Tm Hiu SU PHI TRIT HC N HT.Mn Gic ---o0o--Ngun http://www.quangduc.

.com Chuyn sang ebook 6-8-2009 Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin namthien@gmail.com Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org Mc Lc
CHNG I - TRIT THUYT MMMS (PRAMMMSA) (DI MAN TC) I.KHI NGUYN II.CHNH TR: HIU LC CA TRI THC (Tri thc lun) III.NGUN GC CA TRI THC IV.THANH THNG TR V.A NGUYN THC TI (Bn th lun) VI.T NG VII.CC C NGHA KHC VIII.NI DUNG MMMS-STRA (Ngha v o c) IX.DHARMA: NGHA V Chng II - TRIT THUYT Smkhya (S lun) I.KHI NGUYN V VN HC UPANISHAD II.TRUYN THA VN HC III.HAI MI LM (Bn th lun) IV.THUYT NHN QU V.T TNH (PRAKRTI) VI.PURUSA: THN NG VII. NGHA HIP TC (Hin tng lun) VIII.LCH TRNH HIN TNG HA IX.GII THOT LUN Chng III - Trit thuyt Yoga (Du Gi) I.YOGA TRONG UPANISHAD II.PATANJALI III.QUAN H SMKHYA - YOGA (Trit l v Php mn Yoga) IV.BT PHN DU GI V.THNH TU V GII THOT Chng IV - Trit thuyt Vaisesika (Thng lun) I. NGHA II.LCH S III.C NGHA: (PADRTHA - Hc thuyt) IV.CC VI LUN

V.TRIN PHC V GII THOT VI.KT LUN Chng V - Trit thuyt Nyya (Chnh L) I.TNG QUT II.CC CH IM CA TRIT L III.TRI GIC HAY HIN LNG (Pratyaksa - Hiu lc ca tri thc) IV.SUY L HAY T LNG (ANUMNA) V.TH D LNG (UPAMNA): Loi suy) VI. THANH LNG (SABDA-PRAMNA - CHNH L NGN NG) VII.NG CHI TC PHP (Php thc lun l) VIII.TNG (PRATIJNA) IX.LP NHN X.D (UDHARANA) XI.HIP (UPANAYA) v KT (NIGAMANA) XII.T NHN (HETVBHSA) Chng VI - Trit thuyt Vednta (Ph n a) I.VEDNTA V UPANISHAD (Khi im ca Nht nguyn Tuyt i lun) II.PHN LOI CC UPANISHAD S KHI III.BRAHMA-STRA: CN BN VEDNTA IV.GAUDAPDA: KHI IM NHT NGUYN TUYT I LUN V.GAUDAPDA V PHT GIO VI.TIU S V TC PHM VEDNTA TRONG T TNG SANKARA VII.V MINH V HUYN HA VIII.BRAHMAN V TMAN: NHT TH TUYT I IX.TRI THC V GII THOT X.PHT TRIN KHUYNH HNG HU THN XI.TIU S RMNUJA XII.PH BNH SANKARA XIII.CC HN BT NH (VISISTA-ADVAITA) XIV.THN LUN XV.GII THOT XVI.MADHVA v VEDNTA NH NGUYN PH LC I I.TRIT THUYT C SMKHYA (S LUN) II.PHI O HC YOGA III.HC PHI MMMS (DI MAN TC) IV.HC PHI VAISESIKA (THNG LUN) V.HC PHI NYYA (CHNH L) VI KHOA LUN L HC VI.HC PHI VEDNTA (PH N A) VII.SIU HNH HC V NGN NG

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CHNG I - TRIT THUYT MMMS (PRAMMMSA) (DI MAN TC) I.KHI NGUYN Tt c su phi trit hc n , theo Vcaspati Misra, u ly Veda lm thm quyn. Nhng ring c hai b phn ca Mmms c coi nh l trc tip tha k t tng Veda. Mt b phn nhn mnh trn thnh in Brahmana ch trng v cc nghi tit t t thn linh, lp thnh b phn hnh nghip (karma-kanda), gi l phn trc hay Tin Mmms (PrvaMmms). B phn khc, ch trng v tri thc v lp thnh tr nghip (jnna-kanda), v c gi l Hu Mmms (Uttara-Mmms). T ng Mmms c ng cn l man, ngha l t duy. S pht trin ca n song song vi s pht trin v ng php Sanskrit. Ngun gc ca n khi t thi i ca nn vn hc Brahmana. Cc tc phm trong thi i ny chuyn ch v cc nghi thc t t. Theo thi gian, nhiu nghi vn c t cho cc l nghi . Bng phng php v theo ngha no m mt cuc l nh th mang li nhiu hiu qu tt p cho ngi t t, y c l l nhng hoi nghi ng nhin, khi con ngi phn tnh v ngha ni nhng hnh ng ca mnh. Tin xa hn na, con ngi n lc tm thy mt nn tng trit l, hay mt v tr lun no ca mt cuc l. Cng lc, con ngi cng phn tnh, t duy v ngha ca ngn ng; vi nhng li cu nguyn nh th, chng c kt hp nh th no c th chuyn t nguyn vng ca ngi cu nguyn n cc thn linh. Ngay trong i sng thng nht, bt c l dn tc no v ni th ting no, khi m nhng tng quan x hi cng ngy cng tr nn phc tp, th cc quy tc tr thnh mi bn tm ca loi ngi. Trt t ca cc ting, ni dung ca mt mnh , v s lin h gia cc mnh din t mt tng; tt c nhng iu ny u bao hm mt mi tng quan x hi v cng mt thit. Nu thy c tnh cht ca quan h y, ta c th thy c quy c cng ng ca mt x hi trong tng thi i. Trn phng din tn gio, s giao tip gia ngi v thn linh tr thnh mi quan tm khng phi l nh. Trc nhng hin tng b mt ca thin nhin, con ngi lc no cng ch l mt sinh vt b bng. i sng ca h ty theo nhng bin chuyn ca thin nhin. Con ngi mun tm thy, mun nghe c nhng li phn ca cc thn linh ng tr trong thin

nhin, tha mn nhng hnh ng m mnh phi c, v nh vy mi mong t n mt cuc i yn n, hnh phc trong s bo bc ca thn linh v thin nhin. Trn th gii, khng c mt tn gio no li qun lng khng dy tn ca mnh nhng phng tin, nhng quy tc, lng lng nghe c ting ni phn truyn ca thn linh. Trn y ch l nhng suy lun v s pht trin tt nhin ca ngn ng. Nhng chng khng phi khng c cn c. Cc tp Veda nguyn thy cho thy r: cc bi ca v Vk, ngn ng nhn cch ha, hay v rta, iu l v tr, tt c u hm ng ngha b mt ca ngn ng. Th ca ngn ng tt nhin l m thanh. Mt ting ni, mt m tit c phn tnh v s chi phi ca mt m thanh c pht ra, c nhin l v ngha. Nhng s kt hp ca mt chui m thanh thnh mt li hay mt cu ni, l s bc l nhng g n kn su xa trong lng ngi. V hn th na, y cng l s pht hin t nhng nng lc b nhim ca thin nhin. Phn tnh v s chi phi ca m thanh i vi nng lc mu nhim i khi dn n khuynh hng coi m thanh nh l bn th thng ti. V iu ny xy ra ni cc nh Mmms trc k nguyn Ty lch, v tr thnh nhng tranh lun si ni gia cc nh Mmms v cc gio phi khc sau k nguyn Ty lch, nht l vi cc nh lun l hc Pht gio. i vi cc nh lun l hc ny, phi Mmms thng c gi di danh hiu Thanh thng tr lun. Bi v, mu tin lun l m h thng dn chng trnh by th no l mt lun chng sai lm, thng thng l ch trng m thanh thng tr, sbdah nityah. Chng ta cng bit rng sau s pht trin ca nn vn hc Brahmana, l tip n nn vn hc ranayaka, Sm lm th, m sau ny ni rng thnh cc tp Upanishad. Trong khi, Brahmana ch trng v t l, thuc b phn Karmakanda, th tri li ranyaka ch trng v trit l thuc b phn Jnnakanda. B phn trc tr thnh h phi Purva-Mmms hay ni tt l Mmms. B phn sau tr thnh h phi Uttara-Mmms, hay Vednta. Cc nghi tit phng th v t t thn linh ca Brahmana u tin c tp thnh v h thng ha bi Jaimini, trong tc phm Mmmsstra, khong 200 trc Ty lch. Tc phm ny v sau tr thnh nn tng ca trit phi Mmms. Mmms-stra cng bt u nh Brahma-stra ca trit phi Vednta. Mt bn ch nh karmakanda v mt bn ch nh jnnakanda.

Mmms-stra bt u ni: athto dharma-jijns: by gi, khi s nghin cu v dharma. T ng ny c mt lch s phc tp trong t tng trit hc n . Nhng y n mun ni n bn phn v c ngun gc trong thnh th Veda. Stra I.i.2 ni: codanlaksanortho dharmah, php l mc ch ca nhn gian m thnh th Veda khi th c tng. Trong khi , Brahma-stra I.i.1 ni: athto brahma-jijns, ri by gi khi s kho nghim v Brahman nh l Tuyt i th. Trong c hai, t ng jijns u c ngha l mun bit. Ngi ta cng tm thy t ng ny trong Smkhya-stra, theo , s mun bit l ng c cho n lc dit tr au kh. Ton b Mmms-stra chia lm 12 chng (adyya), 60 tit (pda), 915 mc (adhikarana); mi mc c trnh by bng mt s stra v tt c c 2.742 stras. Trong s cc bn ch gii hin cn, xa nht c l l bn ca Sabara, c gi l Sabarabhsya; thi i khng r, nhng c phng nh khong 57 trc Ty lch bi Dr. Gangntha Jh, ngi u tin, v cng gn nh duy nht, vit nhiu v trit phi ny. Ch gii ca Sabara li c ch gii thm bi hai quan im khc nhau, do Kumrila vit Slokavartika, v Prabhkara vit Brhati. C hai u sng trong khong th k th VII. Kumrila gi y l Kumrila Bhatta, cng mt thi i vi Sankara nhng ln tui hn Sankara. l thi i hng thnh ca Pht gio. C hai, theo quan im ca h phi mnh, cng kch lit cng kch Pht gio, c xy phc hng t tng chnh thng ca Veda. Prabhkara c tn xng l Guru. S bt ng gia hai nh ch gii ny to thnh hai ngnh Mmms, c gi l ngnh Bhatta v ngnh Guru. C l ngnh Guru ca Prabhkara c trc Kumrila, nhng trc bao lu th cha c xc nh. Mi ngnh Mmms cng c tc phm ring, da vo bn ch gii ca mi v T ca mnh. Nhng Dasgupta cho rng nhng ch gii ca h khng quan trng, v khng c tng mi m no ngoi Bhatta v Guru. ---o0o---

II.CHNH TR: HIU LC CA TRI THC (Tri thc lun) Tri thc lun, hay Pramna, l s kho st v ngun gc v gi tr ca tri thc. V phng din ny, Mmms phn ln chu nh hng ca Nyya, d nhin vi mt vi chi tit d bit. y ch ni nhng chi tit . Chng ta bit rng mt nhn thc gm c nng tri (pramt), s tri (prameya); do tc ng nhn thc (pram), chng a n mt hu qu, v hu qu ny hoc ng hoc sai. Trong trng hp ng, nhn thc c ni l c gi tr, hay chnh tr (pramnya). Chng ta cng gi thit rng gi tr ng ca tri thc c th c kho st di hai tiu chun. Th nht, theo tiu chun ph hp; ngha l s ph hp gia nng tri v s tri. Khi nng tri hng ra ngoi gii, n tip nhn ng s biu hin ca s tri, v gi tr s c kho st nh mt phng nh hay mt bn sao. Nhng ngi theo ch thuyt duy nhin hay thc ti lun theo tiu chun ny. Tiu chun th hai tri li. Nhn thc ng phi l s nht tr gia nhng g tng kinh nghim v ci ang c kinh nghim. Bi v, nhn thc bao hm mt phn on, v mt phn on l mt ton th nht tr ni ti. Tiu chun th nht gn ging vi cc nh Nyya, theo gi tr ng ca nhn thc l tha chnh tri lng (paratah-pramnya). Vi thuyt ny, hiu lc hay chn l ca nhn thc phi c kho nghim bng tc dng hu hiu (samvdi-pravrtti). Nh vy, nhn thc ch c gi tr ng khi no n cung cp mt hiu bit tha mn ch ch, a n hu hiu tr (arthakiryjnana). T thn ca nhn thc khng c vn gi tr hay khng gi tr. Hiu lc ca n ty thuc cc iu kin ngoi ti. Cc nh Mmms ch ng vi tiu chun ca Nyya trn phng din nhn thc khng c gi tr, phi chnh tri lng (apramnya), v c hai phi cng coi nhn thc ny nh l ty thuc cc iu kin ngoi ti. Trn phng din nhn thc c gi tr, chnh tri lng (pramnya), Mmms ch trng thuyt t chnh tri lng (svatah-prapamnya-vda). Tt c nhn thc, ngoi tr tc dng k c, (smrti), u t chng c gi tr, t xc chng chn l, khng l thuc bt c iu kin ngoi ti no. Nhn thc khng c gi tr, sai lm, l do cc nguyn nhn ca n b thiu st, bt xc (dosa). Si dy b tng lm l con rn, y l do cc nguyn nhn ngoi ti khng cung cp cho nhn thc nhng phng tin chnh xc. Hoc khi nhn v s m thy l vng, khng thy ng l v s, nguyn nhn c th do con mt km. Nh vy, hiu bit sai lm ch xy ra khi no c s can

thip ca tr nng suy lun. Nhn thc thun ty, tri gic, lun lun ng, k t khi im ca nhn thc (utpatti) cho n thnh tu quyt tr (jnpti). Khi nhn thc pht khi, i tng ca n tc th trnh din, khng c mt trung gian gin cch no gia s pht khi v trnh din ny. Nh vy, nhn thc khng ty thuc bt c iu kin ngoi ti no khc, m ch khi ln ty thuc vo chnh tc dng ca n: svakryakarane svatah prmnyam jnnasya, trong iu kin nhn qu ni ti, gi tr ng ca s hiu bit l do chnh n. Ni cch khc, gi tr ng ca s hiu bit (jnanasya prmnyam) l do iu kin ni ti, do chnh n (svatah), v gi tr sai ca s hiu bit (jnnasya prmnyam) l do iu kin ngoi ti, do ci khc (paratah). Tc dng k c khng c k l mt tc dng nhn thc, bi v k c ch khi ln t n tng ca mt nhn thc qu kh. Gia Mmms v Nyya c nhng bt ng v gi tr ca nhn thc l do thi ca mi bn v thc ti lun. Trong cc c ngha (padrtha) ca Nyya, v Mmms chp nhn, c hai c ngha b loi tr: d c ngha (visesa) v ha hip c ngha (samavya). Bi v, nh Kumrila ni, khng phi c khi nim v hai m ngi ta c quyn xc nhn mt s d bit trit , v cng khng phi khi c khi nim v mt c nht m ngi ta c quyn xc nhn mt c nht tuyt i. Lun lun, ng nht tnh c ngha l nht th ca d bit (bhedbheda). Nu mt s vt c nhn nh mt ton th, th l ton th bao gm cc phn t. Hay ngc li, nhn nh mt c th, th l nhng phn t ri ca mt ton th. Trong tc dng ca nhn thc, khng phi ngi ta nhn thy nhng phn t trc ri mi nhn ra ton th ca chng. Ton th v thnh phn cng hin hu trong tng quan ng nht. C hai cng nhn nhn rng nhn thc tri nhn i tng ngoi ti. Nhng thc ti ca Nyya c th l mt d bit th (visesa) m cng c th l mt nht th v phn bit (samavya), trong khi Mmms khng chu nh vy. Do , vi Mmms, tnh cch nht tr ca i tng nhn thc ch l mt nht tr gi, v l nht th ca d bit; ngha l, hoc ton th ca nhng thnh phn, hay thnh phn ca mt ton th. Trc mt i tng nht tr theo quan nim , nhn thc khng i hi s kho nghim no ngoi tc dng ca chnh n. Ni cch khc, tiu chun hay chn l ni Mmms l s phi mu thun. Ni nh vy khng c ngha rng khi nng tri tip nhn i tng th cng lc gii tr mu thun ni n, nhng thng hoa v tng hp mu thun y thnh mt nht tr gi.

Quan im thc ti lun ca Niyya v Mmms khng a c hai n mt tiu chun chung v chn l, nhng li a n mt phn tng ng v tiu chun ca nhn thc sai lm. Ni l mt phn tng ng, v i vi tiu chun ny, hai nh Mmms l Kumrila v Prabhkara kho st n di chiu hng khc nhau. Kho st ca Kumrila gn vi cc nh Naiyayika hn. C hai, Kumrila v cc nh Naiyayika cng quan nim nh nhau rng s sai lm ni nhn thc chnh l do tng hp sai lm gia i tng ang trnh din v mt s th t k c ti trnh din. Quan im ca cc nh Naiyayika c gi l anyath-khyti, bit hin. Anytha c ngha l mt cch khc. Tc i tng trnh din c nhn thy mt cch khc. Ni r hn, v s v khi bc l hai thc th d bit. Khi v s trnh din cho nhn thc, thay v n c tip nhn ng y bn thn ca n, nhn thc li thy mt cch khc: l mt thi bc. Th l v, thi bc nh tng c kinh nghim trong qu kh no , by gi c hi tng v ti trnh din nh mt i tng ca nhn thc, m k thc chnh n li hin din mt ni khc. Nhn thc d sai lm nh vy, nhng thc ti tnh ca i tng khng h b nh hng. V s vn l mt thc ti ngoi tri thc. Cng nh mt ch b ang ngi trn xe la, nhn qua ca s thy cy ci ang chy li li; trong thc t, cy vn ng yn mt ch. Nyya gii thch s sai lm ny, ni l do tr tng hin lng (jnanalaksana), tr tng (jnnalaksana) v nh sinh tng (yogajalaksana). Kumrila khng nhn c mt tri gic bt thng no nh vy. Quan im ca Kumrila c gi l Viparta-khyti, t hin, khng my khc Nyya. Prabhkara bc b c hai tiu chun c tnh cch tch cc v nhn thc sai lm y. Tiu chun ca ng mang danh l akhyti, phi hin. Kumrila v Prabhkara cng ng vi nhau rng trong tri gic sai lm, thy y l thi bc, thay v v s, c hai s th u hin din. Nhng tnh cht y tng t ng l phi l tnh cht ca v s, li khng c nhn ra, v tnh cht kia ca thi bc cng khng c nhn ra nt. S d nh th l v v s v thi bc cng c tnh cht trng, tnh cht sng tng t nhau. Nhng h khc nhau ch, vi Kumrila, tnh cht tng t ca v s v thi bc khin chng to thnh mt nhn thc n nht; cho nn sai lm khng phi duy ch l s vng mt ca v s trong nhn thc m cn l s cng tc ca c hai; trong khi , vi Prabhkara, sai lm do s vng mt ca v s trong nhn thc, phi hin, akhyti.

Trong thc t, c hai i tng ring bit v hai nhn thc v chng cng ring bit, khng lin h nhau; thc t ny khng c bit n cho nn mi thnh ra sai lm. y Prabhkara phn tch ba trng hp sai lm. Mt l thy tinh mu trng li c thy l v t st cnh hoa hng. Trong trng hp ny, nhn thc v l thy tinh b thiu mt mu trng v nhn thc v mu b thiu mt hoa hng. C hai i tng, mc d u c nhn thc ng, nhng thy u thiu st mt phn. Nh vy, sai lm l do thiu phn bit gia tri gic vi tri gic, vivekkhyti. Trng hp th hai, khi mt ngi ngi nh li rng hm qua y nhn thy mt con rn gia ng m thc t li chnh l si dy. y cng c hai nhn thc khim khuyt, v sai lm nh vy l do thiu phn bit v cc nh tng k c, bhedgraha. Sau ht, mt ngi tng lm v s l thi bc, cng c hai nhn thc khim khuyt. Tnh cht trng bc ca v s c nhn ra, nhng bn thn ca v s khng c n hn ra; l mt khim khuyt trong nhn thc. Thi bc trong k c thay v ni khc, li b tc mt tnh cht ni khc ca n, v cng l mt nhn thc khim khuyt na. y l s sai lm do thiu phn bit gia tri gic vi k c, asamsarggraha. Tm tt v gi tr ca nhn thc, chng ta cng nn bit thm rng, Prthasrathi, tc gi ca Sstradipik,Tantearatna v Nyyaratna, khong th k IX sau Ty lch, ngh c bn iu kin cn tha mn cho mt chnh tri lng: th nht, kranadosarahita, nhn thc khng khi ln t nhng nguyn nhn bt xc; th hai, badhakajnnarahota, n phi l nht tr, khng mu thun; th ba, agrhtagrhi, n phi tip nhn mi m cha tng tip nhn, v v vy k c khng c coi l chnh tri lng; th t, yathrtha, nh ngha, n phi trnh by trung thc i tng. ---o0o--III.NGUN GC CA TRI THC Pramnya l hiu qu ca nhn thc. Pramna, lng, l ngun gc ca tri thc. Ni Jaimini, c ba lng: hin lng (pratyaksa), t lng (anumna) v thnh gio lng (sabda). Prabhkara thm hai lng: th d

lng (upamna) v ngha chun lng (arthpatti). Kumrila thm lng th su: v th lng (abhva) hay bt kh c (anupalabdhi). Hin lng (pratyaksa) l tri gic s khi khi ni cn v ngoi cnh tip xc vi nhau m c Prabhkara v Kumrila u tha nhn l, nh cc nh Naiyayika, tri gic ny c hai: hin lng v phn bit (nirvikalpapratyaksa) v hin lng c phn bit (savikalpa-pratyaksa). Gii thch ca h i khi cng ging ca Nyya. Tuy nhin, v khng nhn c hai c ngha, d (visesa) v ha hip (samavya), nn theo h, hin lng v phn bit thu nhn c c tng tng v bit tng ca i tng; ni cch khc, n va thu nhn i tng nh mt ton th ca nhng thnh phn v va ngc li. T lng (anumna) l nhn thc bng suy lun, khi ln sau hai giai on s khi ca tri gic hin lng. Mt suy lun ch c th c khi hai s vt cng hin din ni mt vt th ba. Th d, la v khi cng hin din trn ni. S hin din ca khi vi t cch l mt s bin (gamaka hay vypya) trn ni to ra mt khi nim bin thng (vypti) cho php ngi ta suy lun c s hin din ca la, nng bin (gamya hay vypaka) trn ni. Suy lun khng khi u t mt mnh tng qut, t s cng tn ph bin gia mt s bin (gamaka) v mt nng bin (gamya): ni no c khi ni y c la. N do k c v s quan h thng trc gia hai s kin: khi v la, cng hin din ni mt s kin th ba: bp la trc y. Nh vy, suy lun mang li mt nhn thc mi m, cha tng thy: ni c la. Ni l mi m, v nhn thc v mt hn ni c la xut hin trong tri gic trc tip, ch khng phi l k c qu kh c nhc li t mt mnh tng qut bit nh lin h khi v la. T d lng (upamna) l nhn thc v tnh cht tng t gia hai s vt. Mt ngi trc kia c ln thy mt con b i trong rng, nay thy mt con b rng, tnh cht tng t gia con b thng v b rng khi ln trong nhn thc. Loi nhn thc ny bao gm mt i tng trong k c v mt i tng ang tri gic. N khng phi l mt nhn thc bng suy lun, t lng (anumsa), bi v quan h bin sung, hay bin thng (vypti) gia hai con vt khng cn thit phi c. N cng khng phi l mt hin lng (pratyaksa), bi v y nhn thc t c khng phi l con b, hay b rng, m l tnh tng t ca n.

Ngha chun lng (arthpatti) l nhn thc hm ng. Gia hai s kin tng phn, khng nht tr, ngi ta rt ra mt hm ng. n thm mt ngi bn, bit chc rng y ang sng, nhng khng c mt trong nh; ang sng v vng mt l hai nhn thc tng phn, khng nht tr, c bit, chng dn n mt hm ng rng y ang u . Nyya t loi nhn thc ny vo t lng (anumna). Mmms cho rng trong t lng khng th c s khng nht tr nh vy. Bng vo ngha chun lng, cc nh Mmms chng t rng t ng tn ti sau khi cht. Veda ha hn phc bo cho t t, nhng khng phi hng th ngay sau khi va thc hin xong mt t t, m l s hng th trong mt i sng tng lai. Chnh tc gi ca mt hnh vi thin hay c s hng th kt qu ca hnh vi y; do , t ng vn tn ti sau khi cht hng th nhng g lm trong i sng ny. Prabhkara khng coi v th, v th lng (abhva) l nhn thc v mt i tng vng mt. N cng c gi l bt kh c (anupalabdhi). Khi mt ngi bc ra sau h ra chn, nhn ra rng lu nc khng c , khng hin hu; nh vy, v th ca lu nc c nhn thc. Prabhkara khng coi v th nh l mt phm tr c lp, mt c ngha (pdrtha). V th ca lu nc ch l s vng mt ca n. S vng mt ny da trn mt khng gian trng. Vi cc nh Naiyayika, v Kumrila, v th thc s l mt phm tr ring bit, mt c ngha. Kumrila khng cho rng v th ch l s vng mt, l mt khng gian trng. Mt khng gian c th trng i vi lu nc, nhng li khng phi l trng vi mt vt khc, hn chng hn, c th hin din ni . Nhng khc vi cc nh Naiyayika, h khng tha nhn c mt nhn thc ring bit v v th, ngoi hin lng v t lng. Vi Kumrila, cc gic quan khng th thu nhn c mt i tng vng mt, v th. Cn t lng li l nhn thc bng suy lun cn c trn hin lng. S vng mt ca lu nc, v th ca n, l mt loi nhn thc khc hn vi nm loi nhn thc m i tng c tnh cch tch cc kia. Do , Kumrila lp thm lng th su, v th lng (abhvapramna) hay bt kh c lng (anupalaodhi) cho n. Thnh gio lng (bsdha) l nhn thc xut pht t thm quyn ca ngn ng. Kumrila chia n thnh hai loi: nhn to (puruseya), l chng ngn ca nhng nhn cch ng tin (ptavkya), v phi nhn to (apuruseyo), chng ngn ca Veda (Vedavkya). Mt ngi anh sai ngi em dn n mt con nga, v ct li mt con b, trong lc , mt ch b

nghe c li sai bo gia hai anh em y m nhn ra c th no l mt con nga v th no l mt con b. Loi nhn thc nh vy khng phi l hin lng, cng khng phi l t lng, m l nhn thc bng chng ngn. Chng ngn hay thnh gio lng l mt kha cnh ti quan trng trong h phi Mmms, bi v n xt n bn cht ca ngn ng, v nh c th hiu hiu lc t nhng chng ngn ca Veda. ---o0o--IV.THANH THNG TR Theo Prabhkara, tt c mi m thanh u trong hnh thc nhng m tit (varna). Mt m thanh (sabda) c pht ra vi t nht hai m tit tr ln. Nhiu m tit lin tc to thnh mt tp hp m thanh, chng din t mt ngha no . m thanh khng phi xut hin ri bin mt; n l nhng tng th thng tr bt bin. ngha c pht biu bi m thanh do cng c gi tr vnh cu. Jaimini cp n vn m thanh trong Mmms-stra, t stra I.i.6 n I.i.23. Trong , t stra I.i.6-11, trnh by nhng lun c i lp (prvapaksa); t stra I.i.12-17, trnh by nhng bc lun (uttarapaksa); v t stra I.i.18-23 l chng thnh hay cc thnh thuyt (siddhnta). ---o0o--1. Prvapaksa (I.i.6). C ngi ni: m thanh l s tc (karma), v hin thy nh vy. Prvapaksa ny mun ni, m thanh l nhn to, pht xut t thc nghim. Bi v l nhn to nn c tnh v thng. (I.i.7). V khng vnh cu vy. Ngha l, sau khi m thanh c pht ra, n tc th dit mt. (I.i.8). V t ng to tc (karoti) c dng y vy. m thanh pht ra, ngn ng c dng trong cuc m thoi, r rng l do s to tc ca con ngi.

(I.i.9). V c s ng thi ni cc hu tnh khc vy. Nu m thanh l mt v thng, trong cng mt lc khng th c nhiu cuc m thoi ang xy ra. (I.i.10). V c nhng nguyn hnh (prakrti) v nhng bin hnh (vikrti) vy. Mt t ng c nguyn hnh khi ng ring r, nhng khi i chung vi nhng t ng khc, theo lut tip m (sandhi) n phi thay i hnh dng. Th d, t ng neti trong cch ngn: neti nety ytm. Hay dadhi atra, theo lut tip m tr thnh: dadhyatra. (I.i.11). V c s tng gia ca m thanh do nhiu ngi ni ra vy. Mt m thanh c pht ra t mt ngi, qua n nhiu ngi, s lng tt nhin khng th ng nht. ---o0o--2. Uttarapaksa (I.i.12). Nhng s tht hin thy tng ng trong c hai trng hp. y l tr li cho stra I.i.6. Trn kia i phng cho rng m thanh l s tc, v hin thy. y ni, m thanh khng phi l s tc, m l s pht hin bi ch ca con ngi. Tc l, nu trc y cha c pht m, m thanh khng pht hin, th by gi n c pht hin bi ch pht m. Nh vy, s kin m thanh hin thy tng ng trong hai trng hp. (I.i.13). Nhng g xy ra (khi m thanh ht c nghe) l khng c tri gic v m thanh tn ti, do s vng mt ca i tng. (I.i.14). T ng ch cho v. (Tr li stra I.i.8.) y ni, bi v m thanh vn thng tr, do ngha ca nhng din t ny mi c th l s dng m thanh. (I.i.15). Tnh ng thi cng ging nh mt tri. Mt mt tri duy nht, nhng ng thi c th chiu ri nhiu ni. (I.i.16). N l mt t ng khc, khng phi l mt bin hnh. (I.i.17). S tng gia c ni n, l s tng gia ca ting ng (m hng) ch khng phi ca m thanh. ---o0o---

