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THERAVDA - PHT GIO NGUYN THY

C S GII PHP

T kheo Gic Gii (Bodhisla Bhikkhu) bin son PL. 2550 - TL. 2006 Ngun http://thuvienhoasen.org Chuyn sang ebook 21-7-2009 Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin namthien@gmail.com Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org Mc Lc
LI GII THIU LI NI U CHNG I - C S TRONG PHT GIO I.1. T CHNG PHT GIO I.2. NGHA U-B-TC V U-B-DI I.3. NHNG C S U TIN I.4. NHNG C S C CNG HNH LN I.5. QU V TU HNH CA NGI C S I.6. VAI TR C S TRONG PHT GIO CHNG II - CC PHP MN THUYT CHO C S II.1. MI HNG C S II.2. NM PHP TNH NGI CN S TAM BO II.3. MI C LNH CA NGI PHT T II.4. BN IU HNH PHC CA C S II.5. BN PHP TO LI CH HIN TI II.6. BN PHP EM N LI CH TNG LAI II.7. BN C HNH NGI TI GIA II.8. BN PHP THNH CA GIA NH II.9. TM NGUN CNG C SANH TRI NGI II.10. BN S CHUNG SNG GIA NH II.11. BN NHN DUYN TO XNG I V CHNG II.12. NM NGH BUN BN TRI O CA C S III.13. MI BT THIN NGHIP O II.14. MI THIN NGHIP O

II.15. MI PHC NGHIP S THP HNH PHC II.16. BY PHP BT THI CA NGI C S II.17. BY PHP SUY THOI CA NGI C S II.18. TM LI LM CA C S KHIN TNG CHNG P BT, KHNG NHN S CNG DNG II.19. CHN KHUYT IM CA C S KHIN TNG KHNG N NH II.20. SU CA SUY VONG CHO NGI C S, SU NG I DN N THIT TI SN V B KH LY II.21. BN HNG NGY BNG HU, HNG BN GI DI, KHNG PHI BN TT II.22. BN HNG CHN BNG HU (SUHADAMITTA), HNG BN CHN TNH, HNG BN TT II.23. CC BN PHN GIA CHA M V CON CI II.24. CC BN PHN GIA THY V TR II.25. CC BN PHN GIA V CHNG II.26. CC BN PHN GIA BN B CH KHCH: II.27. CC BN PHN GIA NGI CH V NGI LM II.28. CC BN PHN GIA C S V SA MN CHNG III - PHP MN TU TP CA C S III.1. QUI Y TAM BO (Tisaraagamana) III.2. HNH B TH (Dna) III. 3. HNH TR GII (Sla) III.4. HNH TU TIN (Bhvan) CHNG IV - CC NGHI THC KHA L IV.1. NGHI THC TNG NIM IV.2. NGHI THC QUI Y IV.3. NGHI THC TH NG GII IV.4. NGHI THC TH BT QUAN TRAI GII IV.5. NGHI THC SM HI L K MI NA THNG IV.6. NGHI THC THNH PHP IV.7. NGHI THC L CU AN IV.8. NGHI THC L CU SIU IV.9. NGHI THC CHC TH IV.10. NGHI THC CNG DNG TRAI TNG IV.11. NGHI THC CNG DNG BT HI IV.12. NGHI THC CNG DNG Y TM MA IV.13. NGHI THC CNG DNG Y KAHINA IV.14 NGHI THC CNG DNG Y NGOI THI IV.15. NGHI THC CNG DNG LIU CC IV.16. NGHI THC CNG DNG HI TRNG IV.17. NGHI THC CNG DNG NGI CHNH IN IV.18. NGHI THC CNG DNG THUC TR BNH IV.19. NGHI THC CNG DNG T S IV.20. NGHI THC N TNG KINH SCH IV.21. NGHI THC L AN V PHT IV.22. NGHI THC L NHIU PHT

CHNG PH LC - CC VN CN BIT VN TH CNG CA NGI PHT T VN L NGHI CA NGI PHT T VN TRANG PHC CA NGI PHT T VN NGN NG CA NGI PHT T VN M THC CA NGI PHT T VN HNG TH CA NGI PHT T

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LI GII THIU
C S Gii Php l tp sch gio khoa Pht hc ca ngi c s, gii thch r rng v nghi l gii lut v php mn tu cho ngi Pht t ti gia bit thc hnh cho ng ngha cn s nam, cn s n (hay thin nam, tn n) trong Pht gio. Mc d i sng ca ngi Pht t t trn tinh thn t gic, v gio l nh Pht cng khng phi l gio iu p t, bt buc tn phi chp nhn, th nhng cng c nhng iu nn lm v nhng iu nn trnh, c y c trn lut nhn qu nghip bo m c Pht l ng o S sng sut thy r chn l, nh cc nh khoa hc pht minh nhng cng thc in hc, quang hc v.v... Nhng gii php trong quyn C S Gii Php ny nh l nhng cng thc hn l gio iu, gip ngi c s ti gia tu tp tin ha. Ti xin trn trng gii thiu n ch Pht t. Namo buddhya. T Kheo Gic Chnh ---o0o---

LI NI U
Ngi tu Pht c hai gii, gii xut gia v gii ti gia. Gii ti gia l nhng nam, n c s c nim tin Pht php, to thin phc, cng tu tp nhng cha ri b gia nh. Ngi c s cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong s tn vong ca Pht gio. Ngi c s cn phi c kin thc Pht php cn bn v bit v l nghi

khi n cha lm phc hay nh x s cho hp l o. Tt nhin, c s khc bit gia Pht t Nam Tng, Pht t Bc Tng v Pht t Kht S. y quyn C S Gii Php ny nhm hng dn cho c s Pht t Nam Tng. t lu Pht t Nam Tng vn mong mi c c mt quyn kinh hng dn lut nghi v php mn tu tp cho hng c s. Nhng quyn kinh Nht Hnh ca c s hay quyn Kinh Tng cho ngi ti gia c cc v Ha Thng nh Ngi H Tng, Ngi Php Tri bin son, cng p ng c nguyn vng ca Pht t. Nhng gi l nu r nt v vai tr c s, nghi l thc hnh, php mn tu tp dnh ring cho c s ... th phi ni l cha c quyn kinh Nht Hnh no p ng c. Chng ti ti hn sc mn nhng cng c gng su tp v bin son quyn C S Gii Php ny nhm p ng nguyn vng ca gii Pht t c s. Tht ra, chng ti san nh li quyn C S Gii Php n hnh nm Tn Du 1981, ca Hi Hc Tam Tng do Thng Ta Gic Chnh ch xng; nay chng ti son li theo s yu cu v khch l ca Thng Ta. Quyn C S Gii Php ny, gm c nm chng: Chng I - C s trong Pht gio Chng II - Cc php mn dnh cho c s Chng III - Php tu tp ca c s Chng IV - Cc nghi thc kha l Chng Ph lc - Cc vn cn bit Chng ti son trch dn t Kinh tng, Lut tng nhng iu c Pht thuyt lin quan n i sng ngi c s; ring phn nghi l th chng ti son da theo cc kinh Nht Hnh c v cng theo kinh nghim c nhn qua qu trnh hng dn Pht t t trc n nay. Chng ti tht s rt mo mui khi lm cng vic ny. Nhng vi thin ch phng s Pht php v gip ch cho hng Pht t c s, chng ti mong c s khch l ca ch tng, khng phi l s khin trch; cng mong gip nhiu li ch cho tn Pht gio Nam Tng. c vy chng ti rt hoan h v mn nguyn. Mong cho Pht php thnh hnh, t chng ng tu trong nim an lc.

T Kheo Gic Gii Bodhislabhikkhu amo tassa bhagavato arahato sammsam-buddhassa. Knh l c Th Tn, ng Cng, Chnh Bin Tri ---o0o---

CHNG I - C S TRONG PHT GIO


I.1. T CHNG PHT GIO Trong Pht gio c bn hi chng (paris) l hi chng t kheo (bhikkhu), hi chng t kheo ni (bhikkhun), hi chng nam c s (upsaka), hi chng n c s (upsik). Hi chng t kheo l hi chng ca nhng nam tu s Pht gio gm c Sa di (smanera), l nhng v xut gia t b gia nh sng khng gia nh, chp nhn i sng phm hnh c thn. Sa di l v tu s tp s tr thnh v t kheo, v sa di tui t hai mi tr ln mi c php th c tc gii. Sa di bn Tng chng khng buc thi gian. Hi chng t kheo ni l hi chng ca nhng n tu s Pht gio, gm c sa di ni v hc n (smaer, sikkhmn). l nhng ngi n xut gia, t b gia nh sng khng gia nh, chp nhn i sng phm hnh c thn. Ngi n mi gia nhp ni chng phi qua hai nm th gii hc n mi lm sa di ni, th gii sa di ni qua hai nm v tui hai mi mi c th i gii t kheo ni. Hi chng nam c s l ch cho nhng thin nam t gia nh, cha xut gia, vn cn hng dc lc th tc. Nhng ngi nam ny c nim tin Tam bo, sng hin thin v to cc cng c. Hi chng n c s l nhng ngi n gia nh, cn hng dc lc th tc, cha xut gia thnh ni chng. H c nim tin Tam bo, sng hin thin v to cc cng c. Bn hi chng Pht gio, trong , hi chng t kheo v hi chng t kheo ni, l hi chng t xut gia ca c Pht. Hi chng nam c s v n c s l hi chng t ti gia ca c Pht.

---o0o--I.2. NGHA U-B-TC V U-B-DI Ngi sng i sng gia nh khng phi l v tu s ca gio hi, gi l ngi ti gia (gahaha) hay c s (gihi). Nhng c s theo o Pht c gi l U-b-tc v U-b-di. l ting c m ca danh t Phn ng Upsaka v Upsik. Upsaka (m l U-b-tc), dch l "Ngi phng s, ngi cn s", danh t ny ch cho nam c s nn c gi l "Cn s nam". Ngi ta cng thng gi ngi nam c s trong Pht gio l "Thin nam", nhng danh t ny khng dch ng vi ting Upsaka. Upsik (m l U-b-di), cng c ngha l ngi phng s, ngi cn s. Ting Upsik v Upsaka u c mt gc t "Upa + s". Danh t Upsik dng ch cho n c s nn c gi l cn s n. Ngi ta thng gi n c s trong Pht gio l "Tn n", cng khng phi dch ng vi ting Upsik. Hai danh t cn s nam v cn s n ng ngha vi ting upsaka v upsik (U-b-tc, U-b-di) hn l gi Thin nam v Tn n. Ngi ta quan nim ngi nam lm iu thin nhiu hn ngi n, nn mi gi l Thin nam; v ngi n th c c tin mnh hn ngi nam, nn gi l Tn n. Tht ra quan nim ny khng ng, v nu ngi khng c c tin th lm sao to thin s c? Ngi nam cng c c tin mnh. Cng nh i vi ngi n khng nhng ch c c tin, m ngi n vn tch cc lm iu thin vy. V gi l cn s nam v cn s n ng hn. ngha cn s nam v cn s n, cn c hiu l nhng c s c nim tin ni Pht-Php-Tng, trn i nguyn phng s Tam bo, lun lun sng theo s hng dn ca Tam bo. ---o0o--I.3. NHNG C S U TIN Cn s nam u tin trong Pht gio qui y nh bo.

Hai thng gia Tapussa v Bhallika - Vo tun l th by sau khi c o, c Th Tn ng ti ci cy Rjyatana. Lc by gi c hai thng gia tn Tapussa v Bhallika trn ng v qu, t Ukkhala i ngang qua ch c Pht ng, khi y hai thng gia ny c mt v ch thin vn l quyn thuc ca h, mch bo rng: "Cc bn i, c c Th Tn va gic ng, Ngi ang ng ti ci cy Rjyatana; cc v hy i n c Th Tn y v cng dng vi bnh bt v mt ong. S cng dng ny s mang li cho cc bn li ch an vui lu di". c nghe mch bo, hai thng gia ny lng trn y vui sng, vi dng xe, sp xp bnh v mt ong, ri cng nhau i n ch c Pht ng di tn cy Rjyatana. n ni hai ngi knh cn nh l c Pht v dng ln Ngi thc phm bnh v mt ong: "Bch c Th Tn, xin Ngi hy th nhn l phm ca chng con, bnh v mt ong cho chng con c s li ch an vui lu di". c Th Tn suy ngh: "Cc ng Nh Lai khng th nhn thc phm bng tay, vy ta nn th nhn bnh v mt ong ny bng ci chi y? Khi y, t i thin vng bit c ngh ca c Th Tn t bn hng hin ra mang bn ci bt dng ln c Pht, bch rng: "Bch c Th Tn, xin ngi hy th nhn bnh vo bn ci bt ny". c Th Tn ly bn ci bt v ch nguyn thnh mt, xong ngi th nhn bnh v mt bng ci bt c bit y ri th thc. Sau khi c Th Tn th thc xong hai thng gia Tapussa v Bhallika nh l di chn Ngi v xin qui y: "Bch c Th Tn, chng con xin qui y c Th Tn v qui y gio php. Xin c Th Tn thu nhn chng con l cn s nam, k t hm nay n trn i qui ngng".

Vo thi im ny cha c Tng bo nn h ch qui y Pht v Php. y l nhng cn s nam u tin trong Pht gio qui y nh bo (Pht bo v Php bo). Cn s nam u tin trong Pht gio qui y Tam bo Thn ph ca cng t Yasa - Sau khi c Th Tn Chuyn Php Lun ti Lc Uyn Isipatana gn thnh Bras, tip c nm t kheo Koaa (Kiu Trn Nh). By gi c tam Bo l Pht bo, Php bo, v Tng bo. Lc y ti thnh Bras (Ba-la-ni) c ng trng gi i ph h, l thn ph ca cng t Yasa. Mt ngy kia cng t Yasa khi ln t tng chn mi tc ly, v m khuya cht thc gic trng thy cnh cc c hu ng say trn sn nh, mi c l ra tt xu, lm mt ht v p thn tin, hin ra cnh tng ch chng khc no ngha a tha ma. Cng t chn ngn v m thm b nh ra i gia m thanh vng, hng v khu rng Isipatana. Va i, cng t Yasa va i va tht: "i! i qu bn cht, qu phin toi'. Chng va n ven rng th c Pht ti y ch i chng. Khi nghe li than th ca cng t Yasa, c Pht kh bo: "Hi Yasa, y khng bn cht, y khng phin toi. Hy n y, hi Yasa! hy ngi xung, ta s thuyt php cho ngi nghe". Cng t Yasa rt ngc nhin khi nghe c Pht bo, chng bng dng cm thy dt do nim hoan h. Chng lin ci i hia vng v i chn trn n gn c Pht, qu xung nh l Ngi v ngi qua mt bn. c Th Tn thuyt php cho cng t nghe, Ngi khch l, khai th vi php thoi tun t. Lin cng t Yasa chng qu Nhp lu. Rng sng hm y, ng trng gi thn ph ca Yasa i tm con. ng i hng v khu rng Isipa-tana. Bt cht cng gp c Th Tn ang ngi di mt tn cy trong khu rng y. Lc ny, c Th Tn dng thn thng che khut cng t Yasa, nn ng trng gi khng nhn thy con mnh ang ngi bn c Pht. ng trng gi n gn c Pht, cho Ngi v hi thm Ngi c nhin thy mt v cng t i qua y khng? c Pht bo ng ta hy ngi xung y trong giy lt s gp v cng t y. ng trng gi nghe li v ngi xung,

c Pht thuyt php cho ng nghe, vi php thoi tun t, Ngi khch l, khai th php nhn cho ng trng gi, ng c qu Tu hun ngay khi . ng nh l c Pht v xin qui y: "Bch c Th Tn, tht k diu! Bch c Th Tn, v nh ngi lt ln vt b p, hay nh ngi m ra vt b gi kn, hoc nh ngi ch ng cho k lc li, hoc nh ngi mang n vo bng ti cho k c mt c thy cnh sc; cng th y, gio php c c Th Tn dng nhiu phng tin ging gii. Bch c Th Tn, con xin qui y c Th Tn, qui y Gio php, qui y Tng chng; mong c Th Tn hy nhn con l cn s nam qui y k t hm nay n mng chung". y l ngi cn s nam u tin trong Pht gio qui y Tam bo (Pht bo - Php bo - Tng bo). Cn s n u tin trong Pht gio qui y Tam bo. Thn mu v hin th ca cng t Yasa -Trong khi c Pht ang thuyt php cho ng trng gi th cng t Yasa thm nghim li php v c qu A la hn. c Pht bit r iu nn Ngi thu hi thn thng, ng trng gi nhn thy con trai ca mnh, ng rt vui v bo con trai hy tr v nh an lng ngi m. c Pht ni vi ng trng gi rng: Yasa, con trai ca ng t n v lu tm gii thot th khng th tr lui li i sng th tc na. Nghe vy ng trng gi rt vui lng v ng l bc D Lu nn nhn thc r iu . Ri ng trng gi thnh c Pht cng cc t kheo n nh th thc ngy mai, c Pht nhn li, ng nh l Ngi v ra v. Sau , c Pht cho php Yasa th phm mo t kheo bng cch "Ehi bhikkhu" (Thin lai t kheo). Sng hm sau, c Th Tn cng tn gi Yasa l th gi, i n nh ca ng trng gi, cha ca tn gi Yasa. Ngi m v ngi v ca ngi Yasa bc ra nh l c Pht. c Pht thuyt tun t php thoi v ging v bn chn l cho nhng n c s y nghe. Cui thi php c hai ngi u chng qu D lu, t c lng tin bt ng ni Tam bo. Khi c php nhn ly trn v cu, h nh l c Pht, xin qui y:

"Bch c Th Tn, tht k diu! Bch c Th Tn, cng v nh ngi lt ln vt b p, hay ngi m ra vt b gi kn, hoc nh ngi ch ng cho k lc li, hay nh ngi em n vo bng ti cho k c mt thy c cnh sc; cng th y, gio php c c Th Tn dng nhiu phng tin ging gii. Bch c Th Tn, chng con xin qui y c Th Tn, qui y Gio php, qui y Tng chng, mong c Th Tn hy nhn chng con l nhng cn s n qui y k t hm nay n mng chung" ... y l nhng ngi cn s n u tin trong Pht gio qui y Tam bo. ---o0o--I.4. NHNG C S C CNG HNH LN Ngi c s xy dng ngi cha u tin trong Pht gio Vua Bimbisra (Bnh Sa Vng) - Khi thi t S-t-ta thot ly i sng th tc i tm chn l, tr thnh mt o s. Bui u o s Gotama ( l danh gi thi t S-t-ta, khi Ngi xut gia lm o s) cha kh hnh, Ngi kht thc nui mng. Ngi chn tr x ti khu rng tnh mch gn thnh Rjagaha (Vng x) ca x Magadha (Ma kit ). Khi y vua Bimbisra ang tr v x s ny, kinh ca vua l thnh Rjagaha. Mt hm c vua trng thy mt v o s ang i kht thc trn ng ph, vi dng v uy nghim khim tn, nhng biu hin tnh cch qu phi sang trng. c vua ly lm cm kch nn sai ngi i thm d. Bit c ni tr ng ca o s Gotama, nh vua bn khi gi cng m ty tng tm n ving o s hi thm Ngi l ai? sanh trng x no? o s Gotama tr li nh vua v qu hng v dng di xut thn ca Ngi. Nh vua cng n trng o s v khn thnh Ngi sau khi thnh chnh qu, tr li ving thm vng quc Magadha. ng theo li ha, sau khi c qu Chnh ng Gic, c Pht cng i vi ngn t A la hn t Gy n Rjagaha. Ni y, Ngi ng ti in Suppatittha, trong khu rng k (Lahivana). Tin lnh n tai vua Bimbisra v danh ting tt p ca c Pht cng c lan truyn cng khp vng quc. c vua bn dn theo m ng qun thn i n ving thm c Pht.

Nh vua n ni cung knh nh l c Pht v ngi xung mt bn, cc qun thn ca vua, c ngi nh l, c ngi x cho, c ngi thm hi x giao vi c Pht, ri tt c u ngi xung. on Tng s mt ngn v i theo c Pht chnh l nhm o s th la do Tn gi Uruvelakassapa (Ca-Dip) lnh o, by gi tr thnh t Pht. Lc y hi chng ty tng ca vua c s suy ngh phn vn, gia c Pht v Tn gi Ca-Dip, ai l thy, ai l t. c Pht bit c ngha ca h nn Ngi hi Tn gi Ca-Dip ti sao khng th la na, gii ta tm t ca hi chng. Tn gi Ca-Dip hiu c Pht, lin gii thch rng v mnh thy c con ng a n an vui gii thot nn b s th la v vic khng b ch. Ni xong Tn gi Ca-Dip khu u nh l di chn c Pht v xc nhn: "Bch c Th Tn, Ngi l o s ca con, con l t ca Ngi". Nghe vy tt c mi ngi u hoan h, dt nghi nan. c Pht hiu r tm t ca hi chng sn sng lnh hi php, Ngi ging cho h nghe tun t php thoi, lm cho h c hn hoan. Nghe c Pht thuyt php, nh sng chn l ri n mi ngi. c vua v hi chng ty tng c c qu v Tu hun; tt c u xin qui y Tam bo, thnh nhng cn s nam. Sau , vua Bimbisra cung thnh c Pht v ch Tng vo hong cung th trai ngy hm sau. Hm sau, c Pht v ch Tng ng n hong cung th thc. Khi cc ngi dng xong, c vua nh l Pht v ng li xin hin dng mt ni lm ch tr ng ca c Pht v Tng chng, c vua li mun bit ni no l thch hp cho ngi tu vin. c Pht tr li: 'Mt ni vng v khng xa cng khng gn thnh th, nhng ai mun, c th i n d dng, mt ni ban ngy khng n o, ban m yn tnh, khong khot v kn o, ni y s thch hp thin tnh". c vua Bimbisra ngh n khu Trc Lm (Veluvana) ca mnh hi nhng iu kin thch hp cho ngi tu vin nn tc bch hin cng Trc Lm ny n c Pht v ch Tng. c Pht nhn li, v cng chnh do duyn khi ny m c Pht cho php Tng chng nhn cha.

Khu Trc Lm t c tn gi l Veluvanrma (Trc Lm T), v y chnh l ngi t vin u tin trong Pht gio do c vua Bimbisra hin dng. Ngi c s h Tam bo tch cc Trng gi Anthapiika (Cp-c-c) - Ti kinh thnh Svatthi (X-v) c mt trng gi triu ph tn Sudatta tnh tnh ho phng, qung i. ng c hnh b th c bit, thng xuyn phn pht gip cho cc k ngho khng ni nng ta. Chnh v vy m ngi i gi tng ng vi m danh Anthapiika (Cp-c-c) ni ln cng hnh b th ca ng. Trng gi Anthapiika gp c Pht php do mt nhn duyn k ng. Mt ngy n, trng gi Anthapiika c vic i t Svatth n Rjagaha ving thm ngi anh v, thy ngi anh ang bn rn chun b mt cuc l, ng ngh l ngi anh mnh s t chc tic mng, hoc l cung nghinh c vua ng gi n nh. Khi hi ra mi bit ngi anh thit l trai n cng dng c Pht v ch Tng vo ngy mai. Thot nghe danh t "Buddha" (v gic ng, v Pht), ng Anthapiika rn ln nim hoan h v thit tha mun c din kin c Pht. m , ng khng th chp mt, lng c nao nao phn khch; cui cng khng ch n sng na, ng ra i trong m vng hng v Stavana, khu rng ni c Pht ang tr ng. Mt d xoa tn Sivakha dng thn lc thu ngn con ng cho ng, v nhng lc ng toan thi chuyn cuc hnh trnh v s hi m ti th d xoa khuyn khch, trn an ng ly li can m v tip tc bc i. Cui cng, ng Anthapiika cng n khu rng Stavana, c c Pht ang i kinh hnh ngoi tri, Ngi bit ng s n. c Pht gi tn tc ca ng, Sudatta, v bo ng n gn Ngi. ng Anthapiika ht sc vui mng c yt kin c Pht. K n c Pht thuyt php cho ng nghe. Sau khi nghe php, ng Anthapiika chng qu D lu (Tu hun), ng xin qui y Tam bo. ng nh l Pht v tr v nh ngi anh. Khi c Pht v ch Tng n nh ngi anh ca ng Cp-c-c khn khon thnh cu c Pht ng v kinh thnh Svatth. Qu hng ca ng,

v ng cng thnh Ngi nhp h y. c Pht nhn li, nhng Ngi gi vi ng rng: ch Pht ch thch ni vng v. ng Cp-c-c tha rng mnh hiu c Pht. ng t gi gia nh ngi anh v tr v Svatth vi v. V n Svatth, ng Cp-c-c tm mt ni thch hp ct cha. ng tm c khu vn ca thi t Jeta, l ni l tng, thch hp. ng mua li khu vn y vi gi "Lt nn bng vng", ngha l tri vng trn t din tch bao nhiu th ly by nhiu. c c din tch rng xy ct ngi cha K Vin (Jetavana), ng Cpc-c b ra 18 koi tin vng (1 koi l mi triu) mua t. V b ra 18 koi tin vng na xy ct ngi i t danh ting Jetavanamahvihra. Chnh ni ny c Pht an c mi chn ln trong cuc i Ngi, v phn ln cc bi php cng c c Pht thuyt ti y. Trong s gii Aguttaranikya v Dhammapada ghi rng: ng Cp-c-c h vt thc n ch T kheo, mi ngy 500 v; trong nh ng lun lun c 500 ch ngi c sp t sn cho bt c v khch Tng no t xa n khng kip thi gian i kht thc, gh qua nh ng th trai. ng thi ng Cp-c-c cng dng ln nhng ngi phc x bn cng thnh Svatth b th n nhng tn khch, nhng dn chng ngho kh, tn tt, c c khng ch dung thn. Gia nh ca trng gi Cp-c-c c bn ngi con, ba gi l tiu th Mahsubhadd, Clasubhadd, v Sumn, cng mt trai l cng t Kla. Ba nng tiu th tch cc gip cha trong vic h cng dng Tng chng; c ba u c thnh qu hu hc nh cha mnh, ring v nng Sumn th c T hm qu v cao hn ng Cp-c-c. Cng t Kla th thi gian u lu lng, ch bit tiu xi n chi, khng c nim tin Pht php. V sau, lc ngi cha cho tin thu cu ta i nghe c Pht thuyt php, duyn lnh chn mui cng t Kla chng qu D lu, t c nim tin bt thi ni Tam bo. Ngi con du ca ng Cp-c-c, v ca cng t Kla, bui u cng th, kiu ngo v c x t bc vi ngi trong gia nh nh chng; nhng v sau nh nghe c Pht thuyt bi php v by hng v, nng du y ci t qui chnh v tr nn hin thin.

Trng gi Cp-c-c l mt ngi ho sng ho tm, mt ngi ch gia nh gng mu, v l mt i th ch bc nht h Tng chng vo thi c Pht. ng c v tr quan trng trong hng c s Pht gio vi hnh b th x ti. i tn n Viskh - Mt n c s cng ch c qu Tu hun nh nhiu n c s khc vo thi c Pht, nhng li l mt tm gng sng cho hng cn s n. Nu k hng thin nam i th ch l ng Anthapiika (Cp-c-c), th trong hng tn n i th ch chnh l b Viskh. Mc d vai v v tui tc th b Viskh nh hn ng Cp-c-c, bi em gi t ca b Viskh l con du ca ng Cp-c-c. B Viskh l mt n nhn i phc, b ng u trong hng tn n, c c Th Tn xc nhn a v ti thng v h Tng chng, trong hng cn s n (Dyikna agg). B l con gi ca trng gi Dhanajaya, v l chu ni ca nh i ph Meaka thnh Bhaddiya x Aga. Thi th u b Viskh sng vi gia nh ti thnh Bhaddiya x Aga. Vo nm b c by tui, c Pht c ln ng n Bhaddiya cng on ch tng. B c nhn duyn din kin c Pht v nghe Ngi thuyt php. Nghe php xong Viskh chng c thnh qu D Lu. Th ri b theo cha di c n sng Sketa mt th trn thuc Kosala. B Viskh lp gia nh vo nm mi su tui. Trong s gii ni rng b l mt ph n hi nm v p thanh xun d n khi lung tui. Ngoi ra nm v p y, b Viskh li cn c tr tu hn ngi, sng sut trong mi vic nht l trong phm vi tinh thn o c. iu c bit khng ng c l mt m nhn du dng tha tht nh vy m li c sc mnh phi thng hn c nam nhn. Gia nh chng ca b l mt ni mn ng h i trong thnh Svatth, th nhng h theo o Ni- Kin-T, khng c nim tin Pht php, mt iu nghch li vi truyn thng tn ngng ca gia nh bn rut ca b, v b cm thy rt kh chu v b l mt thnh c s t Pht. Cha chng ca b Vis-kh, trng gi Migra, mt tn ca nhm o s la th, ng thng buc nng du phi phc v cc o s y khi h c mi n cng dng.

Mt ln, b Viskh lc trng thy cc o s la th, b t thi khng bng lng v b vo trong, khin ng trng gi tc gin kt ti nng du v php. B Viskh bnh tnh thng thn ng i. ng cha chng ui l nh i gin lm vui. Nhn c hi y b xin php cha chng cho b c t do sinh hot theo truyn thng tn ngng ca b. Trng gi Migra chp thun. B thnh c Pht v ch Tng v nh cng dng. c Pht thuyt php sau ba n. ng trng gi Migra ngi sau bc rm nghe trm, nghe xong thi php ng gic ng v chng qu Tu hun. ng bc ra nh l c Pht, v by t lng tri n v hn i vi nng du qu dn dt ng vo con ng gii thot, v tht cm ng, k t ngy y ng xem nng du Viskh nh mt ngi m. Cng chnh v vy m a chu ni u lng ca ng cho i, ng t tn l Migra, tn ca ng. V sau ngi ta gi B Viskh l Migramtu (m ca Migra) c hiu theo hai ngha. Nh khn kho, c tr tu v nhn ni, b dn dn cm ha mi ngi, v bin i gia nh bn chng tr thnh mt gia nh Pht t c chnh tn, sng trn ngp hnh phc. B Viskh hng ngy cng dng ch Tng ti nh, lun lun c 500 v T kheo. Bui chiu, b thng n cha nghe php, sau i quanh cha xem ch Tng c cn dng chi, lun c ch t kheo ni. B Viskh l ngi h Tng chng tn cn v c tm lo lng an nguy ca ch Tng. Chnh v th c nhiu s kin lin quan n s gii lut tng gi, b c mi c mt can thip, a kin hoc thm xt, nh v n t kheo ni mu thn ca i c Kumrakassapa chng hn. B Viskh xin c Pht chp nhn cho b tm c n trong vic h ch Tng ti Svatth: 1- Dng y tm ma n ch tng, sut i b. 2- Cng dng nhng khch Tng va mi n. 3- Cng dng cc v Tng sp ri khi. 4- Dng thc phm n nhng v Tng au bnh. 5- Dng thc phm n nhng v Tng nui bnh. 6- Dng thuc men n v Tng b bnh. 7- Dng cho sng n ch tng. 8- Dng y n ch t kheo ni.

c Pht chp nhn cho b tm c n ny. C mt hm b Viskh cng ngi n t i n cha nh l Pht v nghe php. Khi n cng cha b ci chic o chong nh ngc qu gi, gi li v giao cho ngi n t cm gi v b ngh l mc sang trng trc mc c Pht l khng phi l. Sau khi nghe php ra v, ngi n t qun li o chong y cha, Tn gi nanda lm theo li dy ca c Pht, nht ct gi tm ch tr li cho ch. Khi b Viskh hay rng ngi n t b qun gi trong cha th b sai tr li ly nu cha c ai chm n. Ngi n t tr li cha, v v trnh s vic ngi nanda tm ct gi. B lin n hu c Pht v ng mun lm mt thin s bng s tin bn chic o chong y, c Pht dy xy ct mt ngi cha cng vo pha ng thnh Svatthi. B rt hoan h v t thn mua li chic o chong, ri dng s tin y kin to mt ngi cha t tn l Pubbrma (ng Phng T) cng dng n c Pht. B Viskh sng th n 120 tui. B c rt nhiu con chu, tt c u hiu tho. Tht l mt ngi c y phc lc th. Lng y Jvaka - Mt v thy thuc ti gii, giu tm o, thng xuyn gn c Pht chm lo sc khe Ngi, v tr bnh cho ch Tng. ng Jvaka cn c gi bng mt tn na l Jvakakomrabhacca. Jvaka l con trai ca nng Slavat, mt k n trong thnh Rjagaha. Khi mi cho i, b b ri trn mt ng rc bn ng, nm trong ci thng. Hong t Abhaya con vua Bimbisra, tnh c i ngang qua pht hin c a b cn sng nn mang v nui. V hi nhi "Cn sng" nn hong t t tn l "Jvaka", v c hong t nui nng nn c gi l "Komrabhacca". Ln ln ng theo hc ngh y vi v danh y Takkasil ht by nm, v thnh ti. ng tr thnh v thy thuc gii, c bit l khoa phu thut. Sch ghi rng ng hai ln thnh cng m mn cuc gii phu cho mt nh triu ph mc bnh nhc u kinh nin. ng cng tng c vua Bimbisra c i n x Ujjeni tr bnh cho vua Candappajjota, thnh cng. Lng y Jvaka c duyn lnh vi Pht php, ng qui y Tam Bo v chng qu Tu hun.

