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Bi tp o lng in t

SVTH: Phan Hong Trc Huyn

NG H S AGILENT 34401A 6 DIGIT


Chng 7:

HNG DN CCH O

ng h o s Aglilent 34401A c chnh xc cao. t c chnh xc cao nht cn phi loi b cc li thng gp phi trong cc php o. Chng ny gii thiu v cc li thng gp khi o v cch khc phc.
1. Sai s do nhit EMF (Thermal EMF Errors):

in p nhit in l nguyn nhn gy sai s ph bin nht trong php o in p dc mc thp. Mi mi ni kim loi to thnh mt cp nhit ngu (thermocouple), to ra mt in p t l vi nhit tip gip. Cn phi gim thiu s hnh thnh cc cp nhit in ti cc tip gip v s thay i nhit cc php o in p mc thp. Tip gip tt nht l tip gip gia ng ng (copper to copper). Bng di y cho bit in p nhit in gia cc tip gip khc nhau:

u que o ca ng h Agilent lm bng hp kim ng.


2. Sai s do qu ti (Loading Errors): (trong php o in p dc)

Sai s do qu ti gp phi trong qu trnh o thng do tr khng ca thit b c kim tra (device-under-test DUT) ln ng k so vi tr khng vo ca ng h o. Hnh di y ch r nguyn nhn ca li ny:

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gim thiu sai s ny v tc ng ca can nhiu (noise pickup), tr khng vo ca ng h o cn ln hn 10 G i vi cc php o mc 100 mVdc, 1 Vdc, 10 Vdc v khong 10 M i vi cc php o mc 100 Vdc v 1000 Vdc.
3. Sai s dng r (Leakage Current Errors):

in dung ng vo ca ng h o s c np nh dng phn cc ng vo khi u que o b h mch (nu tr khng vo l 10 G). Dng phn cc ng vo khong 30 pA nhit t 0 30oC. nhit trn 30oC dng phn cc s tng gp i khi nhit tng ln 8oC. Dng ny to ra mt in p offset nh ph thuc vo tr khng ngun ca thit b c kim tra. in p ny s ng k nu tr khng ngun > 100 K hoc ng h o lm vic nhit ln hn nhiu so vi 30oC.

4. Trit in p nhiu ngun (Rejecting Power - Line Noise Voltages):

Mt c tnh mong mun ca vic ly mu chuyn i tng t sang s A/D l kh nng loi b cc tn hiu tp nhiu. Vic ly mu s loi b c nhiu ngun i vi tn hiu dc ng vo, gi l trit nhiu ch trung bnh NMR (Normal Mode Rejection). ng h o s ly gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu vo bng cch tch phn trong mt thi gian c nh. Nu thi gian ly mu l s nguyn ln chu k ng ti (power line cycles - PLCs) th tp nhiu (v cc hi ca n) s xp x bng 0.

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ng h Agilent c 3 b chuyn i A/D tch phn theo thi gian trit nhiu ngun. Khi cp ngun cho ng h o, n s o tn s ca ngun (50 60 Hz) v xc nh thi gian ly mu. tng phn gii v loi b nhiu th thi gian ly mu cng ln cng tt. Tham kho bng sau:

5. Common Mode Rejection (CMR): ng h o l tng c xem nh c lp hon ton so vi mch tham chiu t (earth-referenced circuits). Tuy nhin, thc t c mt tr khng vo gia u que o m (LO) ca ng h v t gy ra sai s khi thc hin php o in p thp so vi t.

6. Nhiu gy bi t trng vng (Noise Caused by Magnetic Loops):

Khi thc hin php o gn t trng, cn trnh gy ra in p nhiu trong cc kt ni ca php o, c bit trong trng hp gn dy dn mang dng in ln. S dng cp Lp: 08DT3 Nhm: 14B Trang: 3

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cc xon gim can nhiu vng kn v cc cc o cng gn nhau cng tt. Cc cc o b lng hoc rung cng gy ra in p nhiu. Phi chc chn l cc cc o c c nh khi o gn t trng. S dng vt chn hoc cch ly gim tc ng ca t trng.
7. Nhiu gy bi vng khp mch qua t (Noise Caused by Ground Loops):