3. Siddhnta (I.i.18). S thc, (m thanh) phi l thng tr. V pht thanh l v mc ch ca k khc. Nu m thanh khng phi thng tr, dit mt ngay sau khi pht, ngi ny khng th truyn t ngha mnh mun ni cho mt ngi khc. (I.i.19). V ng dng trong mi trng hp. Khi ngi ta ni con b, bt c ai, trong bt c lc no v bt c trng hp no, u hiu c ngha ca ting . (I.i.20). V khng c s lng. Mi ngi u dng ting con b trong tm ln, t thn ca ting con b khng h tr thnh s lng c tm. (I.i.21). V khng b l thuc (anapeksatvt). Bt c s vt no b hy dit cng u c nguyn nhn. Nhng khng h thy c nguyn nhn cho s hy dit ca m thanh. (I.i.22). V khng c nim v s lin h (ca m thanh vi nguyn nhn ca n). y l do mt nn vn: m thanh l sn phm ca h khng. Tr li, nu m thanh l sn phm ca h khng, vy n ch c th l h khng trong mt hnh thi vi tiu. Nhng ngi ta khng h nhn ra c mt phn t vi tiu no trong s thnh hnh ca m thanh. Nu m thanh l sn phm ca h khng, gic quan khi tip nhn m thanh cng phi tip nhn c nhng phn t h khng trong m thanh. (I.i.23). V thnh in c m ch. Thnh in Veda thng c m ch tnh thng tr ca m thanh, nh ni: Do m thanh vn thng tr... v.v... ---o0o--V.A NGUYN THC TI (Bn th lun) Trn kha cnh bn th lun, cc nh Mmmsaka vay mn kh nhiu cc quan im ca Nyya, v h cng tin ti khuynh hng thc ti lun nh Nyya. Trn y chng ta cng tng bit n mt t chi tit khc bit gia thc ti lun ca Mmms v Nyya. Cc chi tit khc cng s c

ni thm y. H cng tha nhn c hin hu ca v s linh hn, v tnh cht a th ca nhng bn th cu cnh vt tn ti ng sau v tr vt l. Chng ta bit rng, Nyya c su c ngha (padrtha), v cng bit rng trong su padrtha , cc nh Mmmsaka ch nhn c bn, v thm ba padrtha ring ca h, thnh by tt c. y l by padrtha ca Prabhkara: thc (draya), c (guna), nghip (karma), ng (smnya), y tha (paratantrat), lc hay hu nng (sakti) v tng t (sdrsya). Paratantrat ca Prabhkara c th c coi nh tng ng vi samavya ca Nyya. L do loi b samavya v visesa ni trn v khng cn ni rng thm y. Kumrila chp nhn c nm c ngha: thc, c, nghip v ng c nguyn; c ngha th nm, v th hay v thuyt (abhva), c bn nh Vaisesika: v th tin hnh (prgabhva), v th hu hu (pradhavamsbhva), v th tng i (anyonybhva) v v th tuyt i (atyantbhv). Y tha (paratantrat) y c coi nh ng nht trong d bit (tdtmya, hay bhedbheda). Kumrila cng loi b lc (sakti) v tng t (sdrsya), khng coi nh l nhng phm tr c lp, v gin lc chng vo thc c ngha. Kumrila cng chp nhn chn c ngha ca Vaisesika, v thm vo hai c ngha khc: bng ti (tamas) v m thanh (sabda). Cc gii thch v cc c ngha ca cc nh Naiyayika i khi khng my khc xa vi cc phi Nyya v Vaisesika. ---o0o--VI.T NG T ng (tman) l mt trong chn bn th thuc thc c ngha (dravyapadrtha) ca Vaisesika-Nyya: a, thy, ha, phong, khng, thi, phng, ng s. Prabhkara v Kumrila u tha nhn, nh nhng nh Naiyayika, c v s ng c bit, v coi ng nh l mt bn th thng tr (nitya), bin hnh (sarvagata). N l s y (sraya) ca thc v l mt tri gi (jnt), th gi (bhakt) v tc gi (kart). Ng khc vi thn th. Theo Prabhkara, nu ng khng khc vi thn th, lm sao gii thch khi nim m ngi ta c v s tn ti ca ng trong tt c mi tc dng tri thc, v khi thn th khng c tri gic g, ngi ta vn c khi nim v s tn ti ca n. Nhng Kumrila cho rng nu ni ng khc vi thn th v c thc v t ng hin din trong tt c mi tc dng nhn thc hay thn th c tri

nhn trong cc nhn thc, ni vy khng hp l. L do khc bit , theo ng, nhng vn chuyn, ch, nhn thc, khoi lc, au kh v.v... khng th c gn cho cho thn th, bi v sau khi cht thn vn cn tn ti mt thi gian, nhng lc cc tc dng tinh thn ny khng cn tc dng na. Ng cng phi c hiu nh l khc bit vi cc cm quan, bi khi mt s cm quan b h hoi hay mt i, ngi ta vn khng c cm gic v s khim khuyt nh vy ni ng. Thm na, v ng c xp vo thc c ngha, nn n c t cch ca mt bn th, ngha l bt bin qua nhng tng trng bin i. Bn cht, hay t tnh (svbhva) ca ng l tr lc (jnnasakti), l tim lc gy nn tc dng ca nhn thc. Kumrila, Prbhkara, v cc nh Naiyayika, khng ng nhau hon ton v gii thch bng cch no m ngi ta nhn ra hin hu ca ng. Prabhkara ch trng thuyt ba tri gic ng hin (triputipratyaksa-vda). Theo , nng tri, s tri v tri thc, c ba cng pht khi ng thi. T ng, vi t cch mt nng tri, khng bao gi tch ngoi s tri c bit n, v s tri cng khng h c bit n m khng c nng tri i vo tri thc lm mt yu t cn thit. C ba do cng pht hin ng thi. Nh mt ngi ang i, ngi c gi l ngi i. Hnh vi i da trn ngi i m c. Nhng ngi i l tc gi ca tc ng ch khng phi l i tng ca tc ng. Cng vy, tiu ng c tnh cch t chiu (svayampraksa), nh mt ngn n khi ri sng nhng vt chung quanh, chnh n cng c nhn ra bi tnh cch t chiu ca n. Tiu ng lm s y cho tri thc, v trong tri thc, cng lc, chiu hin nng tri v s tri. Tiu ng tr thnh yu t tri thc, l ci ti khng tch bit ngoi tri thc. Trong gic ng say, v i tng khng hin khi, do khng c nng tri v ch tri, v nh vy khng c lun c tri thc. Trong trng hp , ng khng th c bit n. D trong trng hp no, ng vn khng h tr thnh i tng ca tri thc. Do , phi tha nhn tnh cch t chiu ca n. Kumrila cho rng tiu ng c tri nhn bi thc (monas-pratyaka), vi t cch l s y ca khi nim v ci ti. Ni cch khc, ng t nhn ra n qua thc v thc chiu hin trong tm thc nh l ci ti. Bi v Kumrila ch trng thuyt s tri tnh (jntat-vda). ng cho rng, t thc l mt tnh trng ca thc cao hn v thuc giai on sau ca thc. Thc ch c suy lun mt cch gin tip qua s tri tnh (jntat) ca i

tng. Do , khng nh Prabhkara, Kumrila tha nhn ng nh l nng tri m cng l s tri. l s tri trong khi nim v ci ti. Khi ngi ta thy mt s vt no , ci bn chng hn, v nu mt phn on: y l ci bn, l lc ng nh mt chng nhn quan st, thu nhn i tng. Phn on y cng c th c ni rng ti bit y l ci bn. Trong phn on ny, khng nhng s tri ci bn c nhn ra, m nng tri cng c nhn ra. Mt phn on nh vy bao hm hai thc lin tip, tri thc ny hin l tri thc kia. Trng hp c th gi l tc dng ni quan (anavyavasya) nh cc nh Naiyayika. Hoc khi ngi ta ni: ti t bit, ni th c ngha l ti bit ti. Ci ti va l nng tri, v va l s tri cng lc, m Kumrila coi nh khng gy tr ngi g i vi thc ti, mc d nghe ra c v mu thun. i vi Nyya-Vaisesika, ngoi tiu ng (jivtman), cn c ng ti cao (paramtman) hay Thng . Mmms, mc d ch trng cc nghi tit t t thn linh, nhng li c mt thi gn nh v thn. Th gii nhiu au kh ny nu c coi l sng to ca mt Thng ton nng v ton tr, th gii t hu, qu l iu khng hp l. Trit l karma hay nghip gii thch s sinh thnh v hy dit ca th gii. Hnh vi t t nh vy chnh l nghip chiu cm nhng phc bo tt cho i sau. Gii thot i vi Mmmsa c gi tr o c nhiu hn l n hu ca Cha nh ch trng ca cc nh Vednta m v sau Sankara n lc khi phc truyn thng hu thn cho t tng Upanishad. ---o0o--VII.CC C NGHA KHC Bi v bn th lun ca Mmms khng my khc xa vi NyyaVaisesika, cho nn ta khng cn trnh by chi tit y. Mt vi chi tit sai bit gia cc phi c trnh by ni vn ng (tman). V c c ngha (guna-padrtha), cng nh Nyya-Vaisesika, y Mmmsa cng chp nhn c 24 phm tnh. Trong s , thanh (sabda) b loi tr v c thay vo bng hu nng (sakti). N l mt nng lc biu trng sc thi ca s vt, nh kh nng t chy ca la. Hin hu ca phm tnh ny ch c nhn ra bng suy lun t kt qu m n to nn. Cc phm

tnh (guna) khc, ngoi tr php (dharma) v phi php (adharma), thy u c gii thch i khi nh Nyya-Vaisesika. Nhng c ngha cn li cng c gii thch ri rc cc on trn, ty theo mi vn lin h. ---o0o--VIII.NI DUNG MMMS-STRA (Ngha v o c) Dharma, hay ngha v o c, l ch im ca Mmms. Mi vn t tng trit l hay tn gio ca h phi u ly y lm im xut pht. c th thu hiu v tr ca n i vi nhng vn lin h, trc ht chng ta cng nn xt qua ni dung ca Mmms-stra, m ngay t u ly ngay s mun bit (jijns) v dharma lm xut pht im. Tp Sarva-darsana-samgraha, tc phm trnh by cc tit phi, ca Haribhadra, th k V sau ty lch, phn tch ni dung ca Mmms-stra nh sau, cn c theo 12 chng ca n; mi chng c coi nh cha ng mt vn . 1. Tri nguyn lun, ngun gc ca tri thc, khi nghin cu v ngha ca dharma, ngun mch tri thc l thnh in Veda. 2. Phn bit cc loi t t chnh v ph, v hiu qu ca chng. Chng ny cng tip tc tri nguyn lun ca chng trc, v ni thm phng php ng dng cc loi t l nh c thy trong thnh in Veda. 3. Nu ln c cht ca thnh in Veda, gii quyt nhng im mu thun gia cc tp Khi th lc (sruti) v K c lc (smrti). Chng ny cng ni v cc t thc, ngha b loi ca chng, cch thc hnh cc t thc v ngha v ca th ch. 4. Quan h gia t l chnh v ph, nghi thc tc v (Rjasya). 5. Th t cc loi vn c trong Veda, th t t l, quy nh t l, s tng gia v gim thiu cc t thc, v mc quan trng ca cc tp Khi th lc.

6. T cch th ch, t quan, v ngha v. 7. ng dng t php ny hay t thc khc, theo s quy nh ca Veda; suy nh danh xng (nma) v c cht (linga) ng dng. 8. Trnh by phng thc la chn c cht nh ni trong chng trc. 9. Trng hp dn ch vn, hay nghi thc, la chn s thch dng hnh thc ca vnh (sma) hay t vn (mantra). 10. Ph ch t thc. 11. Cn bn gio l ca nghi t. 12. Ty theo mc ch m chp hnh t thc. Ngun mch tri thc ca Mmms l cc tp Veda, c chia lm hai loi: t vn (mantra) v Phm th (Brahmana). Da theo y, Taiken Kimura phn tch ni dung ca Mmms-stra thnh nm loi nh sau: 1. Nghi qu (vidhi), b phn ch yu l Brahamana, trnh by cch quy nh cc t thc, thnh bn loi nghi qu: (a) Nghi qu pht oan (utpattividhi), m u cho mt cuc t; (b) Nghi qu phng php (viniyoga-vidhi), ch nh phng php t l; (c) Nghi qu th (prayoga-vidhi), th t ca cuc l; (d) Nghi qu t nhn (adhihra-vidhi), quy nh t cch ca ngi t l. 2. Ni dung ca t vn (mantra) v tp lc (samhit), gm ba loi. (a) Tn ca (rc), nhng li mi mc trong cuc t thn, m ch yu l ni dung cc tp Rg-Veda; (b) Ca vnh (sman), ca ngi cc thn linh c mi mc, ch yu l ni dung ca Sma-Veda; (c) T t (yajus), nhng li dng cng cc phm vt c c ln hay ngm nga trong khi tin hnh nghi thc, ch yu l ni dung ca Yajur-Veda. 3. T danh (nmadheya), nhng danh hiu c t cho cc cuc t theo cc thnh in Veda. 4. Cm ch (nisidha), nhng cm ch trong mt cuc t.

5. Thch danh (arthavda), ngun gc v hiu nng ca cuc t. ---o0o--IX.DHARMA: NGHA V Dharma c nh ngha bi Jaimini nh l phn truyn ca Veda, bt buc phi thi hnh nhng iu c ch nh. Trn phng din trit l, n l mt trong 24 phm tnh, tng phn vi adharma. Jaimini cng xc nh rng tri gic gic quan, hay hin lng, khng th tri thc c dharma . Bi v n l s phn truyn c tnh cch vnh cu, m tri gic ty thuc tc dng ca gic quan, ch thu nhn nhng g xy ra trong hin ti. Suy lun hay t lng cng khng bit n. Bi v s phn truyn l s pht hin ca ngn ng, s lin tc pht hin ca m thanh. M bn cht ca m thanh vn l thng tr, v sinh. Do , nhng g c phn truyn, bi thnh in Veda, lun lun c gi tr tuyt i, vt ngoi mi kh nng nhn thc, tr kh nng nhn thc trn chng ngn. Gi tr phi c tun hnh mt cch trung thc, khng th khc t hay cng bc. Dharma c hiu nh vy, th chnh n l mt ngha v tuyt i. Ni cch khc, dharma chnh l ngha v tuyt i. Cc nh Mmmsaka n lc chng t rng thnh in Veda khng phi c ni bi mt ngi no, d l Thng . N lc ny hm ng mt ngha quan trng, m chng ta c th hiu rng, l nhng g c pht hin tt nhin t thc x hi, t mt lc t nhin. V tr khng c tc gi, khng do s sng to ca Thng . Trong s vng mt ca mt Thng sng to, iu hnh v hy dit v tr nh vy, con ngi tm thy mt phn truyn tuyt i t thin nhin. V t phn truyn , loi ngi nhn thc u l ngha v tuyt i m mnh phi tun hnh. Ngha v bao gm hai phng din: ngha v i vi x hi, theo mt cn bn o c; v ngha v i vi thn linh, c thc hin bng nhng nghi thc t t. Trong , ngha v chnh yu l t t. Ngha v c chia thnh ba loi: ngha v cng bc, ngha v t nguyn v ngha v cm ch. Nhng hnh vi b cng bc, b bt buc phi lm, nu khng ngi ta s b a lc vo con ng ti li, mc d thi hnh ng mc cng khng hn s hng th c phc bo g. Nhng hnh vi cng bc ny li c hai: ngha v thng nht (nitya) nh s cu nguyn

hng ngy chng hn, v nhng ngha v phi thi hnh trong nhng c hi c bit. Hnh vi t nguyn (kmya) hay t , nhng ngha v c thi hnh theo mt c vng no , nh mun sinh ln ci tri sung sng, ngi ta phi thi hnh mt s cc t t. Nhng hnh vi cm ch (pratisiddha), khng c php thi hnh, nu vi phm chc chn s a lc au kh di a ngc. Prabhkara ch trng ngha v nh mt ngha, v do , s tun hnh theo cc phn truyn mnh lnh ca Veda khng phi v mc ch no . Ngha v l ngha v. Veda khng ni n mt cu cnh ca ngha v. T ngha v c gi tr ni ti trong mnh n. Nhng vi Kumrila, nhng g m ngi ta thi hnh l mun nhm n mt mc ch no , Veda khng h gi ln c mun thi hnh. Thnh in ch phn bit mc tiu tt hay xu m hnh ng ca ngha v s dn n. Ri con ngi la chn. nh sng ca ngn n trong tay soi r ng i. Nhng i hay khng i l do chnh t nguyn ca ngi i. Trong on gii thiu ni dung cng yu ca Mmms-stra, chng ta bit rng, ngha v m Veda ch nh chnh l nhng ngha v t t. Thnh in phn bit r ngha ca mi loi, mc ch v hiu qu ca chng. Tuy nhin, nhng ngha v t t ny ch dnh cho ba giai cp trn ca x hi, khng dnh g n giai cp th t, th la (sudra). Khi mt cuc t c thc hin xong, th hnh vi tuy dt, nhng n gy ra ni ngi t t mt nng lc tim tng, cha tng c trc kia. Chnh n s dn n kt qu hiu nghim ca t t. V rng nng lc cha h c trc khi t l, cho nn n c gi l v tin (aprva). y l quan nim v nghip lc (Karma-sakti) ca Mmms, nh c ni bi Jaimini, stra II.i.5. Nng lc ny c nhn ra bi v th lng (abhva-pratyaksa). Tri gic hin lng khng th nhn ra, bi v hnh vi t t sau khi th hin xong, tc th bin mt. Cc nh Mmms u tin ch ch trng dharma, v khng bit n gii thot (moksa). Cu cnh ca dharma, hay ngha v t t, l t n thin gii, sanh thin (svarga) hng th khoi lc. L tng gii thot c khi th t cc thnh th Upanishads, khi m trit l v t t c kho st, v mt t l c biu tng cho mt khi sng v tr, con ngi hng v mun bit (jijns). Gii thot thng phi hm ng mt ngha no

 ca tr tu. Cc nh Mmms v sau thay th l tng sanh thin bng l tng gii phng (apavarga). Tiu ng chm m trong lun hi do kt hp vi thn xc, vi cm quan, vi tm v thc. Do kt hp ny m tiu ng tr thnh mt tri gi (jnt), mt th gi (bhokt), mt tc gi (kart). Gii thot tc gii phng tiu ng ra khi s rng buc ca thn xc. Bi v gii thot l vt ln mi phc bo hay khng phc bo, do khng cn thit phi thi hnh cc ngha v t nguyn (kmya-karma) hay cm ch (pratisiddha), v hnh vi t nguyn dn n phc bo sanh thin, cn hnh vi cm ch nu vi phm s a a ngc. Hnh vi thng nht (nitya) m Veda phn truyn, nh ngha v t t chng hn, phi c thi hnh khng hng n mt mc ch hng th phc bo no c. Kumrila cng ch trng thuyt tri hnh hip nht (jnna-karmasamuccaya). ng coi ng nh l mt nng lc ca tri thc (jnna-sakti). Khi gii thot, khng cn nhng tc dng ca (manas) v cc gic quan khc, v ng tr li trng thi thun ty ca n nh l nng lc tri thc. Do , trong cnh gii thot, ng khng cn nhng phm tnh kh, lc, dc, sn, v.v... Nhng gii thot m khng th nhp bn th tuyt i Brahman nh cc nh Vednta Sankara, hay din kin Thng sng to y n hu nh cc nh Dvaita-Vednta; s gii thot ca Mmms nh l s gii tr nhng rng buc ca ng i vi cc ngha v c iu kin, v duy nht ch th hin bng ngha v tuyt i khng iu kin. Th th gia Vednta v Mmms cha chc bn no trung thnh vi l tng ca Veda hn bn no. ---o0o--Chng II - TRIT THUYT Smkhya (S lun) I.KHI NGUYN V VN HC UPANISHAD Smkhya l mt nn trit hc ti c trong cc h phi trit hc ca n . Ngay t thi i khai sinh ca cc Upanishads, mc d cha thnh hnh nh mt h thng, ngi ta cng c th tm thy chng kh nhiu yu t

lin h. Cc Upanishads cng v sau cng s dng nhiu thut ng ca Smkhya. Bn kinh Upanishd xa nht, cha ng nhng mm mng ca Smkhya phi ni l Taittirya Upanishad. Bn kinh ny thuc trng phi Taittrya ca Yajur Veda. Ton b c chia lm ba chng (Valli). Chng I, Siksa Valli, trnh by nhng vn ca ng php, cch pht m 1. Chng II v III, Brahmnanda Valli v Bhrgu Valli, trnh by tri thc v Ng ti thng (paramtman). Cc tit 1-5 ca chng II gii thuyt nm b phn, hay ng tng (panca-soka) m trong Ng (tman) xut hin nh l mt tiu ng (jvtman): thc v s thnh (anna-rasa-maya), sinh kh s thnh (prnamaya), s thnh (manomaya), thc s thnh (vijnna-maya) v iu lc s thnh (nanda-maya). Chng biu tng cho nm nguyn l t hp thnh mt sinh mng (jva) vt cht hay nhc th, t chc sinh l, hin thc, l tnh, v chn ng. Cc tit tip theo ca chng ny, 6-9, ni v Brahman, nh l cn nguyn ca tt c, ai bit c diu lc (nanda) ca Brahman, ngi thot khi mi s hi. Cc tit ca chng III vit v tm kim Brahman trong nm tng ca tiu ng. Thuyt ng tng nh vy m ch 25 sau ny ca Smkhya. Tri thc v Brahman khi hnh t cc thc th vt cht i ln v cn nguyn ti hu ca n, s kin ny cng bo hiu quan nim v lch trnh hin tng ha t tuyt i n tng i v t tng i tr v cn nguyn tuyt i, thnh tu gii thot cu cnh. Trong nm tng (soka), bn tng u bao hm 24 m cn nguyn ti hu l t tnh (prakrti), v tng cui cng, diu lc s thnh, chnh l Thn ng (purusa). Nhng quan nim v tnh phi bin d (avyakta) ca Thn ng, v tnh bin d (varkta) ca T tnh cng c tm thy trong Kthaka Upanishad. Thuyt tam c (guna-traya) cng c bo hiu trong Mahnryana Upanishad, khi b kinh ny m t con d ci (aj)2 c ba mu: , trng v en. Thuyt ny li c ni r, nh mt nh ngha v T tnh (prakrti) gm ba tnh cht, trong Svetsvatara Upanishad3. Nhng Sankara, th lnh ca Advaita Vednta bc b tng ny ca Smkhya4. ng khc, bn cht ca Thn ng m Smkhya coi nh l tri gi (jnt), th gi (bhokt), T tnh nh l t5 nhin gii, cng c ni n trong b kinh .

Svatsvatara Upanishad thuc trng phi Taittirya ca Yajur Veda. N khng nhng cha ng nhng yu t ca nn trit hc nh nguyn nh Smkhya, m cn bao hm mt t tng nht nguyn tuyt i ca Vednta, theo gii thch ca Sankara. Do , chnh l nhng mu thun c v c, Sankara khi ch gii n lc loi b nhng hm ng nh nguyn ca n. D sao, trong cc bn Upanishads s k, t tng nh nguyn hnh nh cng bo hiu, v tnh cch m h ca chng gia nh nguyn v nht nguyn khin ngi ta kh m xc nh k thy Upanishad ch trng mt quan im no. Chng ta s gp li nhng m h ny h phi Vednta c trnh by v sau. Cc Upanishads hu k, tha k t tng ca nhng g c trc, d nhin phn ln cha ng kh nhiu mm mng ca Smkhya. Nhng khng hn Smkhya khng trnh by trung thc t tng ca Upanishad nh cc nh Vednta, nht l Sankara, thng ch trch6. V ngi ta thy trit thuyt ny c hm ng hay c nhc n trong cc Upanishads hay trong s thi Mohbhrata, nn ng rng u tin Smkhya theo ch trng hu thn. Th nhng, theo Bdaryana, tc gi ca Brahmastra, kinh th cn bn ca Vednta, khi cp vn phi Smkhya c l mt trit thuyt trung thnh vi Upanishad hay khng, kt lun rng khng phi, bi v trit thuyt ny khng gi thit mt Thng va l nguyn nhn ti s, va l mt tuyt i th, v nh vy n l mt trit thuyt v thn. kin ca H. von Glasenapp, trong La Philosophie indienne6, cho rng svarakrna, tc gi ca Smkhya-krik, khng nh cc nh ch gii sau ny tn cng ch thuyt tha nhn hin hu ca mt ch t v tr, m ng ch khng bn n Thng (svara) m thi. Trong khi , cc nh ch gii ca Krik li tm nhng l do ph nhn s hin hu ca svara; v nh th Smkhya r rng ch l mt trit thuyt v thn k t sau k nguyn ty lch tr i. Truyn thuyt li cho rng ch trng v thn ca Smkhya c mt nh hng quyt nh i vi Pht gio. Truyn thuyt ny da trn s kin rng ni n sinh ca Pht, thnh ph Kapilavastu, m ch s tha nhn Kapila, sng t ca Smkhya. iu ny c th kim chng, nu ngi ta xc nh c nin i ca Kapila.

Tri li, theo kin ca Dasgupta7, chnh quan im v thn ca Smkhya l do b nh hng ca Pht gio. Nu th, c l ngay t khi thy, Smkhya chu nh hng tuyt i duy thn ca cc Upanishads, nu l ch trng chnh yu ca chng ch khng phi do nhng lun gii v sau. Cho nn cc bn vn Upanishads hu k, cng nh trong Bhagavat-Gta, v cc s thi khc, nh trong Purna, u cho rng Vednta v Smkhya khng chng i nhau, l mt chng c, mc d c gi tr tng i. Ri v sau, do nh hng ca K Na gio v Pht gio m Smkhya t b quan im tuyt i hu thn i theo khuynh hng a nguyn lun duy tm v duy thc v thn. Gii thuyt ny tng i c th gii thch v sao mt vi ngi theo Smkhya sau ny, nh Vijnnabhiksu, na cui th k XVI, c gng phc hi quan nim hu thn cho Smkhya. ---o0o--II.TRUYN THA VN HC Mt bi tng trong Svetasvatra Upanishad 8 c nhc n ch kapila gy thnh truyn thuyt theo Kapila, sng t ca Smkhya cng c tin liu. Nhng kapila y l mt t ng ch cho Hyranyagarbha, kim thai, hay bo thai ca v tr. M Minh (Asvaghosa), trong Pht s hnh tn (Buddhacarita) cng c cp n Kapila v ng ha vi Prajapatti, t ph ca th gii. Kim tht thp lun9 ca T Ti Hc (svarakrsna) ni rng Kapila l mt tin nhn (rsi) thi khi thy t h khng m sinh. Nhng truyn thuyt c tnh cch thn thoi ny hin nhin c gi hng t ch kapila c nhc n trong Svetasvatra Upanishad nh va k. Nin i ch xc ca Kapila, cho n nay vn cha d g xc nh. Nu theo truyn thuyt, ngi ta ch c th d on nin i khng th sau Pht. T Kapila tr i, s truyn tha ca Smkhya c Kim tht thp lun phc ha nh sau: Ti s, ng i tin (muni, ch cho Kapila), do t tm m em Ti thng ct tng tr ni cho suri. Ri suri truyn li cho Pancasikha, v Pancasikha qung b gio ngha (tantra) ny. Cui cng, truyn tha n svarakrsna. V suri, ngoi truyn thuyt, khng c ti liu xc chng s thc lch s. Kim tht thp lun ni, Kapila tri qua 3.000 nm th phng thn linh,

ba ln truyn o, v cui cng mi thu nhn suri lm mn . Pancasikha c nhc n trong phm Gii thot (Moksa-dharma) ca Mahbhrata, theo , nguyn l dng t ca mt ngi con gi tn Kapil ca gia nh sura, ln ln lm ca sura v tr thnh mt hc gi hu danh. T tng Smkhya ca Pancasikha cng c trnh by di mt hnh thc gin lc. Nin i ca Pancasikha c phng nh trong khong 150-50 trc ty lch. Tc phm cn bn ca h phi ny l Smkhya-stra c cho l do chnh Kapila vit, nhng nay tht truyn. Smkhya-stra hin lu truyn, cng c gi l Smkhya-pravacana l mt tc phm khong th k XIV, v nhiu l do cho thy nh vy. Trc ht, phi i n bn ch gii ca Anirudha v tc phm ny, c gi l Anirudhavrtti, xut hin vo khong th k XV, nhc n, t mi c bit ti. Ngay c Gunaratna, th k XIV, nh ch gii ca Saddarsanasamuccaya (Lc phi tp yu), cp n kh nhiu tc phm ca Smkhya, m cng khng thy nhc n Smkhya-stra. Tuy nhin, hin nay Smkhya-stra vn l mt tc phm h trng ca h phi ny, ngang hng vi Smkhya-krik ca svrakrsna. Smkhyastra, hay Smkhya-pravacana, gm tt c 526 stras chia thnh su quyn: I, gm 164 stras; II, 47 stras; III, 84 stras; IV, 32 stras; V, 129 stras; v VI, 70 stras. Ba quyn u trnh by cc ch im hc thuyt ca Smkhya; quyn IV v php mn tu tp; quyn V i vi cc h phi khc; quyn VI, cc nghi vn lin h bn th lun ca Smkhya. Tc phm u tin ca Smkhya c l l Smkhya-krik ca svarakrsna, khong th k II sau ty lch. Ch gii v tc phm ny, c Smkhya-krik-bhsya ca Gaudapda, khong 640-690. Naryanatrtha vit Candrik v bn ch gii ny ca Gaudapda. Vijnnabhiksu vit mt tc phm v tinh yu ca Smkhya: Smkhya-sra. Mt tc phm khc, c ni l ca Vijnnabhiksu, Pravacanabhsya, ch gii Smkhyapravacana, th truyn thuyt li cho l ca Kapila. Vijnnabhiksu cng vit Yogavrtika, ch gii tc phm ca Vysa (kh. 400 sau ty lch); bn ny li l ch gii ca Yoga-stra ca Patanjali. Nh vy, cc nh Smkhya hu k cng lc cng tin gn n s thc hin vic st nhp t tng gia hai h phi Smkhya v Yoga.

---o0o--III.HAI MI LM (Bn th lun) Smkhya c coi nh thnh lp t ng t cn khya vi tip u ng nhn mnh sm, v do c th hiu Smkhya nh l mt h phi ch trng phn tch su kho. Nguyn lai, ng t cn khya c ngha l m s v nh vy, ngha ca s suy t kho st trong h phi ny hm tnh cht phn tch. Tuy nhin, v s phn tch ca n i vi v tr th gii cn c trn tng n v, nn h phi ny c hiu nh l mt ch thuyt phn tch bn th ca v tr thnh nhng con s. Cc nh Pht hc Trung Hoa dch Smkhya thnh S lun cng theo chiu hng . Khuy C, tc gi Thnh Duy thc thut k, ni li nh ngha Smkhya theo gii thch ca Huyn Trang rng: Ting Phn ni l Tng kh (Smkhya) y dch l s, tc tr hu s, tnh m cn bn ca cc php m lp danh, t con s m khi lun, do gi l S lun10. T ng Smkhya cng c cp n trong Svetasvatra Upanishad, theo s phn bit (smkhya) v t duy (yoga) dn n hiu bit nguyn nhn (krana) Thng nh l ng thng tr gia nhng thng tr (nityo nitynm), tm thc gia nhng tm thc (cetanas cetannm), v do sau khi hiu bit nh vy, ngi ta thot khi tt c mi phin trc (jntav devam mucyate sarvapsaih)11. Mahbhrat nh ngha nh sau v Smkhya12: hiu lc (pramnam) ca nhng khim khuyt (dosnm) v ca nhng hu c (gunnm) mt cch ring bit, c hiu theo mt ngha no , l ngha ca Smkhya. Ni mt cch tng qut, Smkhya trc ht nn hiu l chnh tri thc13, tri thc chn chnh, v tri thc ny c th hin bng phn tch hay phn bit nh trng hp m Svetasvatra Upanishad s dng; phn tch v phn bit ny dn n nhn thc c gi tr (pramna) gia nhng g c ni l khim khuyt hay bt xc (dosa) v nhng g c ni l ton vn hay chnh xc (guna) trong cn nguyn ca nhn thc, hiu theo nh ngha ca Mahbhrata. Sau ht, phi bit rng cn bn cho phn tch v phn bit l tnh cch a th v sai bit ca hin tng gii, ngha l c th phn loi vn tng

theo tng n v dn chng tr v vi bn th ti s, nh gii thch ca Huyn Trang. Chng ta bit phng php phn tch ca h phi ny cng c m ch cho Upanishad v Taittirya va dn chng trn l mt trng hp in hnh. T hai cn nguyn ti s, cn bn vt cht (prakrti) v cn bn tm linh (purusa) khi giao thip nhau dn n lch trnh hin tng ha ca vn hu. Lch trnh ny c phn tch thnh 25 phm tr, gi l 25 . Di y l lc ca chng. T tnh (prakrti)

i (mahat) cn)

Ng mn (ahamkra)

Ng duy (tanmtra)

()

(Ng tri (Ng tc cn) (Ng i) Thn ng (purusa) Tt c cc phm tr trong lc trn c phn loi theo bn tnh cht: bn (mla); bin d (vikrti) hay vyakta); va bn va bin d; v phi bn phi bin d. Phn loi ny cn c theo Smkhya-krik ca svarakrsna14. Chng cng c gii thch theo tc phm ny, v chng ta da theo trnh by. 1. Prakrti, t tnh, l nguyn nhn ti s hay cn bn (mla-karna) ca vn hu, do khng th sinh ra t mt ci khc. V l nguyn nhn cn bn, nn n c ni l bn (mla-prakrti). V khng sinh ra t mt ci khc, nn khng phi l bin d (avyakta hay avikrti). 2. i (mahat), ng mn (ahamkra), ng duy (tanmtra): 7 phm tr ny pht sinh t nguyn nhn ti s l Prakrti, theo qu trnh: i pht sinh t t tnh, do c tnh cht bin d, ng thi cng l nguyn nhn cho s

pht sinh ca ng mn, nn cng l bn. Cng vy, Ng mn sinh t i, nn c tnh cht bin d, v ng thi l nguyn nhn cho Ng duy nn cng l bn. Ng duy sinh t Ng mn, v l nguyn nhn ca Ng i, Ng tri cn, Ng tc cn v , do n va bn va bin d. 3. Cc phm tr cn li, 16 tt c, Ng i (bhta), Ng tri cn (jnnendriya), Ng tc cn (karmendriya) v (manas), khng l nguyn nhn cho mt ci g c, nn chng ch c tnh cht bin d. 4. Thn ng (purusa), nm ngoi lch trnh hin tng ha, khng l nhn, cng khng do ci g m sinh, nn khng phi l cn bn v cng khng c tnh cht bin d. ---o0o--IV.THUYT NHN QU Lch trnh hin tng ha ca vn hu l mi dy lin h nhn qu t nhng cn nguyn ti s dn n vn th sai bit. Trit gia khi chim nghim v bn th ca vn hu, hoc nhn chng trong mt qu trnh t sinh thnh n hy dit, hoc kho st chng trong bn cht tn ti di nhng tng quan c tnh cch c gii. Nhng quan im nh th thng dn n hai thi khc nhau v lin h nhn qu. Hoc tng quan nhn qu ch c ngha trong chiu dc ca sinh thnh v hy dit. Hoc tng quan ch l quan h cng ng tc dng trong chiu ngang. T i su vo chi tit, ngi ta cm gic nhng phc tp m chiu ngang hay chiu dc khng ch l nhng kha cnh n thun v c nh. V tr c th xut hin t mt nguyn nhn hay hai nguyn nhn, nhng ngha tn ti ca vn hu lun lun trong t th cng ng tc dng. Tc dng c th l quan h dy chuyn ca chiu dc, nhng nhng a th v sai bit phi c kho st k t tng quan tc dng theo quan h dy chuyn ca chiu ngang. D nhn theo chiu hng no, ci nhn nguyn khi vn c tm mc quyt nh. Ci nhn nguyn khi ny, khi bt u t chiu dc, ngi ta s thy quan h tt nhin gia vt liu v ngi nh c xy ct cho bit tnh cch sai bit ca nhn qu. Ni cch khc, c hai thi khi nhn vo quan h nhn qu. Nu kho st vn hu trong chiu hng nhn qu sai bit (krana-krya-bheda), ta i

n ch trng qu khng c sn trong nhn, v lp thnh thuyt V qu lun (asatkrya-vda). Ngc li, kho st trn chiu hng nhn qu v bit (krana-krya-abheda), ta t n thi coi nh qu c sn trong nhn, v lp thnh thuyt Hu qu lun (satkrya-vda). Thi th nht c c trng ni cc nh Thng lun (Vaisesika), v ta cng c th k thm nhng nh Tiu tha Pht gio. Thi th hai l ch im ca Smkhya, v nh m h phi ny m t hp l v lch trnh hin tng ha ca mnh. Lp thuyt cho Hu qu lun (satkrya), Smkhya-krik a ra nm chng c15: 1. V phi hu tc phi nhn (asad-akarant: v bt kh tc c ): nu qu (kry) khng c trc hay c sn trong nhn (krana), n s l ci phi hu (asat), bt thc nh lng ra sng th, nh hoa m gia h khng. Vcaspati, th k IX, ni: Ngay d vi mt trm ngh s, cng khng th tr thnh mu vng16. Ngh s c th t mu vng ln bc tranh ca mnh, mu vng , d l kt qu t hnh vi ca ngh s , nhng khng phi l kt qu t chnh bn thn hay bn th ca ngi ngh s. i vi ng, mu vng (nlam) l mt phi hu (asat). S hu (sat) ca mu vng phi mt ni khc. D c trm ngh s cng hp li, cng cng ng hp tc, nhng khng th v vy m tr thnh mu vng. 2. Phi do nhn t (updnagrahant: tt tu th nhn c ): nhn t hay th nhn (updna) ch cho s gn b mt thit gia qu vi nhn. Qu ch l s th hin hay pht hin t nhn t. 3. Nu khng, mi s khng hin hu (sarvasambhav-bhvt: nht thit bt sinh c): nu qu khng c sn trong nhn, tt c mi hin hu (sarvasambhava) u ch l v th (abhva) hay khng t tnh, v nh vy cng c ngha l bt thc, khng hin hu. iu ny cho thy, trc khi xut hin, qu phi c sn trong nhn. 4. V l s tc ca nng tc nhn (saktasya sakyakaranat: nng tc s tc c): i vi qu, nhn l kh nng sng to (sakta). Ch c nguyn nhn hu hiu mi c th sng to nhng g ang tim n trong n. Nh vy, trc khi pht hin, qu phi tim n sn trong nhn ca n. Thnh to ch l mt cch hin ha, hay l pht hin ci tim th m thi. Nc khng th to ra sa c; lau sch khng th to ra o qun; t ct khng th to ra cm hay du n.

5. V nhn c qu (karanabhvt: ty nhn hu qu c) : ty theo nhn m c qu. Qu l yu tnh ca nhn t v nh vy n l mt, ng nht, vi nhn t. Khi nhng tr ngi th hin khng cn na th t nhin qu y pht sinh t nhn ca chnh n. Nhn v qu l nhng giai on tim n hay hin hot ca mt qu trnh. o qun tim n trong vi, du n c trong nhng ht c du, sa c c t sa ti. Qu c trc hay c sn trong nhn t ca chnh n. ---o0o--V.T TNH (PRAKRTI) Lch trnh hin tng ha ch din ra cho nhng bin thi ca vt cht. Vt cht ti s hay nguyn cht (pradhna) chnh l t tnh (prakrti). Svetasvatra Upanishad nh ngha pradhna, thng nhn, nh l nhng g c th dit tn (ksara), i ngc vi hara, mt bit danh ch cho Siva, ng t m vn hu xut hin, nh l nhng g bt dit, bt t (amrtksara). Svetasvatra Upanishad cng m t prakrti nh l my17, v ng i ch t (mahesvara) sng to v tr nh mt nh huyn thut (myin). Trong l thuyt nhn qu, Smkhya ch r qu ch l s bin thi v pht hin ca mt nhn tim tng qu trong n. Prakrti l nguyn cht ti s, l nguyn y ca vt gii, ca v tr th gian. Prakrti, nh thy, v l nguyn nhn v duy ch l nguyn nhn, nn c tnh cht khng bin d, n c gi l phi bin d (avyakta). Nguyn cht ti s ny ch c th bit c qua suy lun nhn qu, ngha l ch c th nhn ra rng t lng (anumna). N cng l nguyn l v tri, v thc, nn l vt cht (jada). V v n l mt nng lc hot ng v hn nn cng c ni l hu nng (sakti). Hin tng gii, vn vt trong v tr, bt k vt cht hay tinh thn, tt c pht hin t prakrti, chng l nhng g c tnh cht bin d (vyakta), ch cho s chi phi ca sinh, tr, d v dit. Nhng prakrti l nguyn nhn ca tt c, n khng sinh ra t mt nguyn nhn no khc, c lp, tuyt i, n nht v trng tn, Smkhya-krik18 nu ln nm chng c cho s hin hu ca Prakrti.

