Chuyn I: ng Dng o Hm Trong Cc Bi Ton i S

I.Cc vi ton lin quan n nghim ca pt-bpt:

nh l 1: S nghim ca pt f(x)=g(x) chnh l s giao im ca hai th y=f(x) v
y=g(x)
nh l 2: Nu hm s y=f(x) lt trn D v
min ( )
x D
m f x

,
ax ( )
x D
M M f x

th pt: f(x)=k c
nghim khi v ch khi m k M
nh l 3: Bt phng trnh
( ) ( ) f x g x
nghim ng mi x thuc D khi v ch khi
( ) ( )
x D x D
Min f x Max g x

Cc v d:
Bi 1:Tm m pt sau c nghim:
2 2
1 1 x x x x m + + +
(HSG Ngh an 2005)
Li gii: Xt hm s
2 2
( ) 1 1 f x x x x x + + +
c tp xc nh l D=R

( )
( )
+

+ + +
+ + + +
_ _
+ + + +

, ,
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1
'( ) ' 0
2 1 2 1
(2 1) 1 2 1 1 (1)
1 1 3 1 1 3
[( - ) ] [( ) ] 0 thay vao (1)ta thay khong
2 2 4 2 2 4
thoa man. Vay f'(x)=0 vonghiem, maf'(0)=1>0, do
x x
f x f x
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x




+ + + +
< <
2 2 x +
x +
of'(x)>0 x
2
Mat khac: Lim ( ) =Lim 1; Lim( ) 1
1 1
Vay pt acho conghiem -1 1
x
R
x
f x f x
x x x x
m
Bi 2:Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a pt:
2
1 cos ax x +
c ng mt nghim
0;
2
x

_

,
( thi HSG tnh Hi Dng Lp 12 nm 2005)
Gii: Ta thy pt c nghim th 0 a
( )

_


,
_

,

_ _
<

, ,
2
2 2
2 2
sin
cos 1 sin
2
Khi opt =a -2 . Xet ham so( ) vi t 0;
4
2
cos -
.cos sin
ta co'( ) = 0 vi t 0; ( ) ngb tren 0;
4 4
t
x
x t
a f t
t
x
x
t t tgt
t t t
f t f t
t

< < < <

_

,
< < < <
2
2 2
0
2 2
sin
2 2 2 2 8
2
Maf( )= va ( ) 1 ( ) 1 1 (0; )
4 2
2
8 1 4
Vay pt acho coung 1 nghiem (0; ) 2 1
2 2
t
x
Limf t f t x
x
x a a
Bi 3: Cho phng trnh
+ + +
6 5 4 3 2
3 6 ax 6 3 1 0 x x x x x
. Tm tt c cc gi tr
ca tham s a, phng trnh c ng 2 nghim phn bit. (HSG Nam nh 2004)
Gii: V 0 x khng phi l nghim pt. Chia hai v pt cho x
3
ta c
+ + + + +
+ + +
+
t
3 2
3 2
2 2 3 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
( ) 3( ) 6( ) a=0 (1). at t= ta thu c pt
( 3) 3( 2) 6 3 9 6 (1')
Tcach at t ta co: 1 0 (2)pt nay co = - 4 0 2. Tay ta co
*Neu 2 th pt
x x x x
x x
x x
t t t t a t t t a
x tx t t
t
>
t
acho comot nghiem
*Neu 2 th vi moi giatrcua cho tng ng hai giatrcua x
Nen pt (1) coung hai nghiem phan biet pt(1') coung hai nghiem t= 2
hoac (1') coung
t t
>
+

t
'
+

>
+ > +
3 2 2
1nghiem thoa man 2
2 6
1: Neu (1') coung hai nghiem t= 2 vonghiem
22 6
2:(1') coung mot nghiem 2
Xet ham so( ) 3 9 vi 2, ta co'( ) 3 6 9 3( 1
t t
a
TH
a
TH t
f t t t t t f t t t t + )( 3) t
Ta c bng bin thin:
Da vo bng bt ta thy pt(1) c ng mt nghim
> 2 t
khi v ch khi
< + < < < 2 6 22 4 16 a a
f(t)
f(t)
x -2 2 1 -3
0 0
+ -
2
22
27
Bi 4:Cho hm s + + + ( )( ) y x x a x b vi a,b l hai s thc dng khc nhau cho
trc.Cmr vi mi s thc ( ) 0;1 s
u tn ti duy nht s thc