Sau khi vua Bimbisra bng h, Thi t Ajtasattu ln ngi, ng vn tip tc c lu dng, v ng c ln tin dn vua Ajtasattu n din kin c Pht ti khu rng xoi Ambavana nh vua c dp ci hi v ti c git cha son ngi, quay u hng thin trong Pht Php. Cng nh vy m vua Ajtasattu bt i mc cm ti li v tr thnh mt Pht t thun thnh. Chnh nh vua bo tr ch thnh Tng kt tp kinh in ln th nht sau khi c Pht vin tch ba thng. ng Jvaka hin khu rng xoi ca mnh cho c Pht v ch Tng, ng xy ct mt tu vin ni y v thy rng Veuvana (Trc Lm) qu xa ng n chm sc sc khe ca Tng chng. Mi ngy ng n ving thm c Pht hai ln v chm sc sc khe cho Ngi. ng cng nhit tm lo cha tr cho Tng chng bt c v t kheo b bnh u c ng iu tr, khng h xao lng vi phn s, mc d ng rt bn rn vi cng vic x hi. Trong Lut tng c ghi nhn mt s vn c lin quan n danh y Jvaka. Nh vic ng ngh c Pht ban hnh lut thu nhn ngi xut gia vo Tng chng phi hn ch nhng ngi mc cc th bnh ly nhim. Nguyn nhn l thi c nhng ngi mc bnh him ngho, h xut gia lm t kheo c lng y Jvaka iu tr min ph v tn tnh (Vin.I.71). Cng theo li yu cu ca ng, nn c Pht cho php cc t kheo hot ng th dc nh i b, qut nh v.v... c sc khe (Vin.II.119). ng Jvaka c c Pht xc nhn l mt cn s nam c dn chng knh mn nht (agga puggalappasannna) (A.I.26). Vua Pasenadi Kosala (Ba-T-Nc) - Mt v vua m tn tui gn b vi cuc i hong php ca c Pht, hn cc v vua khc, v Svatth (X v) c hai ngi cha m c Pht hai mi lm ln nhp h ti , mi chn ln ti Jetavanavihra, su ln ti Pubbrma. Vua Pasenadi l v vua x Kosala (Kiu Tt La) kinh ca vua l thnh Svatth (X V), sng cng thi c Pht. Ngi l con trai ca vua Mahkosala, t thu nh c hc cc hc ngh ti trng Takkasil, ni o to nhng nhn ti hong tc ng i t cc x

s nh thn vng Licchav Mahali v thi t dng Malla l Malla Bandhula - sau tr thnh thng soi ca vua Pasenadi. T Takkasil tr v Kosala, ph vng ngi rt hi lng v ti nng ca ngi qua nhiu mn ngh thut nn nhng ngi vua li cho ngi. Khi tc v vng quyn, vua Pasenadi em ht ti ngh cng vi nhit tm iu hnh vn nc c hng cng, ng thi nh vua thc hin chnh sch bang giao tt p vi cc nc lng ging, c vua cng lm phong ph i sng ni tm bng cch tm n thn giao vi cc bc hin tr. Vua Pasenadi tr thnh tn Pht gio trong thi k u hong ha gio php ca c Pht. Ngi l ngi thn tn v phng s c Th Tn cho n lc mng chung, mc d nh vua khng phi l v thnh c s nh vua Bimbisra. Vua Pasenadi cng chn tui vi c Pht, nhng nh vua ht sc tn knh c Pht. Trong kinh m t mi ln vua n ving thm c Pht, nh l th phc st di chn Ngi v p mt trn i bn chn ca Ngi. Cng c th v c Pht v vua Pasenadi cng tui vi nhau, do c nhng cuc lun m din ra thn mt, v trung thc thng thn. Trong Sa-yuttanikya phm Tng ng Kosala, ghi li gm 25 giai thoi, mi giai thoi l mt phng o c do vua Pasenadi nu ln vn vi c Pht hoc c Pht a vn ging cho vua Pasenadi. Nhng ti bn lun y c nhiu v khc bit nhau. c vua tn ty trong vic bo v thanh danh ca c Pht vTng chng, p o mi hnh ng ca k xu c tnh bi nh Pht gio, nh trong v n nng Sundarnand l in hnh. c vua cng tch cc can thip nhng s vic gt mc c lin quan Tng chng nhm gi vng s trong sch ca Tng on gio hi, nh trng hp ca v t kheo ni mu thn ngi Kumrakassapa, hoc nh chuyn t kheo Koadhna. Trong gii lut ca t kheo c iu lut ng i Tr nh vic tm gin nc, cng nh s gi ca vua Pasenadi vi c Pht. Hong cung vua nhn thng ra dng sng Aciravat, mt ln vua ng trn sn thng thy cc v t kheo tm gin nc di sng khng p mt. Nh vua kho lo

bch trnh ln c Pht vic y, v c Pht nhn ch nh hc gii v s gin nc ca T kheo. Tuy tr thnh t Pht nhng vua Pase-nadi vn khng b c thi quen nh l nhng ngoi o s khc. Nh vua vn c s i m v khoan dung i vi cc gio ch ngoi gio hay cc t ca h. V cha t c thnh tri kin nn nh vua c nhng t tng lch lc vi chnh php, i khi c nhng hnh ng sai lm, sut gy nn ti c. C ln mt cuc l t thn phi git tht nhiu sc vt v ng nhi, m chnh vua Pasenadi cho xc tin v ch thn chun b chu o. May nh c hong hu Mallik ca vua can ngn v thuyt phc c vua hy nh ch t n y i n gp c Pht. Mt cu chuyn khc ghi li rng, c vua v luyn i mt ph n khi ngi ci nga do chi trong kinh thnh. Khi bit c nng y c chng, chim ot ngi ph n, nh vua ra lnh cho ngi chng phi ra i vo ban chiu em v cho c mt loi hoa sng qu him v t st trng hoa sng mt ni cch xa kinh thnh hng trm do tun, thi hn phi c mt l ngy hm sau. Nu tr thi hn s b ti cht. Ngi n ng c gng tri qua cuc hnh trnh, rng sng v n thnh nhng cng thnh c lnh vua phong ta khng m, ngi y s hi ln trn vo cha Jetavana. Nh vua sut m cng khng an gic c v s i ca mnh. Sng dy, vua ra khi thnh v n Jetavana ving thm c Pht. Tnh c gp c ngi n ng y cng ang ngi hu c Pht. c Pht nghe c hai k li tm trng ca mnh, Ngi thuyt php gii ta s phin toi ca i bn. Vua Pasenadi v n ung v nn thng xuyn b bnh. Mt ln vua n thm c Pht, c Pht khuyn nh vua hy tit li trong vic n ung, Ngi dy cho vua mt bi k lm iu rn v vn m thc. Vua Pasenadi thc hnh theo v khe mnh li nh xa. Vua cng knh thng c Pht. Vua Pasenadi may mn hn cc v vua khc c nghe c Pht thuyt cho nghe rt nhiu bi php. Trong Sayuttanikya, phm Kosalavagga ghi li y cc bi php nh vy. c vua cng l mt bc i th ch vo thi c Pht. Nh s c vn ca hong hu Mallik, vua t chc l cng dng c Pht v ch Tng tht long trng, vi 500 con voi cm lng ng hu Tng chng; c vua tranh

ua vi dn chng, cui cng th dn chng phi nhng b khng theo kp. Cuc i th ny cn gi l "i l v song th". c vua t ra ho phng, khi bit c v i thn Juha l ngi c tm hoan h trong cuc b th ca mnh, vua bn ban thng trng hu, ng thi cho i thn Juha lm vua by ngy ty thch lm vic b th. V pha v i thn Ka, l ngi t ra bt mn vi vic b th ny ca nh vua, nn vua trut ph chc v v trc xut ra khi vng quc Kosala. Theo s gii Jtaka th vua Pasenadi c xy dng mt ngi tnh x trc cha Jetavana cng dng n c Pht, ngi tnh x ny c tn l Rjagahrma. Vua Pasenadi bng h trc ngy c Pht vin tch, th 80 tui. Nh vua cht trong cnh c n, ti mt ngi nh tr ngoi thnh. Ngi c s h php quan trng Vua Asoka (A-Dc vng) - Mt v i ca n sau thi c Pht, mt v c s i h php m c l cha c v vua no snh bng, t trc ti nay. Tn tui ca v vua ny gn lin vi nn ngh thut, vn ha Pht gio. Hong Asoka xut hin vo th k th ba trc Ty lch, khong 200 nm sau khi c Pht np bn. Ngi l con ca vua Bimbisra x Campala. Ngi c mt ngi em rut na l hong Vitasoka. V sau hong Vitasoka xut gia vo Pht gio v c A la hn. Thu thiu thi, hong Asoka khng c vua cha yu chung bi ngi c thn hnh xu x, tay chn th kch nhm nha, mc d ti nng vt tri cc v hong t khc - anh em mt cha khc m vi ngi. Thi y trong nc thng c lon lc do cc x ln cn xm ln. Vua cha, v khng a hong t Asoka nn lun ban lnh cho hong t i chinh pht vi mt lc lng qun i yu km, binh m v qun nhu ti t. Th nhng do ti thao lc, hong t Asoka lc no cng em chin thng tr v. Vua cha ca hong t Asoka cn c nhiu ngi con khc, trong s c mt hong t m vua cha rt yu chung v chn lm ng cung Thi t

ni ngi, hong t y tn l Susima. Nhng hong t Susima tnh tnh kiu cng v hung d nn khng c lng ca vn v triu thn. H cng nhau ch dp s lp hong t Asoka ln ngi. Th ri c hi cng n, ngy kia x Takkasil ni lon, vua Bindusra sai ng cung Susima mang i qun dp lon, nhng tht bi. Hay tin chng lnh, vua cha th bnh v truyn lnh hong t Asoka em binh tip ng cho ng cung Susima. Cc v i thn xi gic hong t Asoka co bnh khng xut chinh. Cc i thn thy vua Bin-dusra bnh cng lc cng trm trng, bn vo triu tu vua xin nhng ngi li cho hong t Asoka, v h t an by tn hong t Asoka ln ngi, d vua cha khng chp nhn. Vua Bindusra qu tc gin th huyt m bng h. Hay tin y, ng cung Susima tc tc ko binh v thnh Ptaliputta dnh li ngi vua. Vua Asoka lp k tiu dit c ng cung Susina. Sau khi dit c ci gai Susima, vua Asoka bn bt git nhng quan thn m trc y khinh thng mnh v thn hnh xu x. Nh vua li cho lp ra cnh a Ngc Bng Lai hnh hnh ti nhn, bn ngoi chn y tht hu tnh ngon mc chng khc Bng lai tin cnh, nhng bn trong th cnh tng rng rn nh chn a ngc, c rt nhiu cch hnh hnh tht d man. Mt khc, vua Asoka li l v vua hiu st. Nh vua ct binh chinh pht cc nc ch hu, gy nn cnh tang thng cht chc kinh hong. Trong cuc chinh pht y, th thm nht l x Kaliga, mi mun qun s b t trn, mi lm mun qun khc b bt lm t binh em lu y, v v s dn chng b st hi, thy cht thnh ni, mu chy thnh sng. S hiu st v tnh hung bo ca nh vua lm cho dn chng ta thn s hi, h t tn nh vua l Casoka (c vng Asoka). Th ri mt ngy kia, c v t kheo tr tui tn l Samudda vo thnh Ptaliputta kht thc, v tnh i ngang qua chn a ngc bng lai, v mi mt v thy cnh mt m hu tnh nn v y dng chn ngi ngh mt. Bn cai ngc bt gi t kheo Samudda v giam vo i lao.

T kheo Samudda tranh th thi gian y, tinh tn thin nh, ly cnh kh lun hi lm ti qun nim, n lc ngy m bt thi chuyn, vi ngy sau v y chng c A la hn qu vi thn thng. Vo ngy th tm, bn cai ngc dn Ngi ra hnh hnh, b vo cho du v t la. Ngi Samud-da ngi nhp nh thn nhin trong cho du khng h hn g. c vua Asoka c bo tin l lng y, vi v ng n ngc tht xem s tnh. Lc y, Ngi Samudda bay ln ngi kit gi trn khng trung. c vua sanh tm kinh s lin chp tay nh l i c Samudda v yu cu i c Samudda gii thch iu k diu ny. i c Samudda bn thuyt php cho nh vua nghe, v khuyn nh vua hy b d v lnh, m lng t bi bc i, thng xt thn dn, em li an vui hnh phc cho mun loi; ng thi Ngi cng nhc cho nh vua bit li tin tri ca c Pht cch y 200 nm, v nh vua s l bc thnh vng h php c nhiu cng c trong vic phng th x li v truyn b chnh php trong th gian. Nghe c li ging dy cao qu, c vua Asoka xc ng mnh lit v khi ln nim tnh tn ni Tam Bo, bn qu xung tc bch rng: "Bch i c, t trc n nay trm gy nhiu c nghip. Nay trm xin thnh tm sm hi cc ti phc thin. Trm xin qui y Pht - Php - Tng to nhng vic lnh k t ngy nay n trn i". i c Samudda phn rng: "Sdhu! Sdhu! Lnh thay! Lnh thay! ri Ngi bin i mt. Vua Asoka lin h lnh ph hy chn a ngc bng lai y, v bt u t y, nh vua tn tm h php v dy bo dn chng sng o c theo tinh thn Pht gio. Thn dn trong nc thy vua thay i tm tnh v tr nn lng khoan hng, bn tng cho vua m danh l Dhammsoka (Php Vng Asoka hay Minh Vng Asoka). Nh da trn tinh thn Pht gio, em chnh php p dng vo chnh sch cai tr ca vua Asoka nn t nc n by gi c thi bnh thnh tr, hng cng vo bc nht. c vua Asoka v thng nht ton lnh th n , thnh v i , quyn hnh rng ln bao gm cc nc ch hu. Nn sau khi qui y theo Pht gio ri, c vua t thn n thnh Rjagaha thnh trn phn X Li Pht c

an v trong thnh thp m vua Ajtasattu kin to, mang v Ptaliputta; c vua cng ra lnh cho su v vua x ch hu mang np tt c X Li c Pht trong x ca h c chia st ti Kusinr sau l tr t kim thn c Pht. Sau c vua Asoka khin th lm 84.000 hp nh bng vng chm tr kho lo v 84.000 ci bnh ln hn cng bng vng, ri phn chia X Li lm 84.000 phn u nhau v an tr vo 84.000 ci hp nh, t vo 84.000 ci bnh ln. Xong vic, c vua cho phn pht khp ni x n . Ch no cng xy ngi thp tn tr X Li. Cch thc qui nh l ch c dn c t 10 triu, xy thp X Li, bn ch ng tm, xy thp X Li, mi ni no c s tch lin quan n c Pht khi Ngi cn ti th, xy thp X Li. c vua Asoka khuyn khch hong Vitasoka xut gia theo Pht php, ng thi cng cho hong t Mahinda v cng cha Saghamitt gia nhp gio hi t kheo, t kheo ni, c ba v ny u chng qu A la hn. c vua Asoka xy dng v s kin trc n th c chm tr nhng s tch c Pht v khc ch d ca vua trn nhng bia khuyn bo dn chng sng theo Pht php, li dng ct tr ni bn thnh a ng tm lu du tch: n Sanh, Thnh o, Chuyn Php Lun, Np Bn ca c Pht. c vua Asoka sau khi cho hai ngi con xut gia, tr thnh quyn thuc tha k Pht gio nn cng tnh tn Tam Bo. Mi ngy c vua xut ra 500.000 ng Kahpana cng dng t s n Tng chng y di do. Cng v th m cc nhm tu s ngoi o xm nhp vo Tng on Pht gio sng ln ln vi cc v t kheo chn chnh th hng li lc v ngoi h b thiu thn. H gia nhp hng Tng chng nhng vn c s hnh phi php t kin. Do , ni b ch Tng b xo trn khng th hnh Tng s vi nhau c, tnh trng ko di sut by nm. Sau , ch t kheo trnh s kin ny cho c vua bit. c vua Asoka c c tin Pht php, thy mnh phi c trch nhim chn hng Pht gio, nn c vua hc hi chnh php t v Thnh Tng Moggalliputtatissa. Th ri c vua thnh mi tt c ch t kheo trong thnh hp hi ti cha Asakrma t chc mt cuc vn o. c vua lm gim kho st hch php lut tng v t kheo do ch Trng lo lm hi ng chng minh. Cui cng qua cuc thanh lc, c vua loi ra c 60.000 v t kheo gi mo, cho hon tc thnh ngi c s.

Khi Tng chng c thanh lc, Trng lo Moggalliputtatissa hp Tng 6 triu t kheo hnh Tng s Uposatha. Ngi chn ra 1000 v t kheo A la hn tu phn tch, thng thuc tam tng v ch gii kt tp kinh in. c vua Asoka bo tr cho k kt tp ny. y l k kt tp tam tng ln th ba, vo nm Pht lch 235. c vua Asoka khng nhng h ch Tng pht trin Pht gio trong nc, m cn h tr Tng truyn b Pht gio sang cc nc ln cn. Vo nm Pht lch 236, sau khi kt tp kinh in, Ngi Moggalliputtatissa bit c Pht gio s c hng thnh ngoi quc ch khng ti n , nn Ngi c ch trng lo i truyn b Pht gio sang cc x ln bang, gm c chn on. c vua Asoka rt quan tm v gip chn on s gi c thun li i n cc x truyn o. c vua Asoka l bc c s i h php vi nhng cng trnh nh vy, v cho n cui cuc i, nh vua vn cn ngh n vic cng dng Tam bo bng cch li di ngn cho cc quan tha hnh dng ht ci t Dim Ph (n ) n Tam bo. Cc quan phi xut quc kh mua li giang sn cho v tn vng. Xt v lng tnh tn bt ng i vi Tam Bo th vua Asola khng bng trng gi Anthapiika v i tn n Viskh, v hai v ny l bc thnh Tu hun. Nhng ni v cng trnh chn hng v truyn b Pht gio th c vua Asoka vn chim u th hn. ---o0o--I.5. QU V TU HNH CA NGI C S C bn qu v (phala) tu hnh ca i sng phm hnh: 1- Qu v Nhp Lu (Sotpattiphala) cng gi l D lu, S qu, Tu hun. Gi l Nhp lu hay D lu, ngha l d vo dng thnh vc; khi c qu v ny ri th khng cn l phm phu tnh, m l bc thnh, nhng l thnh Hu hc. Gi l s qu v y l thnh qu th nht trong bn thnh qu. Gi l Tu hun, tc l c m ca ting Sotpatti.

V thnh nhp lu on tr ba kit s l: thn kin, hoi nghi v gii cm th. V thnh nhp lu c th cn ti sanh nhng khng qu by ln (v vy cng gi l Tht lai), v nu c ti sanh cng ch sanh ci vui, nht nh khng sanh a vo 4 kh cnh. 2- Qu v Nht lai (Sakadgmiphala), cng gi l Nh qu, T hm. Gi l Nht lai, v bc ny nu c ti sanh na th ch mt ln sanh li ci dc ri c v d y Np bn. Gi l nh qu, v y l thnh qu th hai trong bn thnh qu, qu v cao hn nhp lu, nhng cng l thnh hu hc. Gi l T hm, tc l c m ca ting Sakadgmi. V thnh Nht lai tip tc gim tr hai kit s l: dc i v sn. 3- Qu v Bt lai (Angmiphala), cng gi l Tam qu, A na hm. Gi l Bt lai, v bc ny s khng cn ti sanh li ci dc na, v y s ha sanh vo ci Tnh c sc gii v v d y Np bn . Gi l tam qu, v y l thnh qu th ba trong bn thnh qu, l qu hu hc cao hn Tu hun v T hm. Gi l A na hm, tc l c m ca ting Angmi. V thnh Bt lai hon ton on dit nm h phn kit s l: thn kin, hoi nghi, gii cm th, dc i v sn. 4- Qu v ng Cng (Arahattaphala), cng gi l t qu, A la hn. Gi l ng Cng, v l bc xng ng cng dng bi ngi i. Gi l t qu v y l qu v th t, qu v cao tt trong bn thnh qu. Gi l A la hn, tc c m ca ting Arahatta hay Araha. V thnh A la hn hon ton thanh tnh phin no, ct t nm thng phn kit s cn d st, l i sc, i v sc, ng mn, phng dt, v v minh.

V A la hn khng cn s ti sanh, nn gi l bc v sanh, v y phm hnh thnh, vic nn lm lm, gnh nng t xung, nn gi l bc v hc. i vi bn qu v phm hnh ny, ngi ti gia c s u c th t c c. Tuy vy, vi phm mo c s kh c ngi c qu A la hn, nu c th khng gi c th mng lu di. Mt ngi c s nu c A la hn, c hai s kin xy ra, mt l phi lp tc thay i phm mo thnh bc xut gia, hai l phi vin tch Np bn ngay trong ngy hm y. Trong kinh Milindapah, c vua Milinda bch hi ngi Ngasena ti sao ngi c s khng duy tr c mng khi c qu v A la hn? Ngi Ngasena gii thch rng, v phm mo ca c s qu thp thi yu km, khng kham ni vi qu v cao thng A la hn. Ngi c th d: ngi bng yu khng n c vt thc kh tiu ha, hoc nh bi c lau khng nng ni tng t ln, hoc nh ngi bn tin dt nt khng kham ni a v vng v.v... Nhng c s c A la hn vn c, nh l vua Tnh Phn (Suddhodana), i thn Santati, du s Bhiya-drucariya v.v... Phm mo c s ch c th kham ni v tng xng vi qu v thnh hu hc Tu hun, T hm, v A na hm. Nhng v c s A na hm th sng ly thn vi gia nh v php tnh ca v thnh ny dit dc. V c s T hm th cng khng my thit tha vi i sng gia nh v bc y hn ch dc vng. a phn c s vo thi c Pht chng t qu v Tu hun, mt qu v bt thi nim tin Tam bo v chc chn ang hnh trnh o l n Np-bn. Nhng c s c Tu hun, nh ng Anthapiika, ng Jvika, vua Bimbisra, b Viskh v.v... Nhng c s c T hm, nh Suman con gi ng Cp-c-c, Mahnma ng hong Thch ca v.v... Nhng c s c A na hm, nh thin nam Chattapni Svatth, gia ch Citta Macchiksada, gia ch Ugga Vesli, M ca thn trng Mtikgma, cha v m ca nng Mgandiya v.v...

Cc v ch thin phm thin cng gi l c s v cc chng sanh ny khng c phm mo xut gia. H cng c qu v thnh nhn v s k mi khi c Pht thuyt php. ---o0o--I.6. VAI TR C S TRONG PHT GIO c Pht c tm i bi vi chng sanh, Ngi thuyt php va theo trnh v hon cnh ca mi ngi, h c th thc hnh theo gio php hu c an vui hnh phc v gii thot khi kh lun hi nh Ngi. Gio php ca c Pht ng dng cho c hai gii xut gia v ti gia. Ngi c s trong Pht gio cng c trch nhim nng n i vi vic tn vong ca chnh php. c Pht c thuyt rng: " y, sau khi Nh Lai nhp dit, cc t kheo, cc t kheo ni, nam c s, n c s sng tn trng v qui thun bc o S, sng tn trng v qui thun gio php, sng tn trng v qui thun Tng chng, sng tn trng v qui thun hc gii, sng tn trng v qui thun ln nhau. y l nguyn nhn chnh php c tn ti lu di sau khi Nh Lai vin tch" (A.III.247). Ngi c s Pht gio, ng ngha l cn s nam v cn s n khng phi l ngi chi n vi Pht gio nh mt hc gi nghin cu trit hc ng phng. M phi nhn thc r vai tr ca mnh i vi Pht php, phi thit tha sng theo tinh thn li dy ca c Pht hng tm mc ch gii thot, thnh tu hnh phc tht s. Ngi c s chn chnh trong Pht gio c hai vai tr: 1. Vai tr ngi h php (Dhammarakkhaka). 2. Vai tr ngi tha t php (Dhammadyadaka). Vai tr h php H php tc l h tr Tam bo: h tr Pht bo, h tr Php bo, h tr Tng bo.

H tr Pht bo, gi l h php. V rng c Pht l bc gic ng chn l, bc tm ra php gii thot, bc knh trng chnh php. Do vy, s h tr Pht bo cng gi l h php. H tr Php bo, gi l h php. V rng gio l ca c Pht l php em n s an vui cho chng sanh thit thc hin ti, li ch tng lai, v thot khi lun hi. Gi vng gio php cho ng tinh thn chnh php, khng b mai mt, b sai lch vn c ngha li dy ca c Pht. gi l h php. H tr Tng bo, gi l h php. V rng Tng chng l nhng v t tha hnh gio l ca c Pht, truyn tha Pht php tn ti trong th gian ngay khi c Pht cn ti th v sau khi c Pht np bn. Tng chng cn l Gio php cn, do s h tr Tng bo cng l h php. a) H tr Pht Bo Ngi c s h tr Pht bo bng bn hnh thc sau y: 1- Gi vng nim tin i vi c Pht, khng c hoi nghi s gic ng ca Ngi. 2- Hng tn dng c Pht v hoan h ngi khc tn dng c Pht. 3- Thng xuyn l bi c Pht qua hnh, tng, x li. 4- Xy dng n thp, tn th Pht cnh trang nghim tn vinh c Pht. Nu khng c kh nng t mnh lm th ng h ngi khc cng lm. Vic th phng c Pht, ngi c s lm vai tr y l hp l hn cc v xut gia. Khi c Th Tn sp vin tch, tn gi nanda bch hi Ngi v vic x s i vi thn X Li ca Th Tn phi nh th no? c Pht bo rng: "Ny nanda, cc ngi ch bn lo vic th phng X Li ca Nh Lai; hy tinh tn t li, hy chuyn cn t li, hy sng n lc nhit tm, khng d dui. Ny nanda, c cc hin tr St l, cc hin tr B la mn, cc hin tr gia ch tn ngng Nh Lai, nhng ngi y s th phng thn x li ca Nh Lai" (D.II.141). b) H tr Php bo Ngi c s h tr Php bo bng nm hnh thc sau y:

1- Gi vng nim tin i vi gio php, khng c hoi nghi v hiu nng hng thng ca Gio php. 2- Sing nng hc hi gio php, th tr ng chnh php, khng m tn d oan, khng xu hng ngoi o. 3- Hoan h cng dng n cc v t kheo, sa di l bc a vn, nhng v hc php, hnh php v duy tr gio php. 4- C s u t trong vic chn hng Pht php khi thy c du hiu bi suy thoi, b ph hoi. 5- Ty kh nng ca mnh, h tr ch Tng kt tp kinh in, in n sch kinh, m trng lp Pht hc v.v... T thi c Pht c nhng tm gng c s h php nh ng Anthapiika, b Viskh, vua Pasenadi, sau ny c vua Asoka ... chng nhng h cng dng vt cht h c Pht v Tng chng m h cn rt quan tm h tr chnh php, cng c Pht php, lm sao cho gio php hng thnh. Ngi c s h tr chnh php ni bc nht l c vua Asoka (A Dc vng). Vi quyn hnh ca mnh, nh vua c gng hc Pht php cho thng sut sng lc ra nhng v tu s gi danh gy xo trn trong Pht gio, nh vua cng nhit tm h ch Tng kt tp kinh in ln th ba, nh vua cng tn tm gip ch Tng i hong php m mang Pht gio n cc nc ln bang ... c) H tr Tng bo Ngi c s h tr Tng bo bng nm hnh thc sau y: 1- C nim tin vng chc ni Tng chng, khng v l do mt vi phn t c nhn xu m mt nim tin vi Tng chng. 2- Thng xuyn h cng dng cc nhu cu vt cht n ch tng. 3- Lun lun bo v uy tn v thanh danh cho Tng chng. 4- Quan tm n s an nguy thnh suy ca Tng chng, ng vui cng kh vi ch tng. 5- i x vi Tng chng bng s knh trng v nhu thun. Cc c s thi c Pht nh ng Jvakakomrabhacca, b Viskh, vua Pasenadi ... l nhng ngi h Tng tiu biu, va h thc phm, va bo v thanh danh ch tng, va kho gp nhc nh nhng v c hnh vi sai tri chn chnh gio hi tt p.

Vai tr tha t php Tha t (dyada) l s k tha, tha hng, nh l tha t ti sn, tha hng gia sn v.v... tha t php l k tha Gio php ca c Pht. Trong kinh Trung B, c Th Tn c dy rng: "Ny cc t kheo, cc ngi hy l ngi tha t php ca ta, ng l ngi tha t ti vt Dhamma-dyd me bhikkhave bhavatha m misadyd" -- (M.I.12). vai tr tha t php, ngi c s c ba phn s: - Hc hi gio l - Thc hnh gio php - Duy tr Pht gio a) Hc hi gio l lnh hi nhng tinh hoa Pht php v c c chnh kin, ngi c s phi sing nng hc hi gio l, a thch tm hiu Pht php. S hc hi gio l cho thng sut, gi l tha t php. V nh mt ngi con k tha s nghip ca ng cha, l phi bit c gi tr nhng g m ng cha li, cng vy, gio php m ng t ph li, t xut gia hay ti gia phi chuyn cn hc tp bit c gi tr ca gio php y, nh th mi ng gi l t tha t php. Ngi c s hc hi gio l bng nhiu phng tin, c th bng cch nghe ch Tng thuyt Pht php. Hoc c th hc hi bng cch nghin cu tham kho kinh sch Pht gio. Hoc c th hc hi bng cch tm gp nhau m lun Pht php. Cc c s thi xa khi n ving thm c Pht hay cc v T kheo, bao gi h cng hoan h nghe php, thit tha hc gio php, nh vua Pasenadi, ng Anthapiika, b Viskh v.v... C vy mi xng ng gi l c s tha t php. b) Thc hnh gio php Ngi c s khng phi ch n thun l ngi c tn ngng tn gio, l ngi theo o Pht. Ngi c s phi sng theo php, thc hnh gio php,

chp nhn gio php ng dng vo i sng nh l mt nhu cu khng th thiu. Ngi c s c thc hnh nh vy mi hng c hng v tuyt vi ca gio php, nh khi c nm qua mn n ri mi thng thc c hng v ca mn n . Gi l ngi c s tha t php, phi tht s cm nhn c s c th ca chnh php qua kinh nghim tu tp. Ngi c s ngoi vic hc hi gio l thng sut, cn phi thc hnh na. Khi no cn ngi thc hnh theo gio php th khi Pht php cn tn ti, bi th vai tr tha t php ca ngi c s cng rt quan trng. S thc hnh gio php, tc l hnh theo ba iu cn bn: "Khng lm cc iu c" (Sabbappassa akaraa). Ngha l ngi c s sng n trnh khng lm iu ti li nh st sanh, trm cp, t dm, ni di, ni chia r, ni c c, ni v ch, tham lam, sn hn v t kin. "Thc hin cc vic lnh" (Kusalassa upasampad). Ngha l ngi c s thit tha lm nhng iu thin nh b th, tr gii, tu tin, cung knh, phc v, thnh php, ni php, hi hng phc, ty h phc v ci chnh tri kin. "Thanh lc ni tm" (Sacittapariyodapana). Ngha l ngi c s tinh tn thin nh rn luyn ni tm, lm cho tm trong sch khng b nhim bi phin no tham, sn, si. S tu tp ca ngi c s theo ba iu trn, gi l ngi c s thc hnh gio php. c) Duy tr Pht gio Ngi c s tha t php, ngoi hai phn s l hc hi gio l v thc hnh gio php, cn c mt phn s na cng rt quan trng, l duy tr Pht gio. Pht gio c tn ti lu di l nh vo t chng: t kheo, t kheo ni, cn s nam v cn s n ht lng phng s duy tr chnh php. Trong t chng y, t kheo v t kheo ni l hng xut gia; cn s nam v cn s n thuc hng ti gia c s. Bc xut gia ng vai tr chnh trong phn s duy tr Pht php vng bn; cn i vi hng c s ch l vai tr ph.

Tuy ngi c s i vi phn s duy tr Pht php l vai tr ph nhng khng phi l khng quan trng. V nu ngi c s khng xut gia hoc c s cha m khng hoan h cho con chu xut gia th lm sao c t kheo, t kheo ni duy tr Pht php? Li na, nu ngi c s khng ng h cng dng hoc bo v Tng chng Pht gio th lm sao cc v t kheo, t kheo ni c iu kin thun li lm phn s duy tr Pht php? Bi th, ngi c s cng c phn s duy tr Pht gio l gin tip. V ngi c s duy tr Pht gio c gi l ngi tha t gio php. Mt thi, khi c vua Asoka (A Dc vng) tr thnh Pht t, c vua ra sc xy ct 84.000 cha thp tn th X li c Pht. c vua bch hi ch Thnh Tng: S i th nh vy, khng bit c ai tng lm cha? Trng lo Moggalliputtatissa thay mt ch Tng tr li rng: "Tha i vng, d khi c Th Tn cn hin tin v cho n nay cng cha c mt ai lm c vic i th nh th ny. Ch c i vng l ngui duy nht lm c vic i th ny thi". c vua Asoka lng nghe trng lo Moggalli-puttatissa tr li, lng trn ngp ph lc. Vua suy ngh, nu ta l ngi lm c i th ny chc hn ta l ngi tha k Pht gio (Dydo ssanassa) chng? Ngh vy, c vua bn bch hi v trng lo na. "Knh bch Tn gi, trm lm c i th nh th, vy trm c phi l ngi k tha ca Pht gio chng?" Trng lo p: "Tha i vng, ngi ch b th bn mn vt dng, d c l i th chng na cng ch gi l th ch vt dng (paccayadyaka), ch cha phi l ngi k tha Pht gio (ssanadyada). c vua lin hi v trng lo, ngi th no mi gi l k tha Pht gio. Trng lo p: "Nhng ngi cha m no hoan h cho php con ca mnh xut gia tr thnh t kheo trong Pht gio, nh vy, ngi cha m y mi c gi l ngi k tha Pht gio."

c vua Asoka nghe vy khi tm tnh tn bn cho php hai ngi con l hong t Mahinda v cng cha Saghamitt xut gia lm t kheo v t kheo ni trong Pht gio. Sau khi xut gia, c hai v u c qu A la hn, v chnh i c Mahinda m u cng cuc hong ha gio php ti x Tch Lan. Cc bc xut gia duy tr Pht php bng cch hong php, cn i vi ngi c s th duy tr Pht php bng cch h ch Tng hong php, v to ngi ni truyn hong php, tc l nu con em c mun xut gia th mnh khch l, ng vin, v hoan h cho php. DT CHNG I ---o0o---

CHNG II - CC PHP MN THUYT CHO C S


II.1. MI HNG C S Mt thi, c Th Tn tr Svatth, ti cha Jetavana (K Vin). By gi gia ch Anthapiika (Cp-c-c) n ving thm c Pht. c Pht thuyt php cho gia ch Anthapiika nghe v mi hng ngi hng dc (Kmabhog), tc l ngi ti gia c s. Mi hng c s y l: 1- C hng c s tm ti sn bng cch phi php th on; khi tm c ti sn nh vy, ngi y khng t lm cho mnh an vui no , khng chia s v khng to phc. 2- C hng c s tm ti sn bng cch phi php th on; khi tm c ti sn nh vy, ngi y t lm cho mnh an vui no , nhng khng chia s v khng to phc. 3- C hng c s tm ti sn bng cch phi php th on; nhng khi tm c ti sn nh vy, ngi y t lm cho mnh an vui no , bit chia s v to phc. 4- C hng c s tm ti sn bng cch va hp php v phi php, va th on v khng th on; khi tm c ti sn nh vy, ngi y khng t lm cho mnh an vui no , khng chia s v khng to phc.

5- C hng c s tm ti sn bng cch va hp php v phi php, va th on v khng th on; khi tm c ti sn nh vy, ngi y t lm cho mnh an vui no , nhng khng chia s, khng to phc. 6- C hng c s tm ti sn bng cch va hp php v phi php, va th on v khng th on; khi tm c ti sn nh vy, ngi y khng t lm cho mnh an vui no , bit chia s v to phc. 7- C hng c s tm ti sn bng cch hp php v khng th on; khi tm c ti sn nh vy, ngi y khng t lm cho mnh an vui no , khng chia s, khng to phc. 8- C hng c s tm ti sn bng cch hp php v khng th on; khi tm c ti sn nh vy, ngi y t lm cho mnh an vui no , nhng khng chia s, khng to phc. 9- C hng c s tm ti sn bng cch hp php v khng th on; khi tm c ti sn nh vy, ngi y t lm cho mnh an vui no , bit chia s, to vic phc; nhng ngi y th dng ti sn tham m, am m, nhim trc, khng thy s nguy him, khng c tr tu xut ly. 10- C hng c s tm ti sn bng cch hp php v khng th on; khi tm c ti sn nh vy, ngi y t lm cho mnh an vui no , bit chia s, to vic phc; v ngi y th dng ti sn khng tham m, khng am m, khng nhim trc, thy c s nguy him, c tr tu xut ly. -S.IV.331; A.V.176 Mi hng c s ny c chia ra c bn bc: - Bc thp, gm ba hng c s tm ti sn phi php v th on. Trong ba hng ny, c im ng khen, c im ng ch. Ngi bit lm cho mnh an vui no , l im ng khen; khng t lm cho mnh an vui no , l im ng ch. Ngi bit chia s, bit to phc, l im ng khen, khng bit chia s, khng bit to phc, l im ng ch. - Bc trung, gm ba hng c s tm ti sn va hp php v phi php, va th on v khng th on. Trong ba hng ny, c im ng khen, c im ng ch. - Bc cao, gm ba hng c s tm ti sn hp php v khng th on. Trong ba hng ny, c im ng khen, c im ng ch.

- Bc ti thng, l hng c s c cc u im ng khen, tc l "Tm ti sn hp php v khng th on"; "T lm cho mnh an vui no "; "Bit chia s v to phc"; "Th dng khng tham m, khng am m, khng nhim trc, thy c nguy him, c tr tu xut ly". y l hng c s u thng trong mi hng c s. ---o0o--II.2. NM PHP TNH NGI CN S TAM BO c Th Tn dy: "Ny cc t kheo, mt cn s (Upsaka) thnh tu nm php ny s l c s chu bu, c s hng lin hoa, c s bch lin hoa. Th no l nm? l c nim tin (saddho hoti), c gii hnh (slav hoti), khng tin bi ton on im (Akotuhalamagaliko hoti), khng tm i tng ng cng dng ngoi Tam bo (na ito bahiddh dakkhineyya gavesati), phng s Tam bo trc ht (idha ca pubbakra karoti). -- A.III.206 Nm php tnh ny l tnh hnh u vit ca ngi c s, thnh ngi c s cao qu, ngi c s thanh lng trong sng. 1- C nim tin. Tc l c s tin tng i vi Pht, Php, Tng, khng hoi nghi; c nim tin vng chc ni Tam bo. 2- C gii hnh. Tc l an tr trong ng gii hay bt quan trai gii, th tr gii mt cch nghim tc. 3- Khng tin bi ton, on im. Tc l ngi c s chn chnh ch tin vo lut nhn qu nghip bo, khng tin vo s may ri do sao hn chiu mnh, hay im bo tt xu. 4- Khng tm i tng ng cng dng ngoi Tam bo. Tc l ngi c s t Pht d c b th n cc ngoi o, ch v lng bi mn gip h, ch khng t h a v bc ng cng dng ngang hng vi Tam bo. 5- Phng s Tam bo trc ht. Tc l lun lun u tin cho Tam bo t vic nh n vic ln, phc v Tam bo trc ri mi thc hin cho ngoi o sau nu cn lm. ---o0o---

II.3. MI C LNH CA NGI PHT T Trong ch gii c ni n mi c lnh ca ngi Pht t qui y Tam bo nh sau: 1- ng vui kh vi ch Tng (Saghena saddhi samnasukhadukkho hoti), l khi chng t kheo c vic vui hay kh, th ngui thin tn u c quan tm chia s; Tng chng vui th mnh hoan h, Tng chng kh th mnh cng lo. 2- Kho gi gn thn khu (Kyikavcasikaca surakkhita hoti), l ngi thin tn phi c hnh vi tt p, li ni tt p. 3- Ly php lm trng (Dhammo adhipateyyo hoti), ngha l ngi thin tn lun lun sng y c gio php, ly chnh php lm chun mc, lm cn bn, lm kim ch nam. 4- Vui chia s ty kh nng (Yaththmena savibhgarato' va hoti), ngha l ngi thin tn c tm hoan h trong vic b th x ti ty theo sc ti sn mnh c. 5- C gng hc hiu gio l ca Pht (Jinassana jnituca vyamati), ngha l ngi thin tn phi c gng tm hiu hc hi gio php ca bc o S dy. 6- C chnh kin (Sammdihiko'va hoti), ngha l ngi thin tn phi c tri kin chn chnh, hiu ng vi chn l, thy r v thng, kh no v v ng; hiu bit nghip bo lun hi. 7- T b s bi ton on im (Apagato kotuhalamagaliko'va hoti), ngha l ngi thin tn khng tin theo sao hn hn xui, m tn d oan. 8- Khng xu hng o S khc d c v nhn mng sng (Jvitahetupi aa satthra na uddisati), ngha l ngi thin tn khng v nhn mng sng b e da hay v nui mng m hng v thy ngoi o khc b c Pht. 9- Vui thch trong s ha hp (Samaggrmo' va hoti), ngha l ngi thin tn lun lun sng on kt, hoan h trong s on kt, khng chia r, khng phe phi.