Khi o in p trong mch, c ng h v thit b c o u ni t s gy nn 1 vng t ground loop. Bt k mt s sai khc in p nh gia 2 im t tham chiu Vground cng s gy ra mt dng in nh chy qua gia 2 cc ca ng h o gy ra in p nhiu offset s c cng thm vo php o in p. gim gy ra cc vng t, khng c ni cc cc ng vo vi t. Nu phi ni t cc o ca ng h, phi chc chn rng ng h v thit b c o phi cng chung 1 im t gip gim hoc loi b c s sai khc in p gia 2 im t. Nu c th nn ni chung ng h o v thit b c o cng mt in.

8. Php o in tr: ng h o Agilent 34401A c th o in tr bng 2 phng php: o 2 dy v o 4 dy. c 2 phng php, dng o u chy t que o dng (HI) ca ng h qua in tr cn o. i vi phng php o 2 dy, in p ri trn in tr cn o c cm ng

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(sensed) bn trong ng h, do in tr ca u que o cng c tnh vo. i vi phng php o 4 dy, c thm 2 dy cm ng (sense) ring bit. Do khng c dng chy qua u que cm ng nn khng gy ra sai s khi o. Cc sai s trnh by phn trc i vi php o in p dc cng c p dng cho php o in tr. Cc li khc ca php o in tr s c trnh by phn sau.
9. Phng php o in tr bng 4 dy (4-Wire Ohms Measurements):

Phng php ny cho chnh xc cao nht khi o cc in tr nh. in tr u que o v in tr lin lc s t ng gim khi dng phng php ny. Phng php ny c s dng trong cc ng dng o t ng i vi trng hp dy cp qu di, nhiu kt ni, hoc tn ti cc chuyn mch gia ng h o v thit b cn o. Kt ni cho phng php o ny nh hnh di:

10. Loi b sai s in tr que o: trit sai s offset lin quand dn in tr que o trong phng php o 2 dy, ta thc hin cc bc sau: 1. Chp 2 u que o li. ng h s hin th gi tr in tr ca u que o. 2. Nhn nt NULL trn ng h. ng h s hin th 0 khi chp 2 u que o. nh hng do cng sut tiu tn (Power Dissipation Effects): Khi o in tr hoc cc cu kin c tnh tr vi h s nhit ln th ng h o s tiu tn mt phn cng sut trn vt cn o. Nu cng sut tiu tn l mt vn , cn chn
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mc o cao hn gim thiu sai s n mc chp nhn c. Xem mt vi v d trong bng di y:

nh hng do thi gian x l php o (Settling Time Effects): ng h s Agilent 34401A c kh t ng chn thi gian tr khi x l php o. Thi gian tr ny thch hp cho cc php o i vi cc thit b v cp ni c in dung nh hn 200 pF. iu ny c bit quan trng nu thc hin php o in tr trn 100 K. Vic thit lp c th kh lu do nh hng ca thi hng RC. S dng cc in tr c chnh xc cao v cc t c in dung ln (1000 pF to 0.1 F) mc song song lc cc dng nhiu trong mch. Cc in dung khng l tng trong cc cp v cc thit b khc c thi gian x l lu hn mong mun do thi hng RC ph thuc vo hiu ng hp th in mi.
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Sai s khi o in tr cao (Errors in High Resistance Measurements): Khi ta o in tr c gi tr ln, s c sai s ng k do in tr cch ly v hun cu b mt (surface cleanliness). Cn c bin php gi c sch ca h thng tr khng cao. u que o v cc vt c nh thng b r do s hp th hi m trong vt liu cch ly v lp mng b mt tp (dirty surface films). Nilon v PVC cch in km hn (109) so vi PTFE Teflon (1013). Dng r t vt cch in dng nilon hoc PVC s d dng to ra sai s 0.1% khi o in tr khong 1 M trong iu kin m t.
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Sai s khi o dng mt chiu (DC Current Measurement Errors): Khi mc ng h ni tip vi mch cn o o dng, s to ra mt sai s gy ra bi in p gnh (burden voltage) ni tip ca ng h - l in tr sinh ra bi in tr dy ni v in tr song song nh hnh.
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VS: Ngun in p RS: Ni tr ca thit b cn o VB: in p gnh ca ng h o R: in tr song song ca ng h

