dch pha nh
phan-m ho vi sai (DE-BPSK); kho dch pha vi sai (DPSK); kho dch pha
cu phng (QPSK); kho dch pha M trng thi (M-PSK).

PHN II
THIT K H THNG TRUYN DN
2.Tn hiu analog u vo c ph tn nm trong khong 100Hz n 8000Hz.
Di bin tn hiu 0 mV n 40Mv.
2.1:bin i A/D
nguyn l bin i A/D : s dng phng php bin i PCM. Vi 3
mu u vo lin tip 12mV ; 20mV; 37mV

Cu hnh c bn ca h thng truyn tin PCM

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Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

nh ngha PCM:
PCM l qu trnh chuyn i c bn mt tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s
m thng tin cha ng trong cc mu tn hiu tng t lin tc c thay
th bng cc bit s ni tip.
Tn hiu tng t u tin c ly mu tn s ln hn tn s Nyquyst
sau c lng t ho.
- PCM chnh quy: Cc bc lng t cn bng.
- PCM khng chnh quy: Cc bc lng t khng bng nhau.
Nguyn tc m ha PCM nh sau :
PCM c thc hin theo 1 qui trnh 4 bc c nguyn tc nh sau:
Bc 1: Lc nhm hn ch ph tn ca tn hiu lin tc cn truyn.
Bc 2: Ly mu tn hiu thoi l khai trin c chu k tn hiu thu c
bin c gi tr tc thi (tc l ly gi tr ca bin ti thi im nht nh).
Bc 3: Lng t ho bin bng cch chia bin ca xung ly mu thnh
cc mc v ly trn bin xung n mc gn nht.
Bc 4: M ho l thay th 1 xung c lng t thnh mt dy bit nh
phn gi l t m.

Tn hiu nguyn thu

Ga tr mu

7 /2
/2

Xp x

3 /2

/2
- /2
-3 /2

-5 /2
- 7 /2

V d m ha 3bit/mu

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Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

Thc hin ly mu:
Tn hiu lin tc sau khi lc, c ri rc ho nh ly mu bng chui xung
nhpc tn s f (theo nh l ly mu) c c cc tn hiu PAM.
Minh ho theo hnh:

Qu trnh ly mu cc tn hiu tng t

nh l ly mu Nyquist: tn hiu c bng tn hn ch c th c c trng
chnh xc bi cc tr s ly mu, khong cch gia cc tr s ny khng c
vt qu 1 na chu k ca tn s cao nht ca tn hiu: :
flm 2fmax (Ts Tmax/2).
fmax : tn s ln nht ca tn hiu. .
Ts: gi l khong cch Nyquist v l khong cch thi gian di nht c dng
ly mu tn hiu c bng tn thp b hn ch v vn cho php khi phc li
tn hiu m khng b mo.
Vi 3 tn hiu bi ra c fmax=8000hz suy ra tn s ly mu s l 16000hz
Qu trnh thc hin ly mu c thc hin theo gin thi gian bn:

- 10 -

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

u(t)
a: t/h tng t

G(t
)

t
b: ph tn t/h

Ux(t
)

c: dy xung iu khin ly

mu
t

Um(t
)

d: t/h u ra b ly
mu

e: pht tn ca t/h
lylsaaavamamac
cmuxahahxkhxk
ahxmymu
t

Gm(t
)
f1 f2 fm-f2 fm-f1 fm
fm+f1 fm+f2
2fm
Qu trnh ly mu tn hiu tng t

- 11 -

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

T tch in

Tn hiu PAM

+
Ngun tng t

C
Khuych i tr
khng cao
To xung
Mch ly mu v duy tr

Lng t ha:
Ni dung ca lng t ho l:
- Bin ca tn hiu c chia thnh cc khong u hoc khng u.
- Mi khong l 1 bc lng t bin tn hiu ng vi u hoc cui mi
bc lng t gi l mt mc lng t.
- Sau khi c cc mc lng t th bin cc xung ly mu c lm trn
n mc lng t gn nht.
- C hai loi lng t ho bin ; lng t ho u v lng t ho khng
u.