10- Thc hnh theo gio l (Ssane carati), ngha l ngi thin tn lun lun thc hnh li dy ca c Pht, tinh tn tu tp. y l mi c tnh tt p ca mt ngi c s chn chnh trong Pht gio, ngi c s c mi c lnh ny ng gi l cn s nam v cn s n t Tam Bo. -- Kh.A.550. ---o0o--II.4. BN IU HNH PHC CA C S c Pht thuyt cho trng gi Anthapiika (Cp-c-c) v bn iu hnh phc ca ngi ti gia. 1- Hnh phc s hu (Atthisukha), l nim an lc do pht sanh ti sn hp php, bng s n lc sing nng lm ngh nghip. Khi ngh n s s hu ti sn mt cch chn chnh nh vy, ngi c s cm thy hnh phc. 2- Hnh phc hng th (Bhogasukha), l nim an lc do th hng ti sn ca mnh c, nui bn thn, nui gia nh v lm cc cng c. Khi ngh n s th hng nhng ti sn t to ra nh vy, ngi c s cm thy hnh phc. 3- Hnh phc khng n nn (Anaasukha), l nim an lc do khng b mc n ai d t hay nhiu. Khi ngi c s trong gia nh bit sng tri tc, va vi s thu nhp, khng b thiu n; ngi y c thoi mi hnh phc, khng c lo lng hi hp. 4- Hnh phc khng li lm (Anavajjasukha), l nim an lc do khng lm iu ti li, thn hnh khng phm ti, khu hnh khng phm ti, hnh khng phm ti, phm ti i vi lut nghip bo v i vi lut quc . Khi ngi c s sng khng vi phm li lm nh vy, tm t an n, hnh phc, khng b au kh lo s. Trong bn iu hnh phc ny, iu "Hnh phc khng li lm" l iu hnh phc c gi tr cao nht. -- A.II.69 ---o0o---

II.5. BN PHP TO LI CH HIN TI c Pht thuyt bn php to li ch hin ti ny th trn Kakkarapatta x Vajj, cho thin nam t Dghajnu. C bn php a n an lc hin ti cho ngi c s ti gia. 1- y s n lc (Uhnasampad) tc l c s sing nng tho vt trong ngh nghip, khng bing nhc, bit phng php lm vic t n kt qu. 2- y s bo qun (rakkhasampad), tc l c kh nng bo v gn gi ti sn thu hoch, khng b tht thot h hi do thin tai ha hon trm cp ... 3- C bn lnh (Kalynamittat), tc l giao du thn cn vi nhng ngi hin thin o c l nhng ngi giu lng tin, c gii hnh, c b th v c tr tu. 4- Cuc sng thng bng (Samajvit), tc l bit sng chng mc iu , va vi s thu nhp, khng phung ph qu cng khng h tin bn rt. -A.IV.281 ---o0o--II.6. BN PHP EM N LI CH TNG LAI Bn php li ch tng lai ny cng c c Pht thuyt cho thin nam t Dghajnu, th trn Kakkarapatta x Vajj. 1- y nim tin (Saddhsampad), l thnh tu chnh tn; c c tin i vi Tam bo, nht l tin tng s gic ng ca c Nh Lai. 2- y gii hnh (Slasampad), l thnh tu gii c; t b st sanh, t b trm cp, t b t dm, t b ni di, t b ung ru v cht say. 3- y b th (Cgasampad), l sng vi tm khng b cu u bi xan tham, khng bn xn, b th rng ri, thch chia s khi c yu cu. 4- y tr tu (Pasampad), l c tr tu, thnh tu trch php, thy r s sanh dit ca cc php, th nhp chnh kin. -- A.IV. 284 ---o0o---

II.7. BN C HNH NGI TI GIA D xoa lavaka hi c Pht rng, lm th no m ra i t i ny n i khc con ngi khng b su mun? c Pht dy, ngi c s c bn c hnh ny nht nh khng su mun sau khi cht: 1- Chn tht (Sacca), ngha l li ni v vic lm u ng vi s tht, khng gi di, khng h ngy. 2- T ch (Dama), ngha l bit iu phc hun luyn tm, t dy tm, t ci to cho mnh c tin ha. 3- Kham nhn (Khanti), ngha l c sc chu ng nhn ni trc nghch cnh, kin nhn vi mi kh khn. 4- X ti (Cga), ngha l b th chia s n ngi khc, dt b lng ch k bn xn. -- S.I.215; Sn.188 ---o0o--II.8. BN PHP THNH CA GIA NH c Pht thuyt cho cc t kheo, nhng gia nh no c c ti sn, mun c tn ti lu di, u do nh bn s kin ny hay mt trong bn s kin ny. Bn s kin hng thnh cho gia nh l: 1- Bit tm li ci mt (Nahagavesan), ngha l trong gia nh ci g b tiu hao, b mt mt, do n xi hoc b trm cp ... th ngi trong gia nh bit lm cho c li nhng g mt. 2- Bit sa cha ci h c (Jiapaisakhara), ngha l trong gia nh ci g dng xi lu, nay c k gim cht lng, nh nh ca hoc vt dng ... ngi trong gia nh bit tu b ci thin cho mi li. 3- Bit lng vic n ung (Parimitapnabhojan), ngha l chi ph trong vic n ung, gii tr, phi c chng mc, hp l, va vi s thu nhp ca gia nh. 4- t ngi c hnh vo vai tr ch o (Adhipaccaslavantahapan), ngha l trong gia nh, nhng v tr lnh o nh gia ch, qun gia, ni tr ... phi do ngi c o c gii hnh m nhn.

Ngc li, gia nh no khng c bn s kin ny, s lm cho gia nh suy sp, khng hng thnh, khng tn ti lu di. -- A.II.249 ---o0o--II.9. TM NGUN CNG C SANH TRI NGI c Pht thuyt cho cc t kheo nghe v tm ngun cng c, nhn sanh ci ngi v tri, c kh i, kh , kh h, an lc, hnh phc. Tc l ba qui y v nm v y th. 1- Quy y Pht (Buddha sarana gato hoti), tc l nng v vi c Th Tn bc ng Cng Chnh Bin Tri. 2- Quy y Php (Dhamma sarana gato hoti), tc l nng v chnh php, gio php c kho thuyt bi c Th Tn. 3- Quy y Tng (Sagha sarana gato hoti), tc l nng v chng Tng t xut gia ca c Th Tn. 4- V y th t b st sanh (Patipt paivirato hoti abhayadna), ngha l cho s khng s hi n chng sanh bng cch t b st hi mng sng. 5- V y th t b trm cp (Adinndn paivi-rato hoti abhayadna), ngha l cho s khng s hi n chng sanh bng cch t b s cp ot vt cha cho. 6- V y th t b t hnh cc dc (Kmesu micchcr paivirato hoti abhayadna) ngha l cho s khng s hi n chng sanh bng cch t b s t dm phi php. 7- V y th t b ni di (Musvd paivirato hoti abhayadna) ngha l cho s khng s hi n chng sanh bng cch t b s di tr la gt. 8- V y th t b nghin ngp ru (Surmerayamajjamapdahn paivirato hoti abhayadna) ngha l cho s khng s hi n chng sanh bng cch t b ung ru, say sa. Ngi c s qui y Tam bo l em li s an vui cho mnh; th tr ng gii l em li s an vui cho chng sanh, lm cho chng sanh khc khng s hi,

khng on th, khng b tai hi, nn cng gi l v y th (abhaya deti). -A.IV.245 ---o0o--II.10. BN S CHUNG SNG GIA NH c Pht thuyt php ny cho cc nam n gia ch khi h n ving thm Ngi, lc Ngi ang ti mt tn cy trn con ng gia Madhur v Veraj. c Th Tn thuyt c bn s chung sng ca nam n c s: 1- Tin nam chung sng vi tin n (Chavo chavya saddhi savasati), ngha l mt ngi nam tnh c c xu xa sng chung vi mt ngi n tnh c c xu xa. 2- Tin nam chung sng vi thin n (Chavo deviy saddhi savasati), ngha l mt ngi nam c c xu xa sng vi mt ngi n tnh hin thin o c. 3- Thin nam chung sng vi tin n (Devo chavya saddhi savasati), ngha l mt ngi nam hin thin o c li chung sng vi mt ngi n tnh c c xu xa. 4- Thin nam chung sng vi thin n (Devo deviy saddhi savasati), ngha l mt ngi nam tnh hin thin o c chung sng vi mt ngi n cng c tnh hin thin o c. Ngi tnh hin thin o c l ngi c gii hnh, khng bn xn v khng hung tn. Ngi tnh c c xu xa l ngi khng gii hnh, xan tham bn xn, v hung tn. -- A.II.57 ---o0o--II.11. BN NHN DUYN TO XNG I V CHNG c Pht thuyt php thoi ny cho v chng ca gia ch, cha m Nakul. Khi c Th Tn ng ti khu rng Bhesakal Bhagga, vo bui sng Ngi i kht thc n tr x ca hai ngi y. C hai ngi by t rng h rt thng yu nhau v hi lng v nhau, h mun gp mt nhau i sau na. c Pht dy rng, nu h mun gp nhau t i ny n i sau, yu thng v hnh phc, c hai ngi phi ng tn, ng gii,

ng th v ng tr tu, nh vy s gp nhau na. Bn nhn duyn to xng i v chng l: 1- ng c c tin (Samasaddh), ngha l c hai ngi u c chnh tn, tin tng Tam bo, tin l nghip bo. 2- ng c gii hnh (Samasla), ngha l c hai ngi u gi gii, khng st sanh, khng trm cp, khng t dm, khng ni di, khng ung ru. 3- ng c b th (Samacg), ngha l c hai ngi u c tm rng ri, x ti, thch phn pht ti sn n ngi ngho kh, bit cng dng n cc sa mn. 4- ng c tr tu (Samapa) ngha l c hai ngi u c tr hiu bit chn chnh, c chnh kin, thy bit nhn qu, thy bit bn cht cuc i, nhn thc c bn s tht kh - tp - dit - o. -- A.II.61 ---o0o--II.12. NM NGH BUN BN TRI O CA C S c Pht thuyt iu ny cho cc t kheo nghe; mt ngi c s khng nn lm nm ngh bun bn ny: 1- Bun bn v kh (Satthavaijj), ngha l bun bn bt c vt g gi l kh gii, cng c dng git hi nhau nh gm ao, cung n, sng n v.v... 2- Bun bn chng sanh (Sattavaijj), theo ch gii, gii thch iu gi l bun bn chng sanh tc bn con ngi cho mua v lm n l. 3- Bun bn tht (Masavaijj), theo ch gii, iu gi l bun bn tht l bun bn th vt cho ngi ta mua v nui hoc n tht, k c vic mua i bn li tht th c git m. 4- Bun bn cht say (Majjavaijj), ngha l bun bn cc cht lm cho say nghin, nh cc loi ru, cn sa phin ... 5- Bun bn c dc (Visavaijj), tc l bun bn cht c, th dng u c hi chng sanh.

Ngi c s nui sng bng mt trong cc ngh bun bn ny gi l ngi sng t mng. -- A. III. 208 ---o0o--III.13. MI BT THIN NGHIP O Khi c Th Tn tr Pv, trong vn xoi ca th rn Cunda, ngi thuyt cho th rn Cunda nghe v mi bt thin nghip o l iu bt tnh hnh cho con ngi, l nghip dn n c th, l o l kh cnh. Mi bt thin nghip o y l: 1- St sanh (Ptipt), l s st hi thng, cp mng sng ca chng sanh, khng c lng t i vi cc loi hu tnh. 2- Trm cp (Adinndn), l s ly ca khng cho, ot ti sn ca ngi khc d khng c ngi khc bng lng. 3- T hnh trong dc lc (Kmesu micchcra) l t dm vi cc hng n nhn cn s bo h hoc c chng. Ba iu st sanh, trm cp, t hnh ny l thn bt tnh hnh, thn c nghip. 4- Ni di (Musvda), l ni khng ng s tht, c ni khng, khng ni c, d ni vi bt c mc ch g h ni lo u l ming ni di. 5- Ni ly gin (Pisuvc), l ni chia r, ni m thc vi ngi ny chuyn ngi kia, vi ngi kia chuyn ngui ny hai ngi y bt ha nhau. 6- Ni c c (Pharusavc), l ni li th bo, th tc, khin ngi nghe au kh bc tc. 7- Ni ph phim (Samphappalpa), l ni li phi chn, phi thi, phi php, phi lut, nhm nh, v ch. Bn iu: ni di, ni ly gin, ni c c, ni ph phim ny l khu bt tnh hnh, khu c nghip. 8- Tham lam (Abhijjh), l tham mun ti sn ca k khc, mong ot ti sn ngi khc v cho mnh.

9- Sn hn (Bypda), l tm phn n, khi ln hi , hi nim, mun cho chng sanh khc b cht, b tiu dit. 10- T kin (Micchdihi), l c tri kin sai lm, t tng in o cho rng khng c i ny, khng c i sau, khng c qu bo ca thin c, khng c n c m cha, khng c thnh tu ca i sng phm hnh. Ba iu: tham lam, sn hn, v t kin ny l bt tnh hnh, c nghip. -A.V.263 ---o0o--II.14. MI THIN NGHIP O iu ny cng c c Th Tn thuyt cho th rn Cunda nghe tip theo bi ging v mi bt thin nghip o. "Ny Cunda, c mi thin nghip o ny l tnh hnh v thn c ba, tnh hnh v khu c bn, tnh hnh v c ba. Ai thnh tu vi mi thin nghip o ny s m con ng dn n thin gii, nhn gii, hoc bt c thin th no khc". Mi thin nghip o y l: 1- T b st sanh (Ptipt paivirato hoti), tc l trnh git hi chng sanh, sng b trng, b kim, bit tm qu, c lng t thng xt n cc loi hu tnh. 2- T b trm cp (Adinndn paivirato hoti), tc l khng ly bt c vt g ca ngi khc vi nim cp ot. 3- T b t hnh trong cc dc (Kmesu micchcr paivirato hoti), tc l khng t dm, khng quan h tnh dc bt chnh vi n nhn c chng hoc cn s bo h. Ba iu ny gi l thn tnh hnh, thn thin nghip. 4- T b ni di (Musvd paivirato hoti), tc l khng ni sai s tht, c ni c, khng ni khng, chng ni di v bt c nguyn nhn g.

5- T b ni ly gin (Pisuya vcya paivirato hoti), tc l khng ni m thc, khng chia r, khng ph v s ha hp, khng nghe ch ny ni li ch kia, khng nghe ch kia ni li ch ny ly gin hai bn; vui ha hp. 6- T b ni c c (Pharusya vcya paivirato hoti), tc l khng ni li th bo c c khin ngi nghe bc tc au kh, ch ni li ngt ngo tao nh. 7- T b ni ph phim (Samphappalp paivirato hoti), khng ni li v ch, phi l, phi chn; ch ni li c ngha, c li ch, ni li ni ng nghe. Bn iu ny gi l khu tnh hnh, khu tnh nghip. 8- Khng tham lam (Anabhijjhlu hoti), khng thm mun ti sn ca ngi khc, khng thch sang ot ti sn ca ngi. 9- Khng c sn tm (Abypamacitto hoti), khng khi ln hi , hi nim, lun c t tng mong cho chng sanh ny c an lc, khng th hn, khng oan tri. 10- C chnh kin (Sammdihiko hoti), khng c t tng in o, khng c tri kin sai lm, hiu thy ng, tin c i ny i sau, c s ti sanh, c qu bu ca thin c, c n c cha m, c s thnh tu ca phm hnh. Ba iu ny l tnh hnh, thin nghip. -- A.V.266 ---o0o--II.15. MI PHC NGHIP S THP HNH PHC c Pht ging v phc nghip s (Puakiriyavatthu), l nhng c s to phc vt, phc c v phc tr nhng Ngi ch dy cn bn c ba iu l c s b th (dnamaya), c s tr gii (slamaya) v c s tu tin (bhvanya) - D.III.218; A.IV.239; It.51. Trong cc b ch gii gii thch rng thnh mi iu to phc, thp hnh phc, l: 1- B th (Dnamagga), l to phc bng cch b th x ti.

2- Tr gii (Slamaya), l to phc, bng cch gi gii, th tr nhng gii cm. 3- Tu tin (Bhvanmaya), l to phc bng cch tu tp thin nh, ch v qun. 4- Cung knh (Apacyanamaya), l to phc bng cch knh l bc trng thng. 5- Phc v (Veyyvaccamaya), l to phc bng cch lm li ch cho ngi khc vi cng sc ca mnh. 6- Hi hng (Pattidnamaya), l to phc bng cch hng nguyn cng c lm, to iu kin cho ngi khc sanh tm thin. 7- Ty h (Pattnumodanmaya), l to phc bng cch vui thch theo cng c ca ngi khc lm. 8- Thnh php (Dhammassavanamaya), l to phc bng cch nghe php ca c Pht thuyt, hay cc t ca Ngi thuyt, thm ch l nghe nhng bc thin tr dy bo. 9- Thuyt php (Dhammadesanmaya), l to phc bng cch ni php chn chnh cho ngi khc nghe, thm ch ch l bn lun Pht php, hoc ni nhng li hay l phi. 10- Ci chnh kin thc (Dihujukamma), l to phc bng cch trau di kin thc, lm cho tri kin c ngay thng, chnh kin. Trong mi iu to phc y, iu b th, hi hng v ty h l chung mt nhm php to phc vt; iu tr gii, cung knh v phc v l chung mt nhm php to phc c; iu tu tin, thnh php v thuyt php l chung mt nhm php to phc tr; ring v iu ci chnh kin thc l php h tr chn php kia v to c ba loi phc. -- D.A. III.999; Comp. 146 ---o0o--II.16. BY PHP BT THI CA NGI C S c Pht thuyt php ny cho cc t kheo nghe:

"Ny cc t kheo, c by php ny khin ngi c s khng thi a (Aparihniya)". By php y l: 1- Khng qun thm ving cc t kheo (Bhikkhudassana na hpeti). 2- Khng d nappamajjati). dui vic nghe diu php (Saddhammassavana

3- Tu tp Tng thng gii (Adhisle sikkhati), l gi gii lut c s chnh chn. 4- Giu nim tin i vi cc t kheo trng lo, t kheo trung nin, t kheo tn nhp (Pasdabahulo hoti bhikkhsu theresu ceva navesu ca majjhimesu ca). 5- Khng c tm vn nn, khng tm khuyt im khi nghe php (Anuprambhacitto dhamma suti na randhagaves). 6- Khng tm ngi ng cng dng ngoi Tng chng (Na ito bahiddh dakkhieyya gavesati). 7- u tin cho Tng chng (Idha ca pubbakra karoti), ngha l b th cng dng cho cc t kheo trc, sau mi b th cho cc ngoi o nu cn gip (. Sattanipta). -- A. IV.25, 26 ---o0o--II.17. BY PHP SUY THOI CA NGI C S Cng trong bi php ni v nhng iu bt thoi ca c s, c Pht thuyt by s kin suy thoi ca ngi c s. "Ny ch t kheo, c by php ny a n suy thoi cho ngi c s ... By php y l: 1- Lng qun vic thm ving cc t kheo (Bhik-khudassana hpeti). V th khng c nhc nh sch tn lm Tng trng o tm, do c s b suy thoi tu tp.

2- D dui vic nghe diu php (Saddhammas-savana pamajjati). V t nghe hoc khng thch nghe cc t kheo thuyt php nn khng c chnh kin, do c s b suy thoi tu tp. 3- Khng tu tp thng gii (Adhisle na sikkhati), ngha l khng tu tp gi gii nh ng gii, bt quan trai gii ... ngn nga c bt thin. Do , thin php b suy thoi. 4- Thiu nim tin i vi ch t kheo trng lo, trung nin, v tn nhp (Appasdabahulo hoti bhik-khsu theresu ceva navesu ca majjhimesu ca), v thiu nim tin Tng chng nn ngi c s khng hoan h cng dng to phc bu, do s tu tp b suy thoi. 5- Nghe php c tm vn nn, tm kim khuyt im (Uprambhacitto dhamma suti randhagaves). Ngi c s nghe php khng vi thin ch hc php, m li mun tm khuyt im ca gio php cng kch. iu lm cho tr tu b suy thoi. 6- Tm ngi xng ng cng dng ngoi Tng chng (Itobahiddh dakkhineyya gavesati), l xem tu s ngoi gio ngang bng vi Tng chng, xem Tng chng ngang bng vi tu s ngoi gio. iu lm cho lp trng qui y b suy thoi. 7- u tin cho ngoi gio (Tattha ca pubbakra karoti), l b th gip cho cc tu s ngoi o trc, ri sau mi b th gip Tng chng t Pht. iu lm cho nim tin b suy thoi." -- A. IV.25, 26 ---o0o--II.18. TM LI LM CA C S KHIN TNG CHNG P BT, KHNG NHN S CNG DNG c Pht dy rng: "Ny ch t kheo, vi ngi c s c mt trong tm li ny, Tng chng c th p bt i vi ngi y, nu mun". 1- C tnh lm cho ch t kheo mt li lc (Bhikkhna albhya parisakkati), nh l ngn chn ngi khc cng dng cc t kheo v.v...

2- C tnh gy bt li cho ch t kheo (Bhik-khna anatthya parisakkati), nh l lm cho cc t kheo b xo trn, lo s m khng tu tp c. 3- C tnh lm cho ch t kheo khng ch (Bhikkhna anvsya parisakkati), nh l p ph tnh tht ca ch t kheo, hoc ui cc t kheo i khi cha m h c quyn hn. 4- Mng chi nhic mc cc t kheo (Bhikkh akkosati paribhsati), nh ni vi t kheo bng li khim nh do sn tm. 5- Chia r t kheo vi t kheo (Bhikkh Bhikkhhi vibhedeti), nh l ni ly gin gia cc t kheo, to s bt ha gia cc t kheo, lm cho cc t kheo khng ha hp. 6- Ph bng Pht (Buddhassa avaa bhsati), nh l ni li phm thng, ni xuyn tc, ni li bt knh vi c Pht. 7- Ph bng php (Dhammassa avaa bhsati), ni li cng kch, xuyn tc, bt knh vi gio php. 8- Ph bng Tng (Saghassa avaa bhsati), ni m l, xuyn tc, bt knh i vi Tng chng. -- A.IV.344 ---o0o--II.19. CHN KHUYT IM CA C S KHIN TNG KHNG N NH c vua Pasenadi x Kosala thnh mi 500 v t kheo n hong cung nh vua cng dng trong by ngy. Vi ngy u c vua st sng n tip ch Tng nhng cc ngy sau th vua lng qun phn s, cc cn thn ca vua cng khng quan tm. Ch t kheo nhn thy tnh trng nn khng n hong cung na, ch c mi mt mnh tn gi nanda l kin nhn hin din n ngy cui. Khi vua Pase-nadi cht nh n phn s cng dng ch tng, nh vua thn gi n cung tip tn th ch thy c mt v l tn gi nanda, nh vua bc tc ngh rng cc t kheo khng v n ta. Hm sau, vua i n c Pht v than phin v vic y. c Pht ni r cho nh vua bit khng phi l li ca cc t Ngi, ch v thi i x tc trch ca vua nn ch t kheo v lng t trng m khng n na.

Sau c Pht nu r cho vua Pasenadi bit, c chn khuyt im ca ngi c s m nu mun, cc t kheo khng cn phi n nh: 1- Khng n tip vui v (Na manpena paccuhenti). 2- Khng nh l vui v (Na manpena abhiv denti). 3- Khng vui v mi ngi (Na manpena sana denti). 4- C ca ci th giu gim (Santamassa parighanti). 5- C nhiu cho t (Bahukamhi thoka denti). 6- C ngon cho d (Patamhi lukha denti). 7- Cho vi cch bt knh (Asakkacca denti). 8- Khng ngi li nghe php (Na upanisdanti dhammassavanya). 9- Khng hoan h tip chuyn (Bhsitamassa na ramissanti). -- A. IV.387 ---o0o--II.20. SU CA SUY VONG CHO NGI C S, SU NG I DN N THIT TI SN V B KH LY c Pht thuyt iu ny cho gia ch t Siglaka nghe. Gia ch t Siglaka l ngi theo hnh l bi lc phng theo truyn thng ca cha. Khi gp c Pht, gia ch t ny yu cu c Pht ging cho nghe hnh thc l bi lc phng theo php bc thnh. Trc ht, c Pht ging v su ca suy vong m ngi c s phi trnh: 1- Say sa ru ch (Surmerayamajjapam dahnnuyogo), ngi sng say sa c su iu nguy l ti sn b tiu hao, gy ra s tranh ci, pht sanh nhiu bnh tt, t nh mt danh d, thn la l trng tro, lm suy gim tr tu. 2- Du hnh ng ph phi thi (Viklavisikh cariynuyogo), ngi i chi m c su iu nguy l khng gi c mnh, khng gi c v con, khng gi c ti sn, d b tnh nghi, thnh nn nhn tin n, chuc ly u phin. 3- La c ch h trng (Samajjhbhicaraa), ngi thng lui ti ch vui chi c nm iu nguy l cng vic b nh tr, thi tht s sing nng, lng ph nhiu thi gian, lm tn hao tin bc, bn tm tm nhc hi.

4- am m c bc (Jtappamdahnnuyogo), ngi c bc c su iu nguy l thng sinh ra th on, thua l b kh au, ti sn b tn tht, li ni khng hiu lc, bn bng hu khinh r, khng ai dm ci g. 5- Giao du c hu (Ppamittnuyogo), ngi chi vi bn xu c su iu nguy l nh hng thi c bc, nh hng thi ng im, nh hng thi ru ch, nh hng thi gian xo, nh hng thi lng gt, nh hng thi cn . 6- Sng bing nhc (lassnuyogo), ngi c tt li bing s thi thc, khng lm vic, vin l do lnh qu, nng qu, sm qu, tr qu, i qu, no qu. Do vy, ngi y khng thu hoch c ti sn cha c, s cn kit ti sn c. -- D. III.182.184. ---o0o--II.21. BN HNG NGY BNG HU, HNG BN GI DI, KHNG PHI BN TT iu ny cng c c Pht thuyt cho gia ch t Siglaka: 1- Bn v li (Aadatthuhara), l ngi c tnh tham lam: gp g cng mun ly, cho t i hi nhiu, v s mi lm theo, giao du v mu li. 2- Bn khu bin (Vacparama), l ngi ch bit ni gii: t thn tnh vic qua, t thn tnh vic cha n, mua chuc tnh cm bng li ngt, khi bn hu s th t ra bt lc. 3- Bn dua nnh (Anuppiyabh), l ngi nnh b ton ht: ng tnh vic lm xu, bt ng vic lm tt, ca tng trc mt, xuyn tc pha sau lng. 4- Bn try lc (Apyasahya), l ngi tnh h hng: say sa ru ch, du hnh chi m, hoang dm ng im, am m c bc. -- D.III.185. ---o0o--II.22. BN HNG CHN BNG HU (SUHADAMITTA), HNG BN CHN TNH, HNG BN TT iu ny cng c c Pht thuyt cho gia ch t Siglaka:

1- Bn tn tr (Upakrakamitta), l ngi bn gip nhau: bo v nhau khi bt cn; gi ti sn ca bn s sut, lm ch nng ta khi c s hi, nhit tnh gip khi bn b hu s. 2- Bn ng cam cng kh (Samnasukhadukkhamitta), l ngi chung vui chung kh: t chuyn thm kn ca mnh, gi kn chuyn b mt ca bn b, khng b nhau khi gp hon nn, dm hy sinh v bn. 3- Bn khuyn li (Atthakkhymitta), l ngi bn khuyn nhc li ch: can ngn iu c, khuyn khch iu thin, ni cho nghe php cha tng nghe, ch by cho bit con ng thin gii. 4- Bn thn tnh (Anukampakamittta), l ngi bn ch ct tnh ngha: khng vui khi bn b gp nn, vui mng khi bn b gp may, phn i ngi ni xu bn, khch l ngi khen tng bn. -- D. III. 187. ---o0o--II.23. CC BN PHN GIA CHA M V CON CI iu ny cng c c Pht dy cho gia ch t Siglaka. Bn phn gia cha m v con ci, m ch s l bi hng ng (Puratthim dis). Nm bn phn ca cha m i vi con: 1- Ngn cn lm c (Pp nivrenti) 2- Khuyn khch con lm lnh (Kalyne nivesenti) 3- Cho con hc ngh nghip (Sippa sikkhpenti) 4- Dng v g chng xng ng cho con (Pairpena drena sayojenti) 5- ng thi giao gia ti cho con (Samaye dyajja niyydenti) Nm bn phn ca con i vi cha m: 1- Nui dng cha m (Nesa bharaa) 2- Lm vic ca cha m (Nesa kicca karaa) 3- Gi truyn thng gia nh (Kulavasahapana) 4- Sng xng ng hng tha t (Dyajjapaipajjana) 5- Khi cha m cht, lm phc hi hng (Dakkhinuppadna). -- D. III.189 ---o0o---

II.24. CC BN PHN GIA THY V TR iu ny cng c c Pht dy cho gia ch t Siglaka. Bn phn gia thy v tr, m ch s l bi hng Nam (dakkhi dis). Nm bn phn ca thy i vi hc tr: 1- Hun luyn vi s kho hun luyn (Suvinta vinenti) 2- Dy d cho tip thu tt (Suggahita ghpenti) 3- Truyn ht mi hc ngh (Sabbasippasuta samakkhgino bhavanti) 4- Khen hc tr trc cc bn ng liu (Mittmaccesu paivedenti) 5- Bo bc trong mi mt (Dissu parittna karonti) Nm bn phn ca hc tr i vi thy: 1- ng ln tip n (Uhnena) 2- Hu h knh cn (Upahnena) 3- Ngoan ngon vng li (Sussusya) 4- T thn phc dch (Pricariyya) 5- Nghim tc hc tp (Sakkacca sippuggahaena). -- D. III.189 ---o0o--II.25. CC BN PHN GIA V CHNG iu ny cng c c Pht dy cho gia ch t Siglaka. Bn phn gia v chng, m ch s l bi hng Ty (Pacchim dis). Nm bn phn ca ngi chng i vi v: 1- Tn trng ngi v (Sammnanya) 2- Khng i x k th (Avimnanya) 3- Khng ngoi tnh (Anaticariyya) 4- Giao quyn ni tr (Issariyavossaggena) 5- Tng trang sc (Alakrnuppadnena). Nm bn phn ca ngi v i vi chng: 1- Sp t vic nh vn kho (Susavihitakammant) 2- i x tt vi b con hai h (Susagahitaparijan) 3- Khng ngoi tnh (Anaticrin)

4- Gn gi ti sn ca chng (Sambhata anurakkhati) 5- Kho lo sing nng trong mi vic (Dakkh ca analas sabbakiccesu). -D.III.190 ---o0o--II.26. CC BN PHN GIA BN B CH KHCH: iu ny cng c c Pht dy cho gia ch t Siglaka, bn phn gia bn b ch khch, m ch s l bi hng Bc (Uttar dis): Nm bn phn ca ch gia i vi bn b 1- Biu tng qu cp (Dnena) 2- Ni li nh nhn (Piyavajjena) 3- Lm li ch n bn (Atthacariyya) 4- i x bnh ng (Samnattatya) 5- Khng la gt bn b (Avisavdanatya) Nm bn phn ca ngi bn i vi ch gia 1- Bo v lc ch gia s sut (Pamatta rakkhanti). 2- Gi gn ti sn cho gia ch lc d dui (Pamattassa spateyya rakkhanti). 3- L ch nng cho ch gia khi s hi (Bhtassasarana honti). 4- Lc hon nn khng b nhau (padsu na vijahanti) 5- Tn trng thn quyn ca ch gia (Aparapaja ca pi'ssa paipjenti). -D. III.190 ---o0o--II.27. CC BN PHN GIA NGI CH V NGI LM iu ny cng c c Pht dy cho gia ch t Siglaka. Bn phn gia ngi ch v ngi lm, m ch s l bi phng di (hehim dis). Trong x hi thi no cng c trng hp ngi ch qun l ngi lm, thi phong kin th c hng n bc lm vic cho nh qu tc, thi by gi th c hng lm cng cho mt ng ch hoc gip vic cho mt gia nh. D hnh thc no chng na th cng l v tr lnh o v v tr thuc cp. y c

Pht dy v cch i x gia ngi lnh o v thuc cp, c th p dng trong mi thi k. Nm iu c x ca ch nhn i vi ngi gip vic: 1- Giao ph cng vic va theo sc (Yathbala kammantasavidhnena) 2- Ban pht vt thc v tin cng (Bhattavettannuppadnena) 3- Sn sc lc h bnh (Gilnupahnena) 4- Chia s mn ngon vt l (Acchariyna rasna savibhgena) 5- Cho thi gian ngh ngi (Samaye vossaggena), dp ngy l, hoc h hu s. Nm iu c x ca ngi gip vic i vi ch nhn: 1- Thc dy trc ch (Pubbuhyino). Nu gip vic trong nh th nn thc dy trc ngi ch, nu l ngi lm cng ti c s th nn i n s lm trc ng ch. 2- Ngh ngi sau ch (Pacchniptino). Nu gip vic trong nh th n ti lun lun i ng sau ngi ch, nu lm cng ti c s th nn tn ty, lc no cng ra v tr hn ng ch. 3- Ch ly vt chi c ch cho (Dinnadyino), l khng ly trm ti sn ca ch. 4- Lm vic k lng kho lo (Sukatakammakrak). 5- em ting thm cho ch (Kittavaahar), lun ni tt ch mnh vi mi ngi, v biu hin l ngi tt ngi khc khen ch mnh. -- D. III.191 ---o0o--II.28. CC BN PHN GIA C S V SA MN iu ny cng c c Pht dy cho gia ch t Siglaka. Bn phn gia c s v sa mn, m ch s l bi hng trn (Uparim dis). y, ngi c s l ngi sng ti gia, sa mn l v xut gia tu hnh. Ngi c s cho d khng c tn ngng o gio nhng th hin l ngi hin lng o c, cng nn c cung cch i x lch s ti thiu i vi cc v tu hnh. V vy, c Pht dy cho gia ch t Siglaka nhng iu ny. Nm cch ca ngi c s i vi v sa-mn, b- la-mn:

1- C hnh vi c x thin ca t tm (Mettena kyakammena), khng c cm nh p, lm hi cc v tu hnh. 2- C li ni c x thin cm (Mettena vackammena), khng c cm mng chi, cng kch cc v tu hnh. 3- C ngh thin cm (Mettena manokammena), khng c t tng c cm i vi cc v tu hnh. 4- Khng khp ca nh (Anvaadvratya), ngha l sn lng n tip khi cc v tu hnh gh li. 5- Hin cng ti vt (nisnuppadnena), tc l gip tng nhu cu vt cht n cc v tu hnh bng ho tm. Su cch ca v sa mn i x li vi ngi c s, khi c ngi c s y ho tm c x: 1- Khuyn ngn iu c (Pap nivrenti) 2- Hng dn iu thin (Kalyne nivesenti) 3- C tm lnh thng tng (Kalyamanas anukampanti) 4- Ni cho nghe php cha tng nghe (Assuta sventi) 5- Minh gii iu h nghe (Suta pariyodapenti) 6- Trnh by con ng thin gii (Saggassa magga cikkhanti). -- D. III.191 DT CHNG II ---o0o---

CHNG III - PHP MN TU TP CA C S


III.1. QUI Y TAM BO (Tisaraagamana) ngha v thi qui y Qui y (saraagamana) l s i tm nng ta, tm ch n nu cho tm hn. Con ngi phn ng thch tm ch nng ta an i tinh thn v trn p ni lo s, nhng lm vy khng phi lun lun c hiu qu, bi v nng ta ch khng ng nng ta th chng c tc dng g, v nh mt ngi b bnh thp t nht sanh thay v i tm n mt v thy thuc gii ngi y li t nim tin vo mt hng xm m anh ta quen bit nh cha tr. iu khng c c s bo m cho anh ta lnh bnh c.