o gi tr hiu dng thc ca tn hiu xoay chiu (True RMS AC Measurements): Cc ng h p ng gi tr hiu dng thc, nh ng h Agilent 34401A, o gi tr xoay chiu ca in p t vo. Khng ging nh php o p ng gi tr trung bnh, php o gi tr hiu dng thc thng xc nh cng sut tiu tn trn mt in tr. Cng sut t l vi bnh phng in p hiu dng o c, khng ph thuc vo dng sng. Mt ng h p ng gi tr trung bnh ac c hiu chnh c tng t mt ng h o tr hiu dng ch dnh cho tn hiu vo l sng sin. i vi cc dng sng khc, o gi tr p ng trung bnh s cho sai s nh hnh di:
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Chc nng o dng v in p xoay chiu o gi tr hiu dng thc c ghp ac, ngc vi gi tr hiu dng ac+dc nh trn. Ch c thnh phn xoay chiu c o, cn thnh phn 1 chiu b b qua. i vi sng sin, sng tam gic v sng vung, thnh phn ac v ac+dc bng nhau v dng sng khng cha thnh phn dch 1 chiu (dc offset). Cc dng sng khng i xng, v d mt dy xung, th thnh phn dc s b b qua khi dng phng php o gi tr hiu dng ghp u vo ac. Php o gi tr hiu dng ghp u vo ac o gi tr mong mun ca tn hiu xoay chiu nh trong khi tn ti thnh phn dch 1 chiu ln. V d nh o in p gn xoay chiu ca ngun cung cp 1 chiu. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp mun bit gi tr hiu dng ac+dc ta c th xc nh gi tr ny bng cch kt hp kt qu o c t php o ac v dc theo cng thc di y. Nn s dng thi gian ly mu (tch phn) t nht bng 10 ln chu k ng ti (powerline cycles) ch 6 digits loi b thnh phn ac tt nht.

Sai s h s nh (u vo khng phi dng sin): Crest Factor Errors (nonsinusoidal inputs) Mt quan nim sai lm ph bin l V ng h o AC cho gi tr hiu dng thc nn cc thng s chnh xc ca sng sin cng c p dng cho tt c cc dng sng. Thc t, hnh dng ca tn hiu vo c th nh hng ng k n chnh xc ca php o. Mt cch ph bin m t dng tn hiu l h s nh (crest factor). H s nh l t s ca gi tr nh vi gi tr hiu dng ca dng sng.
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V d i vi dy xung, h s nh l xp x bng

T t

nh bng cho chng

trc. Mt cch tng qut, h s nh cng ln th nng lng cha trong hi tn bc cao cng cao. Tt c ng h u c sai s php o ph thuc vo h s nh. Sai s h s nh ca ng h Agilent 34401A s c trnh by trong chng tip. Ch rng sai s h s nh khng p dng cho tn hiu vo di 100 Hz khi s dng b lc AC chm. C th c lng sai s php o do h s nh tn hiu nh sau: Tng sai s = sai s (sin) + sai s (h s nh) + sai s (bng thng) Sai s (sin) Sai s (h s nh) Sai s (bng thng) : sai s ca sng sin (trnh by trong chng tip theo) : trnh by chng tip theo : c lng sai s bng thng nh sau

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V d: Tnh sai s php o xp x cho mt dy xung vo vi h s nh l 3 v tn s c bn l 20kHz. i vi v d ny ta cho rng thng s chnh xc 90 ngy ca ng h l (0.05% + 0.03%). Tng sai s = 0.08% + 0.15% + 1.4% = 1.6% Sai s ph ti (in p xoay chiu): Loading Errors (ac volts) Trong chc nng o in p xoay chiu, u vo ca ng h Agilent 34401A c mt in tr 1M song song vi mt t c in dung 100pF. Cp ni s dng ni tn hiu ti ng h cng thm vo in dung v ph ti. Bng di y ch ra in tr u vo xp x ti cc tn s khc nhau ca ng h.
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Vi tn s thp