5 /
2

/2
/2

Lng
t ho

5 /2

5 /
2
/2
/2
5 /
2

- 12 -

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

Tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian
tn hiu s PCM
Chn m ha 3 tn hiu trn theo phng php lng t ha u vi s bt l 8 nn
S cQ= 2^8=256 mc lng t :
Bin theo bi ra l:0 mV n 40mV
40
=0.15625 mV
256
12
M ha tn hiu th nht:Q1=
=77 mc
0.15625

Bc lng t: =

Ta c chui bit nh phn ca tn hiu th nht l:01001101

M ha tn hiu th 2:Q2=

20
=128 mc
0.15625

Ta c chui bit ca tn hiu th 2 l:10000000

M ha tn hiu th 3:Q3=

37
=237 mc
0.15625

Ta c chui bit ca tn hiu th 3 l:11101101

Vy ta c chui bit ca 3 tn hiu trn lin tip sau khi m ha PCM
l :010011011000000011101101
2.2 x l tn hiu bng gc :S dng phng php m ha HDB3 vi tn
hiu u vo l kt qu ca m ha mu 1,2,3.
X l tn hiu gc truyn trn knh thng tin,X l tn hiu bng gc l yu
cu ch yu i vi cc knh thng tin truyn trn cp ng trc hoc cp i
xng, nhng n cng cn thit i vi cc phng php truyn dn iu ch
cao tn, ni m tn hiu cng c a xung bng gc ti cc trm lp. Trong
mt h thng thng tin s, thit b lp cn c b lc, cn bng v ti sinh.
Tuy nhin truyn dn chng, cn phi bin i cc tn hiu nh phn t thit
b ghp knh thnh cc m ng gim li cho knh truyn dn.

Phng php m ha HDB3

u im ca m HDB3 :
HDB3 s dng rng ri trong thc t cho cc giao tip ghp knh bc cao.
Loi m ho ny quan trng khi truyn s liu c tc cao trn i dy
kim loi c di tn hn ch. Vic gim rng bng tn cn thit ca knh

- 13 -

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

hoc tng tc bit vi mt rng bng tn cho s lm tng t s tn
hiu trn tp m t c xc sut li cho trc .
Bo mt tin tc nhng ni yu cu tnh an ton cao c bit trn cc
tuyn truyn s liu ca cc h thng my tnh x l s liu.
To ph tn hiu nhm ng dng cho nhng mc ch c bit nh ng b
gim thnh phn bin tn s khng n 0, hoc gim cc thnh phn cao
v thp ca tn s trc lc lc.C th a nhng s " 0" c bit vo cc
lung s c m lng cc bc cao b chn v cc lung s b chn.
Trong qu trnh m ho PCM nh trnh by trn, tt c cc bit thng
tin c ngm gi thit l nh phn n cc. Gi thit ny l hp l min l
cc bit thng tin c xc nh trong mt cng on nht nh no
ca thit b x l v dy ni khng c daig qu vi mt. Vi nhng
ng dy ni tng i di,ng cp i xon bc kim, hoc cp ng
trc th khng nn s dng lung bit nh phn,l do l :
1. N c cha thnh phn mt chiu.
2. N c cc thnh phn tn s thp mc cao.
3. Khi truyn mt dy "0" lin tip th khng c im chuyn tn hiu.
Nguyn tc m ha :
- M HDB3 l m nh phn mt cao c nhiu nht 3 s " 0" lin tip.
m mt tn hiu nh phn thnh mt tn hiu HDB3 theo cc quy tc sau
y:
Quy c :
- S 0 nh phn c m bng mt trng thi trng vi s bt 0 lin tip
khng vt qu 3 bt.
- Mt bt 1 nh phn c m bng k hiu B theo lut lng cc.
- Cc dy 4 s 0 lin tip trong tn hiu nh phn c m nh sau :
a) Bt 0 u tin ca dy c m bng nu du B v du V trc
ca dy m tam phn c cc tnh ngc vi nhau
b) Bt 0 u tin ca dy c m bng B nu du B v du V trc
ca dy m tam phn cng cc tnh vi nhau.

c) Cc bt 0 th 2 v th 3 c m thnh .
d) Bt 0 th 4 bin i thnh V
e) Da trn bipolar-AMI
Chui 4 s 0 lin tip c thay th theo quy lut nh sau
*Nu trc l l bit 1
+
0
0
0
0