1. V bit loi hu lng (bhednm parimant): Mi vt trong th gian, nu c to ra, tt nhin chng phi b hn ch, ngha l c s lng (parimna). Ni cch khc, hin hu ca vn hu c hn lng bng s lng ca chng. Tnh cch hn ch hay hn lng ny mun ni rng, mt vt ny ch c th pht xut t mt hay nhiu s vt no nh l nguyn nhn ca n. Hn ch ca ci lu t l t st, nguyn nhn ca n. Nh vy, phi c mt vt th no khng b hn ch mi c th l nguyn nhn ca vn hu sai bit ny. T mt bnh ng t lng m suy ra, ta bt gp vt th ti s, v hn, vnh cu, nguyn nhn cho tt c; l prakrti. 2. V ng tnh (samanvdyt): Nhng c ch tc bng t, hnh thc v cng dng ca chng bt ng, nhng chc chn l c cng cht t nh nhau. Mt khc g c x thnh nhiu mnh ch tc nhiu kh c cho nhiu cng dng khc nhau, nhng vn cng mt bn cht g. Cng vy, tt c mi bin d trong lch trnh hin tng ha u c chung bn tnh h, u v m, l ba tnh cht ca mt prakrti. 3. V hu nng (kryatah pravrtteh): Mi hin hu phi xut hin t tim nng ca chng. Tim nng ca lu nc l t st. Trong lch trnh hin tng ha cng vy, vn hu tm thy tim nng ca chng ni prakrti. 4. V nhn qu sai bit (krana-krya-vibhagt): Qu v nhn l nhng s th khc bit. t st v lu t, cng tnh cht nhng khng cng hnh tng. Qu l hin th v nhn l tim th ca mt qu trnh. Th gii hin thc ny phi bt ngun t mt nguyn nhn khng cng hnh thi hin tng ca n. C nhin, nguyn nhn ny chnh l prakrti. 5. V bin tng v bit (avibhgt vaisvarpyasya): V khng c s sai bit ca bin tng, ca trng thi hon ton hn nhin. Khi th gii hin thc ny hon ton hy dit, n tr li trng thi hn nhin, c gi l bin tng v bit, ngha l tng ph bin khng sai bit. Ri khi th gii ti sinh, t trng thi hn nhin y, th gii hin thc bc vo lch trnh hin tng ha. Prakrti l trng thi hn nhin . Cc lun chng trn y, nh thy, chng din ra theo mt bnh ng t lng (anumna), ngha l suy lun t qu hin hu trong th gii hin thc i ln ln n nguyn nhn ti s ca chng. C theo chiu hng

ca mt bnh ng t lng nh vy, ta c th bt gp m t ca Maitryanya Upanishad 19: Qu vy, thot k thy, th gii ny duy ch l bng ti. Ci trong nguyn l ti cao. Khi b kch thch bi nguyn l ti cao, n chuyn ng thnh sai bit. Qu vy, hnh thi l s ham mun. Khi s ham mun b kch thch, n chuyn ng thnh sai bit. Qu vy, l hnh thi ca hu cht. M t ny hm ng ba phm tnh (tri-guna) trong Prakrti. Svetasvatra Upanishad m t s sng to v tr ca svara 20: Ngi, sau khi khi s cc cng tc ca mnh kt hp vi ba phm tnh, phn phi mi hin hu. Khi ba phm tnh ny vng mt, cng tc thc hin ca ngi tr thnh hy dit, v trong s hy dit ca cng tc y, ngi tip tc qu trnh sng to khc. C hai bn kinh u m t qu trnh sinh thnh v hy dit ca hin tng gii, m ni Smkhya, l quan h tn ti v h tng tc dng ca ba guna. Nu chng trong trng thi qun bnh, hin tng gii khng hin hu hay hy dit tr li nguyn thy. Khi chng khng trong trng thi qun bnh, lch trnh hin tng ha ca v tr th gii din ra. Lch trnh ny, chi tit s cp sau, c Smkhya-pravacana-stra 21 m t: Prakrti l trng thi qun bnh ca sattvan rajas v tamas. T Prakrti chuyn ng thnh mahat; t mahat thnh ahamkra; t ahamkra thnh 5 tanmtra, hai b indriya; t tanmtra thnh 5 bhta. V ngha ca ba guna, Smkhya-krik XII-XIII ni: H (prti), u (aprti) v m (visda) l t th (tmaka); chiu (praksa), ng (pravrtti) v phc (niyama) l mc ch (artha); chng h tng nhip phc, chi tr, sinh khi v cng tc 22. Sattva c ni l nh v sng; rajas, tr v ng; tamas, trng v ph. Chng cng tc dng cho mt mc ch duy nht, nh mt ngn n23. Theo m t ny, sattva, h, l thc ti hay thc th chu trch nhim v s pht hin ca i tng trong thc. N l yu t khoi lc hay gy ra

khoi lc. Tng dng ca n l tri ni bng bnh, nh nhng (laghu: khinh) v sng lng, chiu ri (praksaka: quang). Quan nng ca nh sng, sc phn x, chiu hng thng, hnh phc, nh , n hu, tt c u do sattva. N c mu trng. Rajas, u, l kch cht, l s ham mun, l nguyn l vng ng. Rajas to ra au kh. Hu qu ca n l s cung bo. l ng lc tnh cm (cala: ng) v khch t (uapastanbhake: tr). Rajas mu . Tamas, m, bng ti, l nguyn l tr hot, tc hot ng tr tr, u m, khng nhu kh. N gy ra trng thi v cm, h hng, v minh, u oi, ng ngc, tiu cc, th ng, l hu qu ca tamas. N l sc nng (guru: trng) v bao bc (varanaka: ph) v do tri vi sattva. Tamas cng tri vi rajas v s hot ng khng ngng ca guna ny. Tamas mu en. Ch gii ca Vcaspati cho Krik XII trn y, v nhng h tng ca ba guna, theo : (a) h tng nhip phc, chng lin h vi nhau mt thit cho n khi mt guna ny thng th cho mc ch th cc guna khc n phc; (b) h tng chi tr, v tc dng ca mt guna ny c h tr bi cc guna kia; (c) h tng sinh khi, khi mt guna ny to ra nhng kt qu ca chnh n phi da trn cc guna kia, v sinh khi y c hiu nh l hin thi; cui cng, (d) h tng cng tc, chng cng h tng quan h ch khng hin hu ring r. Ngn n trong Krik XIII m t nhng quan h h tng ca chng: cng nh du phng, tim bc v nh sng ca mt ngn n, c ba cng h tng quan h to ra nh sng cho mc ch l chiu sng. Quan h ca ba guna ny cng c th m t mt cch thi v nh tm trng ca mt ngi ang yu. Tm trng l sattva, khi anh chng cm gic hoan lc trong tnh yu; n l rajas, khi chng say m sn ui v chinh phc ngi yu khng ngng; v n l tamas, s m qung ca anh chng khi eo ui ngi yu. Hoi vng, ri tht vng, ri m qung; hay hoan lc, ri au kh, ri mt tinh thn, u oi, h hng. Nhng tm trng ny lin tc quay cung, bin chuyn, gy thnh mt tn tung yu ng si ni. Nh th Rasalna m t tnh yu nh l nhng phm tnh guna, rng: i mt ca ngi yu va trng, va va u ti, v va c ru ngon, c t v c dc, m hu qu l khi nhng th xuyn qua tri tim tnh nhn s lm cho anh chng hiu c th no l sc sng, cn hp hi, li bing v s ngng ng ca cht chc. Bi v, sattva mu trng nh ru ngt v

mang li hoan lc ca tnh yu; rajas, mu , nh c t, gy ra au kh; tamas, mu en u ti, nh c dc gy ra cht chc, v thc. svarakrsna ni: chng ta ci u trc prakrti trng, v en, mt ngi m t dng m c, mt v nui, mt ni cht cha mi sinh thnh. ---o0o--VI.PURUSA: THN NG Prakrti nh mt con d ci ba mu: trng, v en, sinh ra mt n d con. Trong khi , purusa nh mt con d c ang ng n c. N l mt con d c c n, nhng thong dong hng th nhng g m n thch. N l mt k bng quan, nhng li can thip vo s sng to ca con d ci. nh ngha v purusa, Smkhya-krik 24 ni: V v tri ngc vi prakrti, nn purusa l chng ngha (sksitva), l k c tn (kaivalya), trung trc (mdhyasthya), kin gi (drstrtva), phi tc gi (akartrbhva), tri ngc vi prakrti, bi v purusa khng c ba guna. Nhng con d c khng c ba mu nh con d ci m chng ta dn trong Svetasvatra Upanishad trn. N l chng nhn, nh con d c ng nhn n con ca n m khng d phn nui dng. N l k c tn, v ngoi lch trnh hin tng ha, nh con d c khng tham d vic thai nghn v sinh . N l trung thc, bi v prakrti vi ba guna c co dui, tri li purusa lc no cng rt thng. N l kin gi, v phi tc gi, cng c gii thch tng t, theo trng hp con d c v suy din. Purusa v prakrti cng c v d nh mt ngi qu v mt ngi m. Purusa, nguyn l tm linh ti cao, nhng l mt nguyn l khng hot ng, nh mt ngi qu, c mt nhng khng th i c. Tri li, prakrti, nguyn l vt cht ti cao, nh ngi m, tuy c hai chn m khng cng khng th i c. C hai hp tc, ngi m cng ngi qu, v ngi qu ch ng. Th l din ra lch trnh hin tng ha.

Cng nh prakrti, purusa l nguyn l ti cao khng th trc gic hay tri gic n c, m phi bng vo suy lun. Smkhya-krik 25 dn nm chng c cho suy lun v hin hu ca purusa: 1. V t tp l v ci khc (sanghtaparrthartvt: t tp v tha c): chng c mc ch lun. S vt c to ra l nhm n mt mc ch no . Ngi ta bn c thnh chiu, v hng n ch ch ngi. Mn kch c trnh din cng nhm mc ch phc v cho s thng thc ca khn gi. Cng vy, th gii hin thc ny xut hin phi nhm n mt mc ch no . Khn gi ca mn kch, s thng thc ca h, l nguyn nhn cu cnh cho mn kch ang trnh din. Purusa l khn gi cho cc o kp, din vin gm prakrti v cc phm tr kia xut hin thnh hin tng gii: s tha mn cc cu cnh ca purusa l nguyn nhn xut hin ca prakrti v ba trng thi d bit26. 2. V khc vi ba guna (trigundiviparyayt: d tam c). Ch gii chng c ny, Vcaspati ni: vi mc ch v k khc, chng ta ch c th suy lun t mt t tp ny n t tp khc, thnh ra bt tn. Mun trnh tnh cch suy lun v cng ny, phi chp nhn s hin hu ca mt purusa. Ni rng hn, khi nhn thy th gii vt cht, k c ni gii v ngoi gii, chng ta bit rng tt c nhm phc v cho s tha mn ca ci ti (ahamkra), nhng tht ra, cng ch l bin thi t ba guna. Mun trnh khi l lun khng t n mt kt lun cui cng, phi chp nhn purusa nh l mt nguyn l khc bit ba guna . iu ny c ngha rng, tt c mi s vt u c kt cu bng ba guna, v do , xt theo kha cnh lun l, ngi ta phi thy c s hin hu ca purusa khng c cc tnh cht guna, lm chng nhn cho cc guna v ng thi vt ln chng. 3. V l s y (adhisthnt): Ba guna l nhng phm tnh v tri gic. Hin tng gii phi c thng nht di s chng kin ca mt chng nhn sng sut. Mi nhn thc u gi thit s hin hu ca mt bn ng. Bn ng l nn tng (adhisthna) ca tt c nhn thc thng nghim. Nhng bn ng trong tri thc thng nghim di khi nim v mt ci ti y cng ch l mt bin thi c ngun gc trong nguyn cht ti s. Do , phi chp nhn purusa l s y ti hu ca tt c th gii hin thc, bao gm c tinh thn ln vt cht.

4. V l ngi hng th (bhaktrbhvt). Prakrti v tri, khng th c kinh nghim v nhng s vt do n to thnh. Nh vy phi c mt tm l, tm linh, tr tu, kinh nghim nhng g c sng to t prakrti . Prakrti ch l i tng ca hng th, l thc khch (bhokt). Tt c mi s vt, bi v u mang nhng tnh cht ca cc guna, nn thy u c tnh cht hoc sung sng, hoc au kh, hoc h hng. Tt c nhng tnh cht ch c ngha khi no c mt nguyn l tm linh, tr tu, kinh nghim n. 5. V l c ly (kaivalyrthapravrtteh): chng ta sng trong th gii, b tri buc trong au kh, v tm cch gii thot. Khi gii thot ra khi mi phin trc ca th gian, ta s l k c nht, c lp, c ly, ng ngoi mi bin thi v bin chuyn. Ta hay k phi l purusa. c vng gii thot cho bit c k gii thot. K l purusa. Purusa nh vy c khm ph nh l mt nguyn l tm linh, mt cn nguyn khc bit cn nguyn nht th. Nhng, purusa l nht th hay phc th, ngha l tt c cng t mt purusa duy nht, hay c s hin hu ca nhiu purusa? Smkhya-krik chng minh vi nm l do, rng purusa l phc th: 1. V l cn nguyn sai bit cho sinh t (janamarana karannm pratiniyamt: sinh t bit cn c): trong hin tng gii, k ny sng ri k kia cht, v cng chnh k , nay cht y v sinh ni kia, ri li t ni kia cht i m thc sinh ni khc na. Sng v cht tip ni lin tc nh vy, vi v s loi ngi v loi vt nh vy, tt nhin khng phi ch c mt linh hn (jvtman). Nhng nu purusa l nht th, ch c mt, th s sng v s cht ca mt ngi ny s cng c ngha l s sng v s cht ca tt c nhng ngi khc. V ri, mi kinh nghim au kh, khoi lc ca mt ngi ny cng s phi l tt c. Nh vy, purusa phi l phc th (purusabahutvam: cc ng). 2. V tc s bt cng (ayugapat pravrtteh): nu purusa ch c mt, s sa a ca ngi ny cng l s sa a ca tt c, v gii thot ca mt ngi l gii thot ca tt c. V ri, mt ngi hot ng, tt c cng hot ng. Nhng thc t khng phi vy, c ngi hot ng th cng c nhng ngi khc lc khng hot ng.

3. V d bit ba c (traigunyaviparyayt: tam c d bit c ): Trong tnh trng gii thot, khng cn phi gi thit c nhiu purusa, bi v, nu c nhiu th cng ch khc nhau v s lng, trong khi tt c u ngoi ba guna. Nhng trong trng hp sa a, s lng d nhin phi c gi thit l nhiu, m v phm tnh, trong trng hp ny th sattva tri vt m trong trng hp kia th rajas tri vt hay trong trng hp khc na tamas tri vt. Nh vy, v s lng cng nh v phm tnh, khng th tt c ch l mt nh nhau. Vy, purusa phi l phc th. Vcaspati ch gii Krik v cc chng c ny, kt lun rng s gi thit v phc th khng c g kh khn, bi v tha nhn c hai nguyn l cn bn v ti s nh va thy, Smkhya c c trng nh l mt ch thuyt lng nguyn. ---o0o--VII. NGHA HIP TC (Hin tng lun) C hai thi m mt trit gia c th la chn khi mun kho st v cn nguyn v xut hin ca v tr. Nu t mt thi tri thc thun ty, ng c th chim nghim bn cht tn ti ca hin tng gii, t d dng khm ph mt nguyn l nht thng ca chng, chi phi v iu hnh tt c nhng vn th sai bit. Thi ny thng thng dn n mt nht nguyn lun. ng khc, ng cng c th chim nghim s tn ti ca hin tng gii t thn phn au kh ca mnh, v cm gic nhng p bc v hn ch ca v tr vt cht; gii thot i vi ng by gi c mt ngha h trng: n l s gii thot nhng rng buc ca tinh thn i vi vt cht. Nh th, t kinh nghim ch quan v au kh, ng nhn thy cn nguyn ca v tr trn mt thi lng nguyn trong trng hp ca mt nh Smkhya ca chng ta y. Prakrti l nguyn l vt cht ti s, c kh nng linh hot khng ngng. N l mt con d ci m nhim v l sinh sn. Trong khi , purusa l mt nguyn l tm linh, m ch im ca n l s hng th, v thong dong t ti. Trc nhng au kh bc bch v nhng tri buc ca hin tng, mt nh Smkhya c th t hi: au kh ny bi u m c? Cng nh mt ngi au kh v tuyt vng v tnh yu, y thy r ngha ca rng buc v au kh, v chm dt nhng au kh tuyt vng c ngha l tch ri khi sc hp dn ca ngi yu. Cng vy, gii thot khi s kh ca th

gian tc l tr purusa v trng thi nguyn s ca n. au kh do tnh yu c th gii tr bng s dt khot phn ly gia hai ngi m khng cn luyn tic. Cng vy, gii thot au kh th gian c ngha l trc nhn c u mi ca lng nguyn. au kh l v cm gic tuy hai m mt. Bi khng thy y v l hai, cho nn v chng thn thip l loi m cng v chng (cho nn) l thip nh i mt mnh. Cng vy, mt nh Smkhya c th t hi: v sao c s hip tc gia purusa v prakrti t pht sinh th gii hin thc ny? V s hip tc din ra nh th no? Phn ch gii Kim Tht Thp lun 27, khi gii thiu khi im ca lch trnh hin tng ha, t t ra cu hi th nht. V k , trnh by tr li ca Krik: Thn ng v thy t tnh, v t tnh v s c tn ca thn ng, do c s hip nht. Nh ngi qu v ngi m cng hip nht; v do s hip nht m th gii hin hnh28. Ch gii cho Krik ny, v ngha v s c tn ca thn ng, Vcaspati ni: Purusa, trong khi hip nht vi prakrti, tng rng ba loi kh l ca chnh mnh; v t s t tri buc , n i tm s gii thot v c tn; s c tn ny do phn bit gia purusa v ba guna; s phn bit ny khng th c nu khng c prakrti. Theo gii thch , purusa trong hai trng hp, hoc t tri hoc tm cch ci tri, thy u phi hip tc vi prakrti. Tn vn ca Kim Tht Thp lun 29 ch gii Krik cng ni tng t: Purusa v mc ch thy (darsanrtham), ngha l v mc ch mun hng th khoi lc th gian, cho nn n hip nht vi purusa. ng khc, prakrti v s c tn (kaivakyrtham) ca purusa khn kh , vn l ci c kh nng tri kin , m hip tc vi purusa. S hip nht, nguyn Phn vn ni l samyoga, khng ch cho ngha hip nht ca nc v sa, m ch hm nh l tnh cch tng ng mt thit, s rng buc cht ch gia hai ci cng hip tc. Th d chnh xc cho ngha hip nht ny c th l s phn chiu gia cnh vt v mt knh. R rng hn na, l s hip nht v hip tc ca mt ngi qu v mt ngi m.

Krik 20 trc cng gii thch ngha hip nht gia cc guna ca prakrti v purusa: Nh th, t s hip nht ny, ci bin thi v tri xut hin nh l hu tri; v tng t, t hot tnh thc s ty thuc cc phm tnh, purusa, vn l trung dung, xut hin nh l hot tnh. ngha krik ny c th hiu theo bn dch ch Hn nh sau 30: V ba guna hip vi purusa cho nn ci v tri ging ci hu tri. V ba guna vn nng tc, trung thc nh tc gi. Theo tn vn ca Kim Tht Thp lun31, Krik va dn mun gii quyt hai trng hp tri ngc: th nht, nu purusa khng phi l tc gi, th quyt do ai? Ngha l, khi mun tu tp xa la nhng xu xa, thnh tu nguyn, ai l ngi to ra quyt ; v th hai, nu ba guna a ra quyt , vy n l ci hu tr, hu tri, v nh vy tri vi nhng iu ni trc. Tr li cho mu thun th nht, Krik mun ni rng ba guna v tri v nng tc; purusa hu tri v phi tc; do s tng ng ca c hai m ba guna c v nh l hu tri. Cng nh nung, nu tng ng vi la th nng, tng ng vi nc th lnh. Cng vy, ba guna cng vi tri gi tng ng cho nn n tr thnh hu tr v c thc hin quyt . Tr li mu thun th hai, tn vn ch gii a ra mt th d: Nh mt ngi B la mn i lm gia mt bn gic cp. Mc d khng phi l cp, nhng ng vn b gi l k cp. Ng cng vy, v i theo tc gi cho nn n c coi nh l tc gi. Bi v purusa l nguyn l tm linh, bt ng, khng to tc, do , d hip nht vi prakrti, nguyn l vt cht, nng ng, vn khng tr thnh l mt, ng nht th. S hip nht nh vy ch c ngha l s phi hp gi to, tm b ca hai nguyn l c lp v bit lp. l s hip nht c hiu theo ngha tng t tng ng (samyogbhsa). Gii thch nh vy, nu xt theo bn cht ca purusa v prakrti m Smkhya quan nim, khng th khng gy ra thc mc. Trong hai trng hp, hoc hip tc cho mc ch hng th (darsanrtham), hoc hip tc cho mc ch c tn (kaivakyrtham), trng hp no cng cha sn mt nan gii. Trong mc tiu hng th ca mnh, bng cch no m purusa c th tin st li prakrti vi bn cht khng hot ng ca n? Trong mc tiu c tn ca n, purusa bng cch no c th tch ri khi cc gna? Tn vn ca Kim Tht Thp lun (ch gii Krik 21 dn) hnh nh c ng gii quyt hai trng hp thc mc ny. C hai th d c nu ra

 gii thch. Th d th nht, khng c trong Krik dn. Hip nht gia purusa v prakrti c th d nh l gia mt quc vng v mt thn dn. Quc vng ngh: ta phi sai khin ngi , tc th ngi n quc vng sai khin; y l s hip nht t quc vng xy ra cho thn dn. Ngc li, thn dn kia ngh rng, quc vng hy nn bung tha ta; y l s hip nht t thn dn n quc vng. Trong trng hp th nht, quc vng nh l purusa, ngi yn, khng hot ng, bi v ngha ca nh vua to ra hot ng ca thn dn. Trng hp th hai, thn dn l purusa, v mun ca y l hnh ng ca nh vua. Trong c hai trng hp, purusa vn l nguyn l tinh thn khng hot ng. Th d th hai, c ni n trong chnh Krik, v y l th d lng danh v s hip tc gia purusa v prakrti ca Smkhya mi khi ngi ta ni n chng. Tn vn Kim Tht Thp lun m t chi tit th d ny. Mt on l hnh i qua x Ujjana b gic cp, phn tn nhau b chy, v b li mt ngi qu, mt ngi m. Ngi qu ngi yn mt ch. Ngi m chy qu qung. Ngi qu nhn thy, hi: ng l ai? Ngi m p: Ti l mt ngi m t trong bng m, v khng thy ng i nn chy qu qung; cn ng l ai? Ngi qu p: Ti l mt ngi qu t trong bng m, thy c ng i m khng th i c. Ri c hai ngh hip tc. V cui cng, c hai cng i n ch. Tn vn cn nu ln mt th d th ba: do s giao hip gia mt ngi con trai v mt ngi con gi m sinh con chu. y, chng ta hy lp li hai thc mc trn, ri phi hp cc th d va dn, th a ra mt gii thch tm thi. Purusa, nh ni, l nguyn l tm linh cn bn, khng hot ng, trong tnh trng nguyn y tch ngoi prakrti, c nhin l vnh vin tch ngoi. Nhng lm th no tin st li gn prakrti? V cng vi bn cht , khi n hip nht vi prakrti c nhin vnh vin hip nht khng th tch ri? Cc th d u ng ch ng v ch l purusa nhng ch ng v hnh ng l prakrti. Do , tin st hay tch xa, tt c u do prakrti thc hin ch khng phi do purusa. Cc thc mc hnh nh khng xc ng. Nhng cn mt thc mc cui: nu, sau khi gii thot tr li tnh trng nguyn y, th cng nh trc kia n tng nh vy, v do ngi ta c quyn hy vng mt lc no , purusa ni hng pht biu ch, v prakrti thc hin ch bng cch tin st li hip nht v hip tc vi purusa: mt trng lch s ca au kh li bt u, v gii thot nh vy c

ngha l g? Hnh nh khng thy Smkhya d liu thc mc ny. Tuy nhin, c suy lun theo hiu bit thng tc, vi kinh nghim v s v nhng au kh tri qua, nh mt ngi tng kinh s v ni kh ngc t, c l khng bao gi hng khi tm nim thc hin nhng g c th ti din ngc t na. Tuy nhin, xc ng hn, ngha gii thot ca Smkhya cng m ch mt gii thch. Khi cp vn lin h, chng ta s thy n t gii thch nh th no. ---o0o--VIII.LCH TRNH HIN TNG HA Trc khi xt n lch trnh hin tng ha t hai nguyn l ti s cn bn, chng ta nn nh li bn trng hp ca bn tnh (mla-prakrti) v bin d (vikrti) ni trc y. Nay nhc li chng di mt lc tng qut: 1. Ch bn tnh: T tnh (prakrti) 2. Ch bin d: 5 i (bhta) v 11 cn (indriya) 3. Va bn va bin: i (mahat), ng mn (ahamkra) v 5 duy (tanmtra) 4. Phi bn bin: Thn ng (purusa). ngha ca t tnh v bin d (vikrti) c gii thch nh sau, theo Krik 10: Bin d l nhng g hu nhn (hetumat), v thng (anitya), khng ph bin (avypin), hu s (sakrya), nhiu (aneka), y (srita), mt (linga), hu phn (svayava), thuc tha (paratantra). Phi bin d th tri li32. Trong , phi bin (avikrti) cng l t tnh. Ni l hu nhn bi v, t i (mahat) cho n 5 i (bhta) u c chng. Mahat ly prakrti lm nhn. Ni l v thng, v nh mahat sinh ra t prakrti, c sinh tt khng c thng. Khng ph bin, v ch c prakrti v purusa mi ph bin khp mi ni, ngoi ra, t mahat tr xung, tt c u b hn ch bi khng gian. Hu s, hin tng gii c co gin c cng dng ca chng. Nhiu hin tng gii phc tp, vn th sai bit, trong khi

t tnh duy ch c mt. Y tha, nh mahat nng vo prakrti m tn ti, ahamkra nng vo mahat m tn ti, cn prakrti khng nng ta vo u c. Mt, tim n, bi v hin tng gii c lun chuyn th chng hin l v khi lui v tim n chng tr li vi prakrti khng hin l na. Hu phn, v hin tng gii b ct xn phn chia. Thuc tha, hin tng gii l thuc vo nhn ca chng, nh con l thuc cha m c. Trn y l 9 c tnh ca 23 pht sinh t prakrti, v tri ngc li l 9 c tnh ca prakrti. Trong lch trnh hin tng ha, sn phm u tin pht sinh t prakrti l i (mahat). Nh vy, prakrti, v l nguyn nhn ti s, nn cng c gi l thng nhn (pradhna), cng c gi l Brahman, hay chng tr (bahudhtman); i (mahat) cng c gi l gic (buddhi) hay tng (samvitti), bin mn, tr (mati), hu (prajn). T i (mahat) pht sinh ng mn (ahamkra). T ng mn pht sinh 16 : 5 duy, 5 tri cn, 5 tc cn v . Trong , 5 duy pht sinh 5 i (bhta). Hin tng bao gm trong 23 phm tr ny. S d mahat cng c ni l buddhi, bi v n c tc dng phn bit 33. Nhng vn pht sinh t prakrti, nn bn cht ca n l vt cht, trong phn chiu purusa. Vi ba guna, mahat c bn phn thuc sattva hay h, nhng yu t ca hng thng, v bn phn ca tamas hay m, hng h. Nu sattva thng th, trn p c tamas, by gi c s h lc. Tri li l trng hp tamas thng th34. Ng mn (ahamkra) l khi nim v mt ci ti ch th35, khi buddhi th hin thnh cm quan hay tri gic. Ahamkra hot ng di ba trng hp, ty theo s thng th ca mt trong ba guna: 1. Khi sattva thng th, n c gi l tt a chng (vaikrika, hay sattvika). Ngha l, do s thng th ca h ni buddhi, trn p u v m. Ahamkra c sinh ra t loi s lm pht sinh 11 cn: y, 5 tri cn v 5 tc cn, v trong nhng cn ny, yu t h ni bt. 2. Khi tamas hay m trong buddhi thng th, ahamkra pht sinh t trng hp ny n s lm ny sinh 5 duy v 5 i, bi v trong 5 duy v 5 i ny ngi ta thy yu t si m ni bt.

3. Trong trng hp rajas thng th, ahamkra thuc loi taijasa, hay rjasa (u chng). N b sung nng lc cho hai loi trn. T tt a chng pht sinh 11 cn: 5 tri cn, 5 tc cn v cn. Ni l cn (indriya) v l nhng cn nng hot ng. 5 tri cn (jnna-indriya, hay buddhndriya): mt, tai, mi, li v thn. 5 tc cn (karma-indriy): c nng ni (ming), cm (tay), c ng (chn), bi tit v sinh sn. Smkhya cho rng 5 tri cn l nhng nhim v tinh thn do pht sinh t ahamkra. Manas, cn hay tm cn c kh nng phn bit v c hai loi: nu cng tng ng vi cc tri cn th n cng c tnh cch nh tri cn, nu cng tng ng vi cc tc cn, n cng c tnh cch nh tc cn. Cng nh mt ngi hoc c gi l kho lm hoc c gi l kho ni. Ahamkra, sinh t loi a ma chng hay u chng, s lm pht sinh 5 nguyn t t nh, gi l 5 duy (tanmtra): sc, hng, v, xc v thanh. T 5 nguyn t ny li pht sinh 5 yu t vt cht hay 5 i (bhta), theo tng ng ca chng: t thnh duy pht sinh khng i, xc duy pht sinh phong i, sc duy pht sinh ha i, v duy sinh thy i, v hng duy pht sinh a i. Buddhi, ahamkra, manas v cc indriya, hoc cng lc khi tc dng, hoc tip ni nhau khi tc dng36. Nu c bn cng trc gic mt i tng, cng hot ng trong mt lc, chng c gi l cng khi. Trng hp khc, nh khi con mt (indriya) nhn thy mt s vt ng xa, v khng r nn khi tm (manas) nghi ng: Ngi hay ct nh chy?; t s nghi ng ny, ahamkra khi tc dng a n gn i tng, v by gi do tc dng ca buddhi m thy r l vt g. Bi v tt c 23 ny cng ly prakrti lm nguyn cht ti s, v s hin din thng trc ca ba guna vi mt guna thng th v hai guna cn li h tr, chng hon ton l vt cht, do khng phi l tm linh thun ty, nhng hot ng tinh thn ca chng, nh nhn thc, ch hay tnh cm, u l nhng hot ng c tnh cch gi to, phn chiu bng dng ca purusa vn l nguyn l tm linh thun ty. Nh vy, lch trnh hin tng ha lun lun ch phc v cho ch ch ca purusa. Cng nh cy ci vn v tri nhng c kh nng lm pht sinh hoa qu; hay nc tun chy v cho t ai ph nhiu. Chnh xc

hn, ni theo th d ca Krik 57: V mc ch nui dng d m sa tun chy t v ca b m mt cch v t. Cng vy, prakrti v tri, v mc ch gii thot ca purusa37. Prakrti nh th l mt n nhn ca purusa, lun tm mi phng k phc v cho purusa, mang nhng phm tnh m n c n cho purusa vn khng phm tnh no c. Hot ng ca prakrti l nhng hot ng v t, v tha, khng i hi mt p ng no cho chnh mnh ht38. Hot ng ca 12 c nng (ahamkra, manas, jnnendriya v 5 karmendriya) tip xc vi cc tanmtra v bhta, tt c u v mc ch ca purusa phn chiu trong buddhi hay mahat. Cc guna trong chng va d bit v va cng tc hot ng, cng nh du, tim bc v nh sng ca mt ngn n, h tng cng tc soi sng v phc v cho quyn li ca purusa 39. Hoc gi, cng nh tt c thn dn, lao tc kim ti sn, v tt c ti sn ny c np cho quc vng. Cng vy, v mc ch phc v cho purusa, hot ng ca 13 c nng tinh thn u quy chiu v buddhi. Tt c 13 phm tr ny, di s ch lnh ca mahat, khng hot ng cho mt ch ch no khc ngoi mc ch ca purusa. Mi phm tr thc hin bn phn ring bit ca mnh. Do , ton b hot ng sng to ca prakrti, t sn phm u tin l mahat, cho n cui cng l cc bhta, v mc ch gii thot ca purusa khi ba ci, n hnh s cho k khc nh chnh l hnh s cho mnh. ---o0o--IX.GII THOT LUN Thuyt 12 nhn duyn ca Pht gio qun st tin trnh quan h nhn qu trn hai chiu hng, hoc thun lu, xui theo dng sinh t, t v minh cho n gi v cht; hoc theo chiu nghch lu, ngc dng kho st i t cnh kh bc bch hin ti ca gi v cht cui cng hy dit v minh. Cng tng t nh vy, lch trnh hin tng ha ca Smkhya c kho st t prakrti sinh khi mahat, t th t sinh khi ahamkra. Nu theo chiu ngc, lch trnh din ra nh s rt lui, co li ca hin tng gii tr v nguyn tnh ca prakrti, t nhn thc v nhng sai lm ca hin tng chuyn bin, t s gi o, v thng trong tc chong vng ca 5 bhta, l nhng hin tng vt cht c th nht, nhiu tnh cht

au kh ca tamas nht, cho n nhn thc chn tht v prakrti l nguyn l vt cht nguyn s, thng tr, ph bin vi 9 c tnh thy. C hai cng tc, hoc tung ra hoc thu li, khng phi l cng tc m prakrti t thc hin cho chnh mnh, nhng l hnh s cho ngi bn qu ca n. Prakrti c m t nh mt ngi bn tt, y n c, trong khi purusa l mt ngi v k, v n, v c. V n, v t khi xui dng sng cht cho n ngc dng gii thot, prakrti lun lun chiu theo mun ca bn purusa m khng nhn lnh mt bo p no c. V c, v k th hng n hu chng c ti nng g, khng c ba phm tnh h, u v m40. Khi purusa phn chiu mun ca mnh trn ba c tnh u, h v m v prakrti sn sng tc ng chng, v do khi ln lch trnh hin tng ha. Tri li, khi purusa ch a thch nhng tnh cht n mt, b nhim, nhu nhuyn, thng tr, v.v... ca prakrti, hay mun n c, thong dong t ti, th prakrti cng v m tc ng chnh tr phn bit, do s phn nh ch ca purusa ni buddhi, phn bit nhng sai lm xu xa hin tng gii ngc dng tin v gii thot. Thi ca purusa c m t nh mt ngi ln u thy mt c gi v cho rng p, sinh lng a thch, nhng sau thy c khc p hn v li sinh lng a thch c gi sau ny hn. l c gi c ba c tnh ca prakrti41. Krik m u cho trit thuyt Smkhya bng nhn nh v ba ni kh bc bch ca th gian, v mun dit tr s kh y, phi bt u t ch mun bit (jijns). Mun bit nhng g? l mun bit ti sao sc thn c cu to bi nm i (bhta) ny li phi chu ng qu nhiu au kh42. Smkhya phn bit c ba loi kh: au kh t bn trong (dhymika), au kh t bn ngoi (dhibhautika) v au kh bi thin mnh (dhidaivavika)43. D c thc sinh ln tri (svarga) th ch khc c trnh hng lc m thi, v hu qu vn tr li nguyn trng s kh trc kia. Bi v, loi tri, loi ngi v loi vt ch khc nhau v s ni bt ca mt trong ba guna. tri, l s ni bt ca h hay sattva. ngi, u hay rajas, v vt, m hay tamas. C ba, h, u v m, u dn khi hin hu ca mt v tr ton l kh. Khi nhn thc v s kh nh vy ri, ta mi bt u quan st t hin hu c th nht, 5 bhtas v 11 indriyas, nhn ra nhng sai lm m hoc ca

chng, do ta sinh tm nhm tm. l ta ln lt quan st i t qu n nhn, phng ln cho n prakrti, vn ti gii thot cu cnh (apavarga). Lch trnh tu tp nh vy din ra qua su giai on: 1. T lng v: giai on u tin, khi s t duy v nhng qu tht ca 5 bhtas, khng cn ham mun chng, nhm tm v tm cch xa la. 2. Tr v: giai on k, qun st nhng qu tht ca 11 cn. 3. Nh v: giai on bc vo nh tht, bi v do qun st s qu tht ca 5 tanmtras m t h thy prakrti. 4. Ch v: giai on n ch. ch y l s nhn thc v nhng h phc, do qun st s qu tht ca ahamkra. 5. Xc v: giai on c rt, thu hi hot ng ca 3 guna do qun st s qu tht ca buddhi. 6. c tn v: giai on cui cng, sau khi qun st v thy r nhng qu tht ca prakrti, purusa c tch ri khi prakrti t c lp, ring r. n y, mn kch chuyn bin coi nh xong. C th ni l mt v kch c hai mn. Khn gi l purusa, v din vin l prakrti. By gi, khi mn kch dt, din vin lui vo hu trng, v khn gi cng t ng gii tn. Th l, purusa hon ton gii thot44. Theo ngha ny, gii thot i vi Smkhya tc l chm dt lch trnh hin tng ha, d xui dng hay ngc dng. Bi v purusa khng h b tri buc (badhyate) v cng khng h c ci tri (mucyate), v cng khng c lun hi sinh t. Lun hi sinh t, b tri v c ci tri, tt c u c s y (sray) ni prakrti45. ---o0o---