_
+
>

,
1
0: ( )
2
s s
s
a b
f
( HSG QG bng A nm 2006)
Gii: Trc ht ta cos BT :
+ +
( )
2 2
s s
s
a b a b
(1) ta c th cm (1) bng hm s hoc
bng BT Bcnuli
p dng BT Csi v (1) ta c :
1
( )
2 2
s s
s
a b a b
ab
+ +
< <
(*) (do a b )
Mt khc ta c:
2 2 ( )( )
'( )
2 ( )( )
x a b x a x b
f x
x a x b
+ + + +

+ +
ta d dng cm c f(x) >0 mi
x>0 suy ra f(x) ng bin vi x>0 nn
0
( ) ( ) ( )
2 x
x
a b
Lim f x ab f x Lim f x
+
+

+

(**)
V f(x) lin tc khi x>0 nn t (*) v (**) ta c iu phi cm
Bi tp:
1. Tm m pt sau c nghim duy nht thuc

[0; ]
4
+ +
3 2
(4 6 )sin 3(2 1)sin 2( 2)sin cos (4 3)cos 0 m x m x m x x m x
2.Tm m s nghim ca pt:
2 2 4 2
15 2(6 1) 3 2 0 x m x m m + + khng nhiu hn s
nghim ca pt:
2 3 6 8
(3 1) 12 2 6 (3 9) 2 0, 25
x m m
m x x + +
(HSG Ngh an 1998)
3. Tm tt c cc gi tr a bpt:
2
ln(1 ) x x ax + nghim ng 0 x
4. a)Cmr nu a >0 l s sao cho bpt: 1
x
a x + ng vi mi
0 x
th
a e
b) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a : 1
x
a x x + (HSG 12 Nam nh 2006)
II.Gii pt bng phng php hm s:

nh l 1:Nu hm s y=f(x) lun b (hoc lun ngb) th s nghim ca pt : f(x)=k
Khng nhiu hn mt v f(x)=f(y) khi v ch khi x=y
nh l 2: Nu hm s y=f(x) lun b (hoc lun ngb) v hm s y=g(x) lun ngb (hoc
lun b) trn D th s nghim trn D ca pt: f(x)=g(x) khng nhiu hn mt
nh l 3:Cho hm s y=f(x) c o hm n cp n v pt
( )
( ) 0
k
f x c m nghim, khi
pt
( 1)
( ) 0
k
f x

c nhiu nht l m+1 nghim

Cc v d:
Bi 1:Gii pt:
2 2
3 (2 9 3) (4 2)( 1 1) 0 x x x x x + + + + + + +
(Olympic 30-4 BSCL 2000)
Gii: Ta thy pt ch c nghim trong
1
( ;0)
2

( )
2 2
2 2
3 (2 ( 3 ) 3) (2 1)(2 (2 1) 3)
(2 3) (2 3) (1)
pt x x x x
u u v v
+ + + + + +
+ + + +

Vi u=-3x, v=2x+1; u,v>0. Xt hm s
4 2
( ) 2 3 f t t t t + +
vi t>0
Ta c
3
4 2
2 3
'( ) 2 0 0 ( ) ( )
3
t t
f t t f u f v u v
t t
+
+ > >
+
(1)

u=v

-3x=2x+1
1
5
x
l nghim duy nht ca pt
Bi 2: Gii pt:

_
+

,
2
osx=2 vi - ;
2 2
tg x
e c x
(HSG Lp 12 Nam nh 2006)
Gii: Xt hm s :

_
+

,
2
( ) osx vi - ;
2 2
tg x
f x e c x
, ta c
_

,
2
2
tg 3
2 3
1 2e os
'( ) 2 . sin sin
cos os
x
tg x
c x
f x tgx e x x
x c x
V
> >
2
3
2 2 os 0
tg x
e c x
Nn du ca f(x) chnh l du ca sinx. T y ta c
( ) (0) 2 f x f
Vy pt cho c nghim duy nht x=0
Bi 3: Gii pt:
+ + 2003 2005 4006 2
x x
x
(HSG Ngh an 2005)
Gii: Xt hm s : + ( ) 2003 2005 4006 2
x x
f x x
Ta c: + '( ) 2003 ln2003 2005 ln2005 4006
x x
f x
+ >