- 14 -

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

c m ha thnh
+
0
0
0
+
0
0
0
* Nu trc l chn bit 1
+
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c m ha thnh
+

0
0

0
0

c m ha thnh

c m ha thnh

Thc hin m ha HDB3:chui bit ca 3 tn hiu m

ha :010011011000000011101101

M NH PHN
010011011000000011101101
HDB3

- 15 -

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

2.3 GHP KNH :s dng phng php ghp knh ng b SDH. Trnh by
phng php ghp lung 140M ln STM1. Hot ng con tr AU4-PTR.
2.3.1 Khi nim v SDH :phn cp s ng b l giai on tip theo ca giai
on phn cp truyn dn ng b.
SDH thc hin mt h cc tiu chun (hay giao thc). N c th v s giao
tip vi cc mng hin c c xy dng trn cc tiu chun vng. SDH c th v
s tr thnh mt tiu chun cng nghip cho thng tin si quang bng rng ton
cu.
Mng thng tin ny c th c b sung bi cc h thng cp ng v/hoc
v tuyn cho cc ng dng ng truyn c ly ngn
v/hoc tc thp.
Khi mng s ca quc gia c trin khai mt phn thng qua cc chun
SDH th cc vng SDH ny c th c kt ni ti nhng vng c trin khai
vi cc tiu chun phi SDH (thng c ni ti l cc chun cn ng b PDH).
Mt s nt c bit ca SDH gm:

Cc tiu chun SDH

STM-1 :155.52 Mb/s
STM-4 :622.080 Mb/s
STM-8 :1214,16Mb/s
STM-12 :1866,24 Mb/s
STM-16 :2488,32Mb/s
STM-64 :9953.28Mb/s

Cung cp cc phn t mng duy nht cc mng PDH c th c

kt ni ti hay giao tip vi cc mng SDH
Cung cp cc kh nang tch hp OAM&P trong mi phn t mng
NE Cc mng SDH
SDH cung cp cc knh thng tin s liu truyn cc bn tin OAM&P
gia cc Phn t mng NE hay gia cc H thng iu hnh (OS)
vi NE trong cng mt khung tn hiu mang ti tin. iu ny tit
kim c thit b v to ra s linh hot cho qu trnh vn hnh
2.3.2 Ghp t lung 140 ln STM-1

- 16 -

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

1
STM-1

AUG

AU-4

VC4

C4=139.264Mb/s

Trong :
o C4 :khi container vai tr tip nhn cc tn hiu PDH,bao gm :cc lung
d liu PDH,cc bit /byte chn c nh,cc bit/byte chn ng,khung tn
hiu C4 gm 9 hng 260 ct
o VC-4 :con ten n o c vai tr nhn khung tn hiu t C4 ln ,b xung
thm cc byte POH qun l thng tin t ni gi n ni nhn VC ,ta c
VC4=C4+9 bytePOH
L loi VC bc cao
Cc byte poh ca C4 k hiu l :VC4-POH

- 17 -

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

AU-4 :n v qun l :
AU4=VC4+pointer(9byte)
N bao gm mt conteno o v mt con tr n v qun l

- 18 -

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

o AUG :nhm n v qun l :l mt hoc nhiu n v qun l ghp vi nhau
theo phng thc xen byte to thnh mt nhm n v qun l AUG.
o STM-N :m un chuyn ti ng b
2.3.3 xp xp cc lung nhnh 140Mb/s vo khung STM-1

1BYTE

POH

1B

12BYTE

96 I

96 I

96 I

96I

96I

96I

96I

96I

96I

96I

96I

96I

96I

96I

96I

96I

96I

96I

96 I

96 I

sp xp 140Mb/s vo VC-4 :
- mi hng VC-4 c 260 byte 130 bit n (R)+10 bit mo u (o)+5
bit iu khin chn +1 bit chn S +(241byte+6bit )tin
- byte I (lung 14o Mb/s)cung cp cho khung VC4 trong thi hn 125 s
:2176 B.
- byte I xp xp c nh trong khung VC-A 2175 byte+6bit
- ghp khung VC-4 vo STM-1

RSOH 1
- 19 -

Bi tp di k thut truyn dn (nhm 5)

VC4 cng thm byte con tr to thnh AU-4
STM1=AU4+SOH

- 20 -