Chng III - Trit thuyt Yoga (Du Gi) I.YOGA TRONG UPANISHAD Yoga gm hai phng din. V mt trit l, n phi hp vi h phi Smkhya, v c nhng t tng cn bn nh mt h thng trit hay mt h phi hn hoi, xng ng lit ngang hng vi cc h phi khc. V phng din thc hnh, n l mt php mn tu dng m cc h phi khc, ngoi tr Nyya, u phi c. Cng nh Nyya cng hin cn bn l lun cho cc h phi, Yoga cng hin ng li thc hin nhng t tng trit l ca chng. Nu t tng ca Smkhya ch c coi nh l c mm mng, hay c nhng du hiu hm ng trong cc Upanishads, th tri li Yoga khng nhng c nh ngha m cn c hng dn bng cc ng li hnh tr trong . Katha Upanishad nh ngha Yoga46: Nhng kim sot cc gic quan nng (indriya) mt cch cht ch, chng c gi l yoga. y l nh ngha kh st sao v yoga, nu chng ta bit rng t ng ny c ng t l yuj, c ngha l ct, tri. Ngha rng ca ng t ny l phi hp, thch hp, nh chng ta thy trong ng t yujyate, va c ngha xng hp, thch hp, m cng c ngha rng ri na l thnh tu. Mt lun chng hp l, n l yujyate. Nhng danh t xut pht t ng t cn ny thy u c ngha l thch hp, tng quan, lin h. Th d, samyoga, vi tip u ng nhn mnh, ch cho s giao tip, giao thip, hip nht hay hip tc, m chng ta gp trong Smkhya, v s giao tip hay hip nht gia purusa v prakrti. Cc nh Pht hc Trung Hoa thng dch ngha ch ny l tng ng. ngha ca tng ng c th hiu theo s kin thng thng ni mt nh tu thin, l s tng ng gia tm v cnh. N cng mang mt ngha thn b, nh s tng ng gia c th v tuyt i. Maitr Upanishad47 a ra mt nh ngha c tnh cch thn b: Ngi tng ng vi hi th, vi ch aum v vi tt c th gii sai bit ny, l yoga. S nht thng (ekatvam) ca hi th, tm , v, cng vy, cc cn (indriyas), v s x tr tt c nhng iu kin ca s hu, l yoga. Theo nhng nh ngha dn chng , yoga l s tng ng v hip nht gia ch th v i tng, m thut ng ca cc nh Pht hc Trung Hoa gi l tm nht tnh cnh, tm v cnh tr thnh mt. S tng ng ny i hi phi thu thc cc quan nng, bi v hot ng ca cc quan nng thng

phn tn, khng bao gi chuyn ch trn mt i tng. Ngi yu nh tng tnh nhn, thy trn tt c sinh th ca mnh nm trong lng ca tnh nhn. Tn cu nguyn, thy tt c tm tr, tt c i sng ca mnh dng hin trn vn cho ng Ti cao. Nhng s kin u c ngha trong t ng yoga. Cc Upanishads, nh ni, khng nhng nh ngha yoga l g, m cn ch th cc phng php tu luyn t n trng thi tuyt i tng ng ca n. Svetasvatra Upanishad48 trnh by kh chi tit cc phng php lm th no c th chim nghim v khm ph hin hu ca ng tuyt i. Trc ht, phi gi vng t th ca thn th, cc b phn trn, gm ngc, vai v u phi thng tp, ri hng cc gic quan (indriyas) v tm (manas) vo tri tim (hrdi); v nh m nng con thuyn ca Brahman m vt qua nhng dng sng gieo rc s hi. Con thuyn ca Brahman tc l ch aum. K l s kim sot hi th (prnyma); thc tp cho n khi no cc hi th thnh trm tnh, nh nhng, qua cc l mi. Nh m thu thc tm , nh buc cht con nga chng vo c xe. Hnh gi c khuyn co l nn thc tp yoga trong mt hang cn c gi cao, hay ti mt ni cao ro, trong sch, khng b gy tr ngi bi cc ting ng, ca nc chng hn, v ni m tm tr c th d dng th thi, con mt khng b gy kh chu. Sng m, khi, mt tri, gi, la, nh sng, nh trng, y l nhng hnh thi s khi to ra s biu hin ca Brahman trong yoga. Khi nm c tnh ca yoga c to ra, nh t, nc, la, gi v khng kh, by gi khng cn tt bnh, khng cn tui gi, khng cn s cht, bi v ngi t c mt thn th lm bng la ca yoga. Kt qu u tin ca tin b ca yoga l s khinh an v sng khoi, trng kin ca thn th, vng bt ham mun, da ti nhun, m thanh m tai, hng v du ngt. Maitr Upanishad49 ch th phng php yoga gm c su phn: iu ha hi th (prnyma), ch ng cm quan (pratyhra), tnh l hay t duy (dhyna), tp trung t tng hay chp tr (dhran), suy l hay qun hu (tarka), v ng tr (samdhi). Bng phng php yoga ny, ngi ta c th bt c ngun mch ca Brahman, tng kh mi ti li, xu c. Cng nh th vt v chim chc khng lai vng ni hn ni ang bc chy, cng vy, ti cu khng lay ng ni nhng ai bit Brahman.

Nu xt t thi i Veda tr xung cho n Upanishad, chng ta thy phng php tu luyn yoga t n mc chi tit. Ngay trong thi i Veda, t tng kh tu thng c gi tr kh ni bt. Tapas hay kh hnh, v brahmacarya, tnh hnh hay i sng ly dc, l nhng c l c tn thng, khng nhng ch gii hn trong thi Veda s khi vi Rg Veda, m mi v sau ny, vn l nhng c l c ca ngi nht trong i sng tn gio v o c ca n . ---o0o--II.PATANJALI Patanjali l ngi u tin h thng ha t tng v Yoga ri rc trong cc Upanishads v nhng ni khc, son thnh tc phm Yoga-stra. Nin i ca Patanjali khng c r. V li c hai ngi cng tn, mt l tc gi ca Yoga-stra, v mt na l nh vn php, ch gii tc phm ca Pnini. Phn ln cc tc gi phng Ty ngy nay ng ha c hai Patanjali. Nhng cha thy mt gii php no c hon ton chp nhn. Ngi ta vn tm thi chp nhn nin i tc gi Yoga-stra vo khong th k th II trc ty lch. Yoga-stra khng c coi nh mt tc phm c sng, m ch l tp i thnh nhng g lin h n Yoga ng thi. Cn bn trit l siu hnh trong da trn h php Smkhya. Ni dung Yoga-stra gm 149 stras, chia thnh 4 phm. Phm I: Tam mui (samdhi-pda) gm 51 stras, ni v bn cht ca samdhi; phm II: Phng php (sdhana), 55 stras, trnh by cc phng php thin nh; phm III: Thn thng (vibhti-pda), 55 stras, v cc loi thn thng; phm IV: c tn (kaivalya-pda), 33 stras, s gii thot cui cng, trng thi c lp ca purusa nh c ni trong Smkhya. Ptanjala-bhsya l tc phm xa nht ca Vysa, ch gii Yoga-stra, cng c gi l Yoga-bhsya, v c l c vit trong khong th k VII. Khong th k X, mt bn ch gii khc, Rjmtranda ca Bhojarja c tp thnh. V sau na, xut hin nhng bn ch gii khc, cn c trn tc phm ca Vysa, ng k l ca Vcaspati v Vijnnabhiksu. Cc tc gi ny nguyn l nhng trit gia ca Smkhya, v cng c nhng tc phm v h phi . Tuy nhin, s lin h gia Smkhya v Yoga khng phi t h mi c. Ngay ni tc phm ca Patanjali, cn bn siu hnh hc l ca Smkhya. Xa hn na, ngi ta c th tm thy ni cc Upanishads trong

 nhng yu t ca h phi Smkhya v Yoga xen ln nhau, nh thuyt ng tng c ni trong Maitr Upanishad chng hn; hay cp ca Svetasvtara Upanishad v Smkhya v Yoga, phn bit v t duy, nh l hai phng tin h tng dn n nhn thc v nguyn nhn cu cnh; y l nhng chng c cho thy mi lin h su xa ca hai h phi ny trong lch s t tng n . ---o0o--III.QUAN H SMKHYA - YOGA (Trit l v Php mn Yoga) Cui chng lch s ca trit hc phi Yoga, chng ta s ni vn tt v quan h gia Smkhya v Yoga. y, ta ch ni thm mt vi chi tit v quan h t tng ca chng. nh ngha v Yoga, Patanjali trong Yoga-stra I.2 ni: Yogas cittavrtti-nirodhah, yoga l s dit tr c nng ca tm. Vysa ch gii stra ny ni: tm (citta) c ba guna, vi bn cht sng, ng v tr tr. Ngay trong nh ngha ny, v ch gii ca n, cho thy im tng ng v d bit gia Smkhya v Yoga. Ni ch gii ca Vysa, nhng g m chng ta bit v mahat trong b thut ng ca Smkhya, th n tr thnh citta trong b thut ng ca Yoga. im d bit y l citta bao gm ba c nng ni ti ca Smkhya: buddhi, ahamkra v manas. N l bin thi u tin ca prakrti vi s thng th ca sattva. Mc d c tnh cht v tri, nhng l yu t t nh v gn gi purusa nht, v do phn nh ca purusa, nn n hot ng nh mt yu t c tri thc. Tt c mi hin tng tinh thn u bt ngun t . Yoga c hiu nh l s c ch hay dit tn cc tc dng (vrtti) ca citta. Nhng tc dng ny gm hai loi. Th nht l nhng tc dng trc tip, l nhng sinh hot ca tri thc, v c gi l tm tc dng (cittavrtti). T stra I.5 n stra I.11, chng ta c tt c 5 citta-vrttis: chnh tr (pramana), t tr (viparyaya), phn bit (vikalpa), thy min (nidr) v k c (smrti). Chnh tr l nhng nhn thc chn chnh, t ba ngun mch ca tri thc: hin lng, t lng v chnh gio lng. T tr l nhn thc khng chn chnh, hiu bit sai lm v chn tng ca s vt, nh thy si dy m cho l con rn. Phn bit hay tng tng, l tri thc c c do truyn thuyt, nh s hiu bit v sng th, ch c trn ngn ng ch khng c trong thc t. Thy min l tm tc dng ly cn nguyn ca phi hu hay v th (abhva) lm i tng; n l s vng mt ca tri thc, nhng d vy, sau mt gic ng, ngi ta vn c th ni rng: Ti ng say khng bit g

ht v nh vy phi c mt citta-vrtti duy tr s vng mt ny ca tri thc. K c l nh li nhng n tng qu kh cha b gii tr, tiu hy. Loi th hai, do s phn chiu ca purusa trong citta hay citta phn chiu trong purusa, to cho citta mang mt hnh nh ca ng tng i, tiu ng (jva), chu nhng au kh ca sanh t lun hi. y c gi l tc dng phin no (klesa), l nhng tc dng tnh , cng c 5 (stra II.3-9): v minh (avidy), ng kin (asmit), tham (rga), sn (dvesa) v hu i (abhinivesa). V minh l i vi nhng g vn v thng, bt tnh, kh v v ng m cho l thng, tnh, lc v ng. Ng kin l s ng nht sai lm gia nng lc kin gii (drksakti) v nng lc tri kin (darsanasakti). Tham l s chp trc v khoi lc. Sn l s bt mn i vi nhng ni khng thch . Hu i l s ham mun, chp trc vo s tn ti ca nhc th. i tng ca Yoga l khut phc v dit tn hai loi citta-vrtti trn y. Ch gii stra I.12, v s dit tn ca loi citta-vrtti th nht, biu dng cho nhng tc dng tri thc, Vysa ni rng: Dng citta tri chy theo hai hng, hoc chy v hng thin, hoc v hng bt thin. Nu s tri chy ca citta dn n c tn (kaivalya) hay gii thot v n lnh vc ca tri thc phn bit, n c gi l dng hnh phc. Nu dn vo ti sanh v chy xung lnh vc v minh, n c gi l dng au kh. Gii thch ny trn i th khng my khc xa vi ch thuyt v lch trnh hin tng ha ca Smkhya. D bit ln nht gia Smkhya v Yoga l mt bn v thn v mt bn hu thn. N lc thit lp mt quan nim hu thn cho Yoga c thy r trong Stra I.23-29 v cc ch gii lin h. Stra I.23 v 24 ni: Hoc do nim tng ng ton thin svara m t n samdhi. Isvara l mt purusa ti thng (Purusa-visesa), khng b xc nhim bi phin no (klesa), nghip (karman), qu d thc (vipka) hay d nghip (saya). Vcaspati Misra trong Tattva-vaisrad, khi ch gii cc stras ny, t thit lp cc chng c hu thn, phn bit gia cc purusas, m Smkhya quan nim l phc th, vi mt purusa th thng ti thng, Isvara. Th gii gm c hai nguyn l cn bn, v ch c hai: purusa hu thc v prakrti v thc. Nh Isvara khng phi l nguyn l v thc

lm nguyn nhn ti s cho vn hu trong lch trnh hin tng ha hay sng ha ca v tr. V nu Isvara l nguyn l v thc, nht nh ngi phi l mlaprakrti, cn bn t tnh hay bn tnh, vt cht cn nguyn, v nh vy khng c g khc vi nhng tc dng v tri. Isvara cng khng phi nh cc purusa trong lch trnh hin tng ha, v ngi khng lin h g n nhng phin no, ng kin. ng khc, vi ch gii ca Vysa, khi mt ngi gii thot, ngi khng phi l Isvara, khng bao gi tr thnh l Isvara, v Isvara khng lin h g n cc phin no tri buc. Smkhya khng quan nim s hin hu ca mt tuyt i hay thn ng hay Isvara no ngoi hai nguyn l cn bn v ti s, purusa v prakrti. Nu mun ni n ton tr, th ng ton tr hay nht thit tr l purusa. Nu mun ni n ton nng, th ng ton nng l prakrti. Th nhng, mi chng sanh u c ring mt purusa v nhng phm tnh ca prakrti. Tri li, Yoga-stra I.25 v cc on tip theo xc chng rng c mt Isvara nh vy. Stra I.25-29 ni: Ht ging ca nht thit tr ny mm trong Ngi. Ngi l bc thy ca cc tin thnh, khng l thuc thi gian. Mt ng biu th Ngi. Cng tng c mt ng cng thu hiu ngha ca n. Nh m thu hiu Ng c bit v dt tr cc chng ngi. S gii thot ch c ngha l tr thnh mt purusa thanh tnh, tch tnh, cng bn cht nh Isvara, khi hnh gi (yogin) lp li nhiu ln mt ngn aum cho n lc tm hon ton chuyn ch vo mt im trn . Gii thot tuyt i c m t Stra IV.34 nh l lc m cc phm tnh tr li trng thi vi t tim n ca chng, sau khi vng bt tng ca purusa; nng lc tm linh an tr trong bn cht ca chnh n. ---o0o--IV.BT PHN DU GI Nh ta thy, Yoga c nh ngha nh l s dit tr cc tc dng ca tm (citta-vrtti), cho n khi cc phm tnh, hay guna, c thu hi tr li trng thi nguyn s, v purusa tr thnh c lp, khng b chi phi v rng buc bi th gii vt cht. Cc tc dng ca tm trn bnh din tri thc gm c hai kha cnh, hoc au kh hoc khng au kh. Tu tp l n lc a cc tc dng tm ny xui theo dng thin. trong chiu , nh phn bit chnh tr m ta dit tr cc tc dng tng vn l bt thin, gy au

kh. Stra II.28 ni: Khi dit tr bt tnh bng s tu tp kin tr v tm phn Du Gi (astga-yoga), th nh sng ca tr tu soi n chnh tr phn bit. Trong tm phn Yoga, c n 6 chi c thit lp t MaitrUpanishad. Patanjali b qun hu (tarka), thm vo 3 chi: cm ch (yama), khuyn ch (niyama), ta php (sana) v t chng ln hng u. Tm phn Du Gi c trnh by t Stra 30 n 55, ht chng II, v t Stra 1 n 3, chng III. 1. Cm ch (yama), nhng iu rn cm khng c vi phm, c 5: khng st sanh (ahims), khng ni di (asatya), khng trm cp (asteya), khng t dm (arahmacarya) v khng tham (aparigraha). Nhng rn cm ny c coi l c gi tr ph bin, khng hn cuc khng gian, thi gian hay hon cnh. 2. Khuyn ch (niyama), tin thm mt bc, hnh gi thc hin cc khuyn co: thanh tnh (sauca), tri tc (samtosa), kh hnh (tapas), hc tp (svdhyya) v tng nim Thng (Isvara pranidhna). 3. Ta php (sana), ngi ng t th, vng vng v thoi mi. T th ngi c coi l hon ho khi no khng cn c c gng, khin cho thn th khng b dao ng. Hoc khi tm tr m rng v hn. Nh t th ngi hp cch m khi b gy phin nhiu bi nng v lnh. 4. iu tc (prnyma), kim sot v iu ha hi th sau khi thn th ngi vng. Th c ba vic: th ra, th vo v ngng th, v iu khin ty theo v tr, thi gian v s. V ni chn, ch quan st hi th khi vo th n v tr no trong ngc v bng, khi ra th n u trong v tr. V thi gian, hi th u n theo s di, ngn, nht nh. V s, tc m hi th, theo mt con s vi gii hn no . Nh vy, cho n khi hi th di v t nh. Cui cng l tm v cnh hp nht; tm c tp trung trn mt im duy nht ca i tng, khng cn tn lon (dhrana). 5. Ch cnh (pratyhra), ch ng cc cm quan v tch chng ra khi nhng i tng ngoi gii, khng bung th chng theo bn cht ca citta vn lun lun hng n cc i tng. S ch cm l hng chng n mc tiu ni ti.

Nm phn Du Gi trn l nhng b mn tu tp v tm, thuc ngoi phn tu tp (bahir-anga sdhana), cng gi l hu c Du Gi (saguna-Yoga), tc php Du Gi (kriy-Yoga), n lc Du Gi (hatha-Yoga). Ba chi cn li thuc ni phn tu tp (antaranga-Sdhana). 6. Chp tr (dhran), sau khi ch ng c cc cm quan, tm khng cn tn lon theo ngoi gii, by gi chuyn ch trn mt i tng ca tu tp, nh chp mi, giao im hai chn my, hoa sen ca tri tim, an in, hay hnh nh ca thn linh. Tm phi an tr vng vng khng dao ng, nh ngn la khng lung lay ca mt ngn n. 7. ng tr (samdhi: tam ma a, tam mui), trng thi hon ton tp trung t tng. y l giai on cui cng ca Yoga. Trong giai on tnh l (dhyna), vn cn c s phn bit gia nng v s, nhng n y s phn bit y bin mt, tm hon ton th nhp lm mt vi i tng (arthamtranibhsa). Tt c 7 chi trc u c mc ch a n s thnh tu ca ng tr (samdhi). Vcaspati, khi ch gii Stra III.1, phn loi tnh cht v nhim v ca chng, v ni rng: Samdhi v phng tin thnh tu ca n din t ni chng I (samdhi) v chng II (sdhan). Chng III (Vibhti) din t cc thnh tu tip theo trong s pht khi ca chng v l nhng phng tin lm khi dy tn tm. Cc thnh tu ny c thnh tu bi samyama (tng ch). Samyama gm chp tr (dhran), tnh l (dhyna) v ng tr (samdhi), ba b phn ny su xa hn 5 ngoi phn tu tp. Chp tr, tnh l v ng tr lin h nhau nh nhn qu tip ni. Samdhi gm c hai loi: hu tm tam mui (samprajnta-samdhi) v v tm tam mui (asamprajnta-samdhi). Hu tm tam mui do tm nim duyn vo i tng m tu tp. Vysa ni rng nhng tam mui thuc loi ny c mt ci g duyn (lambana: s duyn). V tm tam mui l trng thi hy dit mi tc dng ca tm, gm c 2: a. Hu tm tam mui (savitarka-samdhi), duyn vi nhng i tng th ph nh 5 i (bhtas), 5 tc cn (karmendriyas). b. Hu t tam mui (savicra-samdhi), duyn vi nhng i tng t nh nh 5 duy (tanmtras), 5 tr cn (jnnendriyas).

Tm (vitarka) v t (vicra) l hai trng thi mt th v mt t trong nhng tc dng ca tm. Tm l sn ui, tm bt i tng, v ch mi bt gp nh con bm tm thy mt a hoa, v t l bt u ng yn trn i tng nh con bm sau khi tm thy a hoa th bt u p xung. Theo gii thch ca Vysa, c hai u l hai n lc th v t ca tm, tm bt i tng. c. H lc tam mui (nanda-samdhi), tm n lc chuyn ch trn i tng cho n khi i tng tr thnh vi t, xut hin vi ba guna ca n; tm nim tng ng vi h cht hay sattva, nhng vn cn hin din ca u cht hay rajas v m cht hay tamas. V tng ng vi h cht ca i tng, cho nn trng thi h lc khi ln. d. Tn ng tam mui (ssmit-samdhi), by gi u cht v m cht b loi tr, ch cn thun ty h cht, v tm nim cm gic v cng hoan lc kia cng chm dt, ch cn mt tm nim duy nht l cm gic v s hin hu ca mnh: ti l hay ti ang hin hu (asmi). V tm tam mui (asam prajnta-samdhi) vt ln mi tc dng ca tm tng. N l trng thi siu thc. Trong cc giai on ca hu tm, s din tin nh mt ngn la t chy ci ln hi khi kt hp lm mt vi ci; cng vy, y cc hnh nghip (samskara) c hun tp trong qu kh, do tm vn cn tc dng. Khi ci ht, la cng tt; cng vy, khi cc hnh nghip qu kh b tiu dit, tc dng ca tm cng chm dt; l trng thi ca v tm tam mui. Hu tm v v tm nh th cng c gi l hu chng (sabja) v v chng tam mui (nirbja-samdhi). Ni l hu chng, c ht ging, bi v bn trng thi ca sampatti u c mm ging (bja) trong cc i tng ngoi ti. Sampatti hay ng ch c m t l khi tm trong sut nh pha l, hnh nh ca i tng hin ln v phn chiu trong ton vn v trung thc. C 4 ng ch: 1 v 2. hu tm v hu t, nh hu tm tam mui. 3. V tm ng ch (nirvatarka) l trng thi trong tm ta sng nh ch c i tng duy nht (arthamtra-nibhsa: pht quang duy cnh), tch khi nhng c nim. Trng hp ny, Vysa th d nh mt ngi nhn thy mt con b m cc c nim qu kh vn cn chi phi nim th khng th nhn nh n mt cch minh bch, chnh xc; cng vy, khi bn cht ca i tng phn nh ni tm, nu bn cht tc dng ca tm bin mt, th i tng s xut hin nh chnh l tm trong tm, hay ngc li, hnh nh

ca tm by gi l ton th hnh nh trung thc ca i tng. Trng thi ny c m t ch cho giai on tu tp ca ng tr (samdhi). 4. Sau ht, v t ng ch (nirvicra-sampatti), trng thi tr v nguyn y ca t tnh; bi v bn cht ca tm chnh l t tnh (prakrti), do , khng c s sai bit gia tm v cnh. Ngoi ra, Yoga-stra cng d liu 14 trng hp gy tr ngi cho vic tu tp (Stra I.30-31): bnh (vydhi), tr n (styna), nghi hoc (samsaya), bung lung (pramda), bing nhc (lasya), say m (avirati), thy sai (bhrnti-darsana), khng ch ch (alabdhabhmikatva), khng xc lp (anavasthitatva), thng kh (duhkha), lon ng (daurmanasya), lo s (angamejavatva), th ra v ht vo khng trng cch (prasvsa-svsa). V phng din tch cc, Stra I.20 cng ngh 5 yu t h tr cho s tu tp: tn (sradh), tn (vrya), nim (smrti), nh (samdhi) v hu (prajn). Vysa gii thch: tn, nh mt ngi m h tr cho hnh gi gi vng mc tiu v theo ui mc tiu ca mnh. Nim tin ny s thc y hnh gi khng ngng tin ti, tn. Khi hnh gi tinh tin khng ngng, s chuyn nim s h tr khng bao gi xao lng mc tiu. Nh chuyn nim m tm khng b dao ng v i n chnh nh. Do nh, t duy quyt trch pht khi, v nh pht hu. Cc ngh ny ca Patanjali hnh nh chu nh hng ca Pht gio, v chng l 5 cn v 5 lc trong 37 phm tr o (bhodyanga). ---o0o--V.THNH TU V GII THOT Chng III ca Yoga-stra, gm 54 stras, ni v nhng thnh tu ca tu tp hay thn thng: vibhti. Stra I.1, ch gii ca Vcaspati ni rng nhng vibhtis c thnh tu bng nguyn l tng ch, hay samyama. Stra II.9-15 trnh by s din tin ca samyama qua th t chng c ba giai on cui ca bt phn Du Gi. Samyama, nguyn ngha l k lut ni ti c k chung cho ba giai on cui, v cc b phn Yoga ny khng cn ly ngoi gii lm i tng na. Vysa, ch gii Stra III.6, ni rng: khi mt tm a (citta-bhmi) c chinh phc bi samyama, n c p dng ngay cho giai on tip theo sau. Nu cha chinh phc c tm a thp khng th nhy ngay ln mt tm a cao hn. Theo gii thch ny, samyama hay nguyn l tng ch

l k lut ni ti m s tin b trong lc tu tp ty theo mc kin c ca n v kh nng chinh phc mt tm a thp nhy ln mt tm a cao hn. y, chng ta cng nn bit l c 5 cp bc, hay trnh ca tm, hay tm a (citta-bhmi): ksipta, tn lon; mdha, hay qun; viksipta, va tn va nh, ngha l ch c th ch tm trong khong thi gian ngn; ekgra, nht tm; v nirudha, tnh ch. Cc tu tp u c mc ch l hng n hai tm a sau cng ny. Do kh nng t c bng nguyn l tng ch, khi chinh phc c mt tm a, th m ra mt tm a khc, cao hn, v tm a cng s b chinh phc do kh nng t c bng tng ch. S din bin ny c ba giai on, coi nh l ba giai on khai trin (parinma) ca tm. Trc ht, ni giai on tu tp chp tr (dhran), tc dng ca tm by gi din ra theo hai chiu hng: chiu hng ng, khuynh hng i ra ngoi (vyuthna) b ch ng, khut phc bng tng ch (samyama) v khuynh hng tnh ch (niroddha) xut hin. Giai on ny c gi l khai trin tnh ch (niroddha-parinma). Giai on th hai l khai trin ng tr (samdhi-parinma). Sau khi khai trin c khuynh hng tnh ch, thnh tu dhran tc th tin ln dhyna. Trong dhyna, tm cng c hai phng din, mt tn (sarvthat) v mt nh (ekgrat). Bng tng ch, khut phc sarvthat v khai trin ekgrat. Sau cng l khai trin tm nht cnh (ekgrat-parinma). y, cng i vi hai phng din ca tm m tng ch l iu ha s qun bnh ca chng: phng din tch tnh (snta) v phng din hot ng (udita). T giai on ny bc sang mt giai on khc, mi ni u xy ra s bin i v pht huy nng lc cao hn v tnh cht (dharma), c tng (laksana) v trng thi (avasth) ca nhc th (bhta) v quan nng (indriya). V nhng bin i ny, ni mt cch n gin, khi tc dng ca tm cng vi t, th i tng cng xut hin t nh; cho n khi tm cnh hip nht, v s bin i cng lc cng t nh ca tm lm thay i c cu vt l v sinh l. Cc nng lc c pht huy v cui cng hnh gi t c thn thng bt t ngh. Mc ca thn thng ty mc ca tng ch i vi

i tng m n phi ch ng. Th d, Stra III.16 ni: bng s tng ch trn ba khai trin m t c tri thc v qu kh, hin ti v v lai. Hoc Stra III.17: ngn t, i tng v nim xut hin nh l mt, bi v mi ci mt lin h nhau; bng s tng ch v sai bit ny m t c thng tr hay thn thng nghe m thanh ca cc loi hu tnh. Hoc Stra III.25: bng tng ch i vi mt tri, thng tr v cc phng hng v.v... C nh vy, bng tng ch trn mt i tng, s t c thng tr hay thn thng tng ng. Cng bng tng ch y, khi phn bit r s khu bit gia t tnh v thn ng, by gi hnh gi s t c nht thit tr, v cui cng t n trng thi c tn (kaivalya) hay gii thot. Tuy nhin, i vi cc nng lc thn thng t c bng s tng ch v mt i tng , Yoga-stra cnh gic rng chng c th l nhng tr ngi cho samdhi, m mc tiu cui cng phi l kaivalya. Chng IV, gm 34 stras, ni v kaivalya hay c tn, hay gii thot. Khi nim v gii thot cng c cp ri rc trong cc chng trc. Th d, Stra 19, chng I, trnh by hai trng hp gii thot t c sau khi thnh tu v tm tam mui (asamprajn-samdhi). Trng hp th nht l v thn (videha) m hnh gi t c, hng th khoi lc khng c thn th. Trng hp th hai, xc tnh (prakrtilaya) khi tm (citta) thu hi v nguyn y prakrti. Stra 27, chng II, trnh by by giai on m phn bit tr tri qua t c hai loi gii thot l thn gii thot (kya-vimukti) v tm gii thot (citta-vimukti). Trong din tin ca thn gii thot, phn bit tr lt qua bn bc: (1) bit rng s kh b tr, khng cn g cn phi bit thm na; (2) bit rng cn nguyn dn n s kh b hy dit, lun hi i b bng trc gc r; (3) s on tr c kinh nghim trc tip nh mt s kin hin nhin; (4) thu trit phng tin ca tri thc do phn bit t tnh v thn ng. Bn tr (prajn) trn thnh tu do phn tch hin tng ngoi gii. Chng c trnh by nh c nhiu lin h vi T diu ca Pht gio, v nh vy cng cho thy tng quan nh hng nh th no gia Pht gio v Yoga. Ta nn nh l Yoga ch c h thng ha sau Pht.

Ba tr cn li din tin trong tm gii thot l: 5. trc nhn hai mc tiu ca buddhi, hoc hng th (bhoga) hoc gii thot (apavarga); 6. ba guna c khuynh hng tr li nguyn y prakrti ca chng nh nhng tng nng t nh cao phi ri xung t; 7. by gi, purusa c lp, v buddhi b thu nhip vo ba guna v cc guna tr v vi prakrti. Sau khi t n tr (prajn) th by, purusa c lp trong trng thi ca mt samdhi c m t nh l m my gia h khng v purusa khng cn ham mun, cc ht ging ng chp, ng kin, v.v... hon ton b hy dit. y l trng thi samdhi m Stra IV.29 mnh danh l php vn tam mui (dharma-megha-samdhi). T , hnh gi dit tr tt c nghip v phin no, gii thot ngay trong i hin ti: hu thn gii thot (jvanmukta). ---o0o--Chng IV - Trit thuyt Vaisesika (Thng lun) I. NGHA Trong tt c cc h phi n , cc nh Pht hc n thng chn hai t tng i lp trc tip l Smkhya v Vaisesika. S kin cho thy a v kh quan trng ca hai phi ny. Khi ni v bn th lun trong trit phi Smkhya, chng ta gi thuyt hai thi hay hai chiu hng m mt trit gia c th chn lm khi im kho st v bn th ti hu ca v tr th gii, hay thc ti. Smkhya c coi nh chn thi ca mt ci nhn theo chiu dc, phc ha nhng mi dy lin h nhn qu trong lch trnh hin tng ha ca hin tng gii v nh vy, i lp vi Smkhya, c trng chnh l Vaisesika vi mt ci nhn theo chiu ngang ca hin tng gii. C hai b sung cho nhau trong mt h thng v tr lun, vi nhng tho lun chi tit v ngha sinh thnh v tn ti ca hin tng gii. Cc yu t trit hc ca Vaisesika, cng nh cc h phi khc, c th tm thy ri rc trong thnh in Upanishad. Chng ta s thy h phi ny phn tch cc thc th (dravya) thnh nhng yu t cc vi, v nhng thc th c xp di phm tr ny, hay thc c ngha (dravya-padrtha), nh t, nc, la, gi, h khng, v.v..., khng phi l nhng yu t xa l trong cc Upanishads.