Trong kinh php c, c Pht c dy: "Loi ngi khi hong ht bn i tm nhiu ch nng ta, ni non, rng rm, vn cy hoc n thp. khng phi l ch qui y an n, khng phi l s qui y cao thng, s qui y nh vy khng thot khi kh au. Ch c ai qui y c Pht, qui y chnh php v Tng chng, vi chnh tr thy c bn thnh l kh - tp - dit - o, ch c iu mi tht s l qui y an n, l qui y cao thng, qui y nh vy mi thot khi mi kh au". (Dhp.188-192). i tng qui y ca ngi Pht t l c Pht (buddha), Gio php (dhamma), v Tng chng (sagha). Ngi Pht t qui y Pht l qui ngng bc Chnh Gic, xem c Pht nh l bc o S lnh o tinh thn; ngi Pht t chn chnh khng bao gi ngh rng nng ta c Pht c Ngi cu ri hay ban cho n hu g. Ngi Pht t qui y Php l qui ngng chnh php c c Pht thuyt ging, nng ta gio php nh l y c vo kim ch nam thc hnh; ngi Pht t chn chnh qui y php khng ngh rng gio php nh nhng bi ch c tng tiu tai gii nn. Ngi Pht t qui y Tng l qui ngng Tng chng t xut gia ca c Pht, nng ta Tng chng nh l nhng v n anh du dt mnh trn con ng tu tp m ng T Ph vch ra; ngi Pht t chn chnh qui y Tng khng ngh rng Tng chng nh nhng v gio s trung gian gip nguyn cu vi ng thn linh. Thi qui y Tam bo ca ngi Pht t ta h nh mt ngi bnh t nim tin, vo v bc s, nng ta c hng dn iu tr bnh; tt nhin mi s c gng n lc, ung thuc v c king n ung, phi do chnh ngi bnh.Cng vy, ngi Pht t phi t tinh tn hnh tr, s qui y ch l nng ta tinh thn xc quyt l tng phm hnh. Yu t thnh tu qui y Ngi Pht t thnh tu tt p s qui y do ba yu t: a) c tin (Saddh) b) Tr tu (Pa) c) Ph thc sanh mng (Jvitapariccga)

Ngi c s c nim tin trong sch vi c Pht, vi gio php, vi Tng chng, khng hoi nghi, khng bt mn Tam bo, mi pht nguyn qui y, nh vy mi thnh tu s qui y tt p. Qui y m thiu lng tin th khng th c quyt tm noi theo Tam bo tu tp, nn khng thnh tu qui y. Mt khc, ngi c s thiu tr tu, khng hiu bit ti sao phi qui y, khng hiu bit g v c Pht - Gio php - Tng chng, d ngi y c xin qui y cng khng thnh tu l ngi Pht t. Do , phi c s hiu bit sng sut v chn chn, phi c tr tu, mi thnh tu tt p s qui y. Mt iu na l ngi c s cha c quyt nh ph thc sanh mng cho Tam bo, tc l cha hon ton chp nhn dn thn theo l tng tu tp, nn d c xin qui y vn kh thnh tu. V vy, mun thnh tu s qui y tt p phi c yu t quyt nh ph thc sanh mng cho Tam bo. Hnh thc qui y C bn hnh thc qui y Tam bo a) Hnh thc dng mnh qui phc (Attasanniy-ytan) b) Hnh thc chp nhn im ta (Tapparyan) c) Hnh thc h mnh lm mn (Sissabhvupagamana) d) Hnh thc biu l tn knh (Paipta) Ngi c s c nim tin ni Tam bo mun qui y Tam bo, c th thc hin mt trong bn hnh thc trn tc thnh nghi thc qui y. Nhng hnh thc qui y rt ph thng l cch th hai "Chp nhn Tam bo l ch nng". Gii v bn hnh thc qui y nh sau: a) Qui y bng hnh thc dng mnh qui phc, l pht nguyn rng: "Ajja di katv aha attna buddhassa dhammassa saghassa niyydemi" (Bt u t hm nay con xin dng mnh n c Pht, Gio php v Tng chng). Bng hnh thc ny cng gi l ngi c s y qui y Tam bo. b) Qui y bng hnh thc chp nhn im ta, l pht nguyn rng: "Ajja di katv aha buddha-paryano dhammaparyano saghaparyano. Iti ma dhretha" (Bt u t hm nay con c c Pht l im ta, c Gio

php l im ta, c Tng chng l im ta. Xin Ngi nhn bit cho con nh th). Cn c mt cch pht nguyn khc cng thuc hnh thc qui y ny m ngy nay c s Pht gio thng p dng: "Eso' ha suciraparinibbutapi ta bhagavanta saraa gacchmi dhammaca bhikkhusaghaca upsaka ma dhretha". (Con xin y ch c Th Tn np bn, xin y ch gio php, xin y ch chng t kheo. Mong Ngi nhn bit con l ngi cn s). Bng hnh thc ny cng gi l ngi c s y qui y Tam bo. c) Qui y bng hnh thc h mnh lm mn , l pht nguyn rng: "Ajja di katv aha bud-dhassa antevsiko dhammassa antevsiko saghassa antevsiko. Iti ma dhretha" (Bt u t hm nay con l mn ca c Pht, mn ca Gio php, mn ca Tng chng. Xin Ngi nhn bit cho con nh th). Bng hnh thc ny cng gi l ngi c s y qui y Tam bo. d) Qui y bng hnh thc biu l tn knh, l pht nguyn rng: Ajja di katv aha abhi-vdana paccupahna ajalikamma smcikamma buddhdna-y-eva tinna vatthna karomi. Iti ma dhretha" (Bt u t hm nay con ch nh l, nghinh tip, vi cho v tn ngng i vi ba ngi Pht, Php, Tng. Xin Ngi nhn bit con l nh th). Bng hnh thc ny cng gi l ngi c s y qui y Tam bo. S kin bn nh qui y Thnh qui y, tc l s qui y Tam bo ca bc thnh hu hc nh Tu hun v.v... khng c s bn nh, bi v cc v thnh c s y thnh tu nim tin vng chc i vi Pht, Php, Tng, on tn t kin v hoi nghi. Ch c s qui y ca hng phm nhn, phm qui y, mi c trng hp bn nh qui y, v phm phu vn cn phin no. Bn nh qui y tc l s qui y ca ngi c s b bt tnh, khng trong sch, khng c hon ho, mc d cha b ph v, cha b mt danh hiu ngi cn s (Upsaka). Ngi c s bn nh qui y s lm khim khuyt qu phc, kh c s tinh tn tu tp thin php.

C ba s kin lm bn nh qui y: a) Thiu tr (aa) b) Hoi nghi (sasaya) c) T kin (micchadassa) Ngi c s qui y Tam bo nhng li khng hiu bit v s thanh tnh ca c Pht, khng hiu v s c th ca gio php, khng hiu v s cao thng ca Tng chng, l s kin lm bn nh qui y bi do thiu hiu bit nn ngi y khng thit tha, khng tinh tn thc hnh phn s ngi c s i vi Tam bo. Ngi c s qui y Tam bo nhng li nghi ng s gic ng ca c Pht, nghi ng hiu nng ca gio php, nghi ng chnh hnh ca Tng chng, l s kin lm bn nh qui y, bi do hoi nghi nn ngi y thi tht tinh tn, xao lng phn s tu tp v phn s i vi Tam bo. Ngi c s qui y Tam bo nhng li c tri kin sai lm, hiu thy tri ngc vi tinh thn li dy ca c Pht, tin vo nhng iu t php nh tin bi ton, ng bng v.v... gi l c t kin, l s kin lm bn nh qui y, bi do t kin nn ngi y khng thy c chnh o, khng thy c nhng g phi n lc tu tp, ngi y i xa li Pht dy. S kin t on qui y Mt ngi c qu siu th, l bc thnh hu hc, ngi y thnh tu qui y bt thi ni Tam bo, s khng bao gi c s t on qui y i vi thnh qui y nh vy. V thnh hu hc d mng chung y sanh li i sng khc cng khng gin on tam qui, v o qu siu th l bt ng. Ch c s qui y ca phm nhn mi c th b t on. C hai s kin t on qui y ca phm nhn: a) t qui y khng c li (Anavajjo) b) t qui y c li (Svajjo) Mt ngi qui y Tam bo v tu tp tt p, nhng khi ngi y cht th xem nh l t on qui y, v mt k phm phu khng c g m bo lc ti sanh vo cnh gii khc, vi mt i sng khc, li c th gi nguyn lp trng tn ngng; ngi y s khng cn nh n Tam bo, khng cn

nh n l tng tu tp trong i ny. Nhng y gi l s kin t qui y khng c li. Trng hp mt ngi qui y Tam bo, sau xu hng theo ngoi gio, tr li ph bng c Pht, ph bng gio php, ph bng Tng chng. Nh th gi l s kin t qui y c li. C li y l t lm mt gc v to nn qu bo au kh; nu ngi y ch t b Tam bo xu hng ngoi gio th gi l t lm mt gc; nu ngi y xu hng ngoi gio v tr li ph bng Tam bo th gi l t lm mt gc v to c qu. Mt ngi c s t qui y th khng cn l mt ngi cn s na, khng ng gi l mt Pht t na. Li ch ca s qui y Qui y Tam bo l php tu bc u ca ngi c s, t thi qui y s th hin c nim tin, tinh tn v tr tu gip cho ngi c s tin b trong i sng tu tp. Ngi c s mun tu tin m khng qui y Tam bo th khng th nh hng l tng, khng c ng c thit tha hnh tr. Mt khc, s qui y Tam bo bng thi tn knh v qui thun c Pht, gio php v Tng chng, iu c li ch l kt thnh thin duyn ngi y trong nhng kip tng lai s gn b vi l tng gii thot, nu gp c mt v chnh gic th nh duyn lnh nn rt d gic ng. Li na, trong ch gii cn ni rng, ngi pht tm qui y Tam bo s c c qu phc rt c bit khi cn ti sanh lun hi, c qu phc nh l c tui th cao, c nhiu an vui, c nhiu quyn tc, c thn to ln, c hnh dng p, c danh ting, c ng quan nhy bn ... hn nhng ng loi. ---o0o--III.2. HNH B TH (Dna) ngha php b th B th (Dna, tu m n-na) l s cho, biu, tng, hin, dng cng ... cho ra m khng nhn ly li, gi l b th.

Ngi i hiu danh t "B th" l mt hnh ng "Cho vi thi khinh b". Trong Pht gio th danh t ny c ngha rt p. "B th" l mt hnh lnh, l mt ngha c, mt hnh ng chia s vi tm rng ri. Khi ngi b c tm keo kit bn sn mi b th c, do vy, b th l mt vic lm cao qu. Khng phi ai cng lm c, v khng phi lc no cng lm c. Phn ng chng sanh c tm chp gi t hu, khng vui thch san s, khng hoan h phn pht. V vy, ni rng khng phi ai cng b th c. C nhng ngi cng hoan h b th, vui thch phn pht, nhng tm chng sanh phm phu khng thng bng, c lc d x ti, c lc li kh dt b, tm t c khi ho phng, c khi tht cht. V vy, ni rng khng phi lc no cng b th c. B th (dna) cn c gi l x ti (cga) hay th x (pariccga). iu kin b th thnh tu mt vic b th, phi hi ba iu kin: a) C t nim (cetan) b) C vt th (vatthu) c) C ngi nhn (paighaka) Gi l "C t nim", tc l c tm quyt nh dt khot hay c tc rng: "Ta s b th", hoc "Ta hy b th", hoc "Ta ch nn bn sn" ... t tng y khi ln trc khi b th th gi l T tin (pubbacetan); t tng quyt tm b th khi ln khi ang lm th gi l T hin (mucanacetan), t tng ngh li v hoan h s b th lm qua th gi l T hu (aparacetan). iu kin t nim (cetan) rt quan trng v chnh y l yu t tc thnh thin nghip b th; c t nim cng lu thi gian th cng tch ly c nhiu thin nghip. C ngi khi t nim chun b b th, trc nhiu nm, hoc nhiu thng, hoc nhiu ngy, hay ch ngay trc khi b th khng lu. T nim thi gian di nh l mt ngi c nh s lm phc dng y Kahina vo nhng nm sau nn chun b u t tin bc ... Trng hp t nim thi gian ngn nh l cht c ngi n my nga tay xin tin, cn s nam y quyt nh b th cho ngi n my ngay khi y ...

T nim thin ang khi lm cng l mt yu t quan trng duy tr thin hnh b th, bi lc nu khng c tc mnh th tm thin i khi b thi chuyn. T nim thin sau khi b th cng rt cn thit, v ngh li iu phc mnh lm th cng hoan h v iu tr cho mun b th thm na bng cch thng cn y duyn. Mt ngi b th ri nhng khng hu t nim s khng thit tha, khng khng kht, khng c mun lm vic thin y na. iu kin b th th hai l "C vt th", tc l ni n vt cht c th em cho, b th, cng dng. Vt th ni theo lut tng th c bn th l y phc (cvara), vt thc (piapta), tr x (sensana), thuc tr bnh (gilnabhesajja). l bn mn nhu yu, cn thit cho i sng mi ngi; y phc mc che thn, vt thc n nui sng, tr x trnh ma nng, thuc tr bnh ngn tr cm th kh. Bn vt th ny l t vt dng m ngi c s thng b th cng dng n Tng chng trong Pht gio. Vt th ni theo kinh tng th c mi th l thc n (aa), nc ung (pna), y phc (vattha), xe thuyn (yna), bng hoa (ml), vt thm (gandha), vt thoa (vilepana), ging gh (seyy), ch (vasatha), n uc (padpa). Mi vt th ny, trong c nhng th cn thit cho i sng, c nhng th khng phi nhu cu cn thit nhng cng mang n li ch tin nghi cho con ngi. Do , u c th ly lm vt th cho tng ngi khc c. Vt th ni theo Vi Diu Php th c su th l sc (rpa), thinh (sadda), hng (gandha), v (rasa), xc (phohabba) v php (dhamma). Su vt th ny l ni theo bn th ca cc vt th thng thng ch khng c g l l thng. Th d, vt th no mt thng thc c th gi l sc th, vt th no m tai thng thc c th gi l thinh th v.v... Vt th l iu kin thc hin vic b th v c vt th mi em cho c n ngi khc, nh ta mi ngi bn n cm th phi c cm nu dn ln bn vy. iu kin th ba l "C ngi nhn", ngha l c i tng cho. Nu mnh c ho tm, c sn vt th, m khng c ngi nhn vt th th

khng thnh s b th. "Ngi nhn" c gi l ngi th th hay i tng th. Bt c ai cng c th l i tng th hay ngi th th c c. Ni theo hnh thc, i tng th c hai l c nhn i tng (paipuggalika) v tp th i tng (saghika). C nhn i tng, tc l mt chng sanh no th nhn s b th, c bit mt nhn vt c cho. Th d, nh ngi c s cng dng ring cho c Pht hoc ring cho mt v t kheo, hay b th cho mt ngi n my, gip cho mt ngi ngho, hay l cho thc n n mt con ch, mt con mo v.v... nhn vt th th y gi l c nhn i tng. Tp th i tng, tc l i tng gm nhiu ngi, i tng l on th, i tng l qun chng. Th d nh s cng dng n ch Tng t kheo, n cc tu s, hoc nh cu tr ng bo b thin tai, gip cc tr m ci v.v... i tng c b th y gi l tp th i tng. Ni theo gi tr, i tng th c phn ra c bn hng l bc kh knh, bc hu n, hng thng nhn, hng sc sanh. i tng th l bc kh knh nh c Pht, cc t kheo, cc sa-mn, b-lamn gii hnh i tng th l bc hu n thy t, ng b, cha m, v nhng ai c n c vi mnh. i tng th l hng thng nhn nh ngi ngho, ngi sng bt hnh, ngi cn gip , v tt c ngi no khng thuc bc kh knh v bc hu n. i tng th l hng sc sanh nh l cc th vt nui hoc nhng loi bng sanh khc m mnh thy ng thng xt. S b th c qu bo t hay nhiu cng ty thuc i tng th th na. Hnh thc b th B th l s cho n ngi khc. Nhng xt v thi "Cho" th ni c hai hnh thc b th l:

a) B th t (sagahavasa) b) B th cng dng (pjavasa) B th t , l s b th vi thi bi tm, thng xt chng sanh bt hnh nn b th gip , mong xoa du ni kh au ca chng sanh y. Nh l cho y phc, thc phm n nhng ngi ngho kh, cho n ngi n xin, hoc cu tr nhng ng bo b thin tai v.v... B th cng dng, l s b th vi thi tn tm, b th vi tm trong sch cung knh, mong c ngi th th chc phc. Nh l cng dng n cc bc sa-mn, b-la-mn gii hnh, cc bc xng ng cng dng; thm ch vic phng dng cha m v thy t cng gi l thi b th cng dng. Ngi c s nn thc hnh c hai hnh thc b th y. Tm l b th B th l em ti sn s hu ca mnh ra cho ngi khc, nhng khng phi tt c trng hp b th u c gi tr ging nhau. Gi tr cao thp ca s b th ty vo tm l b th ca ngi cho. C tm tm l b th (A.IV.236): 1- Do thng m b th (chand dna deti). C ngi v thng yu ngi no nn h biu tng cho ngi y qu phm hoc tin bc. 2- Do ght m b th (dos dna deti). C ngi v bc bi do b xin x quy ry nn b th cho yn; hoc v mun s nhc m b th; hoc v ght ngi ny m em cho ngi khc. 3- Do dt nt m b th (moh dna deti). C ngi khng nhn thc tnh thin php ca b th, khng ngh n mc ch g, ch l ai xin th cho vy thi. 4- Do s m b th (bhay dna deti). C ngi b e da, hoc b p bc, hoc yu th nn phi cho ti sn yn thn. 5- Do truyn thng m b th (kulavas dna deti). C ngi trong gia nh truyn thng b th, nn ngi y rng ri x ti v ngh rng ta khng nn lm mt truyn thng gia nh. 6- Do mc ch sanh thin m b th (Sugati-upapannatthya dna deti). C ngi mong c sanh v ci tri nn b th, v ngh rng sau khi b th ta cht s sanh thin. 7- Do mc ch tm an vui m b th (cittapa-sdanatthya dna deti). C ngi thch b th v ngh rng khi ta b th em nim vui cho k khc th ta

c an vui. 8- Do mc ch trang b cho tm m b th (cittaparikkhrattha dna deti). C nhng chng sanh cu gii thot, mun trang b cho tm, lm cho tm c thun thc, lm cho tm trong sng khi cu u xan tham nn b th. Trong tm tm l b th y ch c s b th v mc ch trang b tm l s b th cao qu, s b th v mc ch tm an vui cng l s b th tt p. S b th v truyn thng v s b th v mc ch sanh thin, cng c bc tr trong i chp nhn, nhng khng xem l th thng. Cung cch b th Nhn vo cung cch b th m bit c l ngi hin tr hay khng phi hin tr. Cung cch b th ca bc hin tr c nm (A.III.171), l: 1- B th c tn trng (Sakkacca deti). Tc l khi cho ai th cho bng thi n cn. 2- B th c suy ngh (Cittkatv deti), tc l c ch tm lm iu tt nn mi b th. 3- B th t tay (Sahatth deti), tc l chnh mnh lm ch khng sai bo hay giao ph ngi khc lm. 4- B th khng qung b (anapaviddha deti), l cho vt tt p m mnh ang dng xi ch khng phi l vt d tha hay thi h. 5- B th c nhn tng lai (gamanadihiko deti), l b th c hng n mc ch, nh ngh n an vui, ngh n phc bu, ngh n gii thot. Cung cch b th ca hng phi hin tr c nm (A.III.171) l: 1- B th khng tn trng (asakkacca deti). Ngha l hng phi hin tr khi cho ai th cho vi thi khinh r. 2- B th khng suy ngh (acittkatv deti). Hng phi hin tr b th th , khng quan tm vic mnh lm. 3- B th khng t tay (asahath deti). Hng phi hin tr b th khng t mnh lm m ch sai bo ngi khc lm, nh th vic b th khng ng h lm. 4- B th qung b (apaviddha deti). Hng phi hin tr b th nhng th m h chn ch, nhng th m h khng dng xi na. 5- B th khng nhn tng lai (angamanadihiko deti). Hng phi hin tr

c b th cng khng hng n mc ch cao c, khng c nguyn vng, lm ch l lm thi. Qu phc b th Hnh b th thnh tu nhiu li lc cho th ch. Nhng ty theo hnh b th m c c nhng qu li ch khc nhau, kh khng nh c. Hnh b th c nhng qu li ch khc nhau ty theo vt th, tm l b th, cung cch b th v.v... Qu b th ty theo vt th (vt thc, hoc y phc hoc tr x ...), in hnh nh b th vt thc s thnh tu 5 iu li lc n th ch (A.III.42): 1- Hng tui th nhn thin, v th thc gip cho ngi khc c ko di s sng. 2- Hng dung sc nhn thin, v th thc gip cho ngi khc nui thn xinh tt. 3- Hng an vui nhn thin, v th thc gip cho ngi khc ngn c cm th i kh. 4- Hng sc lc nhn thin, v th thc gip cho ngi khc c sc khe sung mn. 5- Hng bin ti nhn thin, v th thc gip cho ngi khc bi dng tr tu. Qu b th thnh tu theo tm l b th (A.A.257) c 5 s kin l: 1- Ngi b th v thng, v ght, v dt nt, v s th qu bo v sau rt km, c ti sn khng ng k, khng th sanh ci tri. 2- Ngi b th v gi truyn thng th thng t n ti sn trong ci nhn loi thi. 3- Ngi b th v mong sanh thin th c t n ti sn ch thin. 4- Ngi b th v tm an vui th c th t n hai loi ti sn l ti sn nhn loi (manussa-sampatti), ti sn ch thin (devasampatti). 5- Ngi b th trang b cho tm, lm trang nghim tm, cu s gii thot th s c ti sn thnh nhn hay thnh tu Np bn (nibbnasam-patti), nu th ch cha chng t Np bn m cn lun hi sanh t th vn c ti sn ch thin v ti sn nhn loi. Qu b th thnh tu theo cung cch b th (A.III.172) c 5 iu l:

1- B th bng nim tin, c qu bo tng lai giu c v xinh p kh i. 2- B th tn trng, c qu tng lai giu c v nhiu ngi qui phc. 3- B th hp thi, c qu tng lai giu c v cc nhu cu c p ng y ng lc. 4- B th tm khng gng p, c qu tng lai giu c v hng th vi tm thoi mi mn nguyn. 5- B th khng gy tn hi mnh v ngi, c qu tng lai giu c v gi vng c ti sn; khng b ph sn bi la, nc, vua, k cp, hay ngi tha k. Qu bo thit thc ca s b th (A.III.38) c nm iu l: 1- c nhiu ngi thng yu knh mn. 2- c cc bc thin tr thc giao ho. 3- Danh thm ting tt lan truyn 4- C tm dn d t ti khi n gia cc hi chng. 5- Sau khi mng chung c sanh vo nhn cnh ci tri. ---o0o--III. 3. HNH TR GII (Sla) ngha php tr gii Gii (sla) l nguyn tc sng cho c s tt p v hnh ng v li ni, tt nhin cng l iu lm cho tm c tt p, v gii l u mi ca thin php (sra), l iu lm cho mt m (stala) do bt hi. Gii c nhim v l ngn chn nhng li lm v nng nhng c hnh. Tr gii l s c king c nhng hnh vi xu. S king c hay s ngn iu c c ba trng hp. a) King lm c do hon cnh (sampattavirati). Th d: trong lut php quc cm git ngi cp ca, ngi dn v s b t y nn khng dm phm ti. iu khng phi l gi gii. b) King lm c do th tr (samdnavirati). Th d: mt ngi c tc sng tt p nn nguyn trnh nhng hnh vi sai tri, iu chnh l ngha tr gii. c) King lm c do dt tr phin no (samuc-chedavirati). Ngha l mt v

thnh la phin no do thnh o on tr th khng cn hnh ng c. y l s thnh tu gii do tm thanh tnh, khng phi s tr gii. Hng phm nhn tc ch ng phin no, khng vi phm iu c ca thn v khu, c gi l ngi gi gii. y cng gi l gii c (cetansla). Yu t tr gii C hai yu t gi chn chn gii hnh (Visdh I.16): a) Tm (hiri), lng h thn ti li b) Qu (ottappa), tm gh s ti c. Mt ngi c lng h thn vi ti li, ngh n a v, gia th, trch nhim ca mnh, thy rng "Tht khng xng ng nu ta lm iu quy nh th". Nh bit t thn nh vy nn ngi y khng dm d dui lm iu c. y gi l gi gii chn chn nh c yu t lng tm. Mt ngi c tm s hi ti li, khi ngh n hu qu au kh do lm iu c, hoc ngh n s b cc bn ng phm hnh c tr qu trch nu bit ta lm iu c, hoc ngh n s b lut php quc x pht nu ta phm li lm ... nh ngh th nn c tm s hi ti li, nh c tm s hi nn khng dm d dui lm iu c. y gi l gi gii chn chn nh c yu t lng qu. Ngi c s sng ti gia, c nhng iu d di m x hi vn xem l hnh x tt p lng thin, nhng xt v mt o c Pht php, hay nhn qu nghip bo th nhng iu x hi chp nhn vn l iu quy, l nghip a n qu bo kh au. Do , ngi c s cn phi c lng tm qu, tu tp gi gii cho tt p. Khi c lng tm qu th t nguyn gi gii, khng cn s bt buc. Phn loi gii ca ngi c s Ngi c s trong Pht gio, thng thng c hai loi gii l ng gii (pacasla) v bt quan trai gii (aha-uposathasla). Ng gii l nm gii cn bn m ngi c s phi gi n trn i nn ng gii cng c gi l Thng nht gii (niccasla), gm nm iu l:

1- King trnh st sanh (ptipt verama), tc l trnh s git hi cc sinh vt, loi c thc tnh. Gi l gii st sanh. 2- King trnh trm cp (adinndn vera-ma), tc l trnh s ot ly ti sn s hu ca ngi khc m ngi cha bng lng cho. Gi l gii trm cp. 3- King trnh t hnh dc lc (kmesu micch-cr), tc l trnh s quan h tnh dc bt chnh vi ngi khc ngoi v hoc chng ca mnh. Gi l gii t dm. 4- King trnh s ni di (musvd), tc l trnh ni li khng ng s tht, la di ngi khc; thm ch khng ni di vui ci. Gi l gii ni di. 5- King trnh s ung ru v cht say (sur-merayamajjapamdahn verama) tc l trnh s say sa ru ch, khng ung cc loi cht say. Gi l gii ung ru. Bt quan trai gii, l tm gii thanh tnh m ngi c s th tr vo nhng ngy b tt (uposatha), l ngy l mng 5, mng 8, ngy 14, ngy 15, ngy 20, ngy 23, ngy 29 v ngy 30 (nu thng thiu th trai gii l ngy 28 v 29 l). Tnh mt ngy trai gii l k mt tri mc hm nay n mt tri mc hm sau. Bt quan trai gii c tm iu l: 1- King trnh st sanh (ptipt verama). 2- King trnh trm cp (adinndn vera-ma) 3- King trnh hnh phi phm hnh (abrahma-cariy verama), tc l king c s hnh dm, d v chng cng king gn gi xc tht khi gi trai gii. Gi l gii hnh dm. 4- King trnh ni di (musvda verama) 5- King trnh ung ru v cht say (surme-rayamajjapamdahn verama) 6- King trnh n phi thi (viklabhojan vera-ma), tc l khng n nhng thc n nhai thuc tri cy m cc, t ng bng cho n hng ng ngy hm sau. Gi l gii n phi thi. 7- King trnh xem ma, ht, nhc, kch, trang sc vng hoa, hng liu, vt thoa v thi trang (naccagtavditaviskadassanamlgandhavilepanadharaamaanavibhsanahn verama), tc l khng bn rn phng dt vi s ca ht n kn, trang im lm p thn. Gi l gii thng thc. 8- King trnh s dng sng ta cao rng (uccsayanamahsayan verama), tc l khng nm ngi ni ging gh cao sang nh hng qu tc. Gi l gii dng sng ta.

Ngi c s gi gii phi bit r chi ca gii (aga), t mnh bit khi no gii bt tnh v khi no gii h hng (t gii). ---o0o--CHI CA GII (Aga) Chi ca gii, tc l nhng iu kin kt lun mt hnh ng sai phm m ch l bt tnh gii hay h hoi gii. Mt hnh ng sai phm m gi l t gii phi hi chi phn; nu cha hi chi gii th ch l bt tnh thi. y khng ni ring bit chi ca ng gii v chi ca bt quan trai gii, m ch ni chung nhng iu gii cn phi bit. * "Gii st sanh" c 5 chi: 1- i tng b hi l sinh vt c thc tnh (pa). 2- K git bit r i tng l sinh vt (pa-sa). 3- C tm st hi (vadhakacitta) 4- Hnh ng c st (upakkamo) 5- i tng b cht v s c st y (tenama-raa) Hi 5 chi ny mi gi l phm gii st sanh. * "Gii trm cp" c 5 chi: 1- Vt b ly l vt c ch bo qun (paraparig-gahita). 2- K ly bit r l vt c ch (paraparigga-hitasa) 3- C tm trm cp (theyyacitta) 4- C sc ly trm (upakkamo) 5- Vt b em i khi ch do s trm y (tena harana) Hi 5 chi ny mi gi l phm gii trm cp. * "Gii t dm" trong ng gii, c 4 chi: 1- i tng khng nn i n (agamanyat-thna), tc l ngi khng hp php cho quan h tnh dc. 2- C tm mun hng dc vi ngi y (tasmi sevancitta) 3- C gng hnh ng (upakkamo) 4- hnh ng tnh dc (maggena maggappa-ipdana)

Hi bn chi ny gi l phm gii t dm. * "Gii hnh dm" trong bt quan trai gii, c 4 chi: 1- C l khiu hnh dm (bhedanavatthu), tc l trong thn c 3 khiu, tnh theo hng ngi tng cng c 30 khiu. 2- C tm mun hng dc (sevancitta) 3- C gng hnh ng theo mun (tajjov-ymo) 4- hnh ng tnh dc (maggena maggappa-ipdana), l lm cho khiu chm khiu. Hi 4 chi y gi l phm gii hnh dm. * "Gii ni di" c 4 chi: 1- Chuyn khng tht (atathavatthu) tc l chuyn c ni khng, chuyn khng ni c. 2- C tm mun ni sai (visavdanacitta) 3- C gng ni sai (tajjo vymo) 4- Ngi nghe tin chc li ni (parassa tadatthavijnna) Hi 4 chi ny gi l phm gii ni di. * "Gii ung ru" c 4 chi ": 1- Thc ung l cht say (majjanyavatthu), tc l nc ung c nng 2- C tm mun ung (Ptukamyatcitta) 3- C sc ung cht say y (tajjo vyamo) 4- ung nc say y (tassa pna), tc l d mt git ru nut khi c cng gi l ung ru. Hi 4 chi ny gi l phm gii ung ru. * "Gii n phi thi" trong bt quan trai gii, c 3 chi: 1- Phi thi (vikla), tc l thi gian t ng bng ngy hm nay cho n hng ng ngy hm sau. 2- Vt thc tc thi (yvaklika), tc l thc n m ch c php n bui sng, nh cc loi tri v m cc, cm bnh v.v... 3- nut khi c (ajjhoharana)

Hi 3 chi ny gi l phm gii n phi thi * "Gii thng thc" trong bt quan trai gii gm hai s vic: thng thc ngh thut v thng thc m thut. Gii thng thc ngh thut, c ba chi: 1- iu ma, bi ht v.v... (naccagtdi) 2- C tm mun thc hin (kattukamyatcitta), tc l c mun trnh din hay xem trnh din. 3- d nghe hoc xem (sutadassanatthya gamana) Gii thng thc m thut, c ba chi: 1- L vt thc trang im nh vng hoa v.v... (mldi) 2- a mun trang im (dhraachandat), tc l thch mun eo trang sc, hay thoa xc hng liu m phm. 3- trang im (tassa dhraa) tc l thc hin hnh ng lm p. Gii th by ca bt quan trai, khi hnh ng c 3 chi ca mt trong hai s vic th gi l phm gii. * "Gii dng sng ta", c 3 chi: 1- Ch nm ngi cao v rng (uccsayanamahsayana), gi l ch cao tc l cao qu 5 tc ty; gi l rng tc l ni c din tch m c th cc v n ng ti y ma c; hoc l ch nm ngi c chm tr trang hong sang trng. 2- C tm mun s dng (paribhogacitta) 3- s dng (paribhogakaraa) tc l nm hoc ngi trn ch y. Hi 3 chi ny gi l phm gii dng sng ta. Nu sai phm iu gii no nhng cha hi chi ca gii th cha gi l hoi gii m ch l bt tnh. Php h tr cho gii. Ngi c s cn phi tu tp nm php lnh (kalynadhamma), l php h tr cho s gi gii tt p (atthakath):

1) T bi (mettkaru), tnh hi ho v sn, c lng trc n trc au kh ca chng sanh mi loi. Khi ngi c s tu tp c tnh ny th s khng n hi chng sanh, khng n ot mng sng cc sinh vt. l php h tr gii th nht (trnh s st sanh). 2) Chnh mng (samm-jiva), c s tinh tn trong vic nui mng, quyt khng nui mng bng nghip bt thin. Khi ngi c s vui sng chnh mng s khng ngh n gian tham trm cp ti sn ca k khc. l php h tr gii th hai (trnh s trm cp). 3) Phng h dc trn (kmasavara). Km gi tm khng am m sc dc, lun thy c s nguy him ca ng trn. Khi ngi c s c s thu thc nh vy s khng khi ln t vi v con ngi khc. l php h tr gii th ba (trnh s t dm). 4) Chn tht (sacca). Tnh ngay thng trung thc, a thch s tht, khng thch di tr. Khi ngi c s vui trong php chn tht s kh chu nu ni di. y l php h tr gii th t (trnh s ni di). 5) Chnh nim tnh gic (satisampajaa). Sng kim sot v nhn thc, ghi nh v suy nim. Khi ngi c s quen sng chnh nim tnh gic s khng c s d dui qun mnh. l php h tr gii th nm (trnh ung ru). Ngoi nm php h tr cho gii ni trn, ngi c s trong ngy tr bt quan trai gii cn phi thc hnh bn php h tr thanh tnh gii (trai gii): 1- Thu thc cc cn (indriyasavra). Ngi c s trong ngy trai gii sau khi pht nguyn th bt quan trai, trn ngy v m y phi gi chnh nim khi mt thy, tai nghe, mi ngi, li nm, thn xc, suy ngh, khng tham sn sanh khi do thy, nghe v.v... 2- Tu tp qun tng (paccavekkhana). Ngy trai gii, ngi c s nn dnh nhiu thi gian yn tnh tu tp qun tng, nh tng th trc, tng thn gi bnh, cht, tng v thng, tng kh no, tng v ng. 3- Tu tp ty nim (anussati). Nu c thi gian tu thin trong ngy trai gii, ngi c s c th tu tp cn nh vi su ty nim l nim Pht, nim php, nim tng, nim th, nim gii, nim thin.