Sai s tng thm vi tn s cao

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Php o di mc y thang (Measurements Below Full Scale): C th thc hin php o ac chnh xc nht khi ng h ch ti mc y thang ca di chn o. T ng chn thang o xy ra ti 10% v 120% ca mc y thang cho php o mt vi tn hiu vo ti mc y thang trn mt thang o v 10% ca mc y thang trn thang o cao hn tip theo. chnh xc s sai khc ng k cho 2 trng hp . c chnh xc cao nht, nn chn thang o bng tay ly thang thp nht c th cho php o.
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Sai s do nhit in p cao (High Voltage Self Heating Errors): Nu t in p vo ln hn 300 Vrms, s nng ln do nhit s xy ra trong thnh phn iu ha tn hiu (signal conditioning) bn trong ng h. Cc sai s c trong cc thng s k thut ng h. S thay i nhit bn trong ng h do s t nng ln do nhit c th gy thm sai s trn cc di in p xoay chiu khc, sai s thm vo s nh hn 0.02% v s mt i trong vi pht.
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H s nhit v sai s qu ti (Temperature Coefficient and Overload Errors): ng h Agilent 34401A s dng k thut o xoay chiu c th o v loi b in p lch bn trong khi chn mt chc nng hoc thang o khc. Nu ng h cng mt thang o trong mt khong thi gian lu, v nhit xung quanh thay i ng k (hoc nu ng h khng c lm lm nng hon ton), th p lch bn trong c th thay i. H s nhit ny thng l 0.002% ca thang o/oC v t ng mt i khi thay i thang o hay chc nng. Khi iu chnh thang o bng tay sang mt thang o khc trong iu kin qu ti, in p lch bn trong c th gim. Thng th, sai s thm vo 0.01% ca thang o c th xut hin, sai s thm vo ny s t ng mt i khi ta lm mt nh hng qu ti v thay i chc nng hoc thang o.
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Sai s php o mc thp (Low-Level Measurement Errors): Khi o in p xoay chiu nh hn 100mV th nhng php o d b sai s t ngun nhiu ngoi. Mt u o trn s hot ng nh mt anten v ng h thc hin chc nng ng s o tn hiu nhn c. Ton b ng o, bao gm c ng ti, hot ng nh mt anten vng. Dng lan truyn trong vng s to sai s in p trn hai u bt k tr khng no ni tip vi ng vo ca ng h. Do ta nn t in p xoay chiu mc thp vo ng h o thng qua mt cp c bc v. Nn ni lp v ti chn u vo thp (LO). m bo ng h v ngun xoay chiu c kt ni ti cng mt cm in nu c th. Nn gim thiu nhng vng c vng t ci m khng th trnh khi. Mt ngun tr khng cao th d b can nhiu hn ngun tr khng thp. C th gim tr khng tn s cao ca mt ngun bng cch t mt t song song vi u vo ca ng h, c th phi dng thc nghim xc nh gi tr t ng cho tng ng dng.
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Hu ht ngun nhiu t bn ngoi th khng tng quan vi tn hiu vo, sai s c xc nh nh sau :