Vaisesika l mt t ng pht xut t ch visesa. Chng ta c t nht hai gii thch v ngha ch ny50. Trn tng qut, visesa c ngha l d bit hay c thng, cho thy khuynh hng phn tch ca h phi ny. Hu qu ca khuynh hng phn tch dn n n mt a nguyn thc ti lun. Gii thch th hai, cn c trn nh c ngha (visesa-padrtha), theo , v h phi ny ch trng n n, nn c mnh danh l Vaisesika. Tuy nhin, chng ta cng nn bit thm mt gii thch khc, theo , Vaisesika hm mt ngha t ph. Gii thch ny tm thy trong Duy thc thut k ca Khuy C51. Vaisesika-stra, ngay stra u tin ca n ch nh dharma nh l mt mc tiu kho st ca n. Tip theo 2 stras k, tc phm quy ch ngha ca dharma qua hai phng din: thng thin (abhyudaya) v ti thng thin (nihsrlyasa). Mc tiu th nht kho st dharma l hng ti mt i sng hnh phc ca thin gii. N chnh l mc tiu m Jaimini t ln hng u ca Mmms-stra. i vi Mmms, dharma c hiu nh l mt ngha v tuyt i, bao gm nhng lin h gia ngi v ngi trong cng ng x hi v trn ht l mi lin h gia loi ngi v thn linh trong trt t t nhin ca v tr. S kin cho thy c mt nn tng chung cho Vaisesika v Mmams, v c l hc thuyt ca Vaisesika c thnh hnh sm hn Mmms52. Cng nh Mmms-stra ca Jaimini, y mc tiu th nht ca dharma l Vaisesika t thm quyn trn Veda. Phng din th hai ca dharma ni Vaisesika l gii thot, v gii thot y l kt qu t c bng tri thc chn chnh v su c ngha. Stra 53 tip theo ca Vaisesika-stra ni: Thng php (dharma-visesa) pht sinh t chn tr v quan h gia nhng ng tng v d tng ca su c ngha gm: thc, c, nghip, ng v d. ---o0o---

II.LCH S Sng t ca Vaisesika lKanda, thuc dng h Kasyapa, m truyn thuyt cho rng c khi th bi thn Siva di hnh thc mt con c mo, do ng cn c tn l Ulka, v nhng ngi theo hc thuyt ny c gi l chng Aulkya, Trung hoa dch l hun hu t. Truyn thuyt cng gii thch rng, s d c tn nh vy, bi v v tin ny ban ngy th n m ban m th du hnh nh mt con c mo. T ng Kanda li cn c ngha l ngi n ht m ti Trung Hoa ngi ta bit di dch ng l Thc m t tin nhn4. Hnh nh t ng ny mun m ch khuynh hng phn tch ca hc phi ny. Nhng truyn thuyt nh vy khin ta c cm gic Kanda hay Ulka l mt nhn vt c nhiu tnh cht huyn thoi hn l s thc. Cng theo truyn thuyt, v t th hai ca Vaisesika l Pancasikhin, Ng nh tin nhn. Kanda sng rt lu, ging dy v su c ngha, sau sang Ba La Ni (Vrnas) truyn li cho Pancasikhin trong mt thi gian ko di n 9 nghn nm. Nin i ca Kanda cng nh ca Vaisesika-stra rt kh xc nh. Mm mng ca hc thuyt c tm thy ri rc trong cc nh Pht hc v cc nh Thun th (lokyata). Nhng kh tm thy ngi ta nhc n tc phm ny trc th k III trc ty lch. Nhng tc phm v sau, nh Brahma-stra ca Bdaryana, c v cp hc thuyt c cha ng trong Vaisesika-stra. Nin i c phng nh cho n l sau 300 nm trc ty lch, v trc k nguyn. Gi thit nin i nh vy qu di, v kh dn n mt nin i gn xc thc hn. Ton th Vaisesika-stra gm 370 stras, 10 chng, mi chng gm hai nht kha (hnika). Chng I, sau khi gii thuyt mc tiu, trnh by v su c ngha. Chng II v III, ni v c ngha th nht: dravya. Chng IV, thuyt cc vi v tnh cht ca 4 i. Chng V, bn k v thc c ngha. Chng VI, v php v phi php trong c ngha th hai: guna (c). Chng VII, cc thnh t trong c ngha guna, v cng bn v c ngha samavya (ha hip). Chng VIII, tri thc lun. Chng IX, cc vn linh tinh, vn nhn qu. Chng X, v au kh v hnh phc. Bn ch gii xa nht v Vaisesika-stra hin cn, ng k l ca Prasastapda, khong th k V sau Ty lch. Ni l ch gii, nhng v hnh thc, y l mt tc phm c lp, trnh by s tin trin ca h phi qua nhiu quan im. Udayana v Sridhara l hai nhn vt th k X vit hai ch gii v Prasastapda-bhsya, mt ta l Kiranvali v mt l

Nyyakandali. Sankara Misra (sng khong 1425) vit hai bn ch gii, mt trc tip v Vaisesika-stra, c gi l Upaskra, v mt bn khc v Presastapda-bhsya. Trong s cc tc phm ny, Nyyakandal ca Sridhara c coi l rt hu ch cho nhng nh kho cu Vaisesika v li trnh by v th cch n gin. V sau, Vaisesika v Nyya c ghp chung, mt bn c trng cho bn th lun v mt bn c trng cho nhn thc lun. Cc tc phm i din cho tnh cch tng hp ny l Saptapadrth ca Sivditya th k XV, Tarka-samgraha ca Annambhatta vo th k XVII, v Bhsapariccheda ca Visantha Pancna. Cc c ngha ca Vaisesika, t khi u c su, ln lt khai trin thnh 7, ri cui cng c tt c mi c ngha. c trng cho s khai trin ny l tc phm Vaisesika-nikya-dasapadrtha-sstra ca Maticandra. Tc phm ny c Huyn Trang, th k VIII, dch sang Hn vn di danh hiu Thng tng thp c ngha, v tc gi Maticandra cng c dch l Hu Nguyt. Cng nh ca Smkhya qua bn Hn dch ca Chn (Paramrtha) vo th k IV, Thng tng thp c ngha l tc phm cn bn cho nhng kho cu v Vaisesika ti Trung Hoa54. ---o0o--III.C NGHA: (PADRTHA - Hc thuyt) Theo ngha en, padrtha ch cho mt s th c bit n (jnaya: s tri) c th trc gic c (prameya: s lng), c th gi tn c (abhidheya). T ng ny phng Ty thng c quan nim nh l phm tr (category). Th nn, ngi ta hay so snh cc c ngha ca Vaisesika vi nhng phm tr ca Aristotle, Kant v Hgel6. Ui Hakuju (V Tnh B Th) trong n trit hc s (trang 78-79) cho rng y l phng php quan st khch quan mi s vt bng li phn loi v phn tch. Th d: s vt xut hin nh l i tng ca tri thc chng ta, s c coi nh l xut hin trong t cch mt bn th t hu, v y l Tht c ngha (dravya). Nhng bn th ny khng xut hin mt cch n thun m xut hin nh l ch th ca nhng phm tnh (c c ngha: guna) v tc dng vn ng (Nghip c ngha: karma). c l tnh cch tnh v Nghip l tnh cch ng ca ch th . Tin thm na, cc bn th d c lp, nhng xut hin trong th tng quan. V tng quan ngoi ti, chng ta c ng (smnya) v D (Visesa). V tng quan ni ti, chng ta c

Ha hip (Samavya). Nh vy, C (pada) ch cho phng din bc l ca s vt i vi tri thc, nht l bc l qua din t ca ngn thuyt. Ngha (artha) ch cho ni dung ca s bc l y. Khi pht khi, Vaisesika ch k c su c ngha. Cc nh Vaisesika v sau thm c ngha phi hu (abhva, Huyn Trang dch l V thuyt). Phi Nyya tha nhn c by c ngha ny. Nh vy, c ngha gm hai loi l su hu (bhva-padrtha) v mt phi hu (abhva-padrtha). Sau cng, vi tc gi ca Thng tng thp c ngha (Dasapadrtha-stra), li k c 10 c ngha: 12345Tht c Nghip ng D (Dravya) (Guna) (Karma) (Smnya) (Visesa) 9678Cu 10Ha Hu V phn V hip nng nng (Samavaya) (Sakti) (Asakti)

(Smanyavisesa) thuyt (Abhva)

Ring v ch Cu phn, Ui Hakuj trong n trit hc s (trang 505) cho rng y l dch ng sai lm ca bn Thng tng thp c ngha v Smmnyavisesa. Bi v, Phn ng ny c ngha rng, Visesa (D c ngha) ch c tnh cch d bit thun ty, tc l bin d, do , Smnavisesa phi c hiu l ng d, tc l d bit khng c lp. Tuy nhin, ngi ta bit rng trong cc nh ph bnh ca Pht gio v Vaisesika ch thy cp n su c ngha coi nh l chnh yu. V ngy nay khi kho cu v Vaisesika, ngi ta cng ch ly lm trng tm, hoc k thm abhva na l by. ---o0o--1. Tht c ngha (Dravya) Dravya c nh ngha nh l bn th lm s y cho phm tnh (Guna: c) v tc dng (Karma: Nghip) v chnh bn th ny lm ha hip nhn (Samavda-Karana). Nh th, Dravya c nh ngha theo hai chiu hng. Trong chiu ngang, l chn loi Tht (dravya). Trong chiu dc,

 l mi quan h nhn qu. Khi mt tht vt trng thi n thun v vi t, n l cn nhn. Cn nhn ny ni ti, hay Ha hip nhn, v mt tht vt khi xut hin cng lc vi hai tnh cch l tnh vi phm tnh v ng vi tc dng, th chnh tht vt l cn nhn ni ti ca kt qu ny bng vo tng quan ha hip. Samvya trong ch Sama-vyikrina ch cho mi quan h bt kh phn, tc l ha hip. Nh vy, trong mi tng quan va k, nhn v qu, tnh trng bt kh phn. Tht vy, nu l tp hp (avayavidravya), tc tp hp gia cc tht vt vi nhau, s chu chi phi ca nh lut hu tnh hu loi. Nhng tht vt n nht, vn l ha hip nhn ca nhng tht vt tp hp, chnh l bn th thng hng bt bin, khng b sanh hay dit. Tht c ngha gm c chn: 1- t (Prithivi) 2- Nc (Ap) 3- La (Tejas) 4- Gi (Vyu) 5- Khng (ksa) 6- Thi (Kla) 7- Phng (Dik) 8- Ng (tman) 9- (Manas) Trong chn loi Tht, bn loi u (1-4) l nhng yu t cc vi (prmnus) ch khng phi l nhng d kin trong kinh nghim thng tc ca chng ta; chng c dng mt cch rng ri gii thch cc s vt. Pht gio gi l bn i chng (mah-bhta), tc l bn nguyn t ph bin. Ni mt cch tng qut, t l yu t cng, nc l yu t lng v t, la l yu t m v gi l yu t dao ng. Khng mt vt th no m khng phi l s to ca chng; thy u l vt cht, nhng l vt cht nng ng, nh tnh cch nng ng ca (manas). Cng vi , c nm tht th ny (t, nc, la, gi v ) c tc gi ca Thng tng thp c ngha cho l ht thy u nng ng v c th dng. (5) Khng (ksa), tc h khng hay bu tri. Nu k chung vi bn dravyas trn s c nm i chng (mah-bhta). Nhng tnh cch khng ging nhau, v h khng khng c gii hn v phm v, do khng to ra cc vt th vi t cch l mt nguyn t cc vi.

C nm dravyas, khng nhng ch l thnh phn cu to cc vt th ngoi gii, m cn l thnh phn cu to cc quan nng ni gii. V ngoi gii, trn tng qut ch c nm loi vt th v chng tng ng vi nm i chng: hng do t, v do nc, sc do la, xc do gi, v thanh do h khng. Nm vt th ny chnh l nm i tng ca nm quan nng, cng tng ng vi nm i chng: mi do t, li do nc, mt do la, da do gi, v tai do h khng. (6-7) Thi (kla) ch theo quan nim v tnh cch vn chuyn tip ni, Phng (dik), hay phng v, phng s, ch cho khng gian, ngha l cc phng hng v v tr. Khng (ksa), Thi (kla) v Phng (dik) l nhng bn th n nht (eka), thng hng (nitya) v bin ti (vibhu) (Bin ti: tn ti, ph bin, khp mi ni). Li na, tt c thy chng u l bn th v hn, khng phn v. Nhng trong kinh nghim thng tc, chng cng c chia thnh hn bit. Nhng hn bit ca thi gian l qu kh, hin ti, v lai; nhng hn bit ca khng gian l trc, sau, xa, gn, trn, di, v.v... (8) Ng (tman). Vi t cch nh l mt ch t ca mi hnh ng, n thng hng v bin ti. Nhng hnh ng chng t c ng lm ch t, v l lun chng c gi tr v s hin hu ca ng, thng c nhc n l: gic (jnna), dc (icch) v cu mong (yatna); ni cch khc, y l nhng tc ng tri gic, dc v ch. C hai loi ng: ng ton tri, ch c Thng khng l thuc kh hay lc v ng c bit, c lp. Ng ny c k l v s, chng l bn th tm linh vn thng ti, lm cn bn cho hot ng ca thc. Nhng thc khng phi l bn tnh ca ng, n c coi nh l mt thuc tnh ngu nhin m ng s hu. Th d: trong gic ng say, thc khng hot ng, nhng ng vn tn ti. (9) (manas). Trong s tip xc gia mi cn v ngoi cnh, nu khng c can thip, mi quan h ca chng s khng dn n mt kt qu no ht. Ngha l, c nhn, nhng khng c thy. N cng c lit k vo s cc nguyn t nh l bn i chng, v cng c tnh cch nng ng nh chng, nhng khng phi l nguyn t to thnh nhng tp hp vt. Mi ng u c mt , v l quan nng nhn thc, ging nh nm quan nng kia: mt, tai, mi, v.v... Trn kha cnh nhn thc, s tip xc gia nm quan

nng (nm cn) vi nm i tng tng ng (nm cnh), l s tip xc gia cc tp hp vt. Nhng tp hp vt ny c nhin chu s chi phi ca lut st na sinh dit. Do , phi cn c mt quan nng lnh hi nhng kt qu ca nhn thc, nh truy c qu kh v suy on tng lai. Theo y, khi c s tip xc gia cn v cnh, ng s t vo khi ln nhn thc. Nhng v c tnh cch l nguyn t cc vi, do cn c s c. Nh vy, khi tt c nm cn cng tip xc vi nm cnh, th trong ch c mt cn c can thip, v ch ring cn v cnh ny dn n mt kt qu nhn thc. Cng nh bn tht th u, c kh nng vn ng, v l vn ng cn bn ti s ca mi vn ng, nhng l th lc vn ng khng th thy (adrista). Ngoi ra, th lc vn ng ca din ra rt l. Do , i vi Vaisesika, khi ta c cm tng l c hai nhn thc cng khi ln mt lc, nh va thy va nghe, k thc c hai din ra c trc v c sau, trong khong thi gian cc tiu, tnh bng th lc vn chuyn ca . ---o0o--2. c c ngha (Guna) c hay phm tnh (Guna), khi thy, gm c 17 loi: (1) Sc (rpa), mu sc vn l i tng ca mt. Mu ch c tm thy trong t (hsiti), nc (ap) v la (tejas). Nc v la c tnh cch thng ti; ring t th c bin chuyn. Sc gm c sc cht (rpatva) v sc phm (rpa-guna). (2) V (rsa), i tng ca li. Ch c t v nc mi c v. V cng nh sc, c v cht (rsatva) v v phm (rasa-guna). (3) Hng (gandha), i tng ca mi, ch thuc v t. (4) Xc (sprsa): i tng s m ca da, tm thy trong t, nc, la, gi. (5) Thanh (sabda): i tng ca tai, thuc v h khng (ks). (6) S (smkhya): ch cho tt c khi nim v s m. Nh phm tnh ny, s vt c phn bit hoc t, hoc nhiu.

(7) Lng (parimiti): khi nim v tnh cch tng i gia ln hay nh ca vt th. (8) Bit th (prthaktva): phm tnh nh m cc vt th xut hin trong tnh cch sai bit nhau. (9) Hip (samyoga): nh phm tnh ny m ngi ta nhn ra s lin h ca cc vt th vi nhau. (10) Ly (vibhga): cho bit s vt khng lin h vi nhau hay khng tip xc nhau. (11-12) B th (paratva) v th th (aparatva): xc nh s vt tn ti trong khong thi gian lu hay mau v trong khong khng gian xa hay gn. (13-17) Gic (budhi), lc, (sukha), kh (dukha), dc (icch), sn (dvesa), cn dng (yatna): nhng phm tnh ny ch din ra trong lin h vi ng. Tt c 17 phm tnh trn y, vi t cch l c ngha, chng c th c gi l thc ti c lp v l kh tri (jneya) v kh thuyt (abhideya), nhng khng tn ti bit lp ngoi tht th (dravya). V sau, con s ca guna ln n 24, m ngi ta c th tm thy trong Thng tng thp c ngha. H thng song hnh ca Nyya-Vaisesika cng chp nhn con s ny, c th thy y trong Tarkasamraha ca Annambhatta. y, chng ta khng cn i su vo chi tit. ---o0o--3. Nghip c ngha (Karma) Nghip ch cho tc dng vn ng ca mt tht th, cng trc thuc v ni ti ni mt tht th nh guna, nhng guna biu trng cho kha cnh tnh v thng ca tht th, cn nghip biu trng cho kha cnh ng. C nm loi vn ng tc nghip: (1) Th (utksepana): vn ng hng thng;

(2) X (avaksapana): vn ng hng h; (3) Khut (kunacdana): vn ng quy tm; (4) Thn (prasnara): vn ng ly tm; (5) Hnh (gamana): vn ng phc tp. S phn tch v nm loi nghip nh th l v theo quan nim rng chnh do nghip m cc nguyn t cc vi hoc kt hp (samyoga) hoc phn ly (vibhga) i vi nhau. Nu xt trn bn v khng gian, th nm loi nghip l nm chiu hng tc ng ca cc nguyn t cc vi. Nhng nu xt trn bn v thi gian, c th coi chng nh l trnh t ca vn ng. Th d: s vn ng ca mi tn. Nghip ti s, khi u bng tnh cch phn ly khi bn v ca n, nh mi tn c bn ra theo chiu hng thng. Ngay gn pht k tip, mi tn do on tuyt vi bn v tin hnh tin ti, nh vy, d lc ca khi thy gim dn n lc mi tn c i chiu. Sau , n nhm ch m lao ti. Giai on cui cng l s vn ng y c coi nh di chuyn t im ny ti im kia, theo ngha rng, n bao qut c qu trnh vn ng. Nu gii thch cht ch hn, phi phn tch qu trnh hot ng din ra trong tng chp nhong ca mi st na (ksana). Th th, vn ng ch thc din ra t phn ly, on tuyt k tc, tin hnh k tc v n st na th nm l tu thnh qu trnh vn ng. Tm li, c tnh ca nghip l to ra s phn ly v kt hp. Do phn ly v kt hp hoc tan r to ra mi din bin ca hin tng gii. ---o0o--4. ng c ngha (Smya) C ngha th t, smya, cc nh Pht hc Trung Hoa xa dch l ng, vi nim l ng chng loi. T ng ny, thng c cc hc gi phng Ty dch l ph bin th (universal) phn bit vi i loi (genus). Thng lun kinh (Vaisesika-stra) nh ngha: nityam ekam aneknuagatam smnyam: ng (smnyam) c ba tnh cht: thng ti (nityam), n nht (ekam) v bin hnh (aneknugatam). Thng ti v s tn ti ca n y nh mt yu tnh vnh cu; th d, con b v yu tnh ca n (gatva). Do yu tnh

ny, khi con b xut hin nh mt i tng ca nhn thc, n cng c thu nhn cng lc tt c hin hu ch c by gi v y v n c trong mi lc v mi ni. Th n l n nht, v l nht th ca nhng phc th: tt c nhng con b khc nhau u hin hu trong ng loi tnh (jti) ca chng. Do , loi tnh ch c mt. Sau ht l bin hnh, tc l ph bin th (smanya), hin din (anugatam) trong t s th c th (aneka). Smnya c coi nh mt c ngha, tc thc ti, v n c kh nng lm i tng - khch quan - ca nhn thc, khng phi ch l khi nim, khi mt s th c trc nhn trong c bit tnh ca n. Nh th, c hai loi ng loi tnh. Loi tnh cao (parajti) chnh l hu th (satta). Th nn bt c s th no c coi l thc ti u phi c xt nh l mt s hu (sat) hay hu th. V th (asat) khng phi l ng loi tnh, mc d n thng ti, nhng n khng hin hu, khng bao hm trong mt s th no. Ch nhng g hin hu mi c sai bit (aneka), do mi c ng-loi-tnh ca nhng sai bit. Loi-tnh-thp (aparajti) l cc c ngha Thc, c v Nghip, v.v... Th d: Thc c ngha l mt smanya, bi v n l ng loi tnh ca t, nc, v.v... Gi l thp, v chng ch l mt s th c gii hn, khng bao gm ton din tt c. Cn c cc c ngha: ng trn v D k tip, chng ta c th hiu r phng php phn loi v phn tch ca Vaisesika trn cn bn a nguyn thc ti lun. ---o0o--5. D c ngha (Visesa) Xt trn phng din lun l, tnh cch hin hu ca mt s th c tri ra trong hai chiu. Nu n c tri ra theo chiu kch bn ngoi ca ngoi trng, y tc l ng-c-ngha. Nu tri ra trong chiu s th ca ni hm, y s l D-c-ngha. Nh c ngha ny, ngi ta mi c s phn bit (vyvrtaka) i vi nhng bn th thng ti (nityadravyavritti). Nu khng, lm th no phn bit s ny vi s khc, theo ngha phitha-tnh (aparatva) ca n. Nhng nguyn t nh t, nc, v.v... khng c g khc nhau ni hin hu ca chng, nhng trong nhn thc, ngi ta bit

c c bit th ca chng. D c ngha c thit lp nh mt thc ti khch quan gii quyt vn . Tng quan gia ng v d cn cho php ngi ta phn tch v phn loi cc s th. S phn loi khi din ra mt mi trng ngoi trng cc i nh th cn ha kh s xut hin ca nhng c bit th nh: tht, c, nghip, v.v... Thm na, trong chn loi th ca tht c ngha, chng xut hin trong mi trng ngoi trng vi s ha kh ca ni hm nn c th thit lp c bit th ca chng. Nh vy, theo nguyn tc chung ca lun l, khi ngoi trng cng ln th ni hm cng nh. Nu ngoi trng cc i l hu th th ni hm s l t th hay phi tnh (aparatva), ni din ny chnh l bin d (antya-visesa). Vaisesika l mt a nguyn Thc ti lun, l c nhin khng nhng tha nhn d bit th (visesa) nh mt thc ti khch quan, m cn tha nhn s hin hu ca v s d bit th. Vn quan trng l lm th no nhn ra s d bit gia cc d bit th. Tc phm Trung lun ca Long Th (Ngrjuna) hnh nh c cp n vn ny. Nhng v lun khng nu r ch danh Vaisesika, nn chng ta ch c th xt trn bnh din tng qut ca vn . Theo lun, d bit th khng phi l mt thc ti, v khng t hu. Vaisesika thit lp d bit th bng tnh cch d bit trong d bit (sarvavyrtarka). Nhng vi Trung lun, nu th th ch c ng nht ch khng c d bit. ---o0o--6. Ha hip ngha (Smavya) Di quan im Thc ti lun, Vaisesika tha nhn s hin hu ca cc cc vi nh l c bit. Chng s tip nhau qua hai phng din. Th nht, trn phng din ngoi ti, c bit th tip xc nhau theo tnh cch ngu hp c gi l tng ng (samyaga), ci ny tip cn ci kia. ng khc, nhng thc ti c bit nh thc th (dravya), phm tnh (guna), tc dng (karma), v.v... khi tip xc vi nhau, tt c u y c ni ti: tip xc ni ti hay ha hip (samavya). S tip xc ny c tnh cch bt phn (avyutasiddha: trung thnh), nh s ha hip gia mt s th vi mt mu sc, y l tng quan nhn ca n trong khng gian. Thc s, Vaisesika khng xt ti tng quan nhn qu

trong thi gian, do khng cng nhn thuyt qu c trc trong nhn nh ch trng ca S lun (Smkhya). Ch c tng quan nhn qu c nht l tng quan trong khng gian. Nu xt theo thi gian, phi tha nhn rng kt qu l mt s th c sn trong tin nhn ca n. Nhng nu chp nhn nh th s khng ph hp vi quan im a nguyn Thc ti lun ca Vaisesika. Tc ng dn n kt qu khng do th lc ni ti m l ngoi ti, v thc ti l nhng c th bit lp. Nh vy, kt qu ca hin hu ny chnh do tng quan ha hip ca cc d bit , chng ha hip trong s ton thnh bt kh ly. ---o0o--7. V th ngha (Abhva) C ngha th by ny l abhva hay v th. Knada khng t v th thnh mt c ngha ring bit. Su c ngha u l tch cc. y l tiu cc. Nhng c ngha khc c coi l tuyt i trong khi nim ca n. Tiu cc hay ph nh tuyt i l iu khng th c, n l mt gi tng. Ph nh thit yu gi thit mt khng nh no . Vaisesika, vi quan im Thc ti lun, tin tng rng cng nh nhn thc khc bit vi s tri vn hin hu c lp ngoi nng tri v nhn thc thit yu l tr vo mt i tng no ; cng nh vy, nhn thc v ph nh khc vi s th b ph nh v thit yu tr vo mt s th b ph nh no . S vng mt ca mt vt th v nhn thc v s vng mt ca n, c hai khc bit nhau. V th gm c bn: (1) V th tin hnh (Prgabhva) (2) V th hu hu (Pradhavamsbhva) (3) V th tng i (anyoybhva) (4) V th tuyt i (atynta-bhva) V th tin hnh l: 1. v th ca mt s th trc khi sanh khi; 2. l v th ca mt s th sau khi hy dit; 3. l v th ca mt s th ny i vi mt s th khc n; 4. l mt nim gi tng, l s vng mt ca mi quan h gia hai s th trong qu kh, hin ti v v lai. V th tin hnh

khng c khi thy nhng c tn cng. N tn cng khi s th sanh khi. V th hu hu c khi thy nhng khng c tn cng. N khi thy khi s th b hy dit v khng tn cng v s th khng th ti sinh thi. V th tng i i lp vi ng nht tnh. N va v thy va v chung. Nu khng c v th tin hnh, vn hu tr nn v thy; nu khng c v th hu hu, vn hu tr thnh v chung. Nu v th tng i khng c, vn hu tr thnh v phn bit v nu v th tuyt i khng c, vn hu s hin hu mi lc v mi ni. Quan im v v th ny l cn c trn khi nim Bn th lun ny ca Vaisesika. ---o0o--IV.CC VI LUN Chng ta bit rng v tt c mi s th th suy l ca trit hc n cui cng c quy kt trn quan im nhn qu. C hai quan im chnh, qu c trc trong nhn v khng c trc trong nhn. Phi Smkhya theo quan nim th nht. Vaisesika v Hyya theo quan im th hai. Qu l mt ci g mi m. Tt nhin bt c hu qu no u phi c nguyn nhn. Nhng y n khng hm tng trong nhn v cng khng ng nht vi nhn. Trong cc c ngha, chng ta bit rng cc vt th hu cht c kt hp bi nhiu thnh t v chu chi phi ca lut sanh thnh v hy dit. Chng c th c phn tch thnh nhng phn t t vi nht, v khng th phn tch thm c na. y l cc vi (paramnu). Tt c cc vt th u l tp hp ca nhng phn t cc vi ny. Do , s sanh khi c ngha l s tp hp ca cc cc vi trong cc phn v sai bit v hy dit c ngha l s tan r ca nhng tp hp ny. Du vy, v cc cc vi khng b chi phi bi v thng, do , cn nhn ca vn hu khng h c sanh hay dit. Nh vy, quan nim nhn qu ca Vaisesika cho rng khng phi qu tim phc n giu trong nhn ri do ng lc ni ti, n ph hy nhn qu xut hin. Mt quan im nh vy d nhin l h lun t thuyt cc vi, vn l thc ti vnh cu. Ni cch khc, tng quan nhn qu ch din ra chiu ngang, v tnh cch tip xc ca cc cc vi chnh l mi quan h khng gian hin hu ca chiu ngang. Phn ng gi thuyt ny l Asatkryavda, thng c dch l Nhn trung v qu.

Cc vi c bn: t, nc, gi v la. H khng (ksa) khng phi l mt cc vi, v n n nht, thng ti, v l trung gian cc cc vi tp hp. Cuc tranh lun si ni ca cc nh Pht hc Nguyn thy hnh nh c lin h vi im ny. Bi v, theo h, c nhin, cc vi khng th gi l c phn v, ngha l khng th c chiu kch. Nu c phn v, mi phn v s l mt im nh ca cc vi, v nh th khi nim v cc vi tr nn bt thnh. Khng c phn v, do cc cc vi tp hp nhau trong tnh cch gin cch, tc l qua trung gian ca khng gian. Cc cc vi khc nhau v lng ln phm. Mi cc vi c mt c bit tnh v hin hu nh mt thc ti ly cch. T nh nht l cc vi ca gi, v n l kh tnh ca xc chm. Cc vi la c kh tnh ca xc chm v mu sc nc c xc chm, mu sc, mi v v hng v. Tt c cc vi u c hnh dng vin cu (parimandala). T bn thn, chng bt hot v bt ng. Tri qua mt cuc tan r, chng vn y nhin bt hot. S tp hp chng c iu ng bi th lc v hnh (adrsta) ca php (dharma) v phi php (adharma). Th lc cc vi v hnh ny c ng trong ng c bit v thin hng v ch thnh mn di hnh thc hng lc hay th kh. Khi c th lc v hnh thc y vn ng, cc cc vi bt u rung ng (paripanda) v trc tip chuyn thnh lng v, tc l tp hp ca hai cc vi. Cc cc vi l ha hip nhn (samavyukarana) ca tp hp lng v ny v tng ng (samyoga), tc s lin kt ngoi ti, khng phi l ha hip nhn hu hiu nht dn n trc nhn kh . Thuyt V ng ca Pht gio cn c trn phn tch Ng un. Theo thng l, phn tch ny dn n thnh t cc vi. Nhng khi tin n y, cc nh Pht hc, ngay t nguyn thy, cm thy gp phi mt vn nan gii. l tnh cch tp hp ca cc cc vi. Lun Cu X (Abhidharmakosa) ca Th Thn (Vasubandhu) ghi li ba gii thch: a. Tp hp tng phn, tc l tp hp qua phng v ca cc cc vi. Th d, hai cc vi tip xc nhau ti mt im, nu im l phn cc tiu so vi mt cc vi. Tt nhin y, khi nim cc vi bt thnh, v cha phi l phn t nh nht. b. Tp hp ton din, nh hai ly nc. Nh th, cc vi s khng h l kt qu t c do phn tch. Ngha l, khi nim cc vi nh l mt phn t nh nhim nht cng bt thnh.

c. Tp hp gin cch, qua trung gian ca h khng. Tp hp ny do hp lc ca nghip cm, nh t trng ca st. Nhng, h khng tha nhn thc tnh vn ng ca cc vi, v th, gii thch ny bt thnh. L do ti sao, di y s tr li cu hi ca chng ta. 2. Thuyt cc vi cn tr thuyt nghip cm. Bi v cc nh Pht hc khng tha nhn tnh cch thng ti ca cc vi. Cc vi hin hnh v hy dit trong tng st na, nu khng, vn hu khng th c hin tng v thng. Th nn, khi ni cc vi di chuyn t v tr ny sang v tr khc, i hi phi c thi gian tn ti ti thiu l hai st na: sanh y v dit kia. Nh vin tung ln tri m khng c ng lc ni ti ri xung ngay th vnh vin n s khng ri tr xung. Kt lun theo h, cc vi ch l gi tng, v l h lun ca phn tch. iu ng ghi nh, phng php lun ca Vaisesika mang tnh cch khoa hc hn l trit hc, v din ra trn nn tng khng gian. y l l do Vaisesika khng chp nhn thuyt Satkryavda, qu c sn trong nhn, nh thy c ngha V ha hip. Phng php lun ca Pht hc li y c trn din bin ca tm nhiu hn, nh thy thuyt Ng un v h mun tin ti trc ng v ng. V li, chnh Phng php lun nh th khin Vaisesika coi ng nh l mt vt th, do , gii thot ca n khng tin ti ng siu vit. Mt hin trit ni: Th sanh ra nh mt con ch si trong rng Vridna thn yu cn hn l kht vng th gii thot m Vaisesika cung cp. Trch dn cu ny l kt lun ca Ch. Sharme, khi vit v Vaisesika. Di th lc v hnh, cc cc vi c tp hp, v y l quan nim v nh lut Nghip ca Vaisesika. Kt qu ca kh hay lc m ng th hng u b chi phi bi lut ny. ---o0o--V.TRIN PHC V GII THOT Nh ni, l tng c nu ln Vaisesika-stra l sanh thin (abhyadaya) v ti thng thin tc l l tng gii thot. Trin phc do v minh v gii thot nh chn tr, vn l kin gii chn thc v su c ngha. Do v minh v ng m thc hnh cc nghip. Nghip dn n l thin (dharma) v bt thin (adharma). Chng c tham i v b li cun vo thin

hng sn ui lc th, lng trnh kh no. Nu nghip hay hnh ng ph hp vi gio hun ca Veda, chng dn n phc lc; tri li, l phi phc lc. Tt c u do th lc v hnh (adrsta) iu ng. Theo nh lut Karma, ngi ta phi hng ly nhng kt qu hnh ng ty theo nghip tt hay xu. gii ta trin phc, c ng phi on tr cc hnh nghip. Khi cc hnh nghip on tr, nhng php hay phi php khng cn ti khi, v nhng php v phi php trc y dn dn b tiu dit. t n gii thot l ng phc hi nguyn th, vt ngoi tt c tri hnh hay cm th. ---o0o--VI.KT LUN Trit thuyt ca Vaisesika cung cp cho nn lun l hc n mt cn bn siu hnh kh vng chc. Nyya, mt trit phi c trng ca lun l, chp nhn ton b cn bn siu hnh ny, trn phng din Nhn thc lun. V Vaisesika-Nyya cng mt lp trng, do , chng ta s trnh by chng qua trit phi Nyya. iu quan trng cn lu y l, Phng php lun ca trit phi Vaisesika nhm n chn tr, t , lun l hc l phng tin a n chn tr ny. Ch ch ca trit thuyt Nyya khng khc l iu hin nhin. Nhng hoc v tnh hoc hu , ngay c nh lun l hc tr danh ca Pht gio n . Dharmakrti (Php Xng), cng t chn tr nh l cu cnh ca Lun l hc, theo mi hnh ng hu hiu phi c hng dn bi hiu bit chn chnh. Tuy nhin, Vaisesika l mt trong hai i th chnh yu ca Pht gio. i th kia l Smkhya. Cn Nyya khi cn l i th v cn bn siu hnh ca n vn l Vaisesika. Vednta, trit phi quan trng nht cng khng thnh i th, v Gudapda, sng t ca trit thuyt Vednta, chu nh hng thuyt Snyata ca Long Th (Ngrjuna) rt su m. Vaisesika l i th ca Pht gio, v rng: Lp trng a nguyn Thc ti lun cn tr nh lut v thng, v thuyt v ng, m Pht gio coi nh l con ng hu hiu nht dn n trc nhn kh . ---o0o---