4- Tu tp t nim x (satipahna). Nu ngi c s c duyn lnh vi thin qun th ngy trai gii tu tp t nim x, cng cao thng hn, tc l nim thn, nim th, nim tm, nim php. Nhng php tu tp v ti qun tng, hay ty nim, hay thin qun ny, ngi c s phi hc hi trc t ni ch Tng hay v s truyn trai gii hm , thc hnh cho tt p v h tr ngy trai gii thanh tnh v thnh tu phc bu vin mn. Qu phc ca s tr gii S tr gii c rt nhiu li ch. Trc ht l gi gii c nm iu li ch thit thc (Ud.86): 1- Nh s khng d dui m t c ti sn ln. 2- C danh thm ting tt n xa. 3- i n hi chng, tm dn d ung dung 4- Lc cht khng hn m 5- Sau khi cht, c sanh vo nhn cnh thin gii. C li ch thit thc khc na (A.V.1) nh c Pht dy cho tn gi nanda rng: "Ny nanda, gii l thin, gii c mc ch l bt hi, c li ch l bt hi". Khi ngi gi gii khng lm nhng iu li lm ti c, do vy, ngi y khng b ray rt lng tm, khng sng trong trng thi hi hn, tm c an lc t ti. Ngi c s th tr chn chn ng gii, nu ni ring mi iu gii th tr c qu phc nh sau: "Khng st sanh" c 23 qu phc: 1- c trng th 2- Thn khng tn tt 3- t bnh hon 4- Thn hnh va vn 5- Thn th xinh tt 6- Tng khoan thai cao ro 7- C ch linh hot

8- Bc chn i dng p 9- V mt ti sng 10- Tnh tnh nhu ha 11- Tinh thn an vui 12- Tm dn d dng cm 13- C nhiu sc mnh 14- Ni nng bt thip 15- Khng b qun chng bt nt 16- Khng c s kinh hong s hi 17- Khng b k th hm hi 18- Khng b cht do ngi c st 19- Khng c chuyn bc mnh 20- Thn th sch s 21- C ng ty tng 22- c mi ngi thng mn 23- Khng gp cnh sanh ly t bit "Khng trm cp" c 11 qu phc: 1- C nhiu ca ci 2- C thc phm y 3- Kim c thc phm d dng 4- C c ti sn cha c 5- Ti sn c ri c gi vng 6- Mun g c 7- Ti sn khng b tiu hao do thin tai, ho hon, trm cp, tch bin hay do ngi thn. 8- C c ti sn khng b tranh ot. 9- Khng b nghe v bit "s khng c". 10- u cng c an vui. 11- D t c ti sn Siu th. "Khng t dm" c 20 qu phc: 1- Khng b th ch 2- Khng b ngi ganh ght 3- Khng b tai nn do ngi hi 4- t b xa la ngi thng 5- L ch thng yu ca mi ngi 6- C nhiu thn hu qu mn

7- Tm ci n, ci mc, ch d dng 8- Ng ngh c an vui 9- Thc gic c an vui 10- Nm ngi ch no cng an vui 11- Sinh k khng kh khn 12- Khng d bc mnh 13- Khng sanh kh cnh 14- Khng sanh lm ngi bn nam bn n 15- Tnh ngi nghim tc 16- Lm vic minh bch 17- Tng mo uy nghi 18- Ng quyn (mt, tai ... ) y 19- C khng cp, "Tc l c oai phong" 20- Khng gc mt, "Tc l c uy quyn" "Khng ni di" c 14 qu phc: 1- C ng quyn (mt, tai ... ) c trong sng 2- C li ni thanh tao 3- C hm rng kht khao u n 4- Khng qu mp 5- Khng qu m 6- Khng qu cao 7- Khng qu ln 8- c hng xc lc 9- Ming thm nh hoa sen 10- Li mng nh cnh sen 11- Khng cm ngng 12- C c k ty tng tn cn 13- Li ni c tn nhim 14- Tm tr khng b ri lon "Khng ung ru", c 15 qu phc: 1- Lm ngi c tr nh tt, khng b ln 2- Khng b in khng, n 3- C s hiu bit mau l 4- Thnh ngi a tr 5- Lm ngi tri thc 6- Lm ngi hiu bit iu li ch v iu khng li ch.

7- Lm ngi khng hong ht 8- Lm ngi khng c s bc bi 9- Khng b ngi vu khng 10- Lm ngi ni nng nghim tc 11- Lm ngi sing nng chm ch 12- Lm ngi tnh trung thc 13- Lm ngi c lim s 14- Lun c s an vui 15- Lun c ngi knh n. V qu phc bt quan trai gii, nu ngi c s th tr gii thanh tnh do ngh rng: v A la hn trn i c lng t bi vi chng sanh, khng st hi v.v... ta s theo gng v A la hn, ngy v m nay cng c lng t bi vi chng sanh, khng st hi bt c sinh vt no v.v... Thnh tu trai gii thanh tnh nh vy s c qu ln, li ch ln, chi sng v bin mn (A.IV.248). Li na, ngi thnh tu trai gii thanh tnh c qu li ch ln l t n hnh phc ci ngi hn mt v i cai tr mi su quc ln. Li c th sau khi mnh chung s c sanh cng tr vi ch thin dc gii, hnh phc ch thin vt tri loi ngi (A.IV.251). l nhng qu phc ca vic tr gii. ---o0o--III.4. HNH TU TIN (Bhvan) ngha tu tin Tu tin l pht trin, luyn tp, lm cho tn ha, lm cho thun thc; "Bhvet' ti bhvan" pht trin tt p gi l tu tin. ngha tu tin y l s trau di pht trin i sng tm linh. S pht trin tm linh l iu kin gip cho cuc sng tin ha n nh, khng km g vt cht, c th ni l cn thit hn s pht trin vt cht na bi v khi con ngi sng vi tm lon ng, u lo, phin mun th cho d c hng th vt cht vn khng c hnh phc an lc. Th xc ny cng nh hng do tinh thn khng t, khi tm t b phin no chi phi th cc h thn kinh b cng thng, sc lc suy sp, sanh ra nhng chng bnh v tim mch, v h tiu ha v.v... Do s tu tp n nh tm l l iu mang n nhiu li lc.

Ngi c s mc d khng c iu kin thun li tu tp nh cc v xut gia, nhng khng nn v th m b qua c hi tu tin thin nh to ba loi phc bu. C nhng php mn tu tp m c Pht dy cho ngi c s thc hnh thanh lc tm v tng trng tr tu. Cc hnh thc tu tin (bhvan) C hai hnh thc tu tin: 1) Tu ch (Samathabhvan) 2) Tu qun (Vipassanbhvan) Ch v Qun cn c gi l php cn tu tp (bhvetabbadhamma), cng gi l php thuc phn minh (vijjbhgiyadhamma) -- (D.III.273; A.I.60) Tu ch hay tu tp ch tnh, tc l cch tu tp lm vng lng phin no, an tnh tm t, vi t tm t, t n trng thi tm nh kin c. Khi hnh gi tu tp ch tnh thun thc s an tr trong s tnh lng nm trin ci tc l tham dc, sn hn, hn thy, tro hi v hoi nghi, nu tm thot khi nm trin ci, cho d cha c thin nh cng c hin ti lc tr. Tu qun hay tu tp minh st, tc l cch tu tp pht trin tr tu, liu tri thc tng ca danh sc l v thng, kh v v ng, on tr phin no nht l dp b c t kin ng nhn ng un l thng-lc-ng-tnh. Tu tin Minh st trc tip on tr phin no, c o qu gii thot. So snh s khc bit gia thin ch v thin qun, da trn bn kha cnh nhn nh: a) Khuynh hng. Thin ch c khuynh hng l nh (Samdhi), thin qun c khuynh hng l Tu (pa). b) Cu cnh. Thin ch c cu cnh l chng c nh o i; thin qun c cu cnh l chng c o qu. c) Phng tin. Thin ch c phng tin tu tp l tp trung trn i tng; thin qun c phng tin tu tp l suy t trn i tng.

d) mc. Thin ch c mc l nhng n x ch nh nh mu sc v.v... Thin qun c mc l nhng n x chn nh danh sc, ng un v.v... Php mn tu tin cho ngi c s i vi bc xut gia th c iu kin tu tp cc php mn thin nh, bn mi mc thin ch (kammahna) v bn mc thin qun (satipahna). Nhng ngi c s nu c c hi tham d kha thin ti cc trng thin th c th c iu kin, thi gian v cch sinh hot, tu tp thin nh tch cc. Cn phn ng cc c s khng th tu thin thc th nh mt hnh gi bi bn rn vi cc tc s ngh nghip, bn phn gia nh, bn phn x hi. Tuy nhin, vn c nhng php mn tu tin thch hp cho i sng ngi c s, ngi c s tinh tn tu tp theo cc php mn y s t n nhiu li lc. Cc php tu tin cho ngi c s gm c: a) Mi php ty nim (anussati), tc l nim Pht, nim Php, nim Tng, nim th, nim gii, nim thin, nim cht, nim thn, nim hi th, nim tch tnh (A.I.30-41; Vism. 197). b) Bn phm tr (brahmavihra), tc l tu tp t tm, bi tm, h tm v x tm (D.II.196; D.III.220; Dhs.262; Vism.320). c) Nm thng qun (abhihapaccavekkhaa), tc l qun s gi, qun s bnh, qun s cht, qun bit ly, qun nghip qu (A.III.71). y l nhng mc tu tin gip ngi c s bc u tin hnh thin nh, ch v qun. Cc mc tu tin s khi ny c th thc hnh trong mi lc, mi ni, v t oai nghi (i, ng, nm, ngi). iu kin cho vic thc hnh tu tin Khi c mun thc hnh php mn thin nh, ngi c s y phi chun b nhng vic ny: ch hnh thin thch hp, n vt thc thch hp, thn cn ngi thch hp, chn oai nghi thch hp, dn tm thch hp, hc mc thch hp.

Ch hnh thin thch hp, tc l mt cn phng bit lp, rng thong, khng by bin ri mt, nu c ni yn tnh khng ting n th cng tt. Nh vy khng b tp nim. Vt thc thch hp, tc l hnh gi khng n qu no, khng n nhng thc n kh tiu ha, khng n cc thc n d d ng c th. Nh vy thn s c khinh an. Thn cn ngi thch hp, tc l hnh gi nn giao du vi bn lnh, nhng ngi c tn, c gii, c th v c tr tu, nht l ngi c tinh tn v chnh nim. Nh vy s gip hnh gi tin ha. Chn oai nghi thch hp, tc l trong bn oai nghi: i, ng, nm, ngi, hnh gi c th hnh thin vi oai nghi no cng c min l thch hp vi thi quen ca mnh; c ngi d chnh nim lc i kinh hnh, c ngi d chnh nim lc ng yn, c ngi d chnh nim trong t th nm, c ngi d chnh nim trong t th ngi. Nhng thng thng vic hnh thin hay t th ngi, ngi kit d hoc bn d, lng thng, mt nhm nh, hng v pha trc mt, bn tay phi t trn bn tay tri. Chn oai nghi thch hp cng l iu kin gip hnh gi thoi mi tu tp. Dn tm thch hp, tc l hnh gi trc khi hnh thin hoc trc khi tr nim mc phi dn tm tht yn lng, khng lo u, khng bc tc, khng bun ng, khng vng mng. Nh vy s gip hnh gi d khng kht vi mc. Hc mc thch hp, tc l hnh gi phi bit c tnh ca mnh (nng v i, hay nng v sn v.v...) ri chn ti thin nh hp vi c tnh ca mnh; chn c ti thch hp ri nn hc hi t cc v thy hay thin s nm r phng php thc hnh. Khi c Th Tn cn ti th, ngi bit r c tnh tng ngi nn ngi dy cho mi ngi mt ti thin qun thch hp, ngy nay cc v thin s ch dy thin cho thin sinh mc chung chung thi. V th v hnh gi phi t nhn xt v la chn mc. Tu tin vi ti ty nim C 10 ti ty nim (anussati), l nim Pht, nim Php, nim Tng, nim th, nim gii, nim thin, nim cht, nim thn, nim hi th, nim tch tnh. Nim Pht (buddhnussati)

Ty nim c cm hng t ni cc c tnh c bit ca c Pht gi l nim Pht. c Pht c mi c tnh c bit, l mi n c Pht. Ngi l bc ng cng (Araha), Chnh bin tri (Samm-sambuddho), Minh hnh tc (Vijjcaranasampanno), Thin th (Sugato), Th gian gii (Lokavid), V thng s (Anuttaro), iu ng trng phu (Purisa-dammasrath), Thin nhn s (Satth devamanus-sna), Gic gi (Buddho), Thoi c gi (Bhagav). Xem "Kho Tng Php Hc", on 441. Cch nim Pht: hnh gi tm ni thanh vng ngi tham thin, suy tng v s kh au ca kip sng, nh n c Pht l v cu tinh ca mun loi, Ngi c nhng c tnh c bit. Hnh gi bt u suy nim (phi hc hiu r mi n c Pht): "Iti pi so bhagav araha sammsambuddho vijjcaranasampanno sugato lokavid anuttaro purisadammasrath satthdevamanussna buddho bhagav" "Nh vy c Th Tn l bc ng cng, Chnh bin tri, Minh hnh tc, Thin th, Th gian gii, V thng s, iu ng trng phu, Thin nhn s, Gic gi, Thoi c gi". Nim qua mi n c Pht mt ln, hnh gi t nim tin v hoan h vi hnh nh ca c Pht; xong nim li mi n c ln na, ri hoan h; c th nim tip tc nh cch thc nim ... cho n ht thi gian hnh thin. Mt cch khc, hnh gi chn mt n c no trong mi n c m lm cho tm cm hng c, v suy nim n c thi khng cn nim mi. Nim Pht cch ny nh sau: "Itipi so bhagav araha ... araha ... araha ... araha ..." Hoc "Itipi so bhagav sammsambuddho ... sammsambuddho ... sammsambuddho" v.v... Khi nim Pht, thnh thong hnh gi b phng tm hay b hn trm, lc chnh nim ghi nhn ri vn dng "chi tm" (vitakka: tm kim cnh) ch ng tm phng hoc hn trm. Hnh gi c th hnh thin ty nim Pht trong hai thi: sng sm v chiu ti, lc cnh yn tnh.

Phng php nim Pht s gip tm hnh gi lng du phin no, Tng trng nim tin, c hnh phc h lc, nhip phc s s hi. Nu hnh gi cha c thnh qu cao siu th t nht cng c sanh vo ci vui. Nim php (dhammnussati) Ty nim c cm hng t ni cc c tnh ca gio php gi l nim php. Gio php ca c Pht c su c tnh, cng gi l n c php. Su n c php l: php c kho thuyt (svkkhto), thit thc hin ti (sandihiko), vt ngoi thi gian (akliko), n thy (ehipassiko), kh nng hng thng (opanayiko), vn c ngi tr t hiu (paccatta veditabbo vihi). Trc khi hnh ty nim php, v hnh gi phi hc thng thuc su c tnh ca php, gm c vn t v ngha l. Xem "Kho Tng Php Hc", on 354. Cch nim Php: Hnh gi tm ni thanh vng, ngi tham thin, trc ht l suy tng s au kh ca i sng, ngh n gio php do c Pht thuyt nh loi linh dc tr tm bnh ca chng sanh, gio php y gm c php hc (tam tng kinh in), php hnh (thin s v thin nh), php thnh (l chn siu th php). Hnh gi bt u nim tng cc c tnh c bit ca gio php nh sau: "Svkkhto bhagavat dhammo sandihiko akliko ehipassiko opanayiko paccatta veditabbo vihi" "Gio php c c Th Tn kho thuyt, thit thc hin ti, vt ngoi thi gian, n thy, kh nng hng thng, cn c ngi tr t hiu". Hnh gi nim qua mt lt su c tnh ca gio php nh vy, hy suy ngh "gio php ca c Pht c th nh vy, tuyt diu nh vy", ri t nim tin ni gio php vi tm hng n s thnh tu php v t. Xong, v hnh gi tip tc nim tr li su n c php ... c nh th thc hnh ty nim php cho n ht thi gian mt bui thin tp. Mt cch khc, hnh gi ty chn mt trong su n c php m mnh cm hng, nim mt n c cng c. Nh sau: "Svkkhto bhagavat dhammo" ... "Svkkhto bhagavat dhammo" ... "Svkkhto bhagavat dhammo" ...

Hay "Sandihiko dhammo" ... "Sandihiko dhammo" ... "Sandihiko dhammo" ... Hnh gi hnh ty nim php mi ngy trong hai thi, hoc ty lc yn tnh. Hnh gi nim php s t n vin mn v c tin, s c nhiu hnh phc hn hoan, s nhip phc c s s hi nh th ang sng vi php, s c thc tm qu mnh lit, v nu hnh gi cha thm nhp c ci g cao siu hn th t nht cng tin n mt ci an lc. Nim Tng (Saghnussati) Ty nim c cm hng t ni cc c tnh ca Tng chng, t xut gia ca c Pht, gi l nim tng. Tng chng t Pht c chn c tnh cao qu, cng gi l chn n c tng. Tc l: Thin hnh (supaipanno), trc hnh (ujupatipanno), chnh hnh (yapaipanno), nghim hnh (smcipaipanno), ng cung phng (huneyyo), ng nghnh tip (phuneyyo), ng cng dng (dakkhieyyo), ng l bi (ajalikaraneyyo), phc in v thng ca i (anuttara puakkhetta lokassa). Trc khi thc hnh ty nim tng, v hnh gi phi hc thng thuc chn c tnh ca Tng chng, gm c vn t v ngha. Xem "Kho Tng Php Hc", on 442. Cch nim Tng: Hnh gi tm ch thanh vng, ngi tham thin; truc ht hnh gi suy ngh v s u nhim ca i sng th tc, c nhng ngi chp nhn t b th tc sng i phm hnh theo s hng dn ca c Th Tn, gi l t xut gia, thnh mt on th Tng chng, nhng v y quyt tm thnh tu cu cnh phm hnh, c nhiu v t n trng thi bc thnh. V hnh gi khi suy xt nh vy s c lng tin v cm hng i vi cc c tnh tuyt vi ca bn bc thnh tng. T im ny, hnh gi bt u nim tng: "Supaipanno bhagavato svakasagho ujupai-panno bhagavato svakasagho yapaipanno bhagavato svakasagho smcipaipanno bhagavato svakasagho yadida cattri purisayugni aha purisapuggal esa bhagavato svakasagho huneyyo phuneyyo dakkhieyyo ajalikaraneyyo anuttara puakkhetta lokassa".

"Tng t c Th Tn l bc thin hnh, Tng t c Th Tn l bc trc hnh, Tng t c Th Tn l bc chnh hnh, Tng t c Th Tn l bc nghim hnh, Tng t c Th Tn gm bn i tm v l bc ng cung phng, ng nghnh tip, ng cng dng, ng l bi, l phc in v thng ca th gian". Hnh gi nim qua mt lt chn c tnh ca Tng chng nh vy tm dng nim, v suy ngh: "an tnh thay l thnh chng t Pht, an tnh thay l thnh chng t Pht" hnh gi hoan h hng n Tng v cm thy nh mnh ang sng vi s hin din ca Tng chng thanh tnh. Ri hnh gi tip tc nim tr li chn c tnh Tng chng ... c th nim theo cch thc ny cho n ht thi gian bui thin tp. Mt cch khc na, hnh gi nim tng mi n c tng, ty chn mt c tnh no trong chn c tnh m hnh gi c cm hng, nh l Supaipanno bhagavato svakasagho ... Supaipanno ... Supaipanno ... Hoc ajalikaraneyyo bhagavato svakasagho ... ajalikaraneyyo ... ajalikaraneyyo ... ajalikaraneyyo ... Hnh gi hnh ty nim Tng mi ngy hai bui sng v ti, hoc lc no yn tnh. S ty nim Tng s gip cho hnh gi thnh tu vin mn c tin i vi Tng chng, em li nhiu hnh phc an lc cho hnh gi, v y nhip phc c s s hi, nh s tn knh Tng chng nn v y s c thc tm qu mnh lit, v nu v y cha t c thnh qu cao siu th t na cng hng n mt cnh gii hnh phc. Nim gii (Slnussati) S ty nim c cm hng t ni cc c tnh ca gii thanh tnh, gi l nim gii. Nim gii hnh ca chnh mnh th tr c trng thi tt p nh th no, gi l nim gii. Hnh gi c s th nim gii c s. Hnh gi cn hiu r nhng c tnh ca gii hnh ng hoan h, nh l gii khng b rch, khng b v, khng b lng, khng b , khng b lm m, gii thot, khng h ly, a n nh, c ngi tr tn thn.

Gii khng b rch, lng, v, , lm m, tc l khng b tn hi do dc h, do sn hn hay do cc c php khc. Gii gii thot, l gii c c tnh gii ta khi s n l cho dc i. Gii khng h ly, l v khng b chi phi bi tham dc v t kin. Gii a n nh, l gii thuc chnh o h tr cho nh cn hnh, nh an ch thin thng o qu. Gii c ngi tr tn thn, l gii hon ho c nhng bc tr nh c Pht khen ngi. Cch hnh ty nim gii: Trc ht hnh gi phi tc th tr gii cho thanh tnh, hoc phc hi gii cho tt p bng cch pht l v.v... ri hnh gi i vo ni c c yn tnh, ngi xung v suy nim v gii ca chnh mnh, nh sau: "Gii hnh ca ta ng c hoan h v khng b rch, khng b lng, khng b v, khng b lem , khng b lm m, khng h ly, a n nh, a n gii thot, c ngi tr tn thn" Khi suy nim nh vy hnh gi hy hoan h v cm thy nh c che ch an n bi nh gii c cc c tnh. Ri li tip tc suy nim ... Hng ngy hnh gi c th suy nim v gii trong nhiu thi. Khi hnh gi chuyn tm vo vic nim gii, th hnh gi c s tn trng i vi hc php, v y sng ho hp vi nhng bn ng phm hnh, v y khng s t trch bn thn, khng s bc tr khin trch, v y thy s hi trong nhng li nh nht, v y t n vin mn v tn ... v y c nhiu hnh phc an lc. V d cha t n qu v no cao hn, t nht v y cng hng n mt thin th. Nim th (Cgnussati) Ty nim th l s suy t cm hng i vi c tnh v tham v x ti, m chnh mnh c.

c tnh ca s b th l thch x b, thch san s, thch c k khc cn n v yu cu. Trng thi ca tm b th l v tham, khng keo bn. Khi mun tu tp nim th, hnh gi phi chuyn cn b th, thng cho v san s n ngi khc mt cch t nhin thoi mi, khng phi tm cho gng p. Nn c quyt nh: "T nay tr i, lc no c ngi hin din nhn, ta s b th n ngi y". Ngay hm y, l ngy m hnh gi mun tu tp nim th, hnh gi nn b th mt vt g ty phng tin v kh nng, tt nht l cho n ngi c c tnh c bit hnh gi d c tm vui thch san s, vui thch b th. Khi nm c tng trong vic ny, hnh gi hy i n ni yn tnh c c v tng nim n s b th ca mnh, nh sau: "Tht s l li lc cho ta! Tht s l li ch cho ta! v rng gia cuc i b nhim bi lng xan tham bn sn th ta khng b nhim bi xan tham. Ta b th mt cch rng ri vi bn tay rng m, thch th trong s t b, vui mng c san s vi ngi khc, v mong c ngi yu cu". Sau khi nim tng nh vy, hnh gi suy xt ngha cc c tnh ca hnh b th nh sau: "Tht l li lc cho ta!, ngha l ta s c nhng li lc ca ngi b th nh c th mng, c an vui ci tri, ci ngi, c nhiu ngi lui ti, c bc tr yu mn. "Tht l li ch cho ta!, ngha l ta c li ch ch c gp gio php, c lm thn ngi, li c an tr vi tm khng nhim v xan tham, c tm vui thch b th v san s. Ri hnh gi tr li nim tng hnh b th ca mnh nh cch thc trc ... Khi hnh gi tng n s b th nh vy. Ngay khi y tm hnh gi khng b tham sn si m nh nh an tr thin tm cm hng t hnh b th. Mt ngi chuyn tm tng nim v b th, ngi y tr nn thng thong tm v tnh cch hoan h v tham, v y c lng a thch b th, v y hnh x ph hp vi tm t bi, v y c nhiu hnh phc an lc, v nu khng tin t qu v cao, th t nht hnh gi cng hng n cnh gii an lc.

Nim thin (Devnussati) Nim thin l suy nim v c tnh c bit ca ch thin m xt li chnh mnh. C bn c tnh tt p, chnh nh nhng c tnh m thnh tu thn ch thin cc ci tri. l y lng tin, y gii hnh, y thnh php, y b th, y tr tu. Ngi mun tu tp nim thn cn phi c nhng c tnh c bit v c tin, gii hnh, thnh php, b th, tr tu do kho an tr. Ri ngi y i vo ni thanh vng c c nim tng nhng c tnh c bit ca mnh c, so snh vi ch thin. Nh sau: "Cc v ch thin T thin vng, cc v ch thin o li, cc v ch thin D ma, cc v ch thin u sut, cc v ch thin Ha lc, cc v ch thin Tha ho t ti, cc v Phm chng thin v nhng v ch thin cao hn na, cc v ch thin y c c tin, v nh vy khi cht ci ny sanh ci kia, c tin y cng c y ni ta". "Cc v ch thin y c gii hnh, v nh vy khi cht ci ny sanh ci kia, gii hnh y cng c y ni ta. "Cc v ch thin y c hnh thnh php, v nh vy khi cht ci ny sanh ci kia, hnh thnh php y cng c y ni ta". "Cc v ch thin y c b th, v nh vy khi cht ci ny sanh ci kia, hnh b th y cng c y ni ta". "Cc v ch thin y c tr tu, v nh vy khi cht ci ny sanh ci kia, tr tu y cng c y ni ta". Hnh gi suy xt nh vy, lp i lp li. Mc ch chng minh rng nhng c tnh c bit v tn, gii, vn, th, tu c chnh mnh cng l tn, gii, vn, th, tu c ni ch thin. Khi hnh gi nim tng cc c tnh ca ch thin v ca mnh nh vy th tm hnh gi c c ngun cm hng t ch thin, tm khng b tham sn, si m nh. l mt trng thi hng thin.

Mt ngi chuyn tm tu tp nim Thin, ngi y c ch thin thng tng, c nim tin an tr mnh lit hn, c c nhiu hnh phc an lc, v d khng c qu g cao c, nhng t nht ngi y cng hng n mt cnh gii tt p. Nim cht (Marannussati) Cht (maraa) l s kt thc mt mng sng, s chm dt mng cn ca mt chng sanh. Cht l mc m hnh gi suy nim y nn ly tnh trng cht ca i sng con ngi, nh vy mi d ng tm hn l ngh v ci cht ca ch thin, phm thin v.v... Phi nim cht vi tc tr tu, ngha l khng nn tng n ci cht ca ngi qu thn thng, v su u s sanh khi, cng khng nn tng n ci cht ca mt ngi mnh ght, bi v s khi nim hoan h. Hnh gi nn tc n ci cht ca mt ngi m mnh bit c h sng trn y hnh phc hoc c nhiu uy quyn ... tng ngh nh vy s c mt thc khn trng vi chnh nim v tr tu, ri hnh gi c th nim cht nh l mt phng tin chnh ng tu tp. Cch tu tp: Mt ngi mun tu tp php qun nim ny, hy i n ch c c v ngi li hoc kinh hnh ri tc vi tr tu nh sau: "Maraanta jvita, mng sng chm dt bng s cht ... Maranananta jvita, mng sng chm dt bng s cht ..." Nim nh vy mt lc, hnh gi khi tm suy ngh n mt trong tm s kin ny: Suy ngh s cht nh mt tn st nhn xut hin. Hnh gi suy ngh thy mng sng b s cht e da, v nh c k st nhn ang cm kh gii xut hin v chun b git cht mnh. Qu tht, mng sng rt mng manh. l cch ngh th nht. Suy ngh s cht l mt cuc tht bi thm hi. Hnh gi suy ngh thy ngi sng trong i d c thnh cng trong s nghip, a v, hnh phc nhng chc chn phi sp v ci cht. l cch ngh th hai.

Suy ngh s cht bng cch so snh kt lun. Hnh gi suy ngh n s cht ca nhng ngi c danh vng ln, ngi c i phc, ngi dng mnh, bc i thn thng, bc i tr tu, bc c Gic, bc Chnh ng Gic. Nhng bc y m cng phi cht, th sao ta thot khi s cht c. l cch ngh th ba. Suy ngh s cht theo cch ghi nhn thn ny l ch cng tr ca nhiu sinh vt. Hnh gi suy xt trong thn ny c tm mi loi k sinh trng; thn th l ch sanh ra ca chng, l ch ca chng, l ngha a ca chng, thn ny phi san s cho chng, khi chng ni lon th thn s cm th thng kh v c th i n cht c. l cch ngh th t. Suy ngh s cht theo cch xt mng sng mng manh. Hnh gi suy xt rng mng sng ny ch da vo hi th, khi cn hi th ra th vo th mng sng cn; nu hi th c ra m khng c vo, hoc c hi th vo m khng c ra th cht. l cch ngh th nm. Suy ngh s cht theo cch xt s sng v chng khng th nh ot. Hnh gi suy xt rng mng sng ny khng th bit sng bao lu s cht do nguyn nhn g, s cht u ... s sng tht l bt nh. l cch ngh th su. Suy ngh s cht theo cch thy mng sng b gii hn thi gian. Hnh gi suy xt rng mng sng c gii hn; c ngi sng lu c ngi cht yu, nhng nht nh phi c gii hn, trn di mt trm nm thi, mi ngy tri qua l tin gn n s cht. l cch ngh th by: Suy ngh s cht theo cch ngh n s hoi dit tng st na. Hnh gi suy xt theo thc tnh php thy s cht c trong tng st na sanh dit ca danh sc. l cch ngh th tm. Vi tm cch suy ngh ny, hnh gi nh c cch no th suy xt theo sau mi lc nim "Cht". Suy ngh nhp tm, ri nim tip tc: "Maraanta jvita ... maraanta jvita , mng sng chm dt bng s cht ... mng sng chm dt bng s cht ..." Mt ngi chuyn tm nim s cht, ngi y s t c trng thi v y, khng bi ri trc s cht sp xy ra, ngi y sng khng bm bu vo bt c s vt g i, khng b cu u bi lng tham bn vt dng; v thng

tng dn dn pht trin trong tm ngi y, v theo sau l tng v kh v v ng, nu ngay trong hin ti ngi y cha t n qu v v sanh, t ra cng hng n mt ci tt p khi thn hoi mng chung. Nim thn (Kyagatsati) y cng gi l Thn hnh nim. Ci g l thn hnh (kyagata)? Chnh l ni n 32 th trc trong thn ny. Nim tng v 32 th trc ca thn, gi l Thn hnh nim. Thn hnh nim l mt php mn tu tp vt ngoi lnh vc ca ngoi o, cha h c cng b trc khi bc i gic xut hin. Php mn ny l mt cch trong nhng cch tu tp thuc thn qun nim x, nhng c tch ring thnh php mn ring bit, cng nh php mn nhp xut tc nim (nim hi th) v.v... 32 th trc trong thn l tc, lng, mng, rng, da, tht, gn, xng, ty, thn, tim, gan, mng rut, d dy, phi, rut gi, rut non, vt thc mi, phn, c, mt m, m, mu, m hi, m, nc mt, du da, nc ming, nc mi, nc nht, nc tiu. V hnh gi trc khi thc hnh php mn ny cn phi hc hi thun thc mc t ni mt v thin tr thc. S hc thin xo mc y l c lu tn th trc, thuc lng tn th trc, bit mu sc th trc, bit hnh dng th trc, bit nh hng th trc, bit nh v th trc, bit gii hn ca th trc. Thun thc v cch c, tc l c tng nhm 5 th, c xui v c ngc. Th d c xui nhm mt "Tc, lng, mng, rng, da". Ri c ngc "Da, rng, mng, lng, tc" v.v... c xui ngc tng nhm nh th cho n khi c lu khng ln xn. S hc mc c ra ting nh vy s lm cho hnh gi quen thuc mc. Thun thc cch thuc lng, tc l s nhm trong tm, khng phi l c ra ting. Nhng s c ra ting nhun nhuyn mi gip cho thuc lng c, cho nn trc tin hnh gi hc c tn, k n mi nhm thuc lng. Cng vi cch xui ngc: Tc, lng, mng, rng, da - da, rng, mng, lng, tc ... s thuc lu nh vy s l iu kin hnh gi thm nhp tnh cht ca mc.

Bit mu sc th trc, tc l hnh gi phi tm hiu v nh r mi th trc c mu sc th no, tt nhin l th trc trong thn ny, nh tc c mu en hoc bc hay hoe, lng mu en, mng c mu trng c hay mu trng hng ... Bit hnh dng th trc, tc l nh r mi vt th c hnh dng ra sao. Th d nh tc c hnh si di ... Bit nh hng th trc, tc l hnh gi nh r mi th trc y v hng trn hay hng di ca thn. Trong thn ny t rn tr ln gi l hng trn, t rn tr xung gi l hng di. Bit nh v th trc, tc l hnh gi nh r mi th trc y v tr u trong thn. Th d: tc mc trn da u, trc mc ti trn, pha sau mc ti t, hai bn mc ti vnh tai ... Bit gii hn ca th trc, tc l hnh gi ghi nhn s gii hn ca th trc, nh tc mc cm vo da, chn tc ghim di da, ngn tc cha vo khong khng ... hoc gii hn rng tc khng phi l lng, lng khng phi l tc ... Khi thng thuc by iu y ri, hnh gi nn tm n mt tr x thch hp vi thin tnh, v t b nhng chng ngi nh lm phn tm nh y phc bn thu, thn th cu ght, ging gh khng sch ... Hnh gi ngi li v bt u nhm c 6 nhm th trc, tng nhm c xui ri c ngc nh sau: "Tc, lng, mng, rng, da / da, rng, mng, lng, tc". Nu c c Pli cng tt. "Tht, gn, xng, ty, thn / thn, ty, xng, gn, tht". "Tim, gan, mng rut, d dy, phi / phi, d dy, mng rut, gan, tim". "Rut gi, rut non, vt thc, phn, c / c, phn, vt thc, rut non, rut gi". "Mt, m, m, mu, m hi, m / m, m hi, mu, m, m, mt".