Nhiu tng quan, t xy ra, gy nhng sai khc c bit. Nhiu tng quan lun thm nhp trc tip vo tn hiu vo. o mt mc tn hiu thp c cng tn s vi ng ti l trng hp ph bin hng v sai s ny. Sai s ng pha (Common Mode Errors): Nhng sai s sinh ra khi chn vo thp (LO) ca ng h c truyn vi mt in p xoay chiu so vi t. V tr ph bin nht ni in p ng pha khng cn thit c to l khi ng ra ca mt b nh c xoay chiu c ni ti pha sau ng h (multimeter backwards). Mt cch l tng, mt ng h c ging nhau bt chp ngun c ni nh th no. C nh hng ngun v ng h c th lm gim trng hp l tng ny. Do in dung gia chn thp (LO) ng vo v t (xp x 200pF i vi ng h Agilent 34401A), ngun s tri qua nhng ti khc nhau ph thuc vo cch thc tn hiu vo c t vo. Bin ca sai s ph thuc vo p ng ca ngun ti ti ph ti. S mch o ca ng h p ng p ng khc nhau trong hp vo sau do s hi khc nhau trong in dung k sinh. Sai s ng h l ln nht i vi in p cao, tn s cao ng vo. in hnh, ng h s cho khong 0.06% sai s i vi 100V, 100kHz ng vo o. C th s dng k thut ni t biu din vn ng pha mt chiu lm gim thiu in p ng pha xoay chiu.
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Sai s php o dng xoay chiu (AC Current Measurement Errors): Sai s in p gnh, tng ng vi dng mt chiu, cng c p dng trong php o dng xoay chiu. Tuy nhin, in p gnh cho dng xoay chiu th ln hn do cm khng ni tip ca ng h o v cc kt ni ca php o. in p gnh tng khi tn s u vo tng. Mt vi mch c th dao ng khi thc hin cc php o dng do cm khng ni tip ca ng h o v cc kt ni ca php o.
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Sai s php o chu k v tn s (Frequency and Period Measurement Errors): ng h s dng k thut m thun nghch (reciprocal counting technique) o chu k v tn s. Phng php ny to ra hng s phn gii php o i vi mi tn s. Phn php o in p xoay chiu ca ng h thc hin vic iu phi tn hiu vo. Tt c cc b m tn s u d b sai s khi o tn hiu p thp, tn s thp. nh hng ca nhiu trong v can nhiu ngoi ti hn khi o tn hiu chm. Sai s t l nghch vi tn s. Sai s php o cng s xy ra nu o tn s (hoc chu k) ca mt u vo k tip
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mt in p lch DC bin i. Phi cho t in cm ng u vo mt chiu ca ng h t full trc khi thc hin php o tn s. Thc hin php in tr v DC tc cao (Making High-Speed DC and Resistance Measurements): ng h kt hp t ng reset v 0 khi o (autozero) trit thermal EMF trong v sai s dng phn cc. Mi php o thc s bao gm mt php o ca chn u vo theo bi mt php o in p lch trong. Sai s in p lch trong c tr t u vo ci thin chnh xc. Vic b cho in p lch ny thay i do nhit . t tc c ti a, tt chc nng autozero. N s tng hn gp i tc c i vi chc nng o p mt chiu, in tr, v dng mt chiu. Autozero khng tng thch vi chc nng o khc.
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Thc hin php o xoay chiu tc cao (Making High-Speed AC Measurements): Chc nng o p v dng xoay chiu ca ng h b sung 3 b lc tn s thp khc nhau. Nhng b lc nhm nh i chnh xc tn s thp t tc c nhanh hn. B lc nhanh t khong 0.1s, v c ch cho tn s trn 200Hz. B lc trung bnh t khong 1s, v c ch cho tn s trn 20Hz. B lc chm t khong 7s, v c ch cho tn s 3Hz. C th thc hin php o xoay chiu ti tc ln n 50 s ghi trn ng h trn mt giy. S dng iu chnh thang o bng tay loi b tr t ng chnh thang. Bng cch t tr kch khi c lp trnh bng 0, mi b lc s cho php n 50 s ghi trn ng h trn mt giy. Tuy nhin, php o c th khng chnh xc v b lc khng c t hon ton. Trong nhng ng dng m mc mu bin i rng, b lc trung bnh s t ti 1 s ghi trn ng h trn mt giy, v b lc nhanh s t ti 10 s ghi trn ng h trn mt giy. Nu mc mu l ging nhau, thi gian t t c yu cu cho mi con s mi. Di iu kin c bit ny, b lc trung bnh s cung cp kt qu vi chnh xc gim ti 5 s ghi trn ng h trn mt giy, v b lc nhanh s cung cp kt qu vi chnh xc gim ti 50 s ghi trn ng h trn mt giy. Thi gian t thm c th c yu cu khi mc dc bin i t mu ny ti mu kia. Mch dc blocking ca ng h t thi gian gi nguyn 0.2s. Vic t thi gian ny ch nh hng chnh xc php o khi mc lch dc bin i t mu ny ti mu kia. Nu tc php o ti a c mong mun trong h thng qut, c th thm mt mch dc blocking ngoi vo cc knh o vi in p dc ng k. Mch ny c th n gin gm in tr v t.
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Chng 8:

CC THNG S K THUT CHI TIT

1. c tnh mt chiu (DC Characteristics):

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2. c tnh xoay chiu (AC Characteristics):

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3. c tnh chu k v tn s (Frequency and Period Characteristics):

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4. Thng s tng qut (Genaral Information):

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Bi tp o lng in t 5. Kch thc sn phm (Product Dimensions):

SVTH: Phan Hong Trc Huyn

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6. Tnh ton sai s tng ca php o (Total Measurement Error): Mi chi tit k thut bao gm nhng nhn t ng vi nhng sai s c gii hn trong hot ng ca thit b o a nng. Chng 8 ny gii thch nhng sai s v ch ra cch tnh ton chng trong php o. c im chi tit chnh xc ca ng ho o tnh th hin bng cng thc: % c + % sai s thang o. Trong php cng sai s c v sai s thang o, bn cn phi thm nhng sai s cng vo cho iu kin hot ng ca mch. Kim tra danh sch bn di chc chn rng bn nm c tt c cc sai s o vi mt chc nng cho. Do vy chc chn bn p dng nhng iu kin m t trong bng ghi ch thng s trn. Nu bn o trong khong nhit bn ngoi t 230C 50C, thm vo sai s do nh hng ca mi trng Vi p DC, dng DC, v o in tr, bn cn thm vo thng s sai s do tc c hay sai s autozero OFF. Vi chc nng o p AC v dng AC bn cn phi thm vo sai s tn s thp hay sai s do nhp nh. 7. Tm hiu v % sai s c (Understanding the % of reading Error):
Sai s c b vo s khng chnh xc ca kt qu o t mt thang o no bn chn cng nh tn hiu u vo. Sai s c thay i tu theo mc tn hiu vo trn thang o chn. Sai s ny c ch ra l phn trm khi c. Bng sau ch ra sai s do khi hot ng 24h vi o in p DC.

8. Tm hiu v % sai s thang o (Understanding the % of range Error): Sai s thang o b vo s khng chnh xc ca kt qu o vi thang o c chn. Sais so thang o gp phn vo sai s khng i, tnh dng %, c lp vi ngun tn hiu u vo. Bng sau ch ra sai s thang o vi ch o in p DC trong khi hot ng 24h.

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9. Sai s tng (Total Measurement Error): tnh ton sai s tng ca php o, thm vo nhng sai s do c v sai s thang o cn chuyn i tng sai s php o sang sai s u vo dng % hay phn triu ca u vo

Gi s tn hiu 5 Vdc u vo ca thang o 10 Vdc. Tnh ton tng sai s ca php o vi chnh xc 90 ngy.

10. ngha ca cc thng s chi tit ca ng h a nng (Interpreting Multimeter Specifications): S digit v qu thang o (Number of Digits and Overrange): S cc digit l c im c bn quan trng nht, v i khi n d gy hiu nhm nht. S cc digit tng ng vi s ln nht cc ch s th 9 trong ng h m c th thy c. N cp n s cc y digit. Hu ht cc ng h o u c th qu thang o v thm vo mt phn hay 1/2 digit. V d, ng h Agilent 34401A c th o 9.99999 Vdc trn thang o 10V. N c phn gii l 6digit. V ng h c th qu thang o 10V v o ti 12V.00000 Vdc. N cho thy phn php o vi 6 digit vi 20% qu thang o.
10.1.

nhy (Sensitivity): nhy l mc nh nht m ng h c th nhn thy c khi o. nhy xc nh kh nng ca ng h p ng vi mc nh nht thay i u vo. V d, gi s cn quan st tn hiu 1mVdc v mun iu chnh mc thay i ti . p ng vi s
10.2.