Chng V - Trit thuyt Nyya (Chnh L) I.TNG QUT Trn quan im siu hnh, Nyya l mt hc phi (darsana) vi y nhng lun thuyt v bn th v thc ti. Nhng trn phng din lun l, n l mt h thng php thc suy lun c chp nhn gn nh ph bin i vi t tng trit hc n . Nu khng xt n tnh cch d bit ca trit l, danh t Nyya c chp nhn trn ton th nh l cn c v php thc suy lun, m chnh ngay c hu k Pht gio cng chp nhn mt cch t nhin. Cc nh lun l hc Pht gio nh Trn Na (Dgna) hay Thng Kit La Ch (Sankra-Svamin) u s dng danh t Nyya lm tiu cho tc phm lun l ca h. Tc phm nhp mn v lun l ca Trn Na c tn l Hetu-vidy-nyyasstra (Nhn minh Chnh l mn lun)55. Tc phm ca Thng Kit La Ch c tn l Hetu-vidy-nyya-pravesa-sstra (Nhn minh nhp Chnh l lun)56. Do tnh cch ph thng ca danh t nh th, ngi ta khng ly lm l khi thy Khuy C, mt cao ca Huyn Trang, nh ngha t ng Chnh L nh sau: Mi hin hu u l hin hu chn tht, mc d t tnh ca chng sai bit. Nhng di s bin i ca thi gian, do kin gii m h, m ngha ch thc ca chng b che lp. Cc gii thch phn ln u sai lc. Nay ni n hin hu chn tht, cho nn mnh danh l chnh l57. nh ngha ny r rng coi Nyya nh l mt thut ng ca Pht gio. Nyya, hoc do ng t cn l i, c ngha l i58, do c ngha l s i n quan im chn chnh; hoc do ng t cn ni: dt dn, v do c ngha l s dn n quan im chn chnh59. Ng cn th hai ny c chp nhn ph bin hn. Trong nh ngha ca Khuy C, chng ta thy nyya c hiu theo ng cn ny. Ni mt cch tng qut, nyya l mt php thc suy lun c tnh tng hp hay din dch, l phng tin dn tr nng i n nhng kt lun chn chnh, c gi tr, c hiu lc. Ngha l, tha mn tt c nhng yu t ca lun l, di hnh thc tng t vi Tam on lun ca Aristotle. Cng nh cc trit phi khc, s xut hin ca Nyya khng c nin i xc thc. Truyn thuyt ni sng t ca n l Gotama, c tn l Tc Mc (Aksapda)60. S d c tn nh vy, cng theo truyn thuyt, bi v ng qu m mnh trong suy t cho nn bc lc xung ging, Thng thy vy,

tng cho ng cp mt di chn. Tc phm ca ng, Nyya-stra, l cn bn cho trit phi ny. N tp hp tt c 538 stras, chia thnh 5 quyn. Nhu cu php thc suy lun trong lch s t tng n c th xut hin rt sm, do nhng tho lun gia cc o s ca o Ngha Th. Tuy nhin, mt hnh thc php thc theo kiu Nyya nht nh khng th sm hn thi i ca c Pht Thch Ca. Tp Trng B kinh, kinh Phm Vng, cp cc hc thuyt ng thi, c nhc n cc nh suy l di danh hiu l nhng takkin61; y l mt t ng khc thng dng ch cho nhng nh lun l hc. ng khc, tp Hi Trnh lun (Vigrahavyvartni) ca Long Th (Ngrjuna)62 c bc b quan im v cc chng l tri thc. D nhin, y l quan im ca Nyya. Mt khc, cc nh ch gii Nyya-stra nh Vatsyyana, th k V Ty lch, hay nh Vcaspatimisra, th k IX Ty lch, ch im ra rng Stra ca Gotama c bi bc lp trng Tnh Khng lun ca Long Th, v lun c Duy Thc lun ca V Trc (Asanga) v Th Thn (Vasubandhu). Ni cch khc, n khng th trc th k V trc Ty lch v sau th k III trc Ty lch. Gii thch sm nht v Nyya-stra l Nyyabhsya ca Vatsyyana, khong th k V sau ty lch. Cho n th k VI, Uddyotakara xut hin vi Nyya-vrttika. Cn c trn tc phm ny, th k IX c Vcaspati-misra vi Nyyay-vrttika-ttparya-tk. V ri da trn tc phm ny, ch gii phc tp thm na, c Udayana vi Nyya-varttika-ttparya-parisuddhi, vit vo th k X. Cho n th k XIII, vi s xut hin ca Gangesa, qua tp Tattva-cintamani, Nyya bc sang mt giai on mi, t ch tm n nhng vn trit l siu hnh, m thin hn v php thc suy lun. Nhn nh v chung cuc ca Nyya vi Gangesa, nh n hc Helmut von Glasenapp ni: Nhng t nh (trong cng trnh ca Gangesa) thc s dn n s hnh thnh ca mt h phi kinh vin m thc t c tm mc rt quan trng i vi lun l hc hnh thc, nhng t c sng to i vi nhng t tng mi cho siu hnh hc63. ---o0o---

II.CC CH IM CA TRIT L Nyya-stra bt u bng gii thuyt v 16 c ngha, theo , an lc ti thng t c nh c tri kin v bn tnh chn tht ca 16 c ngha. Chng l tt c ch im trit l ca Nyya, bao gm nhng vn tri thc, thc ti, nhn sinh v cc php thc vt l. Tip n, Stra I.i.2 cp n qu trnh nhn qu ca kh v lc, di hnh thc quan h m chng ta c th tm thy ni thuyt 12 nhn duyn ca Pht gio. i vi Nyya, nguyn nhn ca s kh trong i sng ny l do s sanh (janman); nguyn nhn ca s sanh l tc nghip (pravrtti); ng c gy ra nhng tc nghip l phin no (on) v gc r ca cc phin no sai lm (dosa) ny l t tr (mithyjnnna). Ni theo chiu thun ca tng quan nhn qu, th qu trnh din tin ca s kh l: t tr (mithyjnna) m Pht gio gi l v minh (avidy) sanh? phin no? tc nghip? sanh v? kh. T tr l s hiu bit sai lm, l tri kin in o gia ng v v ng, gia kh v lc, gia thng v v thng. T t tr pht sanh ba th c hi l tham, sn, si; chng l nhng phin no sai lm (dosa). i tr t tr v thc hin qu trnh gii thot, phi c chn tr (tattvajnna). Qu trnh ny din ra cng tng t vi qu trnh hon dit v 12 nhn duyn ca Pht gio: do t tr dit m phin no dit; do phin no dit m tc nghip dit; do tc nghip dit m s sanh dit; do sanh dit m kh dit. y, chn tr l s hiu bit chn thc v 16 c ngha: 1. Lng (pramna). Do ng t cn m: o lng, v y, t ng ny ch cho hiu lc ca tri thc. Hiu lc ny, c gi tr hay khng gi tr, chu l thuc cht ch cc iu kin ni ti v ngoi ti ca nhn thc. Ch im th nht, do , l tri thc lun. Bi v hiu lc ca tri thc phi c o lng mc phn nh ca thc ti; tri thc lun trong iu kin ny khng th l vn ring bit ngoi Thc ti lun. Nyya thnh lp bn lng: hin lng (pratyaksa), t lng (anamna), th d lng (upamna) v thanh lng (sabda). Chng s c ni r hn ni cc chng sau.

2. S lng (prameya). N l i tng ca tri thc, m ch thc cng chnh l vn nhn sanh, bao gm cc yu t ni thn v ngoi cnh ca mt c nhn, cho n s kh v an lc ca y. Cc i tng ny c: (1) Ng (tman), quan nim ca Nyya khng khc vi Vaisesika. Nyya-stra I.i.10 ni: Dc (icch), sn (dvesa), cn dng (yatna), lc (sukha), kh (duhkha) v tr (jnna); y l nhng c tnh ca ng. (2) Thn th (sarra), l s y ca hot ng, quan nng v cm gic. S cu to ca n l do yu t t hay a i. (3) Cn (indriya), cc quan nng nhn thc, gm: mi, li, mt, da v tai. S cu to ca n do nm yu t, ng vi quan im ca Vaisesika: mi do a i; li do thy i; mt do ha i; da do phong i; v tai do khng i. (4) Cnh (artha), cc i tng ngoi gii ca nhn thc, tng i vi nm quan nng ni ti (indriyas): hng, v, sc, xc v thanh; v cng c cu to t nm yu t (bhtni: i chng): a, thy, ha, phong v khng. (5) Gic (buddhi), tc dng phn bit ca nhn thc, l c nng l tr. (6) (mnas) cng quan im vi Vaisesika, Nyya coi nh l c nng nhn thc ng khi khi cn v cnh giai tip, n h tr cho ng kinh nghim c ngoi gii. (7) Tc nghip (pravrtti), nhng ng tc khi ln sau khi nhn thc t n im xc nh. Chnh do nhng ng tc ny m cc phin no pht sanh. (8) Phin no (dosa), m cn bn, cng tng t vi Pht gio, gm c tham dc (rga), sn hn (dvesa) v ngu si (moha). (9) B hu (pretyabhva), cng ni l lun hi hay s ti sanh (punarutpatti), do hu qu ca phin no v nghip. (10) Qu (phala), tc kt qu ca tc nghip v phin no, nht nh a n cc cnh gii ca lun hi.

(11) Kh (duhkha), m c tnh l s chng ngi (bdhan) tc nhng tr ngi trong i sng khin ngi ta khng th t n hnh phc m mnh mong mun. (12) Gii thot (apavarga), dt tr trn vn s kh, t n ci ti thng (nihsreyasa), khng cn b chi phi bi cc iu kin kh v lc. 3. Nghi hoc (Samsaya). C ngha th nht v hai l hiu lc v iu kin ca nhn thc, m chnh yu l trc gic. C ngha th ba ny l iu kin dn khi php thc suy lun. N l s nghi ng bt quyt, khi hai s vt lm i tng ging nhau; th d, t ng xa, nhn thc khng quyt nh dt khot i tng ca n l ct nh chy, hay mt con ngi. ng khc, s nghi hoc c th do tri gic m h, khng nhn ra c chn tng ca i tng. Cng c trng hp l khng ch ; khng c s can thip ca manas. 4. ng c (Prayojana), do nghi hoc m c hai bn cng tho lun tm ra mt gii p chung. 5. Kin bin (Drstnta), bin t hay gii hn cui cng ca quan im. N l kinh nghim ph thng m tt c mi ngi u tha nhn. Trong Tam on lun, kinh nghim ny c t thnh i tin , lm cn bn cho suy lun din dch. Ni cch khc, n l tiu chun chung gii quyt mt vn tranh lun. 6. Tng ngha (Siddhnta), cng c th dch l nh thuyt hay cc thnh. T trn tiu chun chung c tha thun, ngi ta tin ti kt lun c th trong ch trng ca mnh. Xt trn phng din php thc, y l cc trng hp lp tng (pratijna), nu ln mt quan im hay mt ch trng cng tho lun vi i phng. y, c bn trng hp lp tng: (1) Bin s ha tng (sarvatantra-siddhnta), mt quan im hay mt ch trng m tt c mi hc thuyt u chp nhn. Th d, lp tng ni: hng l i tng ca mi, tng ngha ny c gi tr, bi v khng mt hc thuyt no ph nhn n. (2) Tin tha bm tng (pratitantra-siddhnta), mt ch trng ch c tha nhn bi tn gio hay hc phi ca mnh. Th d, ni: m thanh

thng tr, l tng ngha ch c tha nhn bi cc nh thanh thng tr lun, trong khi cc nh Pht hc phn i. (3) Bng chun ngha tng (adhikarana-siddhnta), nu ln mt quan im m trong cn hm ng mt quan im khc na. Chng hn khi mt nh Pht hc nu quan im m thanh l v thng trong cn hm ng ngha v ng na. (4) Bt c lun tng (abhyupagama-siddhnta), mt nh thuyt c tnh cch gi thit; mt tng ngha c thit lp theo quan im ring ca mnh, khng da vo kin gii ph thng, hay quan im hc phi. 7. Lun thc (Avya), php thc suy lun. Mt lun thc gm nm thnh phn, gi l ng chi tc php. (1) Tng (pratijna) (2) Nhn (hetu) (3) D (uhharana) (4) Hip (upayana) (5) Kt (nigamana) 8. T trch (Tarka) 9. Quyt nh (Nirnaya) 10. Lun ngh (Vda) 11. Lun trnh (Ialpa), v 12. Lun kt (Vitand): y l qu trnh ni ti v ngoi ti ca ng chi tc php. Trc ht phi nhn thc chn tng ca vn , tc t trch, ri tin n quyt nh. C hai l qu trnh ni ti ca ng chi tc php. Sau khi lun thc, tc ng chi tc php, c thit lp, vn c pht biu cho i phng, i hi c chp thun. l lun ngh. c chp thun, lun gi phi bnh vc quan im ca mnh v tha mn nhng g m i

phng thot tin khng tha nhn. y l lun trnh. Sau khi thng t tng, lun gi v i phng cng tin ti kt lun chung, tc lun kt. 13. T nhn (Hetvbhsa) 14. Khc gii (Chala) 15. o nn (Jti), v 16. a ph (Nigrahasthna): bn vn cn phi bit trnh lp lun khng vng. Trn y l ton b cc ch trit l ca Nyya. Tng qut, chng c th c quy chiu di hai th ti chnh: ni dung ca tri thc v php thc ca lun l. Chng c gi l c ngha hay padrtha. Theo nh ngha, padrtha l mt s th kh tri (jneya), hay i tng chn thc ca tri thc (prameya). Chng ta s thy 16 padrthas ny khc vi 6 padrthas ca Vaisesika m Nyya sau ny chp nhn lm cn bn cho Thc ti lun ca mnh. ---o0o--III.TRI GIC HAY HIN LNG (Pratyaksa - Hiu lc ca tri thc) nh ngha ca Gautama v Pratyaksa: Indriyrtha samnikarsaupatnam jnnam avyapadesadam avyabhicri vyavasytmakam pratyaksam. Mt cch i cng, nh ngha ny c hiu rng: Hin lng l nhn thc (jnnam) khi ln do s tip xc (smnikarsa) ca cn v cnh (indriyrtha), khng th din bng li (padesadam), khng sai lm (avyabhicrin), quyt nh tnh. Theo nh ngha ca Gautama, hin lng gm ba c tnh: khng th din bng li, khng sai lm v quyt nh tnh (vyavasytmakam). Nhng theo Dignga, nh lun l hc tr danh ca Pht gio, mt nh ngha nh vy khng th chp nhn c, v t mu thun vi lp trng Nhn thc lun ca chnh Nyya. Nh th c ngha l, nh ngha t mu thun vi chnh n, v vi gii thuyt rng hin lng l nhn thc khi ln do s tip xc ca cn v cnh (indriyrtha samnikarsopatnnam jnnam) khng cho php a n kt lun v ba c tnh nh vy.

Phn i ca Dignga c ghi trong tc phm Tp Lng lun ca ng (Pramnasamuccaya). L do chnh m Dignga phn i l: a. Vi c tnh phi ngn thuyn (avyavadesya), khng th din bng li. Nhng ngn thuyn ch hiu lc trong nhng i tng tng qut, gi l tng tng (samnyalasana). Trong s tip xc trc tip ca cn v cnh, i tng lun lun l nhng ci c bit (svalaksana: t tng). Nh th, nhn thc c c tnh l ngn thuyn hay phi ngn thuyn ch c th kho st trong nhng lng khc: t lng chng hn, ch khng th hin lng. b. Vi c tnh khng sai lm (avyabhicrin). Nhn thc sai lm ch xut hin khi c s can thip ca thc (manas). D vy chng na, theo nh ngha ca Gautama, ta vn phi hiu rng trong tri gic hin lng ch thun l tc ng tng giao gia cc quan nng v s vt, khng h c s can thip no ca thc. Trong trng hp ny, khng th ni hin lng c hay khng c sai lm. c. Vi quyt nh tnh (vyavasytmaka). Theo Dignga, vyavasytmaka phi c hiu nh l c quyt nh qu (vyavasya-phalam). Nh th ngha l, nu ngi ta cho rng t ng vyavasytmaka trong nh ngha c dng vi mc ch loi tr tnh cch hoi nghi bt nh khi nhn thc khi ln, mc ch ny s khng nhm n tri gic hin lng, v trong tri gic hin lng, s tri xut hin trc tip. Th d, khi s tri l si dy, th y nht nh l si dy, ch khi no c can thip ca thc, by gi mi c s hoi nghi bt nh gia si dy v con rn. Th nn, y khng th gn cho tri gic l c tnh cch quyt nh hay bt nh. Ch trch ca Dignga cn c trn nh ngha ca chnh ng v tri gic hin lng, theo , hin lng tr phn bit. Trong khi , cc nh hc gi Nyyayikas cng nhn c hai giai on ca tri gic hin lng: giai on th nht l v phn bit (nirvikalpa) v giai on th hai l c phn bit (savikalpa). Nhng Dignga v cc nh lun l hc Pht gio ch tha nhn v phn bit nh l c tnh duy nht ca tri gic hin lng. Cn c tnh c phn bit phi dnh cho cc lng khc, t lng chng hn. D vy chng na, v hin lng v phn bit, cc nh hu Nyyayikas cho rng chng ta khng th bit n mt cch trc tip c, nhng cng vn phi chp nhn xem nh l giai on tt yu v khi thy m nu khng c th cng khng th c thc quyt nh64. V mt khc, khng phi nh

cc nh lun l hc Pht gio tha nhn rng hin lng v phn bit ch t c i tng trong bn tnh (svalaksana) st na sanh dit ca n, cc nh Nyyayikas li chng t rng tri gic hin lng v phn bit cng c th t n mt thc ti thng hng (sanmtram, tc lBrahman)11. V im ny, quan im ca Jayantakhatta, mt tay c phch ca Nyya, cho rng thc ti xut hin trong Savikalpa (hu phn bit) v NirvikalpaI (v phn bit) u nh nhau; chng ch khc nhau ch mt ng l mi trng ca ngn thuyt v mt ng vt ngoi ngn thuyt65. Do , vn t ra cho chng ta l: th no l nirvikalpaka v th no l savikalpaka? Gii thch mt cch i cng, trc tin, theo Vcaspatimisra, nh ngha ca Gautama v tri gic hin lng phi c hiu rng y khng phi l mt nh ngha tng qut, nhng l lc nu nhng sc thi ca tri gic. V vy, theo ng, t ng avyapadesya trong nh ngha ca Gautama l ch cho hin lng v phn bit (nirvikalpakapratyaksa) v t ng vyavasytmaka ch cho hin lng c phn bit (savikalpaka pratyaksa). Thm na, theo s gii thch ca Jinendralenddhi, ngi ta c th trnh by nhng ch nh t avyadesya v avyabhicrin trong nh ngha ca Gautama theo hai cch: 1. Nu coi nhng ch nh t ny l nhng tp hp theo hu ti thch (bahuvrhi), chng s ch nh cho nhn thc khng s hu i tng kh thuyt, v nhn thc khng s hu i tng sai lm. Trong trng hp ny, vyavadesya (kh thuyt) v vyabhicrin (sai lm) ch cho i tng. 2. Nu chng c coi nh l nhng tp hp theo y ch thch (tatpurusa), th chng ch cho nhn thc khng kh thuyt v khng sai lm. Nh th, y, avyapadesya v avyabhicrin ch cho bn cht ca nhn thc. Vi gii thch ny, bn cht nhn thc ca tri gic hin lng l khng s hu i tng kh thuyt v sai lm. Nhng chng ta nn nh rng Dignga ch trch li ny nh k trn. Ngha l, bt c theo trng hp no, v pha i tng hay v pha bn cht ca tri thc, vn nh th khng th t ra, v Nyya chp nhn quan im v tnh cch tng giao trc khi (sannikars) gia nng tri v s tri. Lp trng ca Nyya c th c bnh vc bng thuyt sannikars. y l s tip xc hay tng giao gia cn v cnh, trong tnh cch trc

khi, khng phi l tng ng (samyoga), ngha l khng rng buc nhau. S khi, Nyya xc nh v tr tng giao gia cn v cnh. S xc nh ny c mc ch minh chng rng ch tri tip xc vi s tri trong ton din hay phin din. Nu ch tip xc phin din, s vt khng th xut hin nh l i tng ca nhn thc. Nh vy, ngay t khi im ca nhn thc, vi nhn thc ca hin lng v phn bit, i tng mang tnh cch quyt nh. C hai trng hp tng giao gia cn v cnh, ch yu l tc ng ca nng tri, theo , nng tri la b v tr ca n i n tip xc vi i tng: prpyahrin (ch cnh); v ngc li: aprpyahrin (bt ch cnh). Nguyn thy, cc nh Nyya nh Jayantalkhatta v Sridhara cho rng tc ng ca tt c nm quan nng u l prapyahrin (ch cnh) v tnh cch tng giao trc khi ca chng. Cc nh Pht hc cho rng mt (caksu), tai (srotra) v (manas), khi tip xc vi i tng ring ca chng, i hi c mt khong cch, do c, aprpyahrin. Ngoi ra, u l prpyahrin. Uddyotakara bc b quan im ny. Gia cn v cnh khng th c trung gian, d l h khng (ksa), d l v th (abhva) hay bt c mt tht vt (dravya) no, bi v: a) ksa v hnh nn khng th ni l lm trung gian; b) abhva khng th t hu ngoi s y ca n, v c) dravya nu lm trung gian, n ch s cn tr s tip xc ca cn v cnh66. Nh vy, khi im ca nhn thc, cc quan nng khng tip xc ton din vi i tng. y, ch c s tip xc y nh cc vt th tng ng hay tip cn nhau, do khng c tc dng ca nhn thc. V vy, nhn thc trong mi trng hp, khng th thiu quyt nh tnh (vyavastmaka). Ni mt cch khc, nhn thc lun lun bao hm mt phn on (vyasytmaka). C nhin, y phi hiu l nhn thc ca hin lng phn bit (savikalpaka-pratyaksa). Sau giai on tng giao tip cn gia cn v cnh, giai on k tip ca tng giao trc khi (sannikarsa) din ra theo Tarkasamgraha ca Annambhatta, lc nu nh sau:

Pratyaksajnnahetuh indriyrthasannikarsah sadvidhah: samyogah, samyuktasamavyah samyuktasamavetasamavyah, samavyah samavetasamavyah, visesanavisesyakhvasca iti. Nhn thc hin lng do tng giao trc khi ca cn v cnh (indriyrthasannikarsa), vi su cch: 1. Samyogah (tng ng). Cng nh Vaisesika, Nyya trn quan im Thc ti lun cho rng, cc cc vi ca tht vt (dravya) kt hp to thnh ni cn v ngoi cnh. S kt hp ny gi l Samyoga (tng ng); y l kt hp ngoi ti. Kt hp ni ti, nh tht vt v phm tnh (guna) ca n c gi l samavya (ha hip). y, mt chng hn, l mt tp hp vt thuc dravya, tng giao vi lu nc (ghata) chng hn, cng l tht vt (dravya). Do tnh cch tip xc tng ng (samyoga) ny m mt nhn thy lu nc. 2. Samyukta-samavya (tng ng ha hip). Nh ni, ha hip (samavya) ch cho tng quan ni ti gia mt tht vt vi phm tnh ca n. Nh vy, do tnh cch tng giao y m mt khi nhn thy lu nc ng thi cng nhn thy mu sc (rpa) ca n. 3. Samyukta-samaveta-samavya (tng ng ha hip ha hip). Nh y, khi mt nhn thy mu sc ca lu nc ng thi tri nhn lun c c tnh tng qut ca mu sc ny (rpatva). 4. Samavya (ha hip). y l tng giao in hnh ca thnh gic v m thanh. Nyya quan nim thnh gic c cu to bi nguyn t h khng (ksa). V thanh hin hu trong h khng, do , c loi tng giao theo tnh cch ha hip hay kt hp ni ti ny. 5. Samaveta-samavya (ha hip ha hip), do cch ny, thnh gic tip nhn c tnh tng qut ni m thanh. 6. Visesana-visesya-bhva: tng quan nng bit s bit, hay s tip xc gia mt gic quan v i tng phi hu (abhva). Th d, trong gian

phng ny, trc y c bn gh. Nhng by gi l mt phng trng. S vng mt ca bn gh l mt i tng phi hu, n tn ti nh mt thc ti, khng phi ty thuc cn phng trng. y, khi mt nhn thy cn phng trng, gi l nng bit (visesana), tc th, cng lc nhn thy lun c s vng mt ca bn gh, s bit vt (visesya). Su loi tng giao cn cnh y c lit vo hng tng giao thng tc (jankikasannikarsa). Nyya cn ra ba loi tng giao, tng giao siu th (aukikasannikarsa) khc: 1. Smnyalaksansannikarsa. Cng nh Vaisesika, Nyya coi smnya l mt thc ti, tc l mt padrtha. Smnya l tng th ca mt vt c bit, tn ti ngay trong vt c bit ny. Khi smnya l i tng, tc smnyalaksana hay tng tng nhn thc khng din ra trong tnh cch thng tc. Bi v, y tc ng ca nng tri vt qua gii hn khng gian v thi gian hin ti ca n. Nyya cho rng s tng giao cn cnh trong trng hp siu th ny cng thuc tri gic hin lng (pratyaksa), v y l hin lng siu th (alaukikapratyaksa) nhng cc nh lun l hc Pht gio khng chp nhn tng tng (smnyalaksana) c th c tri nhn bi hin lng. i vi h, tng tng khng phi l thc ti, ch c thc ti duy nht tn ti trong st na sanh dit. Tng tng khng mang tnh cch st na sanh dit, do khng th l thc ti v khng c tc dng. Thc ti c tc dng, v c st na sanh dit. Tuy nhin, chng ta bit rng h thng t tng Nyya-Vaisesika l a nguyn Thc ti lun, v tiu chun thc ti ca h thng ny khng phi l tc dng bi st na sanh dit, m l thng, hng, bin ti. Do , Nyya mi coi tng tng nh l i tng xut hin trong tri gic hin lng siu th y. 2. Jnnalaksanasannikarsa. Trong loi tip xc ny, i tng xut hin ngang qua tri thc (jnna). Qua trung gian tri thc, do nhn thc c tnh cch phc tp: trong ci nhn, khng ch thy c hnh sc m cn c th ngi ra hng v, nghe c m hng. S vt y cng lc xut hin cc phm tnh ca n, c trong qu kh. Nhn thy mt vt t xa, m cm c hng v ca n, th hng v y l mt hoi nim qu kh xut hin nh l i tng trong hin ti. Do loi tip xc ny, i khi cm quan hin ti c i tng sai lm, nh nhn si dy m tng l con rn.

3. Yogaja. Tip xc do qun hnh tr ca hnh gi Du gi, cm nhn s vt mt cch trc tip trong qu kh, hin ti v v lai. Trn y l gii thch phc tp phn u nh ngha Gautama: indriyrthasannikarsopannam jnnam v h lun hp l s l ... avyapadesyam avyakhicri vyavasytmakam pratyaksam. Nu phn bit theo cc nh Nyya v sau vi hai giai on ca hin lng: v phn bit v hu phn bit, chng ta vn thy im tt yu ca Nyya v hin lng. Theo , trong tri gic trc khi ca nhn thc, i tng vn c th l thc ti thng hng. Tc l, khng nh cc nh Pht hc, v h quan nim thc ti l st na sanh dit, ch c hin lng v phn bit mi l hin lng ng ngha. ---o0o--IV.SUY L HAY T LNG (ANUMNA) Theo nguyn ngha, anumna ch cho tri thc khi ln vi hiu lc ty theo (anu) mt nhn thc khc. Gautama ni rng (Stra I.1.15) anumna khi ln tip theo sau pratyaksa. Ni mt cch tng qut, y l loi nhn thc m hiu lc ca n cn c trn din dch v loi suy. N c dch sang ch Hn l t lng vi ng rng loi nhn thc ny da trn s so snh, tc t trn quan h nhn qu gia mt nh lut bit hay mt quan nim ph bin, ri t din dch ra hiu lc ca mt nhn thc ang c t thnh vn . Th d, khi thy khi bc ln pha bn kia ni m bit rng bn c la, nh vy l do cn c trn kinh nghim ph thng theo , u c khi nht nh phi c la. Suy lun trn nh lut nhn qu c th din ra hai chiu hng ngc nhau. Hoc c th suy lun i t nguyn nhn m tm ra kt qu. Th d, khi thy my ko vn v, ngi ta bit chc rng tri s ma. Nyya gi s suy lun quan h nhn qu ny l hu tin (prvavat). Trong trng hp ngc li, ngi ta i t kt qu c ri ln n nguyn nhn ca n. Thy nc sng y thm v c hn m bit rng c ma trn ngun. Loi nhn thc suy lun ny, Nyya gi l hu d (sesavat). Cng c mt loi nhn thc suy l khc, cn c trn loi suy, trong trng hp nhn qu ng thi. Loi ny, Nyya gi l bnh ng t lng (smayatodrsta).

Khc vi hin lng, m phm vi ca hiu lc tri thc ch gii hn trong mt c nhn, y phm vi ca t lng khng ch ring i vi chnh ta m cn c th p dng i vi ngi khc. Do , xt trn kha cnh ny, t lng n hai mc tiu l: t ng (svrthnumda), suy lun cho chnh mnh, v ng tha (parrthanumna), suy lun truyn thng t tng ca mnh cho k khc. Cc php thc lun l c thit lp chnh l tha mn ch ch th hai ca t lng. Chng ta s tr li n trong phn k tip. ---o0o--V.TH D LNG (UPAMNA): Loi suy) Th d lng nhn thc cn c trn loi suy, ly mt vt bit ch mt vt cha bit. Th d, mt ngi khng r ngha xc thc v ch con b (gavaya), nay mun bit, l con g. Ngi khc c th bo: Con b nh con tru vy (gosadrsah gavayah samgraha). Nh th, khi i vo rng, thy con g tng t nh con tru lin nh li iu hc trc y, tc th khi ln ngh asau gavayapadavcyah, y l con b. Duy ch Nyya l nhn c upamna. Cc nh Pht hc lit n vo hin lng v t lng. Smkhya v Vaisesika lit vo t lng. ---o0o--VI. THANH LNG (SABDA-PRAMNA - CHNH L NGN NG) Thanh lng (Sabda-pramna) l nhn thc hu hiu da trn thm quyn ca mt nhn cch c uy tn (apt). Thm quyn ny c dnh cho cc b Vedas, v Veda chnh do sara ni ln. Thn sara c nhin l nhn cch c uy tn tuyt i. Cc iu kin ca Thanh lng sau y phi tha mn: 1. knks (cn yu). Trong mt cu ni, ch gm nhng li cn phi ni, nu ch tp hp mt m li khng cn thit, s l v ngha. Th d: tru nga ngi voi (gauh asvh purusah hasti). 2. yojyat (thch ng). Nhng li ni phi thch ng vi ngha mun ni. Th d, thay v ni: phi ti nc, li ni: phi ti la (vahnin sincet), th ting nc y c nhin khng thch ng.

3. sannidhi (lin tc). Gia cc li ni phi tip ni nhau khng gin on. Th d: cu ni dt con b (gm naya) m ni tng lc giai on, cu ni s v ngha. Phn quan trng nht trong trit hc Nyya chnh yu l Nhn thc lun, Phng php lun, v Php thc lun l. Nhng vn ny gy nh hng ln trn tt c cc h thng trit hc n . Tuy nhin, v siu hnh hc, hay bn th lun, phi ny khng khai trin nhng g mi l. Cn bn hu nh t hon ton trn Vaisesika. Chc chn gia siu hnh hc v lun l hc c tng quan mt thit. Phi ny khng t to cho mnh mt cn bn siu hnh c sc, do v lun l hc, nu nghin cu k, s khng trnh khi nhng nan gii cho cc nh Nyya. V sau, s sp nhp Nyya v Vaisesika thnh mt h thng cng l vt qua nan gii ny. Tuy nhin, s sp nhp y ch h thng cho hp l ca phi ny, ngoi ra, khng c khm ph no c o. ---o0o--VII.NG CHI TC PHP (Php thc lun l) Nhn thc khi t n mt quan nim ph bin, m Stra I.1.15 ni l s nht tr chung cho c phm ln thnh, tc kin bin (drstnta), sau pht biu n trong mt mnh . Mnh ny c gi l tng ngha hay nh thuyt (siddhnta). N l lp trng m lun gi (vdin) nu ln i hi s chp thun ca i phng. Mt php thc lun l theo gm hai b phn chnh yu. B phn th nht l s lp (sdhya), lp lun nu ra tho lun; trong Ng chi tc php, n l tng chi (pratijna). S lp phi c chng t gi tr ca n bng mt chui suy lun gm bn chi php thc, gi chung l nng lp (sdhana). Ng chi tc php ny din ra nh sau: a. Tng (pratijna): ng ni kia c la. b. Nhn (hehtu): V c khi. c. D (udharana): u c khi, c la, th d la trong bp. d. Hip (upanaya): ng ni kia c khi. e. Kt (nigamana): Do , ng ni kia c la.