"Nc mt, du da, nc ming, nc mi, nc nht, nc tiu / nc tiu, nc nht, nc mi, nc ming, du da, nc mt". Hnh gi c nhm nh vy qua nhiu lt r sot nhng phn no hin r v khng hin r, phn no trong 6 nhm th trc c qua m khng hin r th loi b, dn dn ch cn mt nhm hin r. Hnh gi ch tm ghi nhn tng ca nhm th trc y mt cch th t, th d "Tc, lng, mng, rng, da / da, rng, mng, lng, tc". Cn lu khi ghi nhn th t, hnh gi khng nn lt qua nhanh hay qu chm. ng thi phi trnh s phn tm i ra ngoi mc, v y l mc c kh nng c thin, nu hnh gi phn tm khi mc th vic thin nh b thi tht. Mt iu quan trng khc na l phi vt qua khi nim v danh t. Ngha l v hnh gi lc ban u nim th trc da trn danh t nh "Tc ... lng ... mng ... rng ... da ...", nhng sau phi b qua khi nim danh t, v nhn thc kha cnh "Bt tnh" ng gh tm ca n. Nh vy mi tht s c mnh lc ch ng cc phin no nh tham dc ... Nu hnh gi c duyn lnh th trong lc "c" tn th trc cng c th nhp tm v an tr thin nh c; nu hnh gi "c" qua nh th m vn cha an tr tm c th phi p dng phng php ch th trc qua nhn nh mu sc, hnh dng, phng hng, v tr, v gii hn ca th trc y. Th d nim n "Tc", phi ch tm n: "Tc mu en" "Hnh dng nh si ch", mc pha trn cng ca thn", "V tr mc ni da u" "Gii hn chn tc cm vo da u, ngn tc tip gip khong khng". V ngha nm kha cnh nhn nh v th trc, hy hc hi v thin s, hoc tham kho kinh sch (Thanh Tnh o, chng VIII, on 42 - 144). Li ch ca s tu tp nim thn, mt v chuyn tu tp thn hnh nim ny l v y khc phc c tm i nhim, v y sng chinh phc c tm s hi khip m, v y c kh nng kham nhn chu ng vi cc cm th, v y c th t c bn thin sc gii, d khng nh th, khi tu tp khi thin tm, vi tm thin ny s thnh tu qu d thc c bit cho v y khi ti sanh. Nim hi th (npnassati)

ti hi th l mt php mn tu tp quan trng; c th l mt mc thin ch, c th l mt mc thin qun. Php mn tu tp nim hi th ny thch hp cho mi c tnh (carita) hnh gi. mc hi th c tu tp thun thc s em li nhiu kt qu. Trc nht, s tu tp nim hi th s lm cho tm tr nn an tnh (S.v, 231), k n, s tu tp nim hi th s lm cho tm nh ch tm t, tc l dp tr s tn lon phng tm (A.IV,353). Li na, mt li ch ln ca s tu tp nim hi th theo khuynh hng thin qun l t n minh v gii thot, l iu kin cn bn cho s vin mn minh v gii thot (M.III, 82). Mt li ch khc na, ngi tu tp nim hi th thun thc s bit trc v nh c thi cht ca mnh (M.I, 425-426); mt v c A la hn nh tu tp mc no khc th v y c th tin nh c, cng c th khng tin nh c th mng ca mnh cn bao lu; nhng vi v c qu do tu tp mc nim hi th th lun lun nh c thi vin tch ca mnh (Vism.243). l nhng li ch ca s tu tp nim hi th. Phng php tu tp: Mt ngi mun tu tp mc nim hi th, sau khi hc thng tho cch thc mc t ni v thy c nhiu kinh nghim, hy i n mt tr x yn tnh sng c c, n thi hnh thin hy ngi kit gi hoc bn gi, gi lng ngay thng, th gin ton thn, v trc ht hnh gi nn lm cho tm phn chn bng cch tng nim nhng c tnh c bit ca ba ngi bu. Sau , hnh gi khi s ch nim hi th bng cch "m". m hi th (s tc) l tc khi hi th ra vo m 1, ri 2, ri 3 ... m s ty thuc hi th nhanh hay chm t nhin; ch khng nn iu khin hi th theo s m, iu tc nh vy s lm hnh gi b mt. Khi m, hnh gi khng nn dng li di 5 hay i qu s 10 hay lm bt c mt s gin on no. Nu dng li di 5 th tm v y tr nn nng ny trong khong gii hn cht hp. Nu i qu s 10 th tm hnh gi s b chi phi bi nh con s cp. Nu gin on th hnh gi s hoang mang v khng bit mc thin t n hon tt cha. Bi th, hnh gi nn m hoi th ng c nhng li trn. Hnh gi m 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; ri 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; ri 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; ri 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; ri 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; ri 1, 2 ... 9, 10. Ri tr li m nh

t u ... c vy cho n khi no tm gn chc vo hi th ra - hi th vo, mc d khng m m nim vn an tr. m ch l mt phng tin tr nim, chm dt s phn tn lc u. Sau khi tc n hi th bng cch m tp trung c ri, by gi hnh gi nn tc hi th bng cch "theo di" khng m na. Theo di hi th l tc n s chm xc ca gi ni cht mi; hi th vo l cm gic "gi mt", hi th ra l cm gic "gi m". Hnh gi khng nn theo di hi th theo cch tc chng u, chng gia, v chng cui ca hi th (hi th vo, chng u l mi, chng gia l ngc, chng cui l rn; hi th ra, chng u l rn, chng gia l ngc, chng cui l mi). Nu hnh gi nim hi th ra - hi th vo m theo di chng u, chng gia, chng cui nh th th tm v y b phn tn, ri lon, dao ng, c thn ln tm v y b bt an (Ps.I,165). Hnh gi ch nn chnh nim, tm dn chc "ca" mi v nhn bit "y l hi th v" "y l hi th ra"; do cm xc "gi mt" ca mi lu hoc mau m nhn bit "y l hi th v di" hay "y l hi th v ngn"; do cm xc "gi" m ca mi lu hoc mau m nhn bit "y l hi th ra di" hay "y l hi th ra ngn". Trong mt giai on no do ch tm lu thn th hnh gi c s rung chuyn dao ng, ng ti, ng lui, nghing qua, nghing li ... hnh gi phi luyn tp lm cho an tnh, ngng li cc thn hnh dao ng y. Phi tc : "an tnh thn hnh th v, an tnh thn hnh th ra" ... v khi thn hnh khng cn dao ng ng ti ng lui na, hnh gi cng tc : "tnh ch thn hnh th v, tnh ch thn hnh th ra" ... Cn lu rng khi chnh nim hi th ch nn ghi nhn v tc "hi ra", "hi vo, "hi di", "hi ngn", ch khng phi l "c thm" cu ni "ta th v, ta th ra" ... Hnh gi nn tinh tn n lc, thc hnh lin tc; nh s n lc v y s t c kt qu, t b c nhng kit s (s tri buc), on tr cc phin no tim min (phin no ng ngm). Ngi c s cng c th hnh thin vi mc nim hi th nh vy Tng trng tr tu v tm thy s an lc. Nim tch tnh (upasamnussati)

Trng thi tch tnh hay tnh lng (upasama), m ch Np bn, v Np bn vng lng hon ton s no ng ca phin no, tnh ch cc php hu vi. Nim tch tnh l suy nim v c tnh Np bn nh l v nhim, ly tham, on dit tp khi, chm dt kh au, kt thc ti sanh ... y, vn l s chng nghim trng thi Np bn ch c vin mn mt v thnh t chng c tm siu th; tuy vy, i vi mt phm nhn c tr tu v thit tha vi mc ch gii thot, ch bng s nghe ni hc hiu v Np bn, ngi y cng c th nh ngh n c tnh ca Np bn m lm cho pht sanh h lc tn tm v t c nhiu li ch v an tr tm thin. Bi th mt phm nhn cng c th nim Np bn nh l mt ti tu tin. Mt ngi mun tu tp nim tch tnh ny, hy i n ch c c, ngi xung hoc bc i kinh hnh. Bt u bng s suy xt n trng thi h ly phin toi ca phin no, ca thn y, ca i sng t sanh ... Ri v hnh gi nh tng n cc c tnh th diu ca Np bn, nh sau: "Np bn l s bi tr h ly - layasamugghto" "Np bn l s ct t lun hi - vatpacchedo" "Np bn l s on tn tham i - tahak-khayo". "Np bn l s v nhim - virgo" "Np bn l s on dit - nirodho" "Np bn l s khng cn lin h vi kht i - nibbna" "Np bn l an n cc kh ch - yogakkhema" "Np bn l bt t - amata" "Np bn l tnh lc - santi" ... Khi hnh gi tng n tch tnh vi nhng c tnh c bit nh th, ngay lc y tm hnh gi khng b tham chi phi, khng b sn chi phi, khng b si chi phi, do hnh gi tr trong nim an lc hoan h. Nhng v hnh gi bn tm tng nim nhiu c tnh khc nhau nn khng khi ln thin chng m ch t n mc cn nh thi. Mt v tu tp chuyn tm tng n tnh cch ca Np bn nh vy, thng ng trong an lc, thc dy trong an lc, cc cn tnh lng tm t bnh an, thng c tm qu, c nim tin c s tha thit vi mc ch phm hnh; v d ngay kip ny khng chng nhp c qu v g cao siu, t nht cng hng n mt thin th.

Dt phn tu tin vi ti ty nim ---o0o--TU TIN VI TI BN PHM TR (Brahmavihra) Bn phm tr l an tr tm t, an tr tm bi, an tr tm h, v an tr tm x. Bn c tnh t, bi, h, x ny c gi l phm tr v l bn php an tr cao c, tt p, v v nhim; li cng c ngha l hnh gi an tr vi bn c tnh ny, ngang hng vi cc v tri phm thin, bi cc v phm thin cng tr vi tm v nhim tt p (Vism.IX, 106). Bn phm tr l ti thin ch, a n c chng nh. Nu khng nh vy cng s mang li nhiu li lc v phc c cho ngi tu tp. Ngi c s nn tu tp v an tr vi bn phm tr ny. Tu tp tm t (Mett) Tm t l trng thi khng hn, khng sn, hin ha mt m i vi chng sanh. Tm t ph tan s bc tc nng gin, nhng khng phi l thi luyn i yu thng ch k. Mt ngi mun tu tp tm t, trc ht phi n nh tm l. Sau khi i n ch yn tnh thoi mi hy suy xt s nguy him ca lng sn hn v s li lc ca tm hin ha. Nu hnh gi ngay lc y ang bc bi trong tm th khng th tin hnh tu tp tm t c, nu khng thy s li lc ca tm v sn th chng c hng th tu tp. Hnh gi nn thm d ni tm: "gi y tm ny c sn hay khng c sn? ta ang thoi mi hay bc bi u phin? ". Nu d xt nh vy hnh gi cm nhn tm mnh ang thoi mi th tip tc tin hnh nim "tm t"; bng nh cm nhn c mnh ang c sn gin u phin th hy suy ngh n s tai hi ca tm sn: "tht l kh s khi sng vi tm sn! tht l kh chu khi b sn tm chi phi! tht l nguy him khi con ngi b m nh bi sn!" ri hnh gi hy nn nh ch sn t duy bng cch nhn ni v tc n mt thin php hoc tc nim hi th. Sau khi tht s c tm yn bnh thoi mi tr li mi bt u tin hnh nim "tm t". Hnh gi tin hnh nim tm t nh sau:

Thot u, hnh gi nn tr tm t vi chnh bn thn, bng cch lp i lp nh sau: "mong rng ta c an lc, thot khi hn th, khng bun kh, u lo". l bc s khi tr nim tm t. n khi ni tm tht s an lc, khng sn, khng hn th hnh gi tng n chng sanh khc vi c mong. "Mong cho chng sanh c an lc, thot khi hn th, khng bun kh u lo". Thnh thong hnh gi tri tm t n chnh mnh lm cho tm d chu ri tip tc tri tm t n cc chng sanh khc nh th. Nn nh rng, i khi hnh gi ngh n bao qut chng sanh s lm cho tm hnh gi dng dng, bi th phi tri tm t tun t; nhng phi bt u t nhng v thy kh knh, tip n l nhng bn rt thn, tip tc l nhng ngi thng, tip tc na l nhng ngi xa l, ri sau cng l nhng ngi i nghch. Ngi i nghch y l nhng ngi c xu khng ng ch hng ch khng phi l k mnh th ght, bi v i vi hnh gi tu tm t th khng thy ai l k th. S d phi tri tm t tun t hng chng sanh nh vy l v dn dt tm d dng tr trong nim an lc, khng b nhng c sc tm l. Ngi tu tp tm t s c c mi mt iu li ch: ng an vui, thc an vui, khng chim bao c mng, c ngi khc yu mn, c phi nhn yu mn, c ch thin h tr, khng b la hay kh gii hoc thuc c lm hi, tm ngi y d nh tnh, nt mt khinh an, khi cht tm khng ri lon, nu cn ti sanh s sanh vo phm thin gii. Nhng li lc ny s c n ai tu tp an tr lin tc trong tm t. Tu tp tm bi (Karu) Tm bi l trng thi tm trc n trc nhng chng sanh ang au kh, phn s ca tm bi l mun chng sanh thot kh, s biu hin ca tm bi l khng tn nhn. S bo tn l thi tng phn ca tm bi; nhng tm bi cng khng phi l thi ly phin v ngi khc. Mt ngi mun tu tp tm bi, trc ht cn phi n nh tm l bng cch qun st s nguy him ca s tn bo, v suy xt li ch ca tm bi mn. y l trng hp phi lm i vi hnh gi s c mi bt u tu tp, v y cn phin no d khi tm no hi; nu khi ln hi t duy s lm tr ngi tu tp tm bi; nu khng thy li lc ca tm tr bt hi th s khng hng th tu tin.

Hnh gi tc d xt ni tm "gi y tm ta cn on hn no hi chng?" Nu bit tm cn u n nim hn th, hy suy ngh n ni kh tm phin toi, mt hnh phc, do m p hn th; ngh n iu tn c do sng trong hn th; ngh n thit hi ln do lng hn th gy nn ... ngh nh vy cho n khi hnh gi cm thy nh nhng thoi mi v khng cn m nh bi hn th, bt u hnh gi nim bi tm. i tng ca tm si l chng sanh ang au kh hoc s au kh. Bi th trc ht hy ngh n mt chng sanh ang au kh nhng khng phi l k th, ri khi ln tm bi mn i vi nn nhn y nh sau: "Kh thay cho chng sanh ny, mong sao chng sanh y thot khi kh au!". Nu hnh gi thy mt ngi ang bt hnh chu nhiu thng kh th cng hy khi tm bi mn i vi ngi y bng cch nh vy. Thy mt k th ang au kh, hnh gi phi lm lng du him hn ri mi khi tm bi c. Mt trng hp khc, hnh gi c th khi tm bi mn i vi mt k lm c mc d h vn ang vui v; bng cch l suy ngh rng: "chng sanh ny mc d ang vui v nhng v n to c nghip nn chc chn n s b kh trong cnh a ngc. Tht ng thng!". Trng hp ny ging nh mnh thy mt k t t ang n ba n ngon n hu ri b x t vy. Hoc hnh gi c th khi tm bi mn i vi tt c chng sanh bng cch ngh rng: "V cha thot khi lun hi, nn cc chng sanh ny s phi b kh do s gi, bnh, cht, honh hnh. Tht s ng thng!" Hnh gi tu tp tm bi cn gi thi bnh ng v khch quan i vi chng sanh. Nu khng, s b nhc nhi khi thy ngi thn bt hnh hoc s mn nguyn khi thy k th bt hnh. Hy ngh rng "chng sanh ny ..." Hnh gi tu tp tm bi s c c mi mt li lc nh tu tm t vy. Tu tp tm h (Mudit) Tm h l trng thi vui thch, hi lng vi s thnh t ca ngi khc, c tnh ca tm h l khng ganh t, s biu hin ca tm h l xua tan s bt mn.

Thi ganh ght s hnh phc ca chng sanh khc l thi tng phn ca tm h; nhng thi tn thnh s xa hoa try lc hay hnh phc bt chnh ca ngi khc, cng khng phi ng ngha ca tm h. Mt ngi mun tu tp tm h, trc ht tri rng tm bng cch dp b nim t ho v mnh, t ho v ngi thn ca mnh, bi khi t ho nh th m thy ngi dng thnh t hnh phc th tm hnh gi s thy kh chu bc bi. Nu hnh gi c tnh hay ganh t th hy suy xt hu qu t hi ca lng tt , nh sau: "ch c ngi tm ch k nh mn mi ganh t k khc", hay "ngi khc c tm ganh t s b qu bo sanh ra i lm ngi thua st th c" (M.III, kinh Tiu nghip phn bit). V m rng thm tm lng, hy suy xt n li lc an vui ca tm h, nh sau: "ngi khng ganh t s sng thoi mi" hay "sng khng ganh t l mt c khin cho ngi c a v cao" v.v... Sau khi lm cho tm hn hoan tri rng, hnh gi trc tin hy bin mn tm h vi mt ngi bn tt, v ngi bn tt khng lm cho hnh gi chi phi nim vui ch k m cng khng lm cho tm hnh gi gng go min cng. Khi thy hay nghe mt ngi bn thn c hnh phc thnh t, hnh gi khi ln tm h nh sau: "tht l vui cho ngi ny! ngi ny c hnh phc, mong rng ngi ny lun lun li lc". Sau khi khi tm h i vi ngi bn tt, hnh gi c th hng tm y tun t n mt ngi thn, ri n mt ngi dng (khng thn khng th), v cui cng l hng tm h vi mt ngi th. Nu khi nh n k th m tm h khng c c, tri li nim hn khi ln, th hnh gi nn lm cho n lng xung theo cch ni trong phn nim tm t (mett). Hnh gi nn ph ro ngn tm bnh ng cc i tng, ngha l bng cch no cho tm thoi mi ngh n s hnh phc ca ngi khc nh thoi mi vi hnh phc ca chnh mnh. Do tu tp, o luyn tng tm y thng xuyn, hnh gi c th tng cng nh cho n tam thin, t thin c.

D cha t n nh ca thin, nhng hnh gi tu tp bin mn tm h nh vy cng s c nhng li lc nh "ng an vui, thc an vui" v.v... Tu tp tm x (Upekkh) Tm x phm tr khng phi l th x phi kh phi lc; x y l trng thi qun bnh ca tm, khng chi phi bi a v ght, d chu v kh chu. V hnh gi mun tu tp tm x, cn phi tri qua cm nghim t, bi v h, v khi quen thuc vi cm gic b ng tm bi s hnh phc hay au kh ca chng sanh, by gi hnh gi mi thy c s an bnh li lc vi t trong x phm tr c. Do , hnh gi tu tp x vi chng sanh, bng cch nhn vi tm thn nhin, ngh rng: "Tt c chng sanh c nghip ring, chng sanh tha hng qu ca hnh ng m chnh h to, c vui c kh l do duyn nghip". Bng cch hnh gi s tr vi tm bnh thn khi trng thy chng sanh khc, d h ang hnh phc hay au kh. Trc y, hnh gi i vi mt ngi dng, khng thn khng th, th tm nhn ngi y thn nhin, chng c g bn tm d ngi y ang vui hay kh. Nay tu tp tm x, hnh gi cng nn khi dy tm x y vi mt ngi thn, mt k th ... nhn bt c ai cng vi trng thi thn nhin nh th i vi ngi dng, v thy r nghip lc mi ngi. Ti sao, hnh gi phi tin n tu tp tm x? Trong ch gii thanh tnh o c th d, cng nh mt ngi m c bn a con, mt a cn b, mt a b bnh tt, mt a ang thnh t, v mt a nn danh phn. Ngi m s tng tiu lm vui a con b nh, s chm nom an i a con bnh tt, s vui mng vi a con ang thnh t, v s khng bn tm g na vi a con nn danh phn. y l th d cho tm ca hnh gi tun t an tr t, bi, h, x i vi chng sanh. V li lc, hnh gi tr bin mn vi tng tm x mt cch thun thc s t n t thin (ni bn bc) hay ng thin (ni nm bc), mt trng thi thin x nim thanh tnh. Cho d khng t n thin chng chng na th vi tm tr x bin mn nh vy cng lm cho hnh gi c nhiu li lc nh "ng an vui, thc an vui" v.v... Dt phn tu tin vi ti bn phm tr.

---o0o--TU TIN VI TI QUN TNG (Paccavekkhana) c Pht dy: "Ny ch t kheo, c nm s kin ny cn c thng xuyn qun tng bi ngi nam hay ngi n, bi ngi ti gia hay xut gia. Th no l nm? "Ta phi b gi, khng thot khi gi" "Ta phi b bnh, khng thot khi bnh". Ta phi b cht, khng thot khi cht". "i vi ta, phi la b, phi ly bit tt c ngi vt thn i"; Ta c nghip l s hu, nghip l ca tha hng, nghip l thai tng, nghip l quyn thuc, nghip l im ta; nghip thin hay c no ta ang lm, ta s lnh chu nghip y" (A.III,71). i vi mt t xut gia hay ti gia, nu khng c tu tin thin nh g th t ra trong mt ngy cng phi tu tp qun tng nm iu ny gim thiu c nguyn nhn pht sanh thn c, khu c v c. Bi do kiu mn vi tui tr l nhn khin thn lm c, khu ni c v ngh c, nn cn phi thng xuyn qun tng "Ta phi gi, khng thot khi gi" on tr hay gim thiu s kiu mn vi tui tr. Bi do kiu mn vi sc khe l nhn khin thn lm c, khu ni c v ngh c, nn cn phi thng xuyn qun tng "Ta phi b bnh, khng thot khi bnh" on tr hay gim thiu s kiu mn vi sc khe. Bi do kiu mn vi s sng l nhn khin thn lm c, khu ni c v ngh c, nn cn phi thng xuyn qun tng "Ta phi b cht, khng thot khi cht" on tr hay gim thiu s kiu mn vi s sng. Bi do tham mun quyn luyn vi cc ngi vt thn i l nhn khin thn lm c, khu ni c, ngh c, nn cn phi thng xuyn qun tng "i vi ta, phi la b, phi bit ly tt c ngi vt thn i" on tr hay gim thiu lng tham luyn vt kh i. Bi chng sanh d lm thn c, ni khu c, suy ngh c, do vy chu qu ng cay, nn cn phi thng xuyn qun tng "Ta c nghip l s hu, nghip l ca tha hng, nghip l thai tng, nghip l quyn thuc, nghip l im ta, nghip thin hay c no ta ang lm, ta s lnh chu nghip y;" qun tng nh vy on tr hay gim thiu cc hnh vi c hnh.

V do duyn li ch nh vy nn nm s kin ny cn phi thng xuyn qun tng. Mt ngi mun tu tp qun tng nm s kin ny, c th thc hnh bt c u, bt c oai nghi no, bt c lc no, v s qun tng l nh ch t t duy nn khi no c tm kiu mn li sanh khi th khi y khi tm qun tng dp b kiu mn y. Phi thc hnh qun tng theo cch nh sau, suy t rng: "Ta phi b gi, khng thot khi gi. Nhng khng phi ch mt mnh ta b gi m tt c cc chng sanh c n, c i, c sanh, c dit, cng u b gi, khng thot khi gi". "Ta phi b bnh, khng thot khi bnh. Nhng khng phi ch mt mnh ta b bnh m tt c cc chng sanh c n, c i, c sanh, c dit, cng u b bnh, khng thot khi bnh". "Ta phi la b phi bit ly tt c ngi vt thn i. Nhng khng phi ch mt mnh ta chu ly bit vi ngi vt thn i m i vi tt c cc chng sanh c n, c i, c sanh, c dit, cng u phi ly bit ngi vt thn i". "Ta c nghip l s hu, phi lnh chu qu ca nghip lm. Nhng khng phi ch mt mnh ta phi lnh chu qu ca nghip lm, m tt c chng sanh cng u c nghip l s hu, phi lnh chu qu ca nghip h lm". Nn hc thuc ngha ny v suy t nh vy thng xuyn mi ngy. Do thng xuyn qun tng cc s kin y, nn con ng hin ra, s dng con ng y tu tp lm cho sung mn nn cc kit s c on tn, cc ty min c chm dt. Dt phn tu tin vi ti qun tng DT CHNG III ---o0o---

CHNG IV - CC NGHI THC KHA L


Mt ngi Pht t ti gia cn phi thng thuc cc nghi thc sinh hot l hi Pht gio c lin quan n c s. Mc d cc bui l u c ngi hng dn (A-cha, cariya), nhng nu ai cng hiu thng nghi thc v thuc kinh k th d ha ng v d cho ngi hng dn; hoc c khi chnh mnh phi hng dn nghi thc trong l y. ---o0o--IV.1. NGHI THC TNG NIM C bn loi kinh tng nim m ngi c s nn lu v hc thuc lng: a) Kinh l bi (y v tm tt) b) Kinh hi hng c) Kinh phc nguyn d) Kinh xng tn uy lc Cc loi kinh tng ny u c trong quyn "Nht Hnh ca C s" c in v ti bn do gio hi Pht gio Nguyn thy n hnh ti tr s Cha K Vin, s 610, ng Nguyn nh Chiu, Qun 3, TP HCM. V nghi thc tng nim, ty mi kha l cha hay t gia; l c bit hay bui cng phu sng chiu. C th p dng nghi thc th t nh sau: - Tng kinh l bi Tam bo (y hoc tm tt). - Tng xng tn uy lc hoc kinh qun tng, kinh ri tm t v.v... - Tng kinh hi hng phc n chng sanh, hoc hi hng phc n ch thin. - Tng kinh phc nguyn nguyn thnh tu phc. Khi tng kinh nn ngi xp bng hoc xp ch-he (mt chn xp qua bn phi), lng gi ngay thng, mt khp li (nu tng thuc lng), tm thi th thn khng bn rn lo lng vic khc, c thm hoc nh ting. Nu tng kinh vi nhiu ngi th c ln ting nhng phi gi ha ging vi nhau. Trc khi tng kinh hoc sau khi tng xong, nh l ba ly, c th qu gi hoc ngi, ly chm chm chnh nim vi lng thnh knh Tam bo.

Tng nim c ch li hai phng din: gip tm chnh nim v tp trung vo li kinh; gip n nhun kinh php hc. Ngi c s s c c th thc hnh thin tp qua nghi thc tng nim vo lc chiu ti v sng sm yn tnh, thi lng khng nht nh, ty thch hoc ty hon cnh. ---o0o--IV.2. NGHI THC QUI Y Nhng ngi nam hoc n c s mun tu tp theo Pht gio c lng knh tin Tam bo, pht tm qui y Pht-Php-Tng. Trng hp nh vy c th p dng mt trong hai nghi thc qui y. A- T pht nguyn qui y Trng hp ny khi ngi c s khng c dp n cha gp ch Tng xin qui y m nh t pht nguyn. Bng nghi thc nh sau: Nn sp xp mt ni trong nh th hnh tng Pht; sau khi dng hng ng trn bn th, qu ly kim thn c Pht ba ly, bt u tng c nh vy: Itipi so bhagav araha sammsambuddho vijjcaranasampanno sugato lokavid anuttaro purisadammasrath satthdevamanussna buddho bhagav ti. c Th Tn y l bc ng Cng, Chnh Bin Tri, Minh Hnh Tc, Thin Th, Th Gian Gii, V Thng S, iu Ng Trng Phu, Thin Nhn S, Pht, Th Tn. Svkkhto bhagavat dhammo sa dihiko akliko ehipassiko opanayiko paccatta veditabbo vi-h ti. Gio php c c Th Tn kho thuyt, thit thc hin ti, bt lun thi gian, n thy, hiu nng hng thng, ng c ngi tr t chng. Supaipanno bhagavato svakasagho ujupatipanno bhagavato svakasagho yapaipanno bhagavato svakasagho smcipaipanno bhagavato svakasagho. Yadida cattri purisayugni aha

purisapuggal esa bhagavato svakasagho huneyyo phuneyyo dakkhineyyo ajalikarayo anuttara puakkhetta lokass ti. Tng t Th Tn l thin hnh, Tng t Th Tn l trc hnh, Tng t Th Tn l nh l hnh, Tng t Th Tn l chn chnh hnh. Tng t Th Tn gm bn i tm v ng nhn l phm, ng nhn tng phm, ng nhn t phm, ng c chp tay l bi, l phc in v thng ca th gian. (ly mt ly). Araha sammsambuddho bhagav buddha bhagavanta abhivdemi. Con knh ly c Pht Th Tn l bc A la hn Chnh ng Gic. (1 ly). Svkkhto bhagavat dhammo dhamma namassmi. Con knh ly gio php l php c kho thuyt bi c Th Tn. (1 ly). Supaipanno bhagavato svakasagho sagha nammi. Con knh ly Tng chng l Tng t c Th Tn, bc thin hnh. (1 ly). Buddha saraa gacchmi Dhamma saraa gacchmi Sagha saraa gacchmi. Dutiyampi buddha saraa gacchmi Dutiyampi dhamma saraa gacchmi Dutiyampi sagha saraa gacchmi. Tatiyampi buddha saraa gacchmi Tatiyampi dhamma saraa gacchmi Tatiyampi sagha saraa gacchmi. Con xin qui y Pht, con xin qui y Php, con xin qui y Tng. Ln th hai, con xin qui y Pht, con xin qui y Php, con xin qui y Tng. Ln th ba, con xin qui y Pht, con xin qui y Php, con xin qui y Tng. (1 ly).

Natthi me saraa aa buddho me saraa vara. Etena saccavajjena hotu me jayamagala. Natthi me saraa aa dhammo me saraa vara. Etena saccavajjena hotu me jaya-magala. Natthi me saraa aa sagho me saraa vara. Etena saccavajjena hotu me jayamagala. Chng c chi khc l ch nng cho con, ch c Pht i vi con l ch nng cao qu. Do li chn tht ny mong cho con c kit tng thng li. Chng c chi khc l ch nng cho con, ch Gio php i vi con l ch nng cao qu. Do li chn tht ny, mong cho con c kit tng thng li. Chng c chi khc l ch nng cho con, ch Tng chng i vi con l ch nng cao qu. Do li chn tht ny, mong cho con c kit tng thng li.-- (ly 3 ly). T khi pht nguyn qui y, thnh ngi cn s trong Pht gio, hy gi nim tin Tam bo v gi gn nm gii. ---o0o--B- Qui y trc din Tng Ngi c s qui y trc din Tng l sau khi i n cha, trc tip xin qui y trc s chng minh ca mt hoc nhiu v s. Tt nht l l qui y nn c hnh ti chnh in. Phi lm theo nghi thc sau y: Trc tin nn sm hi ti li bt u nhp o. Sau khi nh l PhtPhp-Tng ba ly, bt u c nh sau: Accayo ma bhante accagam yathbla ya-thmha yath-akusala. Yoha 1 bhante kyena v vcya v manas v buddhassa v dhammassa v saghassa v agrava aksi. Tassa 2 me ayyo 3 accaya accayo paiggahtu yati savarya.

Bch i c 4, v con l ngi thiu tr, lm lc, khng minh mn nn phm cc ti li. Bch i c, s e con d dui, khng c lng thnh knh, do thn khu ca con bt tnh m phm n Pht Php Tng. Bch i c, cu xin i c x ti li y cho con, bi cc ti li y l quy tht, ng cho con lm nhng vic lnh t nay v sau (1 ly). V s chng minh, hoc ch Tng chng minh nn xc chng li sm hi bng ting "Sdhu, sdhu, sdhu". Ngi y tip tc bng li th nguyn qui y nh sau: Esvha 5 bhante suciraparinibbutampi ta bha-gavanta saraa gacchmi dhammaca bhikkhusa-ghaca upsaka 6 ma ayyo dhretu 7 ajjatagge pu-peta saraagata. Bch i c 8, con cu xin th php qui y Pht np bn, cu xin th php qui y php, cu xin th php qui y tng. Xin i c nhn bit cho con l ngi cn s nam 9 qui y Tam bo k t nay cho n trn i. (1 ly). Khi y v s chng qui y, hoc mt trong nhng v Tng chng, hy truyn qui gii cho ngi c s y (p dng nghi thc th ng gii). Sau khi ngi c s y th tr qui gii v tr thnh mt Pht t, ch Tng sch tn bng mt php thoi ngn ri phc chc an lnh n ngi Pht t mi qui y. Nu trong l qui y c nhiu thin nam tn n tham d th khi ch Tng va dt li chc phc, ch thin tn ng c bi k hoan h c thm bn o. Ngng cu c Pht ban n ngi chnh kin tm chn o thin Ngng cu c php v bin ngi hu ch cn chuyn o hnh Ngng cu hai bc Tng lnh ngi m o tm thnh qui y Cu xin thin chng h tr Gip ngi gii lut lun khi gi trn Chc cho bn mi lng son Tu hnh tinh tn d mong Np bn Thin nam, tn n lng ban Xin cng ng ch bn vng nhn thu

Phc lnh o to by lu ng xin hi hng nguyn cu qu cao o mu gng ch di trau Thot ng ti li, trn lao dt ln Tm ngi tr thc xa gn Hc ngi o c n cn hi han Ngy m tu tp oan trang Cng phu hnh o tm ng v sanh Dn thn khu trn lnh Kp thi thot tc thc hnh o cao Tm ng bt chnh ln vo Siu phm nhp thnh tiu dao Np bn. Dt nghi thc qui y ---o0o--IV.3. NGHI THC TH NG GII Ngi c s mi qui y Tam bo phi th ng gii, v trong cc cuc l khc nh trai tng, thnh php v.v... trc khi vo chnh l u c nghi thc th ng gii. Nghi thc ny p dng nh sau: Ngi i din trc ch tng, hoc mt hay vi v t kheo, sa di, c s nh l Tng v c nh vy: Uksa aha 10 bhante visu visu rakkhanatthya tisaranena saha paca slni ycmi 11. Dutiyampi aha bhante visu visu rakkhanatthya tisaranena saha paca slni ycmi. Tatiyampi aha bhante visu visu rakkhanatthya tisaranena saha paca slni ycmi. Bch i c, con xin th tr tam qui v ng gii ni Tam bo, vng gi hnh theo cho c s li ch. Bch i c, con xin th tr tam qui v ng gii ni Tam bo, vng gi hnh theo cho c s li ch ln th nh.

Bch i c, con xin th tr tam qui v ng gii ni Tam bo, vng gi hnh theo cho c s li ch ln th ba. Tip mt v s i din Tng truyn qui gii n c s. Bt u kinh l Pht. Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammsambud-dhassa (3 ln). Con em ht lng thnh knh lm l c Ph-g-va , ngi l bc -r-hng cao thng, c chng qu chnh bin tri, do Ngi t ng khng thy ch dy. (3 ln). Ngi c s cng c kinh l bi nh vy. Xong, v s s c tng cu truyn th tam qui, c s c theo: Buddha saraa gacchmi. Con em ht lng thnh knh xin qui y Pht. Dhamma saraa gacchmi. Con em ht lng thnh knh xin qui y Php. Sagha saraa gacchmi. Con em ht lng thnh knh xin qui y Tng. Dutiyampi buddha saraa gacchmi. Con em ht lng thnh knh xin qui y Pht, ln th nh. Dutiyampi dhamma saraa gacchmi. Con em ht lng thnh knh xin qui y Php, ln th nh. Dutiyampi sagha saraa gacchmi. Con em ht lng thnh knh xin qui y Tng, ln th nh. Tatiyampi buddha saraa gacchmi. Con em ht lng thnh knh xin qui y Pht, ln th ba. Tatiyampi dhamma saraa gacchmi. Con em ht lng thnh knh xin qui y Php, ln th ba. Tatiyampi sagha saraa gacchmi. Con em ht lng thnh knh xin qui y Tng, ln th ba.

c xong tam qui, v s ni: Tisaraaggahana paripua Php qui y Tam bo trn ch c by nhiu. Ngi c s p: ma bhante! D xin vng! Tip n, v S c tng iu gii cho ngi c s y c theo: Pntipt veraman sikkhpada samdiymi. Con xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa s st sanh. Adinndn veraman sikkhpada samdiymi. Con xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa s trm cp. Kmesu micchcr veraman sikkhpada samdiymi. Con xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa s t dm. Musvd veraman sikkhpada samdiymi. Con xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa s ni di. Surmerayamajjapamdahn veraman sikkhpada samdiymi. Con xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa s d dui ung ru v cc cht say. V s sau khi cho c nm gii ri th c li sch tn: Imni paca sikkhpadni sdhuka katv appamdena niccakla sammrakkhitabba. Thin tn th tr nm iu hc ny ri, phi vng gi hnh theo cho chn chn ch c d dui. Ngi c s lnh gio ma bhante, D xin vng V s tip tc khuyn khch Slena sugati yanti slena bhogasampad slena nibbuti yanti, tasm sla visodhaye.

Cc chng sanh, sanh v ci tri cng nh gi gii, cc chng sanh c y ti sn cng nh gi gii, cc chng sanh c np bn cng nh gi gii. Bi cc c y, thin tn nn tr gii trong sch ng lm nh. Thin tn ng hoan h Sdhu sdhu! Lnh thay, lnh thay! Th gii xong th tip tc lm nghi thc kha l khc; nu khng c th Pht t c kinh sm hi Tam bo tm tt. V s tng kinh phc chc ngn. Cui cng th Pht t hi hng phc. ---o0o--IV.4. NGHI THC TH BT QUAN TRAI GII Ngy trai gii (uposathadivasa) l ngy tu tp thanh tnh ca ngi c s. Ngy trai gii, ngi c s thc lim thn tm, tm gt b vic th tc, chuyn tm hnh thin, qun tng ... trau di o hnh. Thi c Pht tr th, ngy trai gii c qui nh c 4 ngy trong thng l mng 8 l, ngy rm, ngy 23 v ngy cui thng (29 hoc 30). V sau, cc v Axl qui nh thm 4 ny na thnh c 8 ngy trai gii trong thng, tc l ngy mng 5, 8, 14, 15, 20, 23 v ngy cui thng (29 v 30 hoc 28 v 29). h tr cho vic tu tp ngy trai gii c vin mn phc hnh, ngi c s trong ngy trai gii th tr tm iu hc, gi l bt gii hay bt quan trai gii. Nghi thc th bt quan trai gii nh sau: T lc sm mai rng ng ngy trai gii, ngi c s tc th tr trai gii, nguyn rng: Ajja uposatho imaca ratti imaca divasa uposathiko 12 bhavissmi. Hm nay l ngy trai gii, ta s l ngi th tr trai gii trn ngy v m nay.

Sau ngi c s i n cha th bt quan trai gii do Tng chng minh (nu c iu kin gn cha th n, bng khng th nh pht nguyn cng c). Khi n cha, nh l ch Tng hay mt v s; c s tc bch xin gii nh vy: Uksa aha bhante visu visu rakkhanatthya tisaraena saha ahagasamanngata uposatha ycmi. Dutiyampi aha bhante visu visu rakkha-natthya tisaraena saha ahagasamanngata upo-satha ycmi. Tatiyampi aha bhante visu visu rakkha-natthya tisaraena saha ahagasamanngata upo-satha ycmi. Bch i c, ti xin th tr tam qui v bt quan trai gii ni Tam bo, vng gi hnh theo cho c s li ch. Bch i c, ti xin th tr tam qui v bt quan trai gii ni Tam bo, vng gi hnh theo cho c s li ch ln th nh. Bch i c, ti xin th tr tam qui v bt quan trai gii ni Tam bo, vng gi hnh theo cho c s li ch ln th ba. V s truyn gii s c cho c s c theo phn th tam qui trc. Phn ny ging nh trong nghi thc th ng gii. Tip n s truyn tm gii cho c s c theo: Ptipt veraman sikkhpada samdiymi. Ti xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa s st sanh. Adinndn veraman sikkhpada samdiymi. Ti xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa s trm cp. Abrahmacariy veraman sikkhpada samdiymi. Ti xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa s hnh dm. Musvd veraman sikkhpada samdiymi. Ti xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa s ni di.