2 2
''( ) 2003 ln 2003 2005 ln 2005 0 "( ) 0 vonghiem
f'(x)=0 conhieu nhat lamot nghiem f(x)=0 conhieu nhat lahai nghiem
x x
f x x f x
M ta thy f(1)=f(0)=0 nn pt cho c hai nghim x=0 v x=1
Bi 4: Gii pt: + + +
3
3 1 log (1 2 )
x
x x (TH&TT)
Gii: k: x>-1/2
+ + + + + + + +
3 3 3
3 1 2 log (1 2 ) 3 log 3 1 2 log (1 2 )
x x x
pt x x x x x (1)
Xt hm s:
+
3
( ) log f t t t
ta c f(t) l hm ng bin nn
+ + (1) (3 ) (1 2 ) 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 (2)
x x x
f f x x x
Xt hm s: >
2
( ) 3 2 1 '( ) 3 ln3 2 "( ) 3 ln 3 0
x x x
f x x f x f x
( ) 0 f x
c nhiu nht l hai nghim, m f(0)=f(1)=0 nn pt cho c hai nghim
x=0 v x=1
Bi 5: Gii h pt:

'

>

sinx-siny=3x-3y (1)
x+y= (2)
5
, 0 (3) x y
Gii: T (2) v (3) ta c :

, (0; )
5
x y
(1) sinx-3x=siny-3y
. Xt hm s f(t)=sint-3t vi

(0; )
5
t
ta c f(t) l hm nghch
bin nn f(x)=f(y)

x=y thay vo (2) ta c

10
x y
l nghim ca h
Bi 6: Gii h:

'
+ +

(1)
1 1 8 (2)
tgx tgy y x
y x y
(30-4 MOBSCL 2005)
Gii: k:

'
+

1
8
y
x y
(*)
(1)
tgx x tgy y + +

x y
(do hm s
( ) f t tgt t +
l hm ng bin)
Thay vo (2) ta c: + + + + + 1 1 8 1 8 1 y y y y y y
+ + + + + + +



+
' '

+ +

2 2
1 8 2 8 1 8 4 4 8
8 8
3 3 3 8 4 8 8
9 48 64 16 128 9 64 64 0
y y y y y y y y
y y
y y y
y y y y y
Vy
8 x y
l nghim duy nht ca h cho
H HON V VNG QUANH:
nh ngha:L h c dng:

'

1 2
2 3
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
.................
( ) ( )
n
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
(I)
nh l 1: Nu f,g l cc hm cng tng hoc cng gim trn A v
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
x x x
l
nghim ca h trn A th

1 2
...
n
x x x
nh l 2:Nu f,g khc tnh n iu trn A v
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
x x x
l nghim ca h trn A
th

1 2
...
n
x x x
nu n l v

'

1 3 1
2 4
...
...
n
n
x x x
x x x
nu n chn
Bi 7:Gii h:

+ + +

+ + +
'

+ + +

3 2
3 2
3 2
3 3 ln( 1)
3 3 ln( 1)
3 3 ln( 1)
x x x x y
y y y y z
z z z z x
Gii:Ta gi s (x,y,z) l n
o
ca h. Xt hm s + + +
3 2
( ) 3 3 ln( 1) f t t t t t
ta c:

+ + >
+
2
2
2 1
'( ) 3 3 0
2 1
t
f t t
t t
nn f(t) l hm ng bin
Ta gi s: x=Max{x,y,z} th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y f x f y z z f y f z x
Vy ta c x=y=z. V pt + + +
3 2
2 3 ln( 1) 0 x x x x c nghim duy nht x=1 nn h
cho c nghim l x=y=z=1
Bi 8:Gii h:

+
'

2
3
2
3
2
3
2 6log (6 )
2 6log (6 )
2 6log (6 )
x x y x
y y z y
z z x z
(HSG QG Bng A nm 2006)
Gii: H

' '
+

3
2
3
2
3
2
log (6 )
2 6
( ) ( )
log (6 ) ( ) ( )
2 6
( ) ( )
log (6 )
2 6
x
y
x x
f y g x
y
z f z g y
y y
f x g z
z
x
z z
Trong 3
2
( ) log (6 ) ; ( )
2 6
t
f t t g t
t t