Trong Ng chi tc php trn y, d l trng hp din dch t nhn, din ra trc hai trng hp khc nhau l ng d v d d. Vi ng d, ngi ta ni: u c khi, c la, th d nh la trong bp. d d, ngi ta ni: u khng c khi, khng c la, th d nh nc trong h. Hip xc nhn li nhn v kt xc nhn li tng chi. Cc nh lun l hc Pht gio cho rng s lp li ny khng cn thit, do h ch tha nhn c ba chi. Php thc ny c gi l tn nhn minh, do Trn Na (Dignga) ch xng. ---o0o--VIII.TNG (PRATIJNA) Tng l mt mnh 67 trong ch ng v thut ng l hai khi nim m c lun gi v i phng cng tha thun v ngha; tc chng phi tha mn iu kin cc thnh (siddhnta). Th d, khi mt nh Vednta lp lun vi mt nh Pht hc m ni rng: Brahman (l) bt t. Trong tng chi ny, Brahman ng v tr ch ng. Nhng ngha ca t ng khng c quan nim nh nhau gia lun gi v i phng. Nh Vednta hiu Brahman nh l mt bn th ca v tr, trong khi nh Pht hc ch c th coi l mt chng sanh cao cp. Ch ng khng cc thnh, cho nn ngha s lp (sdhya) ca tng chi tr thnh m h, bt xc. Nu thut ng khng tha mn c iu kin cc thnh, s lp cng tr thnh bt xc nh th. Khi ch ng v thut ng tha mn yu t cc thnh, tng chi ng nhin c t thnh vn tho lun. N c gi l sdhya, v cng c gi l paksa. Trong thut ng Sanskrit, ngha en ca paksa l cnh cung. y, n c ngha l kin hay ch trng tc ch ca mt lun thc. Xt theo c cu vn php ca Sanskrit, gia ch ng v thut ng, m Hn vn xa gi l tin trn v hu trn, khng c nhng lin t (copula) nh l, hay c t quan h ca chng; do , ni mnh tng chi ngi ta cn phi phn bit r ch im tranh lun t u. Chng ta c th gi lp mt tng chi ni: m thanh (l) thng ti tnh - sabdah / nityath68. Mnh c pht biu bng ting Sanskrit c th o ngc m ni dung s khng thay i theo ngn ng thng m: nityath / sabdah. Tuy nhin, trn php thc lun , ngi ta phi bit ch im tranh lun t trn m thanh hay trn v thng tnh.

 trnh s m h c th xy ra, mnh tng chi phi theo quy tc c nh, m ch im tranh lun nht nh phi t hu trn. Trong trng hp ny, tin trn c gi l hu php (dharmin) v hu trn l php (dharma). Hu trn, php, nh vy l thuc tnh. Tin trn l ci s hu thuc tnh . Hu php nh mt ngi ch, m php c tnh cch nh mt n bc. Tin trn cn c gi l s bit (visesya), v hu trn l nng bit (visesa). B thut ng ny phn bit tng quan gia tin trn v hu trn. Ni hoa sen mu xanh, trong , hu trn mu xanh c nhim v xc nh loi hoa sen mu xanh gia nhng hoa sen mu trng, , hng phn, v.v... im quan trng phi lu l tnh cch hin din ca tin trn v hu trn. Tin trn phi l mt s th m tri thc c th trc gic c, trong khi hu trn ch xut hin mt cch gin tip. Suy lun khi ln khi mt du hiu no xut hin ni tin trn. Th d, trng thy khi xut hin trn ni m t nghi vn v s hin din ca la trn ni . Du hiu lun ny chnh l linga (tng) v hetu (nhn). Nu la cng hin din trc tip m tri gic c th trc gic c, nghi vn s khng khi ln, v suy lun khng din ra. Cho nn, trong tng chi, ngi ta khng th ni: - Di m kh kia l ni hay: - Di m khi kia c la. Nhng, di iu kin tm l no m nghi vn nh vy khi ln? Theo Nagin J.Shah16, trong Trit hc n , v phng din ny, c ba kin xy ra gia cc nh lun l: (1) S lp b nghi: iu kin tt yu lp lun l s nghi ng v thuc tnh ca mt s th no . Th d, khi thy khi m nghi ng s hin hu ca la. (2) S lp b kho st: s lp (sdhya) b t thnh nghi vn c th l nguyn nhn cho suy lun, nhng nghi vn y phi chng t rng ngi ta mun xc chng vn ; y mi l iu kin tt yu.

(3) Khng mu thun vi hin lng: s kin cn c xc chng phi khng tri ngc vi kinh nghim tri gic, vi suy lun, vi kinh nghim thng tc. Ni cch khc, ch lun l khng c vi phm cc iu sau y: - hin lng tng vi (pratyaksa-virudha), mu thun vi tri gic; - t lng tng vi (anumna-virudha), mu thun vi suy lun; - th gian tng vi (lokavirudha). ---o0o--IX.LP NHN Nhn l b phn ch yu trong Ng chi tc php. Stra I.1.34 nh ngha: Nhn l phng tin thit lp s th cn c thnh lp (s lp) nh vo c tnh ca ng d v d d. nh ngha ny nh th khng ch cho bit nhn (hetu) l chng l ca suy lun thit lp l tc cho ch lun l c pht biu ni tng chi, n cn quy nh ba phng din, hay c tnh ca nhn. Tarka-sangraha gii thuyt ba phng din ny l: bin sung ton phn (anvayavyatireki); bin sung tch cc (kevalnvayi) v bin sung tiu cc (kevalavyatireki)17. Bin sung (vypti) l tnh cht tt yu ca nhn. Vi tnh cht ny, nhn l mt tnh cht hin din ni c tin trn v hu trn ca tng. Trn phng din th nht, quan h gia nhn v tng l quan h nhn qu. Th d: Tng: ng ni kia c la Nhn: V ni kia c khi. Khi, du hiu lun l (linga) nht nh phi hin din ni ni, tin trn hay hu php (dharmin); v quan h gia n vi la, hu trn hay php (dharma) hay nng bit (visesa), l quan h nhn qu tt yu = nguyn tc ni: u c la, c khi. y l nguyn tc tng qut, trong hm ng rng ch nhng ni c la mi c khi nh trong bp chng hn; tri li, nhng ni khng c la th nht nh khng c khi, nh nc trong h. Ni

cch khc, trong bin sung ton phn, nhn hm ng bin sung tch cc v tiu cc. Trong tng chi, ngi ta ly s cc thnh (siddhnta) ca tin trn v hu trn lm s y; vy, khi lp nhn, ngi ta ly g lm s y? Th xt m thc di y: Tng: m thanh / v thng Nhn: V tnh b to tc. Tnh b to tc (krtakatva) l du hiu lun l, m thut ng Sanskrit gi l linga hay tng. Bi v tnh b to tc ny c th tm thy bt c nhng s th no chu chi phi bi tnh v thng. thit lp quan h gia nhn v tng, thut ng ni tnh v thng ny l lingin hay hu tng. Quan h gia nhn v hu trn ca tng, gia linga v lingin, cng nh quan h gia tin trn v hu trn ca tng, tc dharma v dharmin. T ba phng din bin sung ca nhn , ngi ta c th quy nh c nm iu kin tt yu lp nhn: 1. Nhn tt yu phi hin din ni tin trn ca tng chi (paksadharmat: ng phm nh hu tnh); th d: s hin din tt yu ca khi trn ni; 2. Nhn tt yu phi hin din trong mi trng hp tch cc m hu trn c th hin din (sapaksasattva: NG PHM NH HU TNH (sai)); th d, s hin din tt yu ca khi trong bp m ni la c chng t cng hin din tt yu; 3. Nhn khng th hin din bt c ni no m hu trn khng th hin din (vipaksasattva: d phm bin v tnh); th d, s vng mt ca khi trong h nc l iu tt yu; 4. Nhn khng c hin din m h ni tin trn (abdhita); th d, khi phi thc s khng t ra c tnh lnh; 5. Khng c php mu thun (avirudha); th d, khng th ly tnh b to tc chng minh tnh thng tr.

Trong nm iu kin va k, ba trng hp u thc s l phng din bin sung ca nhn. Cc nh lun l hc Pht gio cho rng iu kin 4 c hm ng ni iu kin 3, v iu kin 5 c hm ng ni 3; do , h ch cng nhn c ba m thi. ---o0o--X.D (UDHARANA) Trong ba c tnh ca nhn, bin sung tch cc v bin sung tiu cc l s y ca d. D c th coi nh l s dn chng cc trng hp thc t h tr cho hiu lc ca nhn. C hai thit lp chng l cho ch lun l. Nhn l chng l tng qut v d l nhng chng l sai bit. Chng c th c tng trng bng mt hnh tam gic ln ngc m y l nhn v hai cnh cn li l d, gm ng d v d d. ng d l nhng trng hp c s tng ng phm tnh vi s lp (sdhya) tc hu trn. D d th ngc li. Ni r hn, ng d l trng hp ca bin sung tch cc ca nhn v d d l trng hp bin sung tiu cc ca nhn. Th d: Tng: m thanh / v thng Nhn: V l tnh b to tc a. D: ng d: Nh lu t b. D d: Nh h khng. Bi v lu t l s th mang tnh b to tc, v trong n ngi ta cng nht nh tm thy tnh v thng. Tri li, h khng vn khng c tnh b to tc, v cng khng th tm thy n tnh v thng. ---o0o--XI.HIP (UPANAYA) v KT (NIGAMANA) Hip l s ti xc nhn hiu lc ca d, chng t hu trn c tnh nh th (tath) hay khng nh th (na tath). Trong trng hp ng d chng hn, ngi ta ni n tnh b to tc ca lu t; y, cn c s ti xc nhn rng tnh to tc ny cng c tm thy ni m thanh. Nh s ti xc nhn ny, ngi ta i n kt lun (nigamana), xc nhn gi tr ng ca tng chi. ---o0o---

XII.T NHN (HETVBHSA) Cc sai lm trong lp nhn c t thnh mt c ngha, nh vy cng thy s ch trng v nhn mt cch c bit ca Nyya. Thut ng ni l t nhn (hetvbhsa) ch cho nhng sai lm ny. Stra I.ii.4 lit k c tt c 5 trng hp sai lm trong s lp nhn: bt nh (syabhicara), tng vi (viruddha), vn tng t (prakaranasama), s lp tng t (sdhyasama) v qu thi (kltita). 1. Bt nh nhn (savyabhicra)18 trong trng hp nhn a n nhiu kt lun ch khng phi mt (Stra I.ii.5). Th d ni: Tng: m thanh / v thng Nhn: V khng i xc Tnh khng i xc (asarsatvt) c th c tm thy ni nhng vt thng tr, v ngc li, nh lu t chng hn, n b chi phi bi tnh v thng v cng mang tnh c i xc. Phm vi ca nhn do qu ln, bao qut c ng d v d d. Bi v h khng cng l s th khng c tnh i xc nhng li thng tr trong khi lu t vn l vt v thng nhng li c tnh i xc. V li bt nh ny, cc nh Tn Nyya phn tch thnh ba trng hp19: a. Cng bt nh (sdhrana): nhn va c trong trng hp khng nh, va c trong trng hp ph nh, tc ng phm (sapaksa) c m d phm cng c (vipaksa). Th d ni: Tng: ng ni kia c la Nhn: V kh tri. Phm vi ca tnh kh tri qu rng ri, khng ch hin din ni la, m c ni nc, v.v...

b. Bt cng bt nh (asdhrana): Nhn khng hin din ni nhng trng hp ng phm, v d phm cng khng. Ngha l phm vi ca n qu hp. Th d ni: Tng: m thanh thng tr Nhn: V tnh nghe c. Tnh nghe c ny ch c th tm thy ni m thanh ch khng th tm thy u na. Phm vi ca nhn qu hp nh vy, khng th tm ra ng d hay d d; do s thnh lp tr nn bt vng. c. Ty chuyn (anupasamhri): Sai lm v khng th a n mt kt lun. y, phm vi ca tin trn ph bin, bao trm tt c mi th, khng th tm thy ng d hay d d. Th d ni: Tng: Vn vt u v thng Nhn: V tnh kh tri. Trong tng chi, khi nim v tt c bao trm nhng g kh tri v bt kh tri, cho nn khng th tm thy ni ng d hay d d mt trng hp tng xng phm vi. 2. Tng vi nhn (viruddha): Trong trng hp nhn mu thun vi s lp (Stra I.ii.6). Th d: Tng: m thanh thng tr Nhn: V tnh b to. Tnh b to v tnh thng tr l hai trng hp mu thun. Do , nhn ch hin din trong trng hp d phm (vipaksa) m khng hin din ni ng phm (sapaksa). 3. Vn tng t (prakaranasama): Vn hay phm loi (prakarana) c ngha nh mt nghi , bi v nhn c lp y cng c th thay i ngc li. Tarkasangraha gi li ny l satpratipaksa, nhn i t. Th d: Tng: m thanh thng tr

Nhn: V tnh nghe c. i t vi: Tng: m thanh v thng Nhn: V tnh b to. Trong hai trng hp, tnh nghe c (sabdatva) v tnh b to (kryatva) u l nhn i xng v c hai cng c hiu lc tng ng. Do , trnh li nhn i t ny, ngi ta khng th ly tnh nghe c lm nhn cho ch trng m thanh v thng. 4. S lp tng t (sdhyasama): Trng hp m nhn cng i hi phi c chng minh, ging nh s i hi ca s lp (sdhya). Ni cch khc, bi v trong trng hp nhn v s lp ging nhau, do , suy lun tr thnh trng phc: t thn chng minh t thn. Tarkasangraha phn bit ba trng hp v li lm ny: a. S y bt thnh (sraysiddha), th d ni: Tng: Hoa m thm Nhn: V l hoa sen D: Nh hoa sen trong h. Tin trn l s y ca nhn. y, tin trn l s th bt thc, do nhn khng c s y. Chng minh s thm ca hoa m gia tri c nhin l v ngha. b. T th bt thnh (svarpsiddha), th d ni: Tng: m thanh l mt phm tnh Nhn: V tnh kh kin D: Nh mu sc. y, tnh cht c th thy khng th lm thuc tnh cho m thanh.

c. S bin bt thnh (vypyatvsiddha), th d ni: Tng: Trn ni kia c khi Nhn: V c la. Trng hp ny khng thit lp c tnh cch bin sung quan h. Bi v, mnh ni u c la, c khi khng phi l mt vng mnh tha mn iu kin bin sung. Nh Tarkasangraha chng t, trong trng hp la ni mt thanh st chy khng th c khi. 5. Qu thi nhn (kltita), th d: Tng: m thanh thng tr Nhn: V kt qu ca tip xc (di trng v mt trng) D: Nh mu sc, do kt hp ca nh sng v s vt. Trong lp lun ny, ngi ta thy mu sc hin din ng thi vi nh sng v s vt; khc vi m thanh, ch xut hin sau khi di trng v mt trng tip xc vi nhau. Tarkasangraha khng ni n li qu thi nhn ny, m thay vo ni l li nhn ngu ngc (bdhita), tri ngc vi kinh nghim thng thng. Th d ni: Tng: La khng nng Nhn: V l mt vt. Ngoi nhng sai lm trn y thuc v t nhn, cc c ngha cn li nh: khc gii (chala) v o nn (jti) l nhng trng hp ngy bin, v a ph (nigrahasthna) l trng hp b dn vo ng b. Khc gii (c ngha th 14) l trng hp ngy bin trng, s nh la c gy hiu lm cho i phng bng cch s dng ngha m h. C ba trng hp khc gii nh vy:

a. Khc gii v ng c (vk-chala): s dng mt t ng c hai ngha khc nhau, khin ngi nghe nhm ln ngha ny sang ngha khc. b. Khc gii v khoa trng qu trn (smnyachala): khoa trng ngha ca mt t ng ngoi kh nng ca n. Th d, t ng brahmin ch cho nhng ngi y tri thc v o c, nhng cng c lc c khoa trng ch cho nhng ngi thiu hn hai c tnh ny. c. Khc gii v vn t (upacrachala): s dng nhng thnh ng, nhng vn c c tnh cch n d; ngha l, khi ng dng n theo ngha en, li dng theo ngha bng, v ngc li. o nn (jti, c ngha 15), cn c trn nhng c tnh tng ng (sdharmya), hay d bit (vaidharmya) m thit lp kt lun ngc li vi ch ch nh bi i phng. C ngha cui cng l a ph (nigrahasthna) lm vo ch b tc, hoc v khng hiu r lp trng ca i phng, hoc c hiu nhng li hiu sai. ---o0o--Chng VI - Trit thuyt Vednta (Ph n a) I.VEDNTA V UPANISHAD (Khi im ca Nht nguyn Tuyt i lun) Vednta, khi thy l mt danh hiu c ch cho cc tp Upanishads, b phn cui ca Veda. Ni dung ca danh t ny ch nh cho cu cnh hay cng ch ca t tng Veda. Cng ch (anta) nh c chnh cc b Upanishads quy nh, hng ti con ng tri thc ca chim nghim (jnna-kanda) thay th cho con ng t t (karma-kanda). MundaaaUpanishad69 phn bit hai trnh ca tri thc. Trnh thp (apar) l s hiu bit v Rg-veda, Yajur-veda, Sma-veda, Atharva-veda, v.v... Trnh cao (par) l tri thc chim nghim v Brahman bt t70. Ch c tri thc trong trnh cao nh vy mi t n th gii Brahm (Brahmloka) v mi l tri thc v cu cnh hay cng ch ca Veda. Mundaka-Upanishad ghi: Cc n s, trn vn t n ngha ca tri thc v Vednta, h tnh ha bn tnh ca mnh bng con ng khc t, h an tr trong cc th gii Brahm, tn cng bin t ca thi gian, ng nht vi bt t, hon ton gii thot"71. Mt cch no , tn gio ca nghi l

t t ch trch, khi cc hnh vi t t khng khin cho ngi t t ci b c nhng h ly; d chng c hng th phc bo trn thng gii do cc hnh vi t t ny, cui cng vn phi tr li th gian ny, nu h khng thu trit chn l72. Hnh vi t t, trong trng hp , ch dnh cho nhng ngi ngu mui (blh). B mt ti thng trong Vednta (vednta param guhyam) khng c php ni cho nhng k cha khut phc ni nhng am m dc vng. Hc hi Veda, thc hnh t t, b th, kh hnh, v.v... chnh l truy nhn ci t ng v sinh (mahn aja tm). Chnh v truy nhn ra ci t ng m mt ngi tr thnh mt n s (muni). Nhng ham mun v con ci tha t, v ti sn, cng ch l nhng kht vng trn gian (lokaisan). T ng khng phi l nhng th : sa esa neti nety tm. Sn ui t ng phi thc hin bng s khc t, bi v t ng khng phi ci , khng phi l ci (neti nety tm)73. Vy, k no th phng thn linh khc, ngh rng ta l ci ny hay ta l ci kia, k khng thc s hiu bit. Duy ch mt hin trit, bit i tm i sng vnh cu, bng con mt hng ni, v thy t ng74. Nh vy, bng s khc t th gii ngoi ti, vn ch l tn tung o ha (my), cui cng t tng trit hc n tin vo th gii tm linh ni ti khm ph t ng. l s hnh thnh ca t tng vn hc Upanishad. K t khi nguyn, qu trnh pht trin ny, v mt vn hc, c th c phc lc nh sau: chng ta bit rng, trc ht, t tng vn hc n bt u vi cc thnh th Vedas gm bn b, hay Samhits. T cc Samhits pht trin mt nn vn hc ging gii ngha ca t t, c gi l vn hc Brhmana. Cui cng, do suy t chim nghim, v kinh nghim thc chng ca cc o s n mnh trong cc rng ni, vn hc ranyaka xut hin. Brhmana c coi nh l dnh cho nhng sinh hot th tc, bn phn hnh ng v t t ca mt gia ch (grha-pati); l con ng ca hnh nghip (karma-mrga). Trong khi , ranyaka l lnh vc suy t chim nghim ca cc o s (samana), nhng v khc t mi th hnh phc th tc, l con ng ca tri thc (jnna-mrga). Upanishad xut pht t cc ranyaka . ng khc, s xut hin ca Upanishad cng c coi nh c trng bng nhng phn ng ca giai cp chin s (ksatriya) chng li c quyn t

t ca giai cp Tng l B la mn. c trng ny c th tm thy trong Brhad-ranyaka-Upanishad75.Trong ghi rng, Blki, ngi B la mn, thuc dng h Grgya, kiu hnh ni vi Ajtasatru, b tc Ksi, giai cp Ksatriya: Ti s ni cho ng nghe v Brahman, v Ajtasatru ngh s tng thng Blki mt nghn con b, nu ni c v Brahman. Blki a ra tt c 12 nh ngha v Brahman, nhng thy u b Ajtasatru bc b. Cui cng, Ajtasatru hi: nh vy l ht? Blki th nhn nh vy l ht v yu cu Ajtasatru ni cho nghe v Brahman vi ngh mnh s l mt mn . Ajtasatru cho rng mt ngi St l (Ksatriya) m ging cho mt ngi B la mn (Brhmana) nghe v Brahman l mt iu tri l. Tuy nhin, Ajtasatru vn nhn li. S kin ny cho thy giai cp St l c nh hng trong lch trnh bin chuyn t Brhmana thnh ranyaka, chuyn hng nhng gi tr ca t t thnh gi tr ca suy t v chim nghim. Brhad-ranyaka-Upanishad m u bng mt thin ni v s t nga (asva-medha). Thay v ging gii s t nga theo mt kha cnh thn hc no , y s t nga li c biu tng nh l s hnh thnh ca v tr. Thot k thy, ch c t ng (tmaivedam agra st)76, y c coi nh l nguyn l cn bn cho mt v tr nht nguyn lun ca Upanishad m chng ta thng bt gp trong nn vn hc t tng ny. ---o0o--II.PHN LOI CC UPANISHAD S KHI Khi cc Samhats di hnh thc tng vn, hay th vn chnh c theo hnh thc thi ca, c tp thnh v lu truyn t thy n tr, th cc bn phn t t c cn c theo m thc hnh. hng dn v gii thch cc thc hnh ny, mt b phn tn vn c son tp, v c tp thnh di danh ngha vn hc Brhmana. Upanishad l b phn cui ca Veda, cho nn cng c gi l Vednta. Do s lu truyn ca Brhamana gia nhng khu vc a l v b tc khc nhau, cc Upanishads u tin cng c phn bit thnh nhng phi bit (skh). Nhng Upanishads trc thuc Brhmana ca cc phi Aitareya v Kaustaki th c gi l Aitareya-Upanishad v Kaustaki-Upanishad. Chndogya-Upanishad v Talavakra (hayKena-Upanishad) trc thuc b Sma-Veda.

 c mt ci nhn tng qut hn, di y l bng lp thnh ca Kimura Taiken77 v s lin h gia cc Upanishads nguyn thy vi cc Vedas v cc phi bit ca Brhmana. Rg-Veda: 1. Aitareya-Upanishad - Aitareya-ranyaka 3-4 - Phi Aitareya 2. Kaustaki-Upanishad - Kaustaki-ranyaka - Phi Kaustaki Sma-Veda: 1. Chandogya-Upanishad - Chndogy-Brhmana 3-10 - Phi Tndin 2. Kena (Talavakra)-Upanishad - Talavakra-Brhmana - Phi Jaimini Yajur-Veda en: 1. Taittirya)-Upanishad - Taittirya-ranyaka 7-9 - Phi Taittirya 2. Mahnrya)-Upanishad - Taittirya ranyaka 10 - Phi Taittrya 3. Kathaka)-Upanishad - Phi Kathaka 4. Svetsvatara)-Upanishad - Cha r 5. Maitryana-Upanishad - Phi Maitryana Yajur-Veda trng: 1. Brhadranyaka)-Upanishad Vjasaneyi - Satapatha Brhmana 4-9 -

2. Isa)-Upanishad - Vjasaneya samhit 40 - Phi Vjasaneyi V sau, cc yu ngha ca Upanishad c kt tinh li trong b Brahmastra ca Bdaryana. Tc phm ny tr thnh thnh in ch yu ca Vednta-stra. Lch s vn hc ca h phi Vednta c th coi nh bt u vi tc phm ny.

---o0o--III.BRAHMA-STRA: CN BN VEDNTA Cha r nin i trc tc ca tc phm ny. Ngi ta phng nh n xut hin khng th trc cc hc phi T b sa (Vibhsika), Trung qun (Mdhyamika) v Duy thc (Yogcra) ca Pht gio78, bi v Brahma-stra c cp n quan im ca cc trng phi Pht gio ny. Tuy nhin, s bi bc ch c ni mt cch tng qut, v lp trng Tnh khng lun (Snyavda) v Duy thc lun (Vijnnavda)79; cn s ch im ch danh cc trng phi li do s ch gii ca Sankra. Bi vy, ngi ta cng thn trng gii hn s xut hin ca n; ngha l ch c th oan chc l phi xut hin sau cc tc phm thuc vn hc Bt nh (Prjnparamit) ca i tha Pht gio. S gii hn thn trng ny t thi gian ca tc phm vo khong k nguyn th nht trc Ty lch. Brahma-stra c vit di th stra80, mt hnh thc c th coi nh l cch ngn. Mi stra c ng mt quan im, do tng v cng hm sc, gy nn nhng gii thch t do. C hai gii thch tri ngc nhau. Vi Sankara, Brahma-stra c gii thch theo chiu hng Nht nguyn lun. Mt s cc nh ch gii khc, c gi chung l Vaisnava, gii thch theo chiu hng Nh nguyn lun. Dasgupta cho rng, nguyn y Brahma-stra phi c coi nh l mt tc phm c thm quyn ca cc nh Nh nguyn lun. ng t v ngc nhin ti sao mt s cc tc gi n li cn c trn tc phm ny trnh by quan im nht nguyn ca h; hoc cn c n m vit thnh mt tc phm ring nh Gaudapda vi Mndkya-kkrik hay Sankara vi bn ch gii Brahma-stra. ng qu quyt rng nhng gii thch theo chiu hng nh nguyn v Brahma-stra c l trung thnh vi cc stras ca n hn l nhng gii thch ca Sankara81. Chng ta bit cc Upanishads l cn c ca Vednta. Cng vi Brahma-stra, ta c th k thm Bhagavat-Gta na, l ba tc phm c bn ca Vednta, v thng c gi l Prasthnatraya. H thng Nht nguyn lun ca Vednta, nu Brahma-stra b nghi ng, th tri li, Mndkyakrik ca Gaudapda chc chn l tc phm u tin h thng ha lp trng Nht nguyn lun, m Sankara v cc mn v

sau chu nh hng rt su m. Mndkyakrik l tc phm c vit trong khong thi i ca 780 sau Ty lch. N l mt bn ch gii v Mndkyakrik-Upanishad. Chng ta s tr li tc phm ny on sau. Brahma-stra c chia thnh 4 chng (adhyaya), mi chng gm 4 tit, tng cng 16 tit (pda), v 192 mc (adhikarana). Mt mc gm t mt n nhiu stras, tng cng c tt c 555 stras. Nh ch gii u tin ca tc phm ny, c cho l Baudhyana, nhng tht truyn. Bn ch gii ca Sankara l tc phm quan trng nht, cn c xut pht cho nhiu bn ch gii khc v nhiu cng tc kho cu v Vednta. Sankara dn u khuynh hng Tuyt i bt nh (advait). Ch gii ca Rmnula, th k XI sau Ty lch, dn u khuynh hng Cc hn bt nh (vsta-advaita). Ch gii ca Madhva (1197-1276) dn u khuynh hng Nh nguyn (dvaita). l ba tro lu ch yu v Vednta xut pht t Brahma-stra. ---o0o--IV.GAUDAPDA: KHI IM NHT NGUYN TUYT I LUN Nu khuynh hng Nht nguyn tuyt i lun ni Brahma-stra ang cn b nghi ng, th Gaudapda chc chn l nhn vt u tin ca trit hc n chnh thng, ngoi tr cc lun s ca Pht gio nh Asvaghosa (M Minh) v Ngrjuna (Long Th), khai sinh quan im ny mt cch to bo. Ni l to bo, bi v quan im Tuyt i lun ca ng hu nh tch ngoi truyn thng hu thn ca Upanishad, khng tha nhn mt nguyn nhn nht no cho s sng to ca th gii. y phi l nh hng su m ca Ngrjuna, sng t ca Trung qun (Mdhyamika), mt hc phi ln ca i tha Pht gio. Chnh Sankara tha nhn Gaudapda l mt bc thy thu hiu v truyn thng ca Vednta, l bc thy v i, bc thy kh knh ca v o s kh knh ca mnh. o s ca Sankara la Govinda. M Govinda li l t ca Gaudapda. Nin i ca Gaudapda c c nh khong 800 sau Ty lch, sau cc i lun s ca Pht gio i tha nh Asvaghosa (M Minh), Ngrjuna (Long Th), Asanga (V Trc) v Vasubandhu (Th Thn). Cc lun s ny dn u hai tro lu ch yu ca i tha. Ngrjuna l ngi khai sinh Bin chng php ca Tnh khng lun (Snyavda); Asanga v Vasubandhu thit lp h thng Duy thc

(Vijnna-vda). C hai tro lu ny u c nh hng trc tip trn Tuyt i lun duy tm ca Gaudapda. Mndkya-krik, tc phm ch yu ca Gaudapda, gm bn chng. Chng th nht, gama, Thnh gio, ch gii MndkyaUpanishad. T tng ct ty ca chng ny l bn trnh ca T ng (tm), c biu trng bng ch AUM. Gaudapda phn tch ch ny, tng ng vi ba trnh u ca t ng: trnh thc, kinh nghim th gii ngoi ti (visva, vaisvnara); trnh th hai, ng mng, kinh nghim v i tng ni ti (taijasa); trnh th ba, ng say, tri thc khng cn c s phn bit nng tri v s tri, nng th v s th, thc thun ty, tuyt i h lc (nanda). Trnh th ba ny c gi l prjna. Mndkya-Upanishad m t trnh th ba rng: y l ng ch t ca tt c (esa sarvesvarah), y l tri gi ca tt c (esa sarvajnah), y l ng chim nghim ni ti (eso ntryami), y l cn nguyn ca tt c, l khi thy v dung cc ca tt c s hu (esa yenih sarvasya prabhavpyayau hi bhtnm82. y, Gaudapda bc b cc quan im v mt Thng Hu ng, s sng to khng phi do mc ch th hng (bhegrtham) hay du h (krdrtham) ca Thng . Ch gii on ny, Radhakrishnan ni rng: y l ln u tin trong lch s t tng, xut hin s phn bit gia mt Tuyt i th Brahman v Thng Hu ng svara83. Trnh th t (turya) c m t nh l phi s kin (adrsta), bt kh th (agrhyam), v tng (alaksana), bt kh t (acintyam), bt kh thuyt (avyapadesya), dit h lun (prapanca-upasama), thng tch (sntam), thin tch (sivam), bt nh (advaita). Nhng m t ny nguyn l ca Mndkya-Upanishad 84. Ta c th tm thy nh hng r rt ca Trung qun (Mdhyamika) trong cc m t ny. y chnh l Tuyt i th Brahman. Vi Gaudapda, Tuyt i th ny l v sinh (ajam), phi ng (anidram), phi mng (asvapnam), v danh (anmakam), v tng (arpakam). Gii thot chnh l s th nhp v ng nht vi Tuyt i ny. Gaudapda cng phn bit bn cht v th trc v bin chp (dvaitasygrahanam) ca prjna trong trnh ng say v trnh t (turya); theo , trong trnh ng say, bin chp ch khng hin khi nhng chng t (bja) ca bin chp vn cn tim phc. Ch khi t n

turya, gii thot trn vn, by gi mi khng cn chng t na 85. R rng y l nh hng ca cc nh Duy thc (vijnna-vda). K t chng II tr v sau, Gaudapda trnh by quan im c lp ca mnh, khng da vo Upanishad ch gii na. Chng II, Vaitathya, tnh bt thc ca th gii ngoi ti. y, Gaudapda bc b cc quan nim duy thc. Hin tng gii sai bit v bin ha ch l mt (svapna) v huyn (my). Trn quan im tuyt i, chn , thc ti vn v sinh (aja), khng sinh khi, khng hy dit, khng h phc, khng gii thot; khng c ch t gii thot, khng c ngi truy cu gii thot. Bc thnh trit khng coi th gian nh l bn tnh a th hay ng nht, khng phi mt, khng phi nhiu. Trong m ti, ngi ngu mui nhn thy si dy tng l con rn; cng vy, do ngu mui m thy t ng c nhiu hnh thi sai bit. Tnh chn thc l tnh bt nh (advayat). Chm dt tt c mi vng tng phn bit, h lun (nirvikalpah prapancopasamah) l t nhin siu vit mi chp th, thot khi mi s hi. Trong chng III, Advaita, Gaudapda trnh by quan im tuyt i lun, thuyt bt nh (advayavda). Bin chp nh nguyn i i l do tnh bt nh b che ph bi my. Brahman v tman l mt, khng hai. i ng th bao la nh h khng. Tiu ng l mt cht xu h khng trong lu nc. Khi khng cn s hn ch no na, cht xu h khng kia tr thnh hp nht, v nh, v phn bit vi h khng bao la n. Do s tu tp thin nh (samdhi) m dit tr c vng tng phn bit, t n trng thi v xc Du gi (asparsayoga), tt c tnh sai bit v bin chp cng bin mt. Tr v phn bit y l nht thit tr (sarvjna), tr tu qun chiu bnh ng khng b hn cuc trong gii hn nng tri v s tri, l tr v sinh. i tng s tri ca n cng l v sinh. Nh vy l t n s hp nht ton vn vi Tuyt i th Brahman, chng nhp trng thi h lc tuyt i, siu vit mi au kh v s hi; l Nit bn (Nirvana). Chng IV, Altasnti, s dp tt ca vng la. Mt m la, ch mt m la c nht, khi b quay trn v quay u lin tc, n to ra hnh nh gi tng ca mt vng la. Vng la l biu trng tnh bt thc, huyn ha ca hin tng gii. D nhin, y cng l mt nh hng xc thc ca cc nh Tnh khng lun Pht gio. Trong chng ny, Gaudapda cng bc b cc quan nim v nhn qu. Nhn qu ch l mt khi nim gi tng, ch xc nh theo tng quan ngoi ti ca th gii bt thc. T bn

tnh, vn vt vn v sinh, do hon ton khng c ci no l nhn hay ci no l qu. Bi v v sinh, khng c g sinh khi chn thc, th lm g c ci c gi l qu. Khng c qu, c nhin cng khng c nhn, bi v nu c qu, th nhn khng lm nhn cho ci g c. ---o0o--V.GAUDAPDA V PHT GIO Gaudapda gi mt v tr c bit gia Pht gio i tha v truyn thng Upanishad. Nu xc nh c th ng v s thin lch ca ng trong v tr , tc l xc nh c tng quan nh hng gia i tha v Upanishad. C hai n lc ng k trong cng tc ny. Mt pha l cc hc gi Pht gio mun rng v tr ca Gaudapda ng nghing v pha i tha mt cht. Cc hc gi cn chu chi phi ca truyn thng Upanishad d nhin cng mun rng v tr phi ng hn v pha Upanishad. Murti, tc gi ca Central Philosophy of Buddhism, mt tc phm lng danh v Trung qun (Mdhyamika), rt thn trng, gi thit rng, Upanishad v i tha pht trin c lp v t tng Nht nguyn lun ca mi bn. Bi v ngi ta kh m ph nhn t tng nht nguyn trong cc Upanishads trc thi Ngrjuna. V kha cnh ny, cc kinh in Bt nh (Prajnpramit) ca i tha Pht gio c l cn tch cc v trit hn c Upanishad, khi tuyn b rng, cu cnh Nit bn, hay php no cao c v tuyt i hn Nit bn na, cng thy u l huyn mng. Kinh in Bt nh khng xut hin tr hn cc Upanishads xin dng Nht nguyn lun. Thuyt huyn ha (maavda) trong cc Upanishads tin khi ch l s c ng th gii ngoi ti thnh t ng ni ti. Nhng Upanishads sau cc kinh Bt nh mi c th ni ti mt Tuyt i th v ng, phn bit vi Thng Hu ng. MndkyaUpanishad m Gaudapda ch gii l mt trng hp in hnh. ng khc, Murti qu quyt rng, Tuyt i th (advaita) ch c th khm ph bng bin chng php. Bi v, chnh th thut bin php mi c kh nng lm hin l tnh cht mu thun ni ti ca l tnh. Murti ni, c Pht l ngi u tin, trong lch s trit hc n , khi th cho mt Bin chng php nh th. V Ngrjuna li l ngi u tin khm ph ra Bin chng php , qua s im lng ca c Pht.