Surmerayamajjapamdahn veraman sikkh-pada samdiymi. Ti xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa s d dui ung ru v cc cht say. Viklabhojan veraman sikkhpada samdiymi. Ti xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa s n si gi. Naccagtavditaviskadassanamlgandhavilepanadhraamaanavibhsa nahn veraman sikkhpada samdiymi. Ti xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa s ma ht, thi kn, n, xem ma ht, nghe n kn, trang im thoa vt thm, di phn, eo trng hoa. Uccsayanamahsayan veraman sikkhpada samdiymi. Ti xin vng gi iu hc l c trnh xa ch nm ngi qu cao v xinh p. Tip tc, ngi c s xc nh th tr: Ima ahagasamanngata buddhappaatta uposatha imaca ratti imaca divasa sammadeva abhirakkhitu samdiymi. Ti xin th tr bt quan trai gii, trn tm iu ca c Pht gio truyn, hu vng gi hnh theo cho c trong sch trn ngy nay v m nay, mong cu gieo c ging lnh, thy r Np bn trong ngy v lai. V s sch tn: Imni aha sikkhpadni uposathaslavasena imaca ratti imaca divasa sdhuka katv appamdena samm rakkhitabba. Thin tn th tr tm iu hc ny trn ngy nay v m nay, phi nn vng gi hnh theo cho chn chn ch d dui. C s lnh gio ma bhante, D xin vng. V s tip tc khuyn khch: Slena sugati yanti slena bhogasampad slena nibuti yanti. Tasm sla visodhaye. Cc chng sanh sanh v ci tri cng nh gi gii;

Cc chng sanh c y ti sn cng nh gi gii; Cc chng sanh c np bn cng nh gi gii. Bi cc c y, nn thin tn phi tr gii trong sch ng lm nh. C s hoan h Sdhu! lnh thay! Nu sau khng c kha l khc na th c s tng sm hi Tam bo. S chc phc. C s hi hng phc. ---o0o--IV.5. NGHI THC SM HI L K MI NA THNG Nghi thc ny vn thng c sinh hot cc cha Nam Tng, dnh cho nam n c s vo ngy rm v 30 l, hoc c cha th t chc ngy 14 v 29 l. Thng th ngy sm hi l k l ngy php hi, sau khi ch Pht t tng kinh sm hi, ch Tng s thuyt thi php sch tn c s tu hnh ... Nghi thc sm hi ny khng c trong thi c Pht, cng khng phi l truyn thng ph thng ca cc x Pht gio Nam Tng. y ch l nghi thc trc by nay lm thi, nhng cng thy l tt. Ngi c s tng kinh sm hi l by t nhng li lm c nghip m mnh phm ri c tm hi ci nguyn cha b li lm y. S sm hi ch l mt cch pht l ch khng phi tng nh vy c th lm tiu tan c nghip t trc; mun tiu tr c nghip xa th phi hnh thin to phc, gi gii tu thin. Nghi thc sm hi l n cha hoc nh cng c, i din kim thn c Pht, sau khi nh l ba ly, bt u tng kinh l bi Tam bo, xng tn n c Tam bo. Xong nghi thc l bi, th c kinh sm hi nh sau: Ci u ly trc Bu i Con xin sm hi t ry n nn Xa nay l phm iu rn Do thn khu b mng v minh Gy ra nghip d cho mnh

St sanh hi vt chng tnh xt thng Git n hoc bn khng lng V lng tham li qun ng thin nhn Oan oan tng bo ci trn Trm lun bin ti chu phn kh lao Xt ra nhn, vt khc no Hi nhn, nhn hi, mc vo tr vay Li thm trm sn cp ti Cng ngi cc nhc hng ngy lm ra Lng tham tnh by lo ba Mu kia k n, ly m nui thn Hoc nui quyn thuc xa gn Lm cho ngi phi lm ln than van T dm ti nng mun ngn Liu toan chc sch lm ng chng ngay V con ngi phi lm tai Mt trinh tht tit phi tai ting i Xu cha h m nhiu li Xa la chng v r ri la i Vng ngn gi di ngoi mi Chuyn khng ni c, c ri ni khng Dng li m thc, hai lng Phn chia quyn thuc, v chng anh em. Mng nhic chi ra pha dm Xm lng c bc ch em khng cha. Ni li v ch dy da Ph gi qu bu ht tra n chiu Ung ru sanh hi rt nhiu Ham n m ng ni nhiu chng kin Say sa ng gi i xin Nm b t bi nh in khc no Lon tm cung tr mn hao Nhiu ngi v ru bit bao h nh Xan tham nhng ca ngi ta Mong sao ot c, lng t mi ng Nt sn nng gin khng chng Toan lm hi chng bng khung trong lng Si m tin ch chng phng Nghe u theo , khng thng chnh t Chng tin Pht php cao xa

Thm thm vi diu bao la trn i Nu con c phm li Hoc l v , li thi iu rn Hoc xi k khc bo tn Hoc nghe thy c lng hng vui theo Phm nhm ng gii thp iu V nhn thn, khu , nhiu ln sai; Li t kip trc lu di n kip hin ti mit mi lm phen Hoc v t kin quen Khinh khi Tam bo, lng bn chng tin Cho rng ngi cht ht sanh Phm vo on kin ti tnh nng thay Hoc phm thng kin ti dy Sng sao, n thc sanh lai nh thng Ti nhiu k cng khng lng V con ngu dt khng tng phn minh D dui Tam bo, hi mnh Bi nhn khng thu v minh nghip t Cho nn tm tnh mi l Ti tm chng r sai ngoa kh su Ha nn kh di lu cho hon cnh mc du ko xoay Khc no bo b gi quay Linh inh gia bin dt d b sng Xt con ti nng chp chng Kip xa cho n hin trong kip ny Con xin sm hi t y Nguyn cu Tam bo c dy cho Ti xa chng hn nh to Con nguyn dt b, chng cho thm vo Tm lnh dc ch nng cao Ci t qui chnh, tr vo Pht ngn Nguyn cho dt kip sinh tn Chng tri o qu chng cn ti m Thot vng kh no mi b Hng an tch tnh b thnh thi Ngy nay dt b vic i Cn lnh gieo ging chng ri cng phu Mc ai danh li bn xu

Con nguyn gi hnh ngi tu thot trn Trc l ly bn thn Sau gip quyn thuc c phn tiu diu Sm hi ti li iu Duyn lnh u cng t nhiu kt xy Con xin hi hng phuc ny Thu n quyn thuc ni y cho tng Cng l thn thch tha phng Hoc qu vng, hoc tng hin nay Chng sanh ba gii bn loi V tng hu tng chng ni u u Nghe li thnh tht thnh cu Xin mau t hi lnh thu qu ny Bng ai xa cch cha hay Cu xin thin chng mch ngay vi cng Thy u th lnh hng chung Dt tr ti li, thot vng nn tai Nguyn nhiu Tng chng c ti t thnh thnh qu hong khai o lnh Nguyn cho Pht php thnh hnh Nm ngn nm , phc lnh th gian. Sau khi tng sm hi xong, nu ti cha th cc c s thnh php s thuyt php cho hi chng; nu nh th ta thin cng phu. ---o0o--IV.6. NGHI THC THNH PHP Thng thng trong cc ls hi Pht gio c t chc cha, hay ti t gia ngi c s, nh l trai tng, l sm hi, l dng y .v.v... u c thi thuyt php, ch Tng s c ra mt v t kheo hay sa di thuyt php cho cc c s nghe. Ni theo tch xa khi c Th Tn va c qu Pht th c v Phm thin tn gi Sahampati hin xung thnh cu c Pht thuyt php i, t Pht php c hong dng. By gi cc c s mun nghe php cng thnh cu php s. Nghi thc thnh php nh sau:

Ch thin tn t hp ni chnh in hoc ni phng rng c th Pht, sa son mt ch ngi cao v trang trng gi l php ta. Khi u l nghi thc tng kinh l bi Tam bo, sau rc php s quang lm php ta, khi php s an ta, cc c s xin th qui gii; v php s truyn gii xong, hi chng ng lot tc bch thnh cu thuyt php nh vy: Brahm ca lokdhipat sahampat Katajal andhivara aycatha Santdha satpparajakkhajtik Desetu dhamma anukampima paja Saddhammabheri vinayaca kya Suttaca bandha abhidhammacamma koayanto catusaccadaa Pabodhaneyye parisya majjhe Eva sahampat brahm Bhagavanta aycatha Tuhbhvena ta buddho Kruen dhivsaya Tamh vuhya pdena Migadya tato gato Pacavagydayo neyye Ama pyesi dhammato Tato pabhti sambuddho Ann dhammadesaa Mghavassni desesi Sattna atthasiddhaka Tena sdhu ayyo bhante Desetu dhammadesana Sabbyidha parisya Anukampampi ktave. Thu Pht mi t thnh qu v C X-hm-b-t phm thin C trong th gii cc min Thanh cao qun chng cn chuyn o mu Hin trc Pht u nh l Bch xin Ngi t th nhn Chng sanh trong khp ci trn Ti m in o khng phn ti tnh Cu Pht t cao minh i trut

Hin oai linh tnh thc dt du Hong khai gio php cao siu Tu hnh theo ng kt nhiu thin duyn Th-Tn c mn vin o qu Con ht lng hoan h tn dng Nhng v hon cnh ng thng Khng nh b mt lc ng lm thinh Chng sanh vn a tnh lm bc Khng hiu u chn tht gi t Chp thng, chp lc, chp ta Ngy nay s ng thit tha nh Ngi Xin m lng cao dy rn dy Chuyn php lun din gii diu ngn Chng sanh nghe ng php mn Thot vng kh no dp dn by lu Gii thot nhng ngun su cu thc Dit tham lam i dc bao vng Ti tm s c sng trong Pht sanh tr tu hiu thng tinh tng Thng thu l v thng bin i Chng sanh trong ba ci mng manh V minh nhn ca qu hnh Ci cn dt dn chng sanh lun hi Bin trn kh ni tri chm m B ng ma dy xo chuyn di Vy nn cu ng t-bi a thuyn bt-nh tri di vt ngi a qua chn tt ti yn tnh B Np bn chng dnh trn ai Nh n ri sut trong ngoi Chiu tia sng khp cc loi hn hoan Php nh trng khi hon rm r Lut v nh i c hong dng Kinh nh giy buc trn rng Lun nh mt trng ph tng v minh T diu y hnh di trng Ging khua tan gic mng trn gian Chng sanh tt c bn hng Nh sen trong nc minh quang lung ch Tri l mc ng nh nh sng

Tri hoa lnh ri tn mi hng Php mu nh sng phi thng Chiu khp ba ci r ng an vui Phm thin vn ngm ngi khn khon Pht nhn li nhng chng d hi Quyt lng m o dy i Nhm vn Lc-gi, ngi di chn sang Thuyt php cc hng t C nm thy thnh d php t l nhm Kiu Trn-Nh c nm hng v hu d Np bn Ri t m mang gio php Bn mi lm h gip vn ton Mt lng chng thi, khng mn Nhng iu li ch hng cn lu nm C tam gii tha n ph cp m ma lnh ri khp th gian; Bi nhn c tch r rng Thnh Ngi thuyt php noi ng t bi. Chng sanh ngi khp chn ni Ti m cu ng tr tri vn ton. -- (ly) Tip n l v php s bt u thuyt php; cc c s ngi yn lng ch tm nghe php. Khi php s kt thc thi php; hi chng nh l v tng sm hi Tam bo, sau v php s phc chc phc cho hi chng. Cc c s t s hoan h bng cch ng thanh: Sdhu sdhu, lnh thay! Cui cng cc c s tng hi hng php th nh sau: Y devat santi vihravsin thpe ghare bodhighare tahi tahi t dhammadnena bhavantu pjit sotthi karonte dha vihramaale ther ca majjh navak ca bhikkhavo srmik dnapat up-sak gm ca des nigam ca issar sappabht sukhit bhavantu te jalbuj ye pi ca aasambhav sasedajt athav opaptik niyynika dhammavara paicca te sabbe pi dukkhassa karontu sakhaya htu cira sata dhammo dhammadhar ca puggal sagho hotu samaggo va atthya ca hitya ca amhe rakkhatu saddhammo sabbepi dham-macrino vuhi samppueyyma dhammriyappavedite.

Ngng cu cc ng ch thin Trong vng tnh x ng yn hng ngy Ng ni n thp xa nay Nhng ni bit tht, ni cy b Chng ti xin hi hp v S dng php th tin b cng dng Ri xin h ch Tng Ca t n nu phc hng h sa T khu chng lun tr gi Cao h, trung h hoc l mi tu Thin nam, tn n cng phu u l th ch ng ph tr nhn Nhng ngi trong khp thn ln Kiu c chu qun c phn an khng Chng sanh bn loi thng thng Non, thai, thp, ha khi nng php lnh Gii thot php bo nn hnh ng m dt kh truyn quanh a y Cu cho hng thnh lu di Php thin tr thc cc Ngi m mang Bc tu xin c bnh an Cu cho Tng chng cc hng ha nhau Li thm phm hnh thanh cao Nhng qu li ch kt mau kp th Cu xin php bo h tr Cho ngi tu qui y Pht ri Xin cho c thy chng ti Tin ho trong php Pht roi gio truyn. n y hon mn bui thuyt php ---o0o--IV.7. NGHI THC L CU AN Thu c Pht hin tin, c mt lc x Vajj thnh Vesli xy ra nn i, ngi cht nhiu, nhim sanh ra dch bnh. Vng tc Licchav sang Svatth cung thnh c Pht ng v thnh Vesli, mong nh uy lc ca c Pht gii tr thin tai. c Pht cng ch Tng ng v thnh Vesli,

c Pht dy i c nanda i ba vng thnh tng kinh Pritta xng tn n c Tam bo, nh oai lc kinh Pritta m quc Vajj c thot tai ch. Theo tch y mi c nghi thc thnh ch Tng tng kinh an lnh, kinh gia tr, thng gi l kinh cu an. Nghi thc tng kinh cu an c c hnh trong nhiu trng hp l trai tng, l chc th, l ci hi, l khnh thnh, l khi cng, l khai trng ... ti nhng x Pht gio bt k l hi no ngi ta cng thnh ch Tng tng kinh Pritta, mong nh oai lc Tam bo thnh tu mi s an lnh, trnh khi nhng tai ng tt bnh. Tt nhin khng phi lun lun tng kinh an lnh l c thnh tu hnh phc; cn ty thuc nim tin v nghip lnh m ngi y lm. Nghi thc l cu an c th c hnh ti cha, hoc t gia, hay ni cng cng hi trng. Thng thy l cu an c nghi thc nh sau: Ngi c s i din trc ch tng, nh l Tam bo ri xin th tr ng gii hay bt quan trai gii; xong tc bch thnh ch Tng tng kinh cu an. C s c: Vipattippatibhya sabbasampattisiddhiy sabbadukkhavinsya paritta brtha magala. Vipattippatibhya sabbasampattisiddhiy sabbabhayavinasya paritta brtha magala. Vipattippatibhya sabbasampattisiddhiy sabbarogavinsya parittam brtha magala. Bch i c tng, cu xin cc ngi tng kinh an lnh, ngn nga trnh khi cc iu ri ro tai hi, cho ng thnh tu nhng hnh phc, khin cho tt c s kh no, kinh s v bnh hon u tiu tan. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. K n ch Tng bt u tng cc bi kinh an lnh Pritta, thi gian v ni dung nhiu t ty theo v trng lo xng kinh, c th c nghi thc ry nc nu cc c s c t sn bt tnh thy vi nhnh hoa trc mt ch Tng, s ry nc tng trng s ban ri phc, ban ry uy lc kinh Pritta. V trng lo s thc hin nghi thc ny, hoc mt v s no do v trng lo ch nh. Va tng kinh va ry nc.

Sau khi chm dt thi kinh, cc c s ng thanh Sdhu Lnh thay. Ri tng kinh sm hi Tam bo; ch Tng chc phc ngn; cui cng cc c s tng kinh hi hng cng c bi "Phc cn ti to thnh ...", hoc bi "Ch thin ng trn h khng ..." v.v... n y hon mn kha l cu an. ---o0o--IV.8. NGHI THC L CU SIU Pht gio nguyn thy t thi c Pht khng c nghi thc tng kinh cu siu cho ngi cht; khi c ngi c s qua i, thn nhn thnh ch Tng v t gia lm phc cng dng thc phm, ri hi hng phc y n ngi qu vng. Hoc gi cc t kheo c tng kinh th ch l tng qun tng s cht hay kinh gii v tng v thng, kh, v ng v.v... tng nh vy l nhm mc ch thc tnh mi ngi tu tp thin nghip v hiu c bn cht ca cuc sng. Vic cng dng n Tng trong cc dp l tang, l gi ... nhm mc ch l to phc hi hng cho ngi qu c, hy vng nh m ngi cht sanh u cng c an vui hoc vi bt ni kh au. Hnh thc ny c gi nm na l cu siu, theo dn gian thng gi. Nghi thc cu siu c p dng trong l tang, l gi, v bt c trng hp no ngi c s mun hi hng phc n thn nhn qu c. Nghi thc cu siu c thy p dng thng l nh sau: Gia nh thnh mi ch Tng n, sau khi c kinh l bi Tam bo tm tt, mi ngi s xin th qui gii. Sau , theo s hng dn ca v c s A-cha (trng hp ngi trong gia nh khng rnh nghi thc), mi ngi c theo (v nghi thc cu siu trong Pht gio Nam tng ch l mn phng tin cnh tnh, nn khng c Pli truyn thng): Bch i c tng, xin thnh ch Tng tng kinh cu siu tr tin gic linh ca ng ... (hay B ...) c an vui trong cnh gii ti sanh, thot ly kh cnh. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. Sau li thnh cu ca c s, ch Tng bt u tng kinh v nhng u Vi Diu Php, nhng bi k ng tm ... dt thi kinh, cc c s tng sm hi Tam bo v hi hng cng c nh bi "Phc cn ti to thnh ..." v.v ...

Dt phn nghi thc cu siu ---o0o--IV.9. NGHI THC CHC TH L chc th l l mng tui cha m, ng b c 60, 70, 80 ... th hin s tn qu ca con chu i vi cha m, ng b, cng lm vui lng cha m, ng b thy con chu sum vy hiu thun. y l mt thun phong m tc cn c gn gi, mc d y khng phi l vn ha Pht gio. Khng phi ch Vit Nam mi c m tc ny m Trung Quc, Thi Lan, Min in cng c. Nhng nghi thc mi x mi khc. Trung Quc nh hng tinh thn Nho Gio, Thi Lan, Min in nh hng tinh thn Pht gio. Ngi c s Pht t trong dp l chc th cho cha m, ng b th thng mi thnh cc v s v t gia tng kinh ban phc lnh cho cha m, ng b ca mnh. S lng Tng ti thiu nn c 8 v, tng thm oai lc. V nghi thc l chc th v khng phi l lut nghi ca c Pht ban hnh nn c s bt nht. Nhng theo kin ca cc bc trng lo hng dn Pht t lm nghi thc l chc th, thng p dng nh sau: - Sp t nhng ch ngi cho ch Tng c thnh n, v tr trc bn th nhn ra. - Sp t hai ch ngi trang trng cho cha m hay ng b, v tr bn phi ca ch tng, v i din bn tri ni con chu s tham d. - Sp sn l phm mng th v l phm cng dng tng. - Nn sp xp cho cha m hoc ng b mc l phc hay trang phc trnh trng trong ngy l chc th. - Tt nhin phi trn thit hng ng hoa qu tm tt tn nghim trn bn th Pht. - Con chu t hp y trc mt cha m ng b, khi thnh Tng an ta. Phn tin hnh l

Trc tin, ngi xng l tc trnh duyn s bui l n ch Tng: Knh bch ch tng, hm nay gia nh Pht t "..." cung thnh ch i c Tng v t gia cng dng cu phc, nhn dp cc con chu lm l chc th, mng cha m (hay ng b) c thng th (hoc i th). Knh mong ch Tng chng minh. Sau , cc con chu hng v cha m hay ng b, ng qu ly 3 ly vi s trang nghim, ri cc ngi con cng c bi k xng tn n c cha m (nu l cc chu ni, chu ngoi lm l chc th ng b th khng cn c bi k ny): Knh tha cha m tng tri Ngh suy con s li ngh n trn T con hnh th c nn M cha bo dng k bn khng ri Nng n cc nhc lm i Chm nom con tr k thi sao cng Con xin nh l cc cung Nghing mnh ph phc mong dung ti ry Khi con la khc ry tai T bi m ht, thng thay no nng Tn dch i tiu tin cng Cc vt u trc ung dung lau chi Git ra, cha m vn vui Chng h nhm gm nhng mi thi tha. T bi thay! lng m cha n ty tri t kh m p xong Cu cho cha m thy ng c thnh Pht qu, thot vng tai ba. (ly cha m) Sau khi c xong bi k xng tn cng n cha m (nu c), tip n mt ngi i din trong con chu t li sm hi cha m hay ng b, v nhng li lm do thn khu xc phm cha m hay ng b, v xin cc v y tha th: Tha cha m (hoc tha ng b), nu chng con do lm lc v minh lm nhng li lm, xc phm n cha m (hay ng b), ci xin cha m (hay ng b) x cc ti li y cho chng con.

Phc bu no chng con lm, xin cha m (hay ng b) hy ty h vi chng con. Phc bu no cha m (hay ng b) lm xin cho n chng con. K cha m (hay ng b) t li hoan h: Sdhu, lnh thay! cha m (hay ng b) sn lng tha th cho cc con, v cha m mong cho cc con c an vui tin ha. Sau khi cha m (hay ng b) t li hoan h, cc con chu tun t dng tng l phm mng th n cha m ng b. Xong nghi thc ny, cc con chu mi cha m hay ng b xoay mt hng i din ch Tng v hng dn cha m t tay cng dng l phm n Tng cha m t thn lm phc. Sau , con chu ng tc bch cu thnh ch tng. Bch ch i c tng, cu xin ch Tng tng kinh an lnh cho cha m chng con c s li ch, tin ha, an vui lu di. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. Ch Tng bt u tng kha kinh an lnh, chc phc bu n ng b cha m ca th ch (c th thm nghi thc ry nc nh ban phc). Dt thi kinh, v trng lo trong ch Tng s ban o t bng php thoi ngn, ni dung tn thn s hiu hnh v cch thc hnh p cng n cha m ng theo tinh thn Pht php v.v... Cc ngi con chu nghe php xong ng thanh: Sdhu Lnh thay. Ri tt c cng c bi kinh hi hng. Ch thin ng trn h khng a cu thng ng r thng mi iu v.v... Do phc bu m chng con to y, nguyn cu cho cha m hng c an vui, phc th min trng. (c 3 ln) n y hon mn nghi thc l chc th.

---o0o--IV.10. NGHI THC CNG DNG TRAI TNG Trai Tng ngha l b th cng dng thc phm n ch tng, gm nhng v t kheo, sa di, hay t kheo ni, sa di ni. Trai tng, gi theo Pli l Saghabhatta-dna. Php trai Tng c nhiu hnh thc: 1- Sakalabhatta, l th thc n ton th Tng c mt trong cha. 2- Uddesabhatta, l th thc n nhng v s do Tng ch nh i th thc. 3- Nimantanabhatta, l th thc n nhng v s do mnh thnh mi ch danh. 4- Salkabhatta, l th thc n nhng v s m mnh rt thm trng tn. 5- Pakkhikabhatta, l th thc n ch Tng theo thng l hng thng, thng huyn hay h huyn. 6- Uposahikabhatta, l th thc n ch Tng trong ngy trai gii. 7- Ptipadikabhatta, l th thc n ch Tng vo mi ngy u ca na thng. 8- gantukabhatta, l th thc n cc v khch tng. 9- Gamikabhatta, l th thc n cc v Tng sp ra i. 10- Gilnabhatta, l th thc n cc v Tng b bnh. 11- Gilnupahkabhatta, l th thc n cc v Tng chm sc t kheo bnh. 12- Niccabhatta, l th thc n ch Tng thng xuyn hng ngy, nh l ngi h tng. 13- Kuikabhatta, l th thc n v Tng nhp tht. 14- Vrakabhatta, l th thc n ch Tng theo s lun phin h . y l mi bn hnh thc trai tng, khi th ch trai tng bng loi hnh no th nu tn loi hnh trong li tc bch dng cng. Tuy nhin, ch nu tng qut l "Saghabhatta" (Tng thc), khng cn nu c th mt loi hnh no cng c. L trai Tng c th t chc t gia, hoc t chc cha; l trai Tng c lm tng dp l cu an, l cu siu, l chc th, l gi v.v... thng th nghi thc trai Tng c thc hin sau khi xong phn l chnh, ch Tng th thc v hon mn cuc l.

V nghi thc l trai tng, th ch sp son thc phm sn sng trn mm bn trc mt ch Tng, sau c li tc bch cng dng. Nu l l trai Tng cu siu, gi k, hi hng phc n ngi thn qu vng ... th c li tc bch nh sau: - Aya no bhante piapto dhammiko dhammaladdho dhammeneva uppdito mtpitdike guavante uddissa ima "Saghabhatta" saparikkhra buddhappamukhassa saghassa dema te guavantdayo ima attano santaka viya maamn anumodantu anumoditvna yathicchitasampatthi samijjhantu sabba-dukkh pamucantu imin nissandena. Dutiyampi. Tatiyampi. - Bch i c Tng c r, nhng thc phm ny ca chng con lm hip theo l o, c cng hip theo l o, chng con xin hi hng phc n cc bc hu n, nht l cha m ca chng con, chng con dng nhng thc phm ny gi l l trai Tng gm c mn n ph tng, dng cng n ch Tng, c Pht chng minh. Xin cho cc bc hu n ca chng con hay bit rng, phc bu ca l trai Tng ny v phn cc v , v cu xin cc v c php th hng ty , khi th hng ri, th c thot khi nhng iu lao kh, v c thnh tu qu ci ngi, qu ci tri, v cho c nh mun ca cc bc hu n chng con, do theo phc bu chy vo khng dt. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. Nu l l trai Tng cu an cho ngi bnh, cu phc trong gia nh, chc th cho ng b cha m ... th c li tc bch cng dng nh sau: - Maya bhante imni khdanyabhojanydni sajjetv saghassa dema sdhu bhante sagho imni khdanyabhojanydni paiggahtu amhka dgha-ratta atthya hitya sukhya. Dutiyampi. Tatiyampi. - Bch i c tng, chng con thnh knh dng cng nhng thc phm loi cng loi mm ny n ch tng. Lnh thay, bch i c tng, xin Tng th nhn cc thc phm ny, cho chng con c s tin ha, s li ch, s an vui lu di. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. c li tc bch xong, th ch t tay dng mm thc phm n ch Tng, hoc nu thc phm t trn chiu c, bn n ... th dng bng cch vn vo bn, ch cho ch Tng th lnh, mi nh l v lui v ch ngi.

K n, gia nh th ch c kinh sm hi Tam bo, hoc c thm li thnh cu ch Tng tng kinh cu an hay cu siu ... khi thin tn dt li, ch Tng s tng kinh ch nguyn phc hoc phc chc cho th ch c thnh tu cng c. Trong khi ch Tng tng kinh, cc c s gi yn lng v thnh tm nguyn phc. Dt thi kinh, cc c s ng thanh hoan h: Sdhu, sdhu, Lnh thay. V tng kinh hi hng phc nh bi "Phc cn ti to thnh" ... hoc "Ch thin ng trn h khng" ... hoc "Ti xin hi hng qu ny" ... ty theo mc ch ca bui l trai tng. Hon mn nghi thc cng dng trai tng. ---o0o--IV.11. NGHI THC CNG DNG BT HI Tr bnh kht thc l hnh chnh mng ca v t kheo t thi c Pht tr th, chnh c Pht cng i tr bnh kht thc. c Pht v ch Tng sng bng hnh tr bnh kht thc va l theo hnh ca ch Pht nui mng chn chnh (ty theo ho tm b th ca mi ngi, cc ngi khng mong cu, khng i hi th ny th kia); cng va l tip chng sanh, to cnh cho chng sanh lm thin (d ngi ngho kh cng c c hi lm phc bng cch t bt cho cc ngi). Ngy nay, ch Tng cc x Pht gio nh Min in, Thi Lan, Lo, Campuchia, v ch Tng Nam Tng Vit Nam, vn cn gi truyn thng hnh tr bnh kht thc. Tuy nhin, do iu kin khch quan bt li nn ch Tng Nam Tng ngi kinh t gi hnh truyn thng , ch c chng l vo nhng dp l c t chc cng dng bt hi th ch Tng mi cm bnh bt i trong khun vin cha, cc c s t hp v t vo bt ch Tng nhng thc phm. V nghi thc cng dng t bt, khi ngi c s gp ch Tng i tr bnh, c nghi l nh sau:

C s chun b sn l phm t bt; i chn khng t s cung knh tng; gi trang nghim khng ni ci ln ting; trnh trng t cng phm vo bt ca tng v S. t bt xong chp tay x l S. ang i tr bnh ch Tng s im lng v nhn xung pha trc, khng c kinh phc chc; ngi c s cng nn im lng cng dng m khng cn tc bch li g. Nu l l cng bt hi trong cha, th sau khi on ch Tng ln lt nhn cng phm t bt xong, cc ngi tp trung v trai ng hoc mt ni qui nh; cc c s cng tp trung n ch y, v mt c s A-cha s xng kinh dn cho mi ngi c theo: Bch i c tng, chng con xin thnh knh dng n ch Tng nhng cng phm t bt hi. Ngng mong ch Tng th dng nhng cng phm ny cho chng con c s li ch, s tin ha, s an vui lu di. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. Hoc nu l l bt hi ngy Vu Lan bo hiu th c: Bch i c tng, chng con xin thnh knh dng n ch Tng nhng cng phm t bt hi. Ngng mong ch Tng th dng nhng cng phm ny, cho cc bc hu n cng quyn thuc ca chng con c s an vui y nh nguyn. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. By gi ch tng s c kinh chc phc v kinh cu an hoc cu siu. Dt thi kinh, cc c s c kinh hi hng cng c, nh "Phc cn ti to thnh ..." hay "Ch thin ng trn h khng ...", hay "Ti xin hi hng qu ny ..." Sau khi hon mn nghi thc, ch Tng tm ch ngi th thc. Dt nghi thc cng dng bt hi ---o0o--IV.12. NGHI THC CNG DNG Y TM MA Trong Lut, c Pht cho php cc thy t kheo th nhn y tm ma trc khi bc vo ma ma, thi gian c php nhn k t ngy 16 thng 5 l n rm thng 6 l.

Y tm ma l chic y chong tm. Kch thc khong 0m,90 x 2m,00; nhum mu nh y casa, nhng khng cn may theo qui cch y ni (antaravsaka). Ngi c s hiu lut ny, l c hi to phc b th hp thi, nn gn n ngy ch Tng an c ma ma (nhp h) th h em nhng l tm ma dng n ch tng; ty theo kh nng c th dng u n s lng t kheo trong cha y, hoc ch dng 1, 2 l y nhiu ngi gp li dng mi v mt l y tm ma v vt dng. Nghi thc cng dng y tm ma nh sau: Cc c s sp t y tm ma mang n ch ng ca cc v t kheo, sa di s an c nhp h; nh l cc t kheo, v c li tc bch dng cng y tm ma nh sau: Maya bhante imyo vassikastikyo 13 idh ne-tv saghassa 14 dema sdhu bhante sagho 15 imyo vassikastikyo paiggahtu amhka dgharatta atthya hitya sukhya. Dutiyampi. Tatiyampi. Bch i c tng, chng con mang n y nhng l y tm ma ny xin dng cng n tng. Lnh thay, bch i c tng, mong ch Tng nhn lnh cc y tm ma ny cho chng con c s li ch, s tin ha, s an vui lu di. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. Khi tc bch xong, c s dng y tm ma n tn tay cc t kheo, cc t kheo c kinh phc chc; cc c s ng thanh Sdhu ri hi hng phc hon mn. Nu l dng y tm ma ny c c hnh ti cha, ni chnh in, th trc khi c li tc bch dng y, nn c nghi thc l bi Tam bo, xin th qui gii nh ngy nay vn thng lm. Dt nghi thc cng dng y tm ma. ---o0o--IV.13. NGHI THC CNG DNG Y KAHINA Lut c Pht cho php cc t kheo sau an c ma ma (khi mn h) c php th nhn y Kahina thay i tam y c rch.