+
vi
( ;6) t
Ta c f(t) l hm nghch bin,
( )
3
2
6
'( ) 0 ( ;6)
2 6
t
g t t
t t

>
+
g(t) l hm b
Nn ta c nu (x,y,z) l nghim ca h th x=y=z thay vo h ta c:
3
2
log (6 )
2 6
x
x
x x

+
pt ny c nghim duy nht x=3
Vy nghim ca h cho l x=y=z=3
Bi tp:

2
3 3 2 2 10 10 3 3
2 2 cosx osx
3 2
3 2
3 2
81
1. 2 1 2 1 2 ; 2. 81sin os
256
3. (x-1)(x+2)=(x 2) ; 4. 3 2 osx; 5. (1 )(2 4 ) 3.4
x 3 2 5
6. 3 2 5 (HSG QG 2006)
3 2 5
x x c x x
x x x x x c x
e xe c x
x x y
y y y z
z z z x

+ + + + + +
+ + + +

+ +

+ +
'

+ +

7. Tm a h sau y c nghim duy nht

2 3 2
1 2 2 2
2 3 2
2 3 3 3
2 3 2
1 1 1
4 ax
4 ax
............................
4 ax
n
x x x
x x x
x x x

+
'

8. Tm m cc pt sau c nghim:

6 6
2 2
2 2
) 12 ( 5 4 ); b) 3+x 6 (3 )(6 )
cos sin
) cot ( cotgx)+3=0; d) . 2
os sin
a x x x m x x x x x m
x x
c tg x g x mtgx mtg x
c x x
+ + = - + - + - - + - =
+
+ + + =
-
III. Cc bi ton cc tri- chng minh BT:
Bi 1: Cho 4 s thc a,b,c,d tho mn: a
2
+b
2
=1; c-d=3. Cmr:

9 6 2
4
F ac bd cd
+
+ (HSG Ngh an 2005)
Gii: ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2
( )( ) 2 6 9 3 ( ) F a b c d cd d d d d f d + + + +
Ta c
2
2
3 9
1 2( )
2 2
'( ) (2 3)
2 6 9
d
f d d
d d
+ +
+
+ +
v
2
2
3 9
1 2( )
2 2
0
2 6 9
d
d d
+ +
<
+ +
nn
3 9 6 2
( ) ( )
2 4
f d f
+
ta c pcm
Bi 2: Cho
0 1. x y z < <
:
3 2 4 x y z + +
.Tm gtln
2 2 2
3 2 F x y z + + (TH&TT)
Gii: T gt ta c:
4 2
3
y z
x

thay vo F ta c
2 2 2
1 2 1 1
( ) (4 4 ( 2) 10 16 16) ( ) (9 12 20) ( )
3 2 3 3
y
F f y z z y y y f y y g y

+ + + +
Ta xt
2
1
3
y (v y<2/3 th Max khng xy ra), khi
2
( ) ( ) 16
3
g y g
16
3
F du = c khi
2 1
;
3 3
z y x Vy
16

3
Max F
Bi 3: Cho
0 x y z
.CMR:
x z y x y z
z y x y z x
+ + + +
Gii: Xt hm s :
( )
x z y x y z
f x
z y x y z x
_
+ + + +

,
Vi k cho
0 x y z
Ta c:
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
'( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0
y z
f x y z
z y yz
x x x