Lp: 08DT3 Nhm: 14B

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Bi tp o lng in t

SVTH: Phan Hong Trc Huyn

thay i nh ca tn hiu ny, nhy cn thit phi nh nht 1 V. C th dng 6 vi thang o 1Vdc hay nh hn. Bn cng c th dng 4 digit vi thang o 10mVdc. Vi ip p ac v dng ac, ch rng gi tr nh nht c th o c khc vi phn gii. Vi Agilent 34401A, cc chc nng ny c chi tit vi php o di 1% ca thang o. V d, ng h c th ti di 1mV trn thang o 100mV. phn gii (Resolution): phn gii l t s ca gi tr cao nht c th hin th c, chia cho gi tr nh nht ca thang o. phn gii thng c ch dng %, ppm, m hay bits. V d, mt ng h 6 digit vi 20% qu thang o c th hin th ti 1,200,000 ln phn gii. N p ng khong 0.0001% (1ppm) ca y thang o, hay 21bits. Tt c 4 chi tit l tng ng nhau.
10.3.

chnh xc (Accuracy): chnh xc l php o chnh xc vi cc php o ca ng h khng chc chn c th xc inh quan h ti nh chun tham chiu. chnh xc tuyt i bao gm chnh xc ca ng h o cng vi sai s bit ca vic nh chun tham chiu. Vi ngha y , chnh xc chi tit phi i cng vi iu kin chc chn. Nhng iu kin ny bao gm: nhit , m v thi gian. Khng c qui chun no cho nh sn xut vi nhng gii hn tin tng vi nhng chi tit c lp. Bng di y ch nhng chi tit vi nhng gi thit c th.
10.4.

S thay i trong t c ti c, thit b ti thit b, s gin khi con s sigma tng ln vi nhng chi tit cho trc. C th thu c nhiu hn d on trc nhng php o cho mt chnh xc ring bit. ng h Agilent 34401A c thit k v c kim tra c th hot ng tt hn 4 sigma ca thng s chnh xc cng b. chnh xc truyn (Transfer Accuracy): chnh xc truyn lin quan ti sai s bi ng h khi c nhiu v dng tri ngn. Sai s ny c biu hin khi so snh hay mc tn hiu gn nhay cho mc ch truyn dn chnh xc bit ca mt my ti my khc.
10.5. 10.6.

Chnh xc 24 gi (24-Hour Accuracy):

Lp: 08DT3 Nhm: 14B

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Bi tp o lng in t

SVTH: Phan Hong Trc Huyn

Chi tit thng s chnh xc 24h lin quan p quan h gia chnh xc ca ng h vi di thang o trong thi gian ngn v mi trng n nh. chnh xc thi gian ngn thng c chi tic ho cho chu k 24h vi di nhit 10C. chnh xc 90 ngy v 1 nm (90-Day and 1-Year Accuracy): chnh xc ny thng c chi tit ho cho di nhit 23 0C 50C. N l nhit di nhit thng thng iu kin mi trng. Bn phi thm vo sai s do nh hng ca mi trng ti chnh xc chuyn bit nu iu kin mi trng vt ra ngoi di 230C 50C.
10.7.

H s nhit (Temperature Coefficients): chnh xc thng nh r trong khong nhit 23oC 5oC. y l di nhit ph bin cho nhiu mi trng hot ng. Ta phi thm sai s h s nhit vo thng s chnh xc nu cho ng h hot ng ngoi di 23oC 5oC (thng s trn oC).
10.8.

11. Cu hnh cho chnh xc cao nht (Configuring for Highest Accuracy Measurements): Cu hnh php o ch ra bn di gi thit rng ng h trng thi bt ngun hay reset. N cng gi thit rng dy thng thng c kch hot m bo chn thang o thch hp ring bit. Php o in p DC, dng DC, v in tr (DC Voltage, DC Current, and Resistance Measurements): t phn gii 6 digits
11.1.

t in tr vo l 10G (cho di 100mV, 1V v 10 V) chnh xc DC cao nht. Dng 4 dy ohms cho chnh xc in tr cao nht. Dng Math Null v hiu ho tng cp chn ca 2-wire ohms in p lch do tip xc v 0.

Php o in p AC, dng AC (AC Voltage and AC Current Measurements): t phn gii 6 digits
11.2.

t mch lc tn t thp AC (3Hz ti 300 kHz).

Lp: 08DT3 Nhm: 14B

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Bi tp o lng in t
11.3.

SVTH: Phan Hong Trc Huyn

Php o tn s v chu k (Frequency and Period Measurements): t phn gii l 6 digits

Lp: 08DT3 Nhm: 14B

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