Thi gian th ch dng y Kahina v ch Tng th y Kahina ch vo thng cui ca ma ma, t ngy 16 thng 9 l n ngy rm thng 10 l; mi cha ch c lm l dng y Kahina mt ln trong ma dng y. Th ch dng y Kahina s gt hi phc bu c bit, bi y Kahina l Tng y ngha l y casa dng n tp th tng, do Tng ti thiu l nm v t kheo th nhn, y Kahina l thi hn y ch khng phi ngoi thi y (aklacvara). Y Kahina phi lm ng qui cch lut v Tng th y cng phi lm Tng s ng theo lut. y l lut do c Pht ban hnh, khng phi t tin lm. y ch ni n nghi thc cng dng y Kahina, ngi c s bit m hnh l. Th ch mang n cha mt xp vi hoc mt b y casa may sn (thi c Pht, th ch dng xp vi trng n ch tng, ch tng ch nh cho mt v no y c rch nhn xp vi y v t may thnh y csa, nhum mu ri mc. Ngy nay, cc c s bit may y csa hoc mua hng may ri em n dng ch tng lm y Kahina. Cch no cng c c). Sau khi n cha, th ch cng cc thin tn khc i l phm hnh l nhiu Pht (l i quanh in Pht 3 vng, hng pha hu); hoc lc nhiu Pht, khng cn i mang theo cc l phm m ch tay cm hng hoa cng c. Nhiu Pht trong dp l dng y Kahina, cc thin tn va i va tng bi k sau y: C-sa oai c chi bng Sc vng thanh bch ca hng Sa-mn Noi gng t ph Th-Tn Hong khai gio php tm mun bn ngn Ngy nay thin tn cc hng C-sa i l nghim trang c hnh Dng y vi tm lng thnh Ba vng nhiu Pht ng thanh nguyn cu Ch Tng hoan h lnh thu Cn lnh gieo ging hu mai sau Nguyn mau thot khi trn lao Tu hnh tinh tn, tiu dao o mu Nguyn cho Pht php bn lu Thm nhun trm h nm chu thnh hnh Nguyn cho tt c chng sanh Hi u hng thin tm thnh quy y

Ln theo gng ng t-bi Xut gia hnh o mang y ngi k Tu tm dng tnh mi b Tham sn on tuyt b- n ni. Sau khi kt thc ba vng nhiu Pht, ch thin tn i vo chnh in c kinh l bi Tam bo, ri cung thnh ch Tng quang lm. Thin tn nh l ch Tng, v xin th tr qui gii (ng gii hoc bt quan trai gii). Sau , c th v th ch hoc i din th ch ng ln trnh duyn s l dng y n ch Tng. Dt li trnh duyn s, l li tc bch cng dng Kahina, c s A-cha dn cho mi ngi c theo: Ima bhante saparivra kahinacvaradussa bhikkhusaghassa onojayma. Sdhu no bhante bhikkhusagho ima saparivra kahinacvaradussa paiggahtu paiggahetv ca imin dussena kahina attharatu amhka dgharatta atthya hitya sukhya. Bch i c tng, chng con xin thnh knh dng y kahina cng vi nhng vt ph tng ny n t kheo Tng; bch i c Tng, cu xin ch t kheo Tng nhn lnh v th dng y kahina cng vi nhng vt ph tng ny cho chng con c s li ch, s tin ha, s an vui lu di. c li tc bch xong, th ch t b y kahina n trc mt ch tng, khi phi dng n tn tay ch Tng v y kahina ch Tng khng th nhn bng thn m ch th bng tm thi. Tip n ch t kheo Tng c hnh Tng s giao y n mt v t kheo no trong cha c y c rch, s giao y kahina phi thng qua tuyn ngn theo Lut. Sau phn nghi thc Tng s giao y v th y ca ch Tng, l kha kinh cu an hoc cu siu theo li thnh cu ca th ch, hoc kha l trai Tng (nu l dng y c hnh bui sng), hoc ch Tng ch tng kinh chc phc phc lnh cho th ch. Sau cng l thin tn hi hng phc di ngn ty thi gian. Trong cuc l dng y cng nh cc kha l khc, thng th nn c mt thi php do v php s thuyt khuyn tn cc c s, nht l tn dng s lm

phc ca th ch. Thi php c th sp xp trc khi hoc sau khi xong phn nghi thc dng y. Dt nghi thc cng dng y kahina ---o0o--IV.14 NGHI THC CNG DNG Y NGOI THI Y ngoi thi (aklacvara) l y m th ch lm phc n ch Tng ngoi thi gian c bit, tc l khng phi y tm ma (thi hn trong 1 thng trc ma ma), khng phi y kahina (thi hn trong 1 thng cui ma ma). Ngoi hai thng c bit , ngi c s pht tm lm phc dng y no n ch Tng th y gi l y ngoi thi. C s dng y ngoi thi n ch Tng trong cc dp nh l trai tng, l cu an, l cu siu, l chc th, l ma chay v.v... Sau khi mang l phm y n cha, hoc thnh ch Tng v t gia cng dng, th ch sp t l phm y trc mt ch Tng an ta ni phi l, nh l ch Tng ri c li tc bch cng dng y ngoi thi nh sau: Maya bhante "ima cvara" 16 idh netv saghassa deme sdhu bhante sagho "ima cva-ra" paiggahtu amhka dgharatta atthya hitya sukhya. Dutiyampi. Tatiyampi. Bch i c tng, chng con dng y ny n ch tng. Bch i c tng, ngng mong Tng th nhn y ny cho chng con c s li ch, s tin ha, s an vui lu di. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. Trong li tc bch, th ch nu tn cng phm thay vo ch "Ima ...". Sau li tc bch cng dng, th ch t thn dng y n tn tay ch tng, xong ri ngi li ch c. Ch Tng tng kinh chc phc cho th ch. Dt kha kinh chc phc, cc c s ng thanh hoan h: Sdhu sdhu - lnh thay v c kinh hi hng phc, nh "Ch thin ng trn h khng ..." hoc "Phc cn ti to thnh ..." . Dt nghi thc cng dng y ngoi thi ---o0o---

IV.15. NGHI THC CNG DNG LIU CC Liu cc (kui) l tht nh dng lm tr x c nhn cho v xut gia; liu cc y c th l trong khun vin cha, hay trong mt khu vn, hay ti khu rng. ti ni c nhiu v s th c nhiu liu cc. Cc c s mun to phc cng dng tr x n ch tng, i khi chia nhau lm mi gia nh mt ngi tht, nhiu ngi lm mi ch cho ch tng. Ngy xa, cc c s thng lm nh vy, by gi cng c th lm nh th. Sau khi xy dng xong mt hoc nhiu ngi liu cc ng theo cch thc lut l, trong cha hay rng ch ch Tng c tr, th ch thnh cc t kheo Tng n ti a im liu cc hon tt nh l ch t kheo v ni li tc bch cng dng liu cc y n tng, nh sau: Maya bhante ima kui kretv ctuddisassa bhikkhusaghassa dema. Sdhu bhante bhikkhusagho ima kui paiggahtu amhka dgharatta atthya hitya sukhya. Dutiyampi. Tatiyampi. Bch i c tng, chng con xy ct xong ngi cc liu ny, xin dng cng n t phng t kheo Tng. Lnh thay bch i c Tng, xin t kheo Tng nhn lnh ngi cc liu ny cho chng con c s tin ha, s li ch, s an vui lu di. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. Sau khi ni li tc bch, th ch lm nghi thc hin cng bng cch rt nc vo tay ca v trng lo cao h nht y, biu hin cng dng n tn tay ch tng. V rng liu cc, tr x ... khng phi l l phm m dng bng tay v th bng tay nh y phc, vt thc, nn phi lm nghi thc . Thu xa, vua Bimbisra khi dng cha Veuvana n c Pht v ch Tng, cng lm nghi thc rt nc nh vy trn tay ca c Pht. Xong nghi thc y, v trng lo s thuyt php khch l, tn dng v ty h cng c ca th ch. Sau cng, ch Tng c kinh chc phc cho th ch thnh tu an vui. Th ch c kinh hi hng cng dng liu cc. Dt nghi thc cng dng liu cc ---o0o---

IV.16. NGHI THC CNG DNG HI TRNG Hi trng (sl) l ngi nh rng lm ni t hp ca ch Tng v Pht t. Trong cha thng c ba sl: Ging ng (upahnasl), l ni ch Tng t hp dy php, lun php. Ngy xa khi c Pht cn hin tin, trong cha c ging ng l ni c Pht thuyt php cho ch t kheo v cc c s n cha. Trai ng (bhattaggasl), l ni nh n ca ch Tng cha; d cc v i bt, v cha cng tp trung n ni y. Nn mi c lut dy v phn s (kiccavatta) trong nh n. Khch ng (gantukasl), l ni trong cha dng lm ch v trng lo hay tr tr tip khch Tng hoc khch c s n ving. C th ch no pht tm xy dng sl trong cha ch Tng sinh hot th sau khi xy dng xong lm l lc thnh, hy lm nghi thc dng hin sl y n ch Tng. Trc ht phi trang hong trn thit ngi sl y ri thnh ch Tng t hp trong sl sau khi ct bng khnh thnh. K th ch c li tc bch cng dng sl y n Tng, nh sau: Maya bhante ima sla kretv ctuddisassa saghassa dema. Sdhu bhante bhikkhusagho ima sla paiggahtu amhka dgharatta atthya hitya sukhya. Dutiyampi. Tatiyampi. Bch i c tng, chng con xy ct ngi ging ng (trai ng, khch ng) ny, xin dng hin n t phng Tng. Lnh thay bch i c Tng, xin Tng nhn lnh ngi ging ng (trai ng, khch ng) ny cho chng con c s tin ha, s li ch, s an vui lu di. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. Sau khi ni li tc bch, th ch lm nghi thc hin cng bng cch rt nc vo tay ca v trng lo cao h nht y, biu hin cng dng n tn tay ch tng. Xong nghi thc y v trng lo s thuyt php khch l, tn dng v ty h cng c ca th ch.

K n ch Tng c kinh phc chc cho th ch thnh tu an vui. Sau cng th ch c kinh hi hng phc bu. Dt nghi thc cng dng hi trng ---o0o--IV.17. NGHI THC CNG DNG NGI CHNH IN Chnh in hay i din (mahvihra) l ni chnh yu trong ngi cha, ni th Pht v l a im sm ch Tng lm cc Tng s nh pht l, t t ... Khi c Th Tn hin tin, trong cha khng c chnh in th Pht, m ni chnh yu trong cha l b tt ng (uposathgra), ch khaasm lm cc Tng s. Sau khi c Th Tn vin tch, mi cha c thm mt ni in th, nhng thng th ly b tt ng lm in th Pht lun, v gi b tt ng l chnh in. Nu c ngi c s no l th ch ng ra xy dng ngi chnh in mi, hoc i trng tu ngi chnh in, sau khi hon thnh thnh ch Tng hin cng ngi chnh in y. Trong ngy l lc thnh, sau nghi thc hnh chnh ct bng khnh thnh xong, thnh ch Tng nhp in, th ch nh l ch Tng v tc bch hin cng ngi chnh in, nh sau: Maya bhante ima uposathgra kretv uposathapavradisaghakammakaraatthya ctuddisassa bhikkhusaghassa dema. Sdhu bhante bhikkhusagho ima uposathgra paiggahtu amhka dgharatta atthya hitya sukhya. Dutiyampi. Tatiyampi. Bch i c tng, chng con xy dng ngi b tt ng ny, xin hin cng n t phng Tng lm Tng s b tt, t t vn vn ... Lnh thay bch i c tng, ngng mong ch Tng lnh nhn ngi b tt ng ny cho chng con c s tin ha, s li ch, s an vui lu di. Ln th nh. Ln th ba.

Sau khi ni li tc bch, th ch lm nghi thc hin cng bng cch rt nc vo tay ca v trng lo cao h nht y, biu hin cng dng n tn tay ch tng. Xong nghi thc y, v trng lo s thuyt php khch l, tn dng v ty h cng c ca th ch. K n ch Tng c kinh phc chc cho th ch thnh tu an vui. Sau cng, th ch c kinh hi hng phc bu. Dt nghi thc cng dng ngi chnh in ---o0o--IV.18. NGHI THC CNG DNG THUC TR BNH Ngoi dc phm cha bnh (gilnapaccaya) cn c cc th nh sa ti (khra), sa c (sappi), sa chua (navanta), du m (tela), mt ong (madhu), ng ma (phita), cng c k l bhesajja (thuc) bi v ch Tng khng n vt thc phi thi nn bui chiu c th b bnh i l hay suy dinh dng, nu c dng sa, du m v.v... s ngn nga bnh suy dinh dng y. Ngi c s dng thuc tr cho ch Tng b bnh au, hay l dng cc mn thuc i vo bui chiu, u gi l cng dng thuc (bhesajja). Th ch em mn thuc no n cha, sau khi nh l ch Tng, hy c li tc bch cng dng thuc nh sau: Maya bhante ima bhesajja idh netv bhikkhusaghassa dema. Sdhu bhante bhikkhusagho ima bhesajja paiggahtu amhka dgharatta atthya hitya sukhya. Dutiyampi. Tatiyampi. Bch i c tng, chng con em mn thuc ny n dng cng t kheo Tng. Lnh thay, bch i c Tng, mong ch Tng th nhn mn thuc ny cho chng con c s li ch, s tin ha, s an vui lu di. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. Sau li tc bch, th ch dng cng mn thuc y n tn tay ch Tng. Tng th nhn xong, c kinh phc chc phc bu n th ch.

Th ch hoan h bng ting Sdhu sdhu, lnh thay, ri tng hi hng phc. Dt nghi thc cng dng thuc tr bnh. ---o0o--IV.19. NGHI THC CNG DNG T S T s, hay bn mn vt dng, t vt dng (catu-paccaya), l y phc, vt thc, sng ta, thuc tr bnh (cvarapiaptasensanagilnapaccayabhesajja). Trng hp th ch lm phc mt lc c bn mn vt dng, hoc lm phc phng tin tnh ti giao ngi h t mua sm t s khi ch Tng cn, th c th tc bch cng dng tng qut nh sau: Maya bhante ime cattro paccaye idh netv saghassa dema. Sdhu bhante sagho ime cattro paccaye paiggahtu amhka dgharatta atthya hitya sukhya. Dutiyampi. Tatiyampi. Bch i c Tng, chng con em t s ny dng n ch Tng. Lnh thay, bch i c Tng, xin ch Tng nhn lnh t s ny cho chng con c s li ch, s tin ha, s an vui lu di. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. Sau li tc bch, th ch dng mn g trong t s tng trng, n tn tay ch tng. Tng th nhn xong, c kinh phc chc phc bu n th ch. Th ch hoan h bng ting Sdhu sdhu, lnh thay, ri tng hi hng phc bu. Dt nghi thc cng dng t s ---o0o--IV.20. NGHI THC N TNG KINH SCH Ngoi s cng dng vt cht nhu cu cho i sng ch Tng to "phc vt", ngi c s mun to "phc tr" phi thin nh, hc php, nghe php, m lun Pht php; thm na l hoan h vi tr tu ca ngi khc, to iu

kin gip ngi khc tin ha tr tu, lm nh th cng l to nhn sanh phc tr cho mnh hu lai. Gi l vic to iu kin gip ngi khc tin ha tr tu, tc l ng h cc v Tng tu hc, ging dy, dch thut kinh sch; hoc mua hoc in kinh sch (kinh cao sch chnh) nh tam tng v sch ch gii tam tng, n tng. Khi th ch b tin ra in kinh sch hoc mua kinh sch, nht l tam tng v ch gii, ri hin tng n cha no cha c ch Tng trong cha c ti liu tham cu tu hc. Hy lm theo nghi thc nh vy: Tt c sch tam tng v ch gii phi c bi tr trn mt hoc nhiu chic bn k i din ch tng, va tm nhn, khng qu cao khng qu thp hn ch ngi ca ch Tng (v kinh sch l php bo), trn thit trang trng ch t kinh sch . C th c hnh l ny trong chnh in hay trong ging ng. Khi ch Tng quang lm v an ta th ch nh l ch Tng ri ni ln vi li trnh duyn s ch Tng c r, xong ri th ch tc bch cng dng nh sau: Maya bhante ima saparivra tepiakagantha sttha sabyajana kevalaparipua parisuddha ctuddisassa bhikkhusaghassa onojayma. Sdhu no bhante bhikkhusagho ima saparivra tepiakagantha sttha sabyajana kevalaparipua parisuddha paiggahtu amhka dgharatta atthya hitya sukhya. Dutiyampi. Tatiyampi. Bch i c tng, chng con xin hin cng kinh in tam tng cng vi sch ph ch ny c ngha vn c tc thanh tnh, xin dng n t phng t kheo Tng. Lnh thay bch i c Tng, ngng mong ch Tng lnh nhn kinh in tam tng cng vi sch ph ch ny c ngha vn c tc thanh tnh, cho chng con c s li ch, s tin ha, s an vui lu di. Ln th nh. Ln th ba. Sau li tc bch dng cng, th ch qu ln rt nc vo tay v trng lo cao h nht biu hin s hin cng tn tay ch tng. V kinh in nh l ti sn vn ha nn khng th dng nh cch cng dng vt dng. Mt nghi thc khc, nu th ch c lm vi bng hin cng tam tng, th sau li tc bch, th ch qu ln dng tm vi bng y n tn tay v trng lo

chng minh, vy cng xem nh l dng cng trn b kinh in n ch Tng ri. Ton th ch Tng hin din ng hoan h. Sdhu sdhu sdhu. Tip n, v trng lo c li o t khuyn tn c s, hoc tn dng n c php bo cho mi ngi hoan h. Xong li o t, ch Tng c kinh phc chc cho th ch thnh tu an vui. Kt thc bui l l phn hi hng cng c ca th ch v thin tn tham d. Dt nghi thc n tng kinh ---o0o--IV.21. NGHI THC L AN V PHT Ti t gia ngi Pht t nn c bn th Pht hng ngy Pht t l bi cng dng ng hu tng trng nim tin v tr duyn thin tm tu hnh. Ngoi nhng dp n cha, khi nh, ngi Pht t cng nn tinh tn sm hm l Pht v nim tng n c Pht. Ni th Pht phi ni chnh din nhn ra ca chnh, ch th phi sng r v trang trng. C th th Pht bng hnh nh hay tng ct. Ngi c s c th t mnh tn to ni th Pht vn thnh tu phc bu an vui nh nim tin v tm thnh. Tuy nhin, to n tng mnh cho lng tin, khi tn to ni th Pht ti t gia hoc ti cha mi dng hin n gio hi, ngi c s nn thnh ch Tng lm l an v Pht. Nghi thc lm nh sau: Trang hong tm tt ni th Pht, nh l ch Tng v tc bch thnh ch Tng nh sau: Ida bhante buddharpa krita buddhbhiseka karotha. Ida bhante buddharpa krita buddhbhiseka karotha. Ida bhante buddharpa krita buddhbhiseka karotha. Bch i c tng, y l hnh tng Pht c tn to, cu xin qu ngi lm l an v. Bch i c Tng, y l hnh tng Pht c tn to, cu

xin qu ngi lm l an v. Bch i c tng, y l hnh tng Pht c tn to, cu xin qu ngi lm l an v. V trng lo hng dn ch Tng tng kinh an v Pht. Trc nht l ch nguyn xc nh hnh Pht hoc tng Pht c tn to: Uksa ima buddharpa adhihmi. Dutiyampi ima buddharpa adhihmi. Tatiyampi ima buddharpa adhihmi. Tip theo l tng kinh l bi xng tn n c Tam bo, k Pht lc cm thng, tam thp v.v... Dt thi kinh, cc c s th qui gii, lm l trai tng, thnh tng kinh cu an; hoc thnh thuyt php trc l trai tng, l cu an cng tt. Khi hon mn kha l, cc c s hi hng phc bu lm. Dt nghi thc an v Pht. ---o0o--IV.22. NGHI THC L NHIU PHT Nhiu hay nhiu hnh, ting phn gi l padakkhiakaraa, l mt nghi thc by t s cung knh, s thng yu, s qu trng. Ngi v hay chng by t s thng yu vi ngi chng hoc v, trc khi i khi nh, h nhiu quanh v hay chng; ngi con nhiu quanh cha m t lng thng knh; ngi hc tr knh trng nhiu quanh thy. Mt t c s sau khi nghe php xong, nh l c Pht, nhiu quanh Ngi ri ra v nh trong kinh thng m t: utthysan bhagavanta abhivde-tv padakkhia katv pakkmi ... Nhiu hnh, l mt phong tc c t ngn xa trc v trong thi c Pht. Cho n ngy nay ti cc x Pht gio, cc tn vn cn gi tp tc y, nhng ch biu l s cung knh i vi ni tn nghim th Pht thi. V tr thnh mt nghi l trong Pht gio. L nhiu Pht c nghi thc l ngi Pht t i ba vng ngi chnh in, hoc ngi bo thp x li, hoc tng i Pht l thin, i vng pha hu, theo chiu kim ng h.

Khi nhiu Pht, mi ngi chp tay hoc cm hng hoa hay cng phm, mt nhn xung pha trc, khng n o, khng vi v; nu t ngi hnh l th i thnh hng mt, nu nhiu ngi th i hng i, hng ba ... Ngi Pht t i nhiu Pht trong s im lng vi tm nim tng n c Pht, hoc va i va tng k tn dng c Pht, hoc tng k dng y csa v.v... Nghi thc nhiu Pht c c hnh trong cc l hi nh l Mghapj (Rm thng Ging), l Ves-khapja (Rm thng t), l Kahina (dng y csa), v cc l khc nh l rc X Li, l rc php bo; Thi Lan, Min in, Campuchia, Lo ... ngi ta c hnh nhiu Pht c trong cc l xut gia na. Dt nghi thc l nhiu Pht. DT CHNG IV

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CHNG PH LC - CC VN CN BIT
VN TH CNG CA NGI PHT T Ngi -ng thng c tc l th cng, khng phi ch th cng nh, cha, miu mo, m h th cng ngay nh na. Tc l th cng l mt m tc, nhng nu khng hiu bit v khng lm ng ngha th tr thnh hnh thc m tn. Pht gio gi hnh thc m tn y l gii cm th (slabatupdna). ngha th cng l mt m tc khi m s th cng y nhm biu l s tn knh, s ngng m, v s bit n. Ngi Pht t th c Pht v lng tn knh mt ng gic ng vch ra con ng gic ng cho chng sanh thc hnh thot trm lun; qun chng th mt v vua hay v tng v ngng m mt ng anh hng lm li ch cho nc nh; con chu th t tin ng b cha m v lng bit n su sc i vi cc bc sanh thnh ra mnh ...

Nu vic th cng v tin rng th bi vt linh thing s ph tr, th l hnh thc m tn. Ngi Pht t chn chnh khng th cng vi quan nim nh vy. V hnh thc th cng t gia: i vi ngi Pht t ch nn dng lp hai bn th l bn th c Pht (ngi Pht t Nam Tng ch th duy nht hnh hoc tng Pht Thch Ca, v l bc o S mnh qui y), bn th t tin (ng, b, cha, m hay ngi thn qu vng). V tr thit lp bn th l ni trnh trng nht trong nh, c th l ni nh gia, hay ni phng khch, hoc ni mt cn phng ring bit, bn th Pht nn t cao hn bn th t tin. Vic bi tr bn th: Trn bn th Pht ch nn t mt l hng, i n, mt bnh hoa ti, c th thit k thm n bng cho sng. Trn bn th t tin cng by bin nh bn th Pht v c th thm mt a qu t (a rng chng tri cy). Pht gio Nam Tng khng s dng php kh chung m, nn ngi Pht t Nam Tng khng th chung m trn bn th. Nghi l cng bi: Trong nh c lp ni th phng, nht l c th Pht, ngi Pht t nn cng bi hng ngy hai thi - sng v chiu ti. Theo nghi l sau y: - Cng dng hoa ti (t nht mi thng hai ln, ngy rm v 30); hoc chng bnh hoa vi, hoa nylon cng c. - Mi sng ti dng hng, thp ba nn hng trn mi ch th. - Nhng lc dng hng ng, nh l Pht 3 ly (ly th nht tc knh l c Th Tn bc t gic ng; ly th hai tc knh l gio php c kho thuyt bi c Th Tn; ly th ba tc knh l tng chng bc tha hnh gio php ca c Th Tn). Nu trong gia nh thun dng tu tp th mi ti hoc sng, cc Pht t trong gia nh hp li tng kinh l bi Tam bo v nhng bi kinh qun tng tu tp. Vo nhng dp t chc l ti t gia nh chc th, cu an, trai tng, gi k ... c thnh Tng v nh cng dng, th trang hong bn th, dng hng ng hoa qu, sau mi lm nghi thc cng dng Tng.

Ngi Pht t Nam Tng ch cng dng trn bn th Pht nhng cng phm l nhang, n, bng hoa, du thm, tuyt nhin khng by cng thc n trn bn th Pht. Ni tm li, ngi Pht t th phng c Pht ti t gia vi tm nim t lng knh ngng, v cng gi nhc mnh phi noi gng lnh ca c Pht; vic th cng phi c ngha ng vi chnh kin tu tp, khng nn lm theo s m tn d oan. ---o0o--VN L NGHI CA NGI PHT T Ngi Pht t l c s ti gia, cn phi c l nghi ph hp vi vai tr ca mnh. Khi ngi Pht t tip xc x giao vi x hi bn ngoi, hy lm theo l nghi ph thng m ngi ta thng lm, nh bt tay, khoanh tay gt u, bi x v.v... ngi Vit Nam ta khng l nghi cho vi hnh thc tiu biu nht nh, ty theo trnh vn ha mi ngi. Khi ngi Pht t tip xc vi ngi ng o th nn c l nghi tn gio, hnh thc p nht l chp tay x cho. Hnh thc ny vn thng thy ph thng cc x Pht gio nh n , Min in, Thi Lan, Campuchia, Lo v.v... dn chng gp nhau cho nhau bng cch chp tay x. Ngi Pht t khng nn cu n cho rng chp tay x ngi th tc e t tam qui c ti; ch l nghi thc x giao chng c li g. Pht t gp nhau nn chp tay cho nhau, hoc khi c ngi chp tay cho mnh th mnh phi chp tay cho p l; Nh vy mi phi php. Khi ngi Pht t gp g ch Tng, c th p dng mt trong bn nghi l tn knh sau y: 1- nh l (Abhivda), c ba cch l qu ly vi nm th chm t, ngi chm hm ly, ngi xp chn ci u ly. Ngi c s nh l ch Tng khi n cha v khi ch Tng n nh; nhng khng nn nh l lc v t kheo ang nm ng hoc v y ang bn rn lm vic, hoc v y cha mc y t chnh. 2- ng dy tip n (Uhna), c ch ng ln khi ch ngi khi thy v t kheo ang i n. Nghi l ny c p dng mi ni mi lc; ngi

Pht t ang ngi trong nh hoc ti trm xe hoc ni hp hi cng cng khi thy v t kheo n gn th biu l s cung knh bng cch ng ln, khng cn nh l. Nh vy cng gi l phi l. 3- Chp tay x cho (Ajalkamma), c ch chp tay hng v v t kheo ng trc mt. Nghi l ny cng c th p dng mi lc mi ni; ngi Pht t n cha gp ch Tng ang trong tnh trng lm vic hoc khng mc gio phc, ngi y u c th chp tay x cho; thm ch gp ch Tng ni cng cng, ngi y cng c th chp tay cho m khng cn nh l. 4- T thi lch s (Smcikamma), biu l c ch lch s ngoi ba nghi l trn. Trng hp ny rt d thc hin trong mi hon cnh; ngi Pht t khi ang i trn xe thuyn, ang xch, mang, khun, vc ... khng rnh tay x cho nh l nu gp v t kheo, lc y ch cn gt u cho, hay mt nhn vi v ti ci, hay tht li cho hi n cn, hoc nhng bc ... cng l cch biu hin s cung knh. Ni tm li, l nghi ca ngi Pht t tt nhin phi c, v ngi Pht t l ngi o c, m ngi o c l ngi c vn ha, l nghi l mt trong nhng hnh thc vn ha. Tuy nhin, c l nghi nhng khng qu cu n thi qu n ni gy cho ngi khc ci nhn kh chu; phi bit uyn chuyn thc hin l nghi ng thi hp l. S cung knh hay thi lch s l xut pht t tm lnh m ra. ---o0o--VN TRANG PHC CA NGI PHT T Trang phc ca ngi c s c kiu mu a dng, ty theo thi i, ty theo dn tc tnh. Ngi Pht t trong sinh hot x hi, trang phc ty thch, sao cng c. Nhng ng qu l, bt xng vi t cch o c, hnh kim ca mt Pht t tc gia; khng cho ngi khc ci ch v nh gi thp o c ca mnh. Nh vy l tt ri. Ni v trang phc ca ngi Pht t trong sinh hot tn gio, khi n cha, khi gp g tip kin ch Tng. c Pht khng c mt qui ch no v trang phc ca cc c s. Nhng hy th hnh dung cch quan nim v trang phc

ca nhng v thnh c s thi c Pht khi h n cha, th t suy ra c nguyn tc cn bn v trang phc ca Pht t trong sinh hot tn gio. Ngy n, b Viskh sa son n cha l Pht v nghe php, b ang trang phc vi chic o chong nm ngc qu gi, sang trng cc k. Nhng lc n cng cha b cht ngh "Trc mt c Th Tn m ta trang phc rc r nh th ny tht khng thch nghi". Ngh vy b ci chic o chong qu gi y v gi li giao cho ngi n t cm gi, ri mi vo cha nh l c Pht v nghe php. Ngi Pht t trang phc nn bit mt s nguyn tc sau y: Khi ra ngoi x hi vn c th mc theo model thi trang, nhng: - Khng qu l lng, lm nh hng n phm cht o c. - Khng qu le lot mu sc, lm cho ngi khc c n tng kh chu. Khi n cha, tip xc vi ch Tng, mc d khng bt buc trang phc hnh thc no, nhng ngi Pht t: - Nn trang phc lch s kn o - Nn trang phc gin d ha hi - Nn trang phc sch s trang trng. C cu ni "Nhn trang phc bit t cch"; qu tht vy, ngi trang phc lch s kn o l ngi bit t trng; ngi trang phc gin d ha hi l ngi d di ci m; ngi trang phc sch s trang trng l ngi bit tn trng ngi khc. Tm li, s trang phc ch l hnh thc bn ngoi, nhng ngi Pht t cng nn ch cch n mc ca mnh sao cho ph hp vi cng v ngi tu hin, gi c phm cht o c, khng gy tr ngi cho vic tu tp. Nh vy l phi l. ---o0o--VN NGN NG CA NGI PHT T Ngn ng l phng tin thng tin, phng tin giao tip. Ngoi hai ngha trn, ngn ng theo Pht gio cn l tc nhn hnh thnh nghip qu (khu nghip) a n an vui hoc au kh na.

Dng ngn ng nu bit cn trng s em li li lc, bng nh ngn ng ba bi s mang n tai ng. Ngi Pht t cn phi tu tp khu nghip, cng nh tu tp thn nghip v nghip vy. C nm loi ngn ng gi l thin ngn (subhsita) m ngi Pht t nn p dng trong sinh hot giao tip v thng tin: 1- Ni hp thi (Klena bhsit) l ni ti hp vi hon cnh, ng lc, ng ngi; d ni thin php nhng phi thi cng khng hay. Ngi Pht t phi bit lc no nn ni g; nu thy ni khng hp thi th th rng gi im lng. 2- Ni chn tht (Sacca bhsit), l ni li tht, ni ng s tht, chuyn c ni c, chuyn khng ni khng. Ngi Pht t khng ni di, khng ni sai s tht; nu thy ni tht s gy bt li c th lm hi mnh hi ngi th nn im lng, hoc ni lng chuyn khc khi khng th im lng. 3- Ni nh nhn (Saha bhsit), l ni li thin cm, li ni lm cho ngi nghe thng cm n tim. Ngi Pht t khi ni chuyn x giao nht l khi tip xc vi ch Tng, nn dng cam ngn m t, ni chuyn nh nhn, khng nn th l, to ting, d gp chuyn bt bnh cng th. 4- Ni hu ch (Atthasahita bhsit), l ni nhng ti lin h li ch thit thc. Ngi Pht t phi tu dng tm tr, v vy nu c ni chuyn vi ai ch nn ni chuyn g ng ni khng lm mt thi gi lm vic hay thi gi tu dng. Ngoi x hi th nn ni iu lnh mnh c li ch trong sinh hot cuc sng; khi vo cha th nn bn lun iu thin c li ch tin ha v tri kin tu tp. 5- Ni vi t tm (Mettcitta bhsit), l ni vi tm hin thin mt m, khng sn gin, c him. Ngi Pht t khi tip xc, nn c nim "Mong tm ta lun mt m, trong hon cnh no cng ni bng tm t khng bng tm sn"; cho d lc qu trch ngi khc lm li cng ch nn ni vi tt, xy dng nhau, v gip nhau tin ha thi. l nm hnh thi ngn ng m ngi Pht t nn bit v p dng trong cuc sng giao tip; khi tip xc vi ch Tng l i tng kh knh th ngi Pht t cn phi ngn ng thch hp v tt p hn na khng mc li lm khu c nghip. ---o0o---

VN M THC CA NGI PHT T Vic n ung l mt trong nhng nhu cu tt yu ca cuc sng; con ngi phi n mi sng c. Trit l tng chng nh n gin vy thi, nhng k thc vn "n" ca loi ngi rt phc tp. Loi ngi khng nh cc loi ng vt khc n thc n thun ty ca ging loi. Con ngi t ch bin ra thc n, to thc n theo thch, theo sc thi dn tc, theo t tng tn gio v.v... t sanh ra nhng t hi, nh st pht nhau v ming n, hoc tranh lun nhau v ci n v.v... y ch bn n vn m thc trong i sng ca ngi Pht t, sao cho hp l o v ng ngha n sng, sng tu hnh. y khng c im tranh lun. Lp trng tu tp ca ngi Pht t l khng lm iu c, nng hnh iu thin, thanh lc ni tm. Vic n ung mc d l nhu cu nui sng nhng khng nn v th m vic n ung chi phi lp trng tu tp. Ngi Pht t khng nn quan nim n ung nh l mt php mn tu hnh, m ch nn bit rng tu tp th no trng dng thin tm, tu tp th no pht trin tr tu ... em li an lc, ph tan phin no, chm dt mi kh au. V vn m thc, ngi Pht t cn bit nhng nguyn tc sau y: 1- n ung tit . Tc l n ung c chng mc, va phi, cho thn c nh nhng v khng mt nhiu thi gian tu tp thin nh. 2- n thc n d tiu ha. Tc l n ung nhng thc n thc ung hp vi th tng; khng n nhng thc n kh tiu, nhng thc n c nhiu c t, nhng thc n gy bnh. iu ny cng c ngha l ngi Pht t chn chnh khng c thnh kin v thc n chay mn, min l thc n khng gy thn bnh l c. 3- n thc n khng gy nh hng gii lut ngi tu. iu ny c ngha l ngi Pht t khng th dng ming n c c do st sanh, hay do trm cp, hay do t mng bt chnh.

4- n thc n khng lm tn gim thin php. iu ny c ngha l ngi Pht t khng n bng s tham m, bng s bn rn tm kim, bng s gy kh khn cho ngi cp dng. Nu p dng c bn nguyn tc v m thc nh th, ngi Pht t tht s sng an lc v khng c li lm trong vic m thc. ---o0o--VN HNG TH CA NGI PHT T Ngi c s (gihi) l ngi cn hng dc (kma-bhog). Tc l hng ngi cn cht cha ti sn v th dng nm mn dc lc; thng thc sc, thinh, hng, v, xc. Nhng gia cc ngi c s c hng sng lng thin, c hng sng khng lng thin. Ngi Pht t l hng c s sng lng thin. Ngi c s lng thin l ngi sng tm cu ti sn hp php khng th on, l ngi bit t nui dng mnh v cp dng ngi trong gia nh, l ngi bit san s v to nhiu cng c. Ngi Pht t chn chnh khng phi ch l ngi c s sng lng thin m cn phi bit cch sng t n trng thi thnh thin, qu v gii thot trong tng lai na. Ngi Pht t c s mc d cn th hng ti sn, nhng ngoi cch sng lng thin, cn phi c nhng khuynh hng ni tm thnh thin nh sau: 1- Th dng ti sn c tri tc, tc l bit vi nhng g c c, khng ua i qu ng. 2- Th dng ti sn khng tham m, tc l khng qu am m hng th, khng nhim trc n ni lm n l cho ti sn. 3- Th dng ti sn thy c nguy him, tc l thy c s nguy him ca cc dc; ng trn nh khc xng, nh t thi, nh uc rm, nh hm la, nh gic mng, nh tm mn, nh tri c, nh ao kim, nh dao tht, nh u rn c; Ng trn vui t kh nhiu, nguy him cng nhiu hn.

4- Th dng ti sn c tr tu xut ly, tc l c tr qun thy lun hi phi b kh sanh, kh gi, kh bnh, kh cht, cc php hu vi l v thng, kh no, v ng, ch c s tch dit Np bn mi tht s an lc. l thi ng n ca mt ngi Pht t ch thin, mc d i sng c s cn hng th. DT CHNG PH LC

CH VIT TT (Dng trong quyn sch ny) A: Aguttaranikya, Tng Chi B Kinh Comp: Compendiu of Philosophy, Thng Php Tp Yu Lun (Abhidhammatthasagaha) D: Dghanikya, Trng B Kinh DA: Dghanikya Atthakath, Ch gii Trng B Kinh. KhA: Khuddakapha Atthakath, Ch gii tp Tiu Tng (ca Tiu B Kinh). S: Sayuttanikya, Tng ng B Kinh Sn: Suttanipta (Khuddakanikya), Kinh Tp (thuc Tiu B) SCH THAM KHO Tng ng b kinh (HT Thch Minh Chu dch) Tng chi b kinh (HT Thch Minh Chu dch) Tm hiu Pht gio (Php s Thng Kham) Gng lnh bc xut gia (T kheo H Php) C s vn p (L vn Ging) Nghi thc v l gio ca Pht t ti gia (T kheo Dng Ch) Kinh nht hnh (HT H Tng) Kho Tng Php Hc (T kheo Gic Gii) Nn tng Pht gio - Cm nang (T kheo H Php)

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Ngi n xin qui y th c Y ha. Nu l n th c Tass me. 3 Nu sm hi vi 2-3 v s th ni ayy...paiggahantu. Nu l Tng t 4 v sp ln th ni Sagho ... paigganhtu. 4 i vi 2-3 v s th ni Bch ch i c. i vi Tng t 4 v sp ln th ni Bch i c tng. 5 Nu l n th ni Esha 6 L cn s n th ni Upsika 7 Ni vi nhiu v Ayy dhrentu. Vi Tng th l Sagho dhretu. 8 Thay i ty theo bch ch i c hay Bch i c tng. 9 Hoc cn s n, nu ngi xin qui y l n. 10 Nu nhiu c s ng th gii th c Maya ... chng con 11 Nu dng ch t Maya th i ng t l ycma 12 Nu l n c s th c uposathik. 13 Nu ch c mt y tm ma th ni ima vassikastika, l y tm ma ny. 14 Nu dng cng n 2, 3 v t kheo th ni yasmantna dema, dng cng n qu ngi. 15 i vi 2,3 v t kheo th ni yasmantto ... paiggahantu, mong qu ngi nhn lnh. i vi mi v t kheo th ni yasm paiggahtu, mong ngi th lnh. 16 Nu dng nhiu y th i li l Imni cvarni. Nu tn cng phm chung chung l Ima cvara (y ny) cng c; bng nh mun nu r tn cng phm cng c. C 11 th y, tn gi nh vy:
1 2

1- Y Tng gi l (saghti) 2- Y ut la tng, y vai tri (uttarasaga) 3- Y an hi, y ni (antaravsaka) 4- Tam y (ticvara) 5- Ta c, y tri ngi (nisdana) 6- Nga c, y tri nm (paccattharana) 7- Khn lau mt (mukhupucanacoa) 8- Y ph (parikkhracoa) 9- Vi lc nc (parissvana) 10- Vi bng gh (kauppaicchdi) 11- Y c bit (accekacvara).

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