f(x) l hm ng bin
( ) ( ) 0 f x f y
pcm
Bi 4:Cho a>b>c>0. CMR:
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
a b b c c a a b b c c a + + > + +
Gii: Xt hm s: ( )
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
( ) f a a b b c c a a b b c c a + + + +
Ta c :
2 2 3 3 2 2
'( ) 3 2 2 3 f a a b ac ab a c + . Tip tc ly o hm:
2 2 3 3 2 2
"( ) 6 6 2 2 2( )[3 ( ) - ] 0 f a ab ac c b b c a b c b c bc + + > do a>b>c>0
'( ) f a
l hm b
4 3 2 2
'( ) '( ) 2 3 0 f a f b b bc b c + > (ta c th cm c nh Csi)
Nh vy do f'(a) >0 nn f(a) ng bin hay l f(a)>f(b)=0 nh vy ta c pcm
Bi 5:Cho
, , x y z o >
Cmr:
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x y z xyz x y z xy x y yz y z zx z x + + + + + + + + + +
Gii: Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s:
x y z
. Xt hm s
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x x y z xyz x y z xy x y yz y z zx z x + + + + + + + +
Ta c :
3 2 3 3 2
'( ) 4 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) "( ) 12 6 ( ) 2 f x x x y z xyz yz x y z y z f x x x y z yz + + + + + + + +
"( ) 0 f x >
(do
x y z
)
2 3 2
'( ) '( ) ( ) 0 f x f y z y z z y z nn f(x) l hm b
4 3 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 0 f x f y z z y y z z z y + pcm
Bi 6: Cho n,k l cc s nguyn dng
7; 2 n k n <
. Cmr:
2
n k
k n >
(HSG QG bng B 96-97)
Gii : Bt ln ln ln 2 ln ln ln 2 n k k n n k k n > +
Xt hm s
( ) ln ln ln 2 f x n x x n
vi
[2; -1] x n

'( ) ln '( ) 0
ln
n n
f x n f x x
x n

2
2 7
ln
n
n
e n n
n
> >
. Xt hm s
2
( ) '( ) 2 "( ) 2 0
x x x
g x e x g x e x g x e >
7 7
'( ) '(7) 14 0 ( ) (7) 49 0 g x g e g x g e > > > >
Vy
( ) { (2), ( -1)} f x Min f f n
. Ta cm
{ (2), ( -1)} 0 Min f f n
*
1 2
(2) 0 2
n
f n

ta d dng cm c bng quy np hoc o hm

*
1
1
( 1) 0 ( 1) 2 2(1 ) 6
n n t
f n n n t t
t

> +
(*) trong t=n-1
Ta c
1 1
(1 ) 3 2(1 ) 6
t t
e t
t t
+ < < + <
(*) ng
Vy ta c pcm
Bi 7: Cho
0 a b c <
.CMR:
2
2 2 2 ( )
3
( )
a b c c a
b c c a a b a c a

+ + +
+ + + +
Gii:t
b
a

v
c
x
a

K :
1 x
. Khi bt cn cm tr thnh
2
2
2 2 2 4 1 2 ( 1)
1 (2 2 )
1 1 1 1
x x x x x x
x x
x x x x

+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +

Xt hm s
2
1 2 ( 1)
( ) 1 (2 2 )
1
x x x
f x x x
x


+ +
+ + + +
+ +
vi
1 x
Ta c:
2 2
2(2 1) 1 2x+1 2
'( ) 2 1 2 ( 1)[ ] 0
1 +1
( ) ( )
x
f x x
x x

+
+
+
+ +
do
1 x
Nh vy hm f(x) l ng bin do
2
1
( ) ( ) 3 3 f x f

+
Nhng
3
2 2 2
1 1 1
'( ) 2 3 3 3 . . 3 0 f

+ + +
( ) ( ) (1) 0 f x f f
pcm
Bi 8: cho a,b,c>0. Cmr:
3
2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +
Gii: t
, , 1
b c a
x y z xyz
a b c

v bt cho
1 1 1 3
1 1 1 2 x y z
+ +
+ + +

Gi s
1 1 z xy
nn ta c:
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1
z
x y xy z
+
+ + + +
2
1 1 1 2 1 2 1
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
z t
f t
x y z z t z t
+ + + +
+ + + + + + +
vi 1 t z
Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2(1 ) 3
'( ) 0 ( ) (1) 1
2
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
t t
f t f t f t
t t t

+ + +
pcm
Nhn xt:T bi ton trn ta d dng gii quyt c bi ton sau:
Cho a,b,c>0. Cmr:
3 3 3
3
( ) ( ) ( )
8
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +
(chn i tuyn thi IMO 2005)
Bi tp p dng:
1.

> Cho , (0; ). : .sin sin 2(cos cos )

2
Cmr
2. Cho
, x y R
v
2 2 x y
.Tm gtnn ca
2 2 2 2
( 3) ( 1) P x y x y + + + +
(HSG QG Bng B nm 1998)
3.Cho a,b>0. Cmr: ( 1) ln( 1) ( 1)( 1)
b
a a e a b + + + + + (HSG 12 Nam nh 2004)