Ta c th ni r thm v Bin chng php ny, bng cch nhc n mt lun chng ca chnh Ngrjuna nh sau: Xt v mt hnh thc ca bin chng , chng ta c tp Hi trnh lun (Vigrahavyvartan) ca Ngrjuna. Tc phm ny cho thy tnh cch mu thun ni ti ca l tnh, bng vo suy lun hnh thc. Khi mt nh i tha ni Nht thit php khng (sarvadharma-snyat), ngi vn nn t vn rng, nu tt c u khng, bt thc, th khng cn mt chn thc no c th bit v do khng th chng minh cu ni Nht thit php khng c phi l chn l hay khng. Kt lun ng nhin l mt cu ni v ngha, v khng th kho nghim gi tr ca n. Nn vn ny m ch mi hin hu, bng t tng hay bng ngn ng, nht nh phi c l tnh ca n. Nhng, nn vn ny chc chn phi b ct vn tr li rng l tnh ca l tnh l g? Nh vy, l tnh khng t chng t l l tnh, tt nhin n khng th l l tnh ca s hu no c. Nu mun i vo cn bn trit , ngi ta khng th khng nhc n cc trnh by ca Trung qun lun (Mdhyamika-krik). y l tc phm cn bn ca hc phi Trung qun. L tnh y, c khai trin t thuyt Duyn khi (prattya-samutpda). Theo , duyn khi l l tnh ca t thnh v t hy. Bi v, nu mi hin hu u hin hu do tng quan, m do tng quan th khng c thc tnh; nh vy, ngay c thuyt Duyn khi, c coi nh l tnh tuyt i, cng khng th vt ngoi tng quan. N t chng t n cng l khng (snya). Gaudapda do nht nh chu nh hng kiu bin chng ca Ngrjuna rt m . Ngay c khi bc b cc thuyt nhn qu, Gaudapda cng da vo bin chng php . Trong chng I ca Mndkyakrik, Gaudapda bc b cc lp trng ca Nht nguyn lun hu ng, theo , th gii c sng to bi mt nguyn nhn no : hoc do thi tnh (kla), hoc do ch ch hng th hay du h ca Thng . Hc gi ca Trung qun lun chc chn phi bit l do ca s khc t ny, ngay trong krik m u ca Trung qun lun. Nh vy, thuyt V sinh (ajtivda) ca Gaudapda lm bc l qu r nh hng ca Trung qun lun86. Chng ta cn lun lun ghi nh rng Gaudapda lc no cng tin ti mt lp trng no cho t tng ca mnh bng Bin chng php c sng khi bi Ngrjuna. Duy ch im ny, ngi ta mi c th quyt nh v tr ca Gaudapda nghing v pha no. Nu thn trng nh Murti,

ngi ta c th cho rng Gaudapda ch vay mn Bin chng php ca Ngrjuna khai trin Nht nguyn lun ca Upanishad. D vy, chc chn khng phi i tha xut hin nh mt n lc tr lui li truyn thng nht nguyn ca Upanishad nh ngi ta c th tng. Tri li, chnh Tnh khng lun ca i tha thc y cc trit gia n trong truyn thng Upanishad tin ti mt Nht nguyn tuyt i lun. Gaudapda hnh nh khng phi c vay mn Bin chng php Tnh khng lun ca Pht gio, m thnh thong, ng cng t mnh by t thi cung knh c bit i vi c Pht. S kin ny gy thc mc, khng r ng l mt Pht t hay mt ngi ca n gio 87. C nhin, khng th l mt Pht t thun ty. i vi ng, c Pht l ngi chng nhp c Tuyt i th, nh cc nh i tha thng ni. V nu ni nh cc nh i tha ni, th s chng nhp khng phi l tr v vi mt Thng Hu ng. Sankara n lc c bit tch nhng nh hng ca Pht gio ra khi t tng ca Gaudapda, tr Gaudapda li cho truyn thng Upanishad, v xng ng l bc thy kh knh nht ca nhng bc thy kh knh ca mnh. Cc hc gi n v sau, hin i, cng by t nh Sankara. ---o0o--VI.TIU S V TC PHM VEDNTA TRONG T TNG SANKARA Ngun mch ca Vednta l t tng c m ch trong cc tp Upanishads. Thit nh cn bn cho h phi ny, bao gm c hai khuynh hng, nht nguyn (advaita) v nh nguyn (dvaita), l b Brahma-stra, cng gi l Vednta-stra, ca Bdarayana; khai sinh chiu hng cho tuyt i bt nh (advaita) l Gaudapda; thit nh khuynh hng ny trong mt hnh thc hon b cho Vednta l Sankra. nh hng ca Sankra do rt ln trong h phi Vednta, v c trong trit hc n . Cho nn, mt khi ni n trit phi Vednta, hu nh ngi ta ch bit c mt Sankara m thi. Nin i ca Sankara c phng nh trong khong 700 - 800 sau Ty lch. Kimura Taiken cn c theo nin k Kaliyuga, phng nh chi tit hn: khong t 787 n 78920. Chi tit hn na, Bhandarkar, Pathak v Deussen u mun xc nh ng sinh nm 788 sau Ty lch88.

Thn ph ca Sankara l Sivagurusarman. Danh hiu Sivaguru vn c ngha l bc o s Siva, v gi cho Kimura89 c ngh rng ng l ngi ca phi Saivism, mt gio phi th thn Siva. Ni r hn, l ngnh truyn tha Taittirya ca giai cp B la mn trc thuc Yajurveda. Nhiu huyn thoi khin ngi ta tin rng Sankara l ha thn ca thn Siva. Sinh qun ca Sankara l x Malabar trong vng Deccan. ng theo con ng tu o t nm ln tm, lm mn ca Govinda. Sau khi thnh tu s nghip hc hi, Sankara v c ng ti Sringagiri v thit lp phi Du hnh (parivrjaka), ri du lch tri qua nhiu ni, cui cng mt ti Kanci, khong trn di 30 tui. a v ca ng trong n gio c th i ngang vi a v ca Ngrjuna trong i tha Pht gio. Cng trnh ca ng trc ht l n lc loi b tt c du vt ca i tha Pht gio vn c nh hng su m trong h thng nht nguyn do Gaudapda khi sng cho Vednta. iu ny c thy r nht trong bn ch gii ca ng v Brahma-stra, gi l Brahma-stra-bhsya, hay Srirakammms-stra-bhsya. Nguyn bn Brahma-stra cng tng bc b cc t tng Tnh khng lun (Snyavda) v Duy thc lun (Vijnna-vda) ca i tha90. Tnh khng lun m Sankara ch trch khng phi l ca Vasubandhu (Th Thn), m l Duy thc ch lun l (Svatantra-yogcra) do mt nh lun l hc ca i tha, Dignga (Trn Na) thit lp. C l hnh ng ca Sankara ch l s phn ng t v trc nhng nh hng ng nhin, hn l thu trit nhng ch im t tng m ng mun ph91. Ngoi Srirakammms-stra-bhsya, ng cn ch thch cc tp Upanishs92. y, Sankara mun chng t rng ng khng phi l ngi t dng ln mt h thng t tng c th. Nhng chn l m ng by t, chnh l nhng g c khi th trong cc tp Upanishads. D nhin, nhng khi th ny khng tri vi kinh nghim, v hp l93. Brahma-stra khi u nh vy: athto brahmajijns, ri t , chim nghim Brahman94. i vi Sankara, t (athtah) c ngha l sau khi tu tp trn vn khc t cc ham mun th hng nhng qu bo trong i ny v i sau. tng ny c khi th trong cc Upanishads. Thu hiu trn vn Brahman l mc ch ti thng ca con ngi, bi v n hy dit tt c mi gc r ca ti c nh v minh (avidy), hy dit ht ging ca lun hi sinh t (samsra)95.

K tip, Brahma-stra nh ngha Brahman nh mt nguyn l m t pht hin s sinh thnh, tn ti v hy dit ca th gii96. Ch gii tng ny, Sankara cho rng Tuyt i th Brahman ch c th thu hiu bng vo s tham cu v lnh hi su ch ca cc bn vn Vednta, tc cc tp Upanishads, ch khng phi bng vo s suy lun hay bng bt c phng tin no khc ca tri thc, d l tri thc chn chnh, bn ngoi khi th ca cc bn vn Vednta. D nhin, nh ni, cc khi th ny c th lun chng bng kinh nghim, bi v mt vi ni trong cc bn vn ny tuyn b rng tr nng ca con ngi c th lnh hi c. Chnh Brahma-stra, trong on k tip, ni rng Brahman ton tr m lu xut ngun mch ca thnh in97. Trn y c th tm tt thi ca Sankara i vi thm quyn chn l ca cc tp Upanishads. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc Upanishads u ch th Brahman l thc ti cu cnh, tuyt i bt nh, phi t n bng con ng ca tri thc (jnna-mrga), duy nht bng con ng tri thc. Sankara d nhin nhn r iu ny hn ai c. Trong phn gii thiu cho bn ch gii Svetsvara-Upanishad, sau khi trng dn cc Vedas, cc Smrtis (K c lc), Itihsas (Truyn thuyt lc)98, theo , tri thc v tuyt i Brahman, m Brahma-stra ni l Brahman-jijns, l con ng duy nht t n chn gii thot (vidha-mukti), Sankara t t ra cc nn vn rng cc Upanishads cng ni n con ng hnh nghip v coi nh l mt phng tin khc ngoi phng tin tri thc c th t n gii thot cu cnh. Cng chnh Sankara t trng dn cc thm quyn h tr cho cc nn vn. Th d: sa-Upanishad 11 ni99: Tri thc v v minh, nu ai bit c hai cng lc, song song, ngi y vt qua s cht bng v minh v t c bt t tnh bng tri thc. y, c hai song song (ubhayam saha) c ngha l c tri thc (vidy) v hnh nghip (karma). Ch gii ca Sankara ni100, bng s thc hnh cc t t, ngi ta vt qua s cht v bng t duy v cc thn linh, ngi ta t n bt t. on Upanishad c dn hnh nh mun ni rng hnh nghip (karman) cng l mt phng tin cho gii thot. V Sankara gii quyt mu thun bng cch phn bit, y ch l mt phng tin gin tip. t n gii thot phi bng s thanh lc tm thc, v s kin ny c thnh tu bng hnh nghip. Ni khc. sa-Upanishad 2 ni101: Lun lun thc hnh cc nghip y, ngi ta c th hy vng sng c mt trm tui.

on dn ny r rng chng t Upanishad cng khuyn khch hnh nghip. C trong phn gii thiu cho Svetsvara-Upanishad, v trong ch gii cho sa-Upanishad, Sankara u ni rng, on kinh c dn ch dnh cho nhng ngi h tr, nhng ngi khng kh nng lnh hi Brahman. Cc Upanishads khc chng t rng, v thu hiu Brahman m nhng ngi B la mn t chi ham mun v con ci, ti sn, th gian, v sng mt cuc i hnh kht. V li, Sankara cho thy, ngay m u sa Upanishad cng chng t nh vy102. Svetsvara-Upanishad l mt trong nhng ngun mch chnh yu ca h phi Vednta. Tuy nhin, nhng g c ni trong khng phi ch duy nht l tuyt i bt nh ca Sankara hay cc hn bt nh ca Rmnuja, m hnh nh hm ng cc yu t hu thn, lng nguyn, v.v... ca Smkhya na. Gii quyt s tr nghch , Sankara s dng phng php phn bit hai cp bc ca chn tr. Mt l chn l th tc (vyavahrika) dnh cho hng h tr (aparvidy) m i tng l Brahman bc thp (aparbrahman); v chn l tuyt i hay nht ngha (paramrthika) dnh cho bc thng tr (parvidy) m i tng l tuyt i Brahman (parabrahman). Phng php ny cng c p dng gii thch Brahma-stra, nu gp phi trng hp tng t. Phng php y khng phi l c sng ca Sankara. Trc , Ngrjuna thng p dng cho Bin chng Tnh khng lun ca ng. Da theo phng php va trnh by, ton b t tng ca Sankara c th c tm tt nh sau103: Chn (paramrthika) Nhn thc lun: Bn th lun: Brahman Th gii quan: Nhn sinh quan: Thng tr Tuyt i Brahman Nh huyn (my) Tuyt i ng (paramtmn) Gii thot lun: Chn gii thot Tng i ng Tim gii thot Tc (vyavahrika) H tr Tng i Tht hu

(videha-mukti) ---o0o---

(krama-mukti)

VII.V MINH V HUYN HA Gii thiu bn ch gii Brahma-stra (Srrakammms-bhsya), Sankara cho rng ngu dt v sai lm l ngun gc ca ti c, v v t n tri thc chn chnh v tuyt i Brahman nn s hc hi thnh in c khi s. V minh (avidy) l mt tng thng din ra trong cc tp Upanishads. Do v minh m c m vng. Katha-Upanishad ni, nhng ai sng trong v minh v ngh rng mnh l k tr, nhng ngi lang thang i tm chn thc ti cng y nh nhng ngi m bc i theo k m104. Chandogya-Upanishad phn bit v minh v minh rng: Qu vy, nhng g m ngi ta thc hin bng minh tr (vidy), tn tm (sraddh) v t duy (upanisad), ci thc s c nng lc mnh hn105. Phn ln, cc Upanishads i hi s thc hnh cc hnh nghip phi c hng dn bi minh tr (vidy). V minh (avidy) l s phn bit sai lm, l ci nhn lng nguyn gia ch quan (visayin) v khch quan (visaya). Trn kha cnh Nhn thc lun, v minh l trng thi khi m tm thc (cit) tc dng nh mt ch tri (sksi), tc ng trn trng thi v tr (ajnna). V tr (ajnna) l trng thi m m, l bng ti ca tm thc b bao ph trong v minh. N c din t trong kinh nghim thng tc nh l s khng bit. Bi v n l bng ti, v trong bng ti th i tng ca tri thc khng c tnh cch xc nh, khng quyt l hu (bhva) hay v (abhva). Khi c s hin khi ca tc dng tr (vrittti-jnna), ngha l khi tm thc tc ng nh mt ch tri thu nhn i tng, v tr tr thnh khi nim phn bit ta (aham) v ci khc (tvam)106. Nh vy, v tr tr thnh mt c nng ni ti (antahkarana) tm thc tc dng nh mt ch tri, to thnh khi nim chp ng (ahamrsa). T khi nim ng chp , th gii xut hin trong tm thc ch l th gii m vng. Trong khi , tm thc vn l t ng bt bin m bn cht ca n vn thun tnh; nu khng b chi phi bi v minh, n c th trc nhn c tuyt i th, v ng nht vi tuyt i th. V tr (ajnna) nh bng ti bao trm ln tm thc. Do s chng ngi (avarana) m Brahman khng biu l trn vn c. V vy, v tr c coi nh l c bn cht tch

cc (bhvarpa)107, bao gm c hai khi nim i i v hu th (bhvatva) v v th (abhvatva). Khi ni: Ti khng bit hay Ti khng bit g ht, c hai trng hp d nhin u gi thit c mt i tng no ca nhn thc, nhng i tng ny khng nht nh l s hu tch cc (bhva) hay s v tiu cc (abhva). Trong gic ng cng vy, nhn thc khng thu nhn mt i tng no bn ngoi n. Khng thu nhn i tng ch v i tng l bt kh c (anupalabdhi), l s vng mt ca tri gic. By gi l lc ni quan (antahkarana) v khi nim ng chp (ahamkara) khng tc ng, khng hin khi, chng chm vo bng ti ca v tr (ajnna). Cho n lc thc dy, ng chp xut hin nh l tc dng (vrtti) ca ni quan. N tr thnh nng lc ca nhn thc, tr lc (jnnasakti) v nng lc ca hnh ng, tc lc (kriysakti) v nng lc ca hnh ng, tc lc (kriysakti). Nh vy, tt c tri thc v hnh ng u l tc dng ca ni quan (antahkarana) trn v tr. Theo , v tr khng phi ch l s khng bit vi ngha tiu cc; n l nn tng, s y (asraya) ca thc ti m vng. V tr (ajnna) v v minh (avidy) c coi nh l ng ngha. Th gii m vng l th gii b bao ph bi v minh. T ng vyavahrika thng c hiu nh l th tc , l s tht, hay chn l, xut hin cho kinh nghim thng tc, cn c ngha l chn l b che khut (samvrti-satya)108. Trong trng hp ny, samvrti c hiu nh l ajnna. i vi cc nh Trung qun (Mdhyamika), khi h ni n chn l bao ph (samvrti-satya), th th gii chnh thc l huyn ha, khng c mt cn c thc hu no c. Bi v, theo h, xt theo nh lut duyn khi (pratya-samutpda), mi s hu u do tng quan m hin hu, do s hu thc l phi hu. Tuy nhin, cc nh Vednta khi ni n cng khi nim ny, h li hiu cch khc. Gaudapda, mc d c ni l chu nh hng su m ca Trung qun, nhng khi ni v tnh cht m vng ca th gii, cng vn thit lp mt khi nim chn tht no lm cn bn cho nhng m vng ny 109. D nh mt si dy nm trong bng ti, b tng lm l con rn; m vng, hay v minh (avidy) ch c ngha l s gn ghp sai lm (adhyasa). Ngi ta cng c th tm thy quan nim ny ni cc nh Thc ti lun (sarvstivda)

ca Tiu tha Pht gio, theo , ci gi phi c cn bn trn ci thc. Lng ra v sng th d nhin l m lm, vng tng, nhng c thc ti s y cho m lm vng tng ny. l nhng khi nim tng c kinh nghim, v si lng v con ra, ci sng v con th. Cc nh Ch khng lun (sautrantika) ca Tiu tha hon ton bc b gii thch ny110. Nhng chnh cc nh Tnh khng lun (snyavda) ca i tha mi bc b tch cc hn. Th gii l huyn ha, l mng tng, l bt thc, v ng sau n khng c mt cn bn l tnh lm s y; v bi v l tnh t chng t tnh cch mu thun ni ti ca n. Gaudapda v Sankara, tri li, nhn thy ng sau s huyn ha y r rng c mt cn bn thc ti. Cn bn l Tuyt i th Brahman. Tc dng ca v tr (ajnna), nguyn nhn ca m lm (avidy) v huyn ha (mv), ch l tc dng sai lm ca tm thc. Bi v c bn ca jnna l cit, tm thc thun tnh, v cng c hiu nh l Brahman. Gaudapda ni, si dy trong bng ti m bn tnh ca n bt xc, b tng lm l con rn; cng vy, T ng (tman) b vng tng thnh sai bit111. Khi v minh b hy dit, tm thc tr li trng thi thun tnh ca n, v T ng c hin l, ng nh iu m cc Upanishads khi th: neti nety tm, T ng khng phi l ci , khng phi l ci ; hoc: tad etad brahmprvam, enaparam, anan-taram, abhyam, eyam tm brahma sarvnubhh, Brahman y c m t nh l ci mt th hin trong v lng, v s hnh thi: Brahman y khng c khong u, khng c khong cui, khng c bn trong, khng c bn ngoi; Brahman y l tman, l ng ton tr, thy v bit tt c. Nh vy, khi Gaudapda ni th gii sai bit ch l huyn ha (mya), th ta phi hiu rng, l s huyn ha din ra t trn thc ti tuyt i bt nh. Sankara, trong phn gii thiu cho bn ch gii Brahma-stra ca ng cng gii thch tng t. Khi ngi ta b nhm mt, nhn ln thy hai hay ba mt trng. Nhng mt trng ch l s tng thng (adhysa) ca mt mt trng chn thc kia. Ni cch khc, bi v tm thc khi ln tc dng tr (vrtti-jnna) vn b bao ph m lm bi v tr c tc dng nh mt ch tri, khin ta khng nhn ra T ng chn thc, bt bin v bt t, ng sau ci ch tri b chi phi bi nhng au kh, bun ru... Mt khi chng c nht th tman, th gii huyn ha bin mt. Sankara trng dn cc Upanishads minh chng ngha ny. Chndoga -Upanishad IV.i.4 ni rng mi bin thi ch xy ra trn mt ngn thuyt, gi danh: vcrabanam

vikro nma-dheyam v.v... Cng nh mt bin t n ch l mt, nh xut hin nh l v s sng bin v bt bin112. Nh vy, Brahman, do v minh, m xut hin nh l th gii sai bit ca danh (nma) v sc (rpa); iu m Brhadranyaka-Upanishad I.4.7 ni: khi thy, th gii ny khng c s sai bit, khng biu hin (avykrtam) ri sau biu hin vi danh nh vy, sc nh vy. Ngi ta i tm li ci thc tnh nguyn s ca th gii ny phi tm theo du vt ca T ng, bi v T ng l du chn ca tt c th gian gm danh v sc ny. ---o0o--VIII.BRAHMAN V TMAN: NHT TH TUYT I Chim nghim bn th tuyt i Brahman l ch ch cu cnh ca Vednta. Sankara nhiu ln xc nh nh vy. Gii thiu bn ch gii Svetsvara-Upanishad, Sankara trng dn t cc thnh th Khi th lc (Sruti) v K c lc (Smrti) chng minh iu ny. Cng trong phn gii thiu , khi nh ngha danh t Upanishad, Sankara mun ni l s hng ti tri thc chim nghim Brahman113. Tri thc ca chng ta c hai bc, thng tr v h tr; do , thc ti xut hin di hai trng hp. Trong chn l thng tc ca th gian, th gii c nhn thy nh l thc hu. Trn chiu hng tuyt i, chn l ti thng, th gii ny nh huyn. Cng vy, Brahman, nh l bn th tuyt i t din ra qu trnh thnh-tr-hoi-khng ca th gian, cng c chim nghim qua hai trnh tri thc sai bit y. Bc thng tr chim nghim Brahman t tuyt i v hnh, khng sinh, khng dit. H tr chim nghim Brahman nh l mt To ha ch (visva-karman) hu hnh, ton tr ton nng. Brhadananyaka-Upanishad II.3.1 phn bit hai sc thi ca Brahman nh vy: hu hnh v v hnh (mrtam civ-murtam), t v bt t (martyam cmrtam)... Brahman tuyt i vn v hnh, v tng, khng th t n bng ngn ng, bng tm tng. Thot k thy, th gii ny l v th114, ni nh vy cng c ngha rng thot k thy, th gii ny l Brahman, bi v Ai bit c Brahman l v, ngi cng l v v nu ai bit c Brahman l hu, ngi y cng l hu115. Nh vy, bn th cu cnh ch l mt, nhng do tri thc c sai khc, m bn th y xut hin nh l sai khc. Srirakabhsya ni: Brahman c hai bn tnh, ty theo, hoc l i tng ca tri thc, hoc l i tng ca v minh116.

Nu l i tng ca tri thc, Brahman y l v c (nirguna), v hnh (nirkra), v sai bit (nirvisesa), khng thuc tnh (nirupdhika). Nu l i tng ca v minh, th tri li. l s phn bit mt Brahman tuyt i (para-brahman) v Brahman tng i (apara-brahman), hay svara, ng T ti ch. Tt c nhng g m chng ta ni v ngh v mt tuyt i th, y khng phi l Brahman, m ch thc ch l svara. S sng bi (upsan), con ng ca hnh nghip t t, cu cnh ca t duy trong th gii tng i, tt c u quy v mt svara. l saguna-brahman, hu c. Bn th ca v tr l Brahman, v tman l nguyn l m t nhn ra hin hu ca Brahman tuyt i. Qu vy, tt c y l Brahman117, Ai bit rng: Ta l Brahman, ngi y l tt c y118, Tt c y, qu vy, l Brahman. T ng ny l Brahman...119. Brahman c kinh nghim qua cc trnh ca T ng i vi thc ti. Cc trnh ny gm c bn: thc, ng mng, ng say v turya. Ba trnh u l cc hot ng sai bit t ng; thc ti c kinh nghim l sat-cit-nanda. Trong trng thi thc, tman hot ng nh l mt ch tri (sksi) hng ra thu nhn cc i tng ngoi gii, l thc ti ca i i (advaita). Trong lc ng mng, i tng khng cn l thc ti ngoi tm thc na, d vy, y vn cn c phn bit i i gia ch tri v s tri; vn cn l th gii ca v minh. Phn bit i i ny s bin mt trong trng thi ng say; l thc ti ca nanda, tnh lc. tman nh l svara, v l ng ch t ca th gii nh huyn, l cn nguyn nht ca th gii nh huyn. Trong trng thi th t, turya, tman ng nht vi Brahman; y l t ng tuyt i, ti thng ng (partman). Khi ni Brahman l tt c, c ngha rng bn th Brahman bao gm tt c cc trng thi sai bit ca tman, gm c th gii ngoi ti ca tm thc nh l sat; gm c th gii ni ti ca tm thc nh cit; v gm c th gii phi i i, nh l nanda, tnh lc. Trn mt hin tng gii (vyavahrika), nht th l svara v sai bit l Jva. Trn mt tuyt i (pramtthika), nht th l Brahman v sai bit l tman. Tuyt i Brahman v tng i Brahman ging nh mt tri gia h khng v mt tri phn chiu trong dng nc. Tuyt i ng (tman) ging nh h khng kia v tng i ng (jva) ging nh h khng trong lu nc. Nu ng tng i (jva) khng thot khi s chi phi ca v minh, t

coi mnh nh mt ch tri ca phn bit i i, th l s lm ln nh nhn si dy trong m ti m tng l con rn. Cng vy, tman tr thnh jva ch l s gn ghp sai lm . Nh vy, s sai bit gia ng c bit v ng ti thng ch do m vng ch khng phi do thc ti vn nh vy. ---o0o--IX.TRI THC V GII THOT Sankara lun lun ph nhn vai tr v kh nng din t ca ngn ng trc tuyt i Brahman. Thc ti cu cnh ch c th i n bng nhng chui ph nh lin tip, neti neti. Tri thc ch c cng dng l dit tr v minh. Tri thc ny khng phi do suy lun sung m c. Trc ht, l s hc hi cc thnh in, ri do suy t v chim nghim. Tri thc ni bc thng tr mi dn n ch suy t v chim nghim Brahman. Tri thc ni bc h tr ch a n cc hnh vi th phng, t t, v ch t n Brahman tng i, tc ch c th chim nghim svara. Hnh nghip (karma) khng phi l con ng dn n Brahman, nhng nh vo m ngi tnh ha tm thc ca mnh; ly lm phng tin gin tip dn n tri thc v Brahman, athato brahma-jijns: ri t , t duy chim nghim Brahman. Sankara gii thch ch athatas, t , bng cch v ra mt qu trnh tu tp, khc t v hy vng t n chn tr thc v Brahman. Vy, trc khi c th t duy chim nghim Brahman, ngi ta phi thc hnh tha mn cc iu kin: 1. Phn bit nhng g l thng tr v nhng g khng thng tr: nhng hnh phc th gian, nhng khoi lc hng th trong i ny hay i sau, thy l nhng th ca v thng, nn cn phi khc t, x b, hng ti th gii ca hnh phc chn tht, thng tr; 2. V s c tm, khc t mi hng th, danh vng trong i ny v i sau, ch i theo mt mc ch l sn ui chn l; 3. Ri th, ngi y thc hnh su php: tch tnh (sama), tit ch (dama), ly dc (uparari), kin nhn (titiksa), nh tm (samdhi) v thnh tn (sraddh); 4. Sau khi thc hnh y nh vy, ngi y pht khi hy vng ch thit, mong t c tri thc v Brahman.

 tha mn hy vng ch thit nh vy, trc ht phi hc hi cc thnh in Upanishads, hc hi, phn bit, bng suy lun, bng kim chng, cho n lc thit lp xc tn i vi nhng g c khi th trong cc Upanishads. Hc hi khng thi nh vy vn cha phi l , m cn phi suy t v nhng iu hc hi y. Sau khi hc hi v suy t, by gi li phi tu tp Du gi t n s hp nht. l ba giai on ca qu trnh hc hi v tu tp: vn (sravana), t (manana) v tu (nididhysama). Nu ch thc hnh cc bn phn t t, ngi ta c th thc sinh ln cc th gii Phm Thin (Brahamanloka), hng th cc phc bo vi diu. l tim gii thot (krama-mukti). Bc thng tr t n gii thot bng con ng chim nghim Brahman; v cui cng t n s gii thot trn vn, chn gii thot (vedeha-mukti). Chn gii thot c t n sau khi thn xc ny tiu hy, sau khi cht. Cng nh mt cy uc thiu hy mt thnh th; sau khi trn c thnh th thiu hy ht, vt dn la v bn thn ca la cng bin mt, tt ht. Cng vy, khi t n chn gii thot, th gii m vng ca my hon ton bin mt. ---o0o--X.PHT TRIN KHUYNH HNG HU THN (RMNUJA: CC HN BT NH) K Na gio (Jainism) v Pht gio l hai ngun nh hng ln i vi t tng v thn trong trit hc n . Mt s cc Upanishads s khi, khng xc quyt lm, nhng cng bo hiu mt ngha no cho khuynh hng v thn trong truyn thng chnh thng. y c th coi nh l phn ng ca giai cp St l trc c quyn t tng ca giai cp B la mn. Cho n khong u k nguyn trc Ty lch, di s thnh hnh ca Pht gio v K Na gio, c hai vn pht xut t giai cp St l, khuynh hng hu thn bt u c gng phc hi chng li cc tro lu phn chnh thng y. Trong khong thi gian ny, Pht gio hng thnh ti Nam n. C l nhng n lc khi phc khuynh hng hu thn cng khi s ti cc vng t ny. D nhin cc Upanishads khng hon ton loi b t tng hu thn v coi nh con ng hnh nghip nh Sankara gii thch. Chng hn, trong

Svetsvara-Upanishad m chng ta tng nhc n vi cc gii thch ca Sankara, r rng ch im t tng hu thn, v c bit l thn Siva. Nhng t ng no c th ng mt khuynh hng hu thn y u c Sankara gii thch nh l thut ng biu tng ca tuyt i bt nh. Ngay sau thi Sankara, du hiu khi phc khuynh hng hu thn xut hin trong Vednta. Nu ni Sankara, con ng hnh nghip khng c coi nh l con ng chn chnh t n tri thc v Brahman, th cch Sankara khng lu, trn di 100 nm, Brskara ti lp gi tr ca con ng . Tri thc hnh ng cng c phi hp mi c th t n tri thc v Brahman. y l ch trng tri hnh hip nht (jnna-samuccita-karma). Sau Brkskara, truyn thng hu thn khi nguyn t Veda hon ton c khi phc vi Rmnuja, trn cn bn t tng bt nh ca Sankara. ---o0o--XI.TIU S RMNUJA Rmnuja sinh nm 1017 ti Bhtapur. Cha l sur Kesava, v m l Kntimat, em gi ca Pahprna, mt ca Ymuna vn l ngi c coi nh mt trong nhng trit gia u tin thuc phi Vaisnava gii thch Brahma-stra theo khuynh hng hu thn. Kesava cht sau khi ci v cho con cha bao lu, by gi Rmnuja mi 16 tui. Ri Rmanuja theo m di sang Kancipura, hc vi Yavadapraksa. Nhng v c nhiu ch bt ng vi Yvada v gii thch Upanishad, cui cng Rmnuja b thy ui, li theo hc vi Mahprna, cu rut ca mnh. ng thi, ti Srrangam, Ymuna l mt hc gi lng danh v t tng cc hn bt nh. Qua trung gian ca Mahprna m Rmnuja bit c danh ting ca Ymuna, v c hai cng khi hnh i n Srrangam. Khi n ni th Ymuna cht. Rmnuja nghe ni sau khi cht, ba ngn tay ca Ymuna cong li, lin ngh ra rng l du hiu m ch ba c vng cha c tha mn ni Ymuna: th nht, a mi ngi tr v gio thuyt Prapatti ca phi Vaisnava, h thng hiu cc thnh gi Alivar 1.2.3, k , vit mt bn ch gii v Brahma-stra theo phi Srvaisnava; v sau ht, vit nhiu tc phm v phi Srvaisnava. Rmnuja ha hn s thc hin ba c vng ny.

V thi v l ca v mnh i vi v ca Mahprna, v i vi nhng ngi hnh kht, Rmnuja ui v v nh ng nhc. K t khong 30 tui tr i, Rmnuja sng cuc i ca mt sannysi, giai on th t trong bn giai on sng ca mt ngi B la mn. T tng ca Rmnuja rt khoan dung. Trong tn ngng tn gio, ng chp nhn c Pht gio, K Na gio. ng cng t ra thn thin vi nhng ngi Th l (Sudra), v giai cp h tin. Do , khi ng cht, by gi 120 tui, tt c mi ngi trong bn giai cp x hi u luyn tic. Ha hn th nht ca Rmnuja, thc hin iu m Ymuna c mong nhng cha tha mn, l tch cc pht huy chn tinh thn prapatti ca cc thnh gi livr. H l nhng v hon ton dng hin mnh cho ng ch t (svm), ch c mt con ng duy nht gii thot, nh vo n hu ca ng ch t (svmikrp). Nhng v alivr do cng c gi l nhng ngi ca Nht tha o (Ekayana). Prapatti l s thc hnh bng cu nguyn, ca ngi ng ch t vi xc tn su xa rng duy nht ch c Ngi l ng cu ri, v khng c con ng no khc n gii thot ngoi n hu ca Ngi; v t c n hu y, hnh gi ch c mt phng tin duy nht l dng hin mnh trn vn. Tt c mi phng tin khc u l h khng (upya-snyat). Cc v thnh livr gm mi giai cp: B la mn, St l, Th la v tin dn. ng ch t ca h l thn Visnu. Nhng v thnh u tin xut hin Nam n, m truyn thuyt cho rng livr u tin sng khong 4203 trc Ty lch v livr cui cng khong 2706 trc Ty lch. T ng livr ch cho mt ngi c tri thc trc gic thn b v Thng v hon ton m mnh trong s chim nghim thn linh. Cc livr l nhng v thnh ca tn gio Srvaisnva, m Rmnuja c nhiu lin h, v huyt thng cng nh v tri thc. Vi cc ha hn khc, Rmnuja vit Sr-bhsya (ch gii Brahmastra), Vedrtha-samgraha, Vednta-sra v Vednta-dpa. ---o0o--XII.PH BNH SANKARA Rmnuja mt thi theo hc vi Yvada, ngi theo Nht nguyn tuyt i ca Sankara. Tuy nhin, thi khc t cc bn phn t t ca Sankara nht nh i ngc vi nhng g m Rmnuja c lin h ngay

ni huyt thng. Do s bt ng y m xy ra nhng cuc ci ln gia hai thy tr, ri Rmnuja b ui. Cui cng, Yvada tr li quy thun vi Rmnuja. Ngay trong phn u ca ch gii Brahma-stra, Rmnuja tm tt nhng im tinh yu trong th h ca Sankara, sau ln lt bi bc120. iu m Sankara v cc mn (prvapaksin) ch trng rng tm thc thng tr, tuyt i bt bin nhng do v minh nn tr thnh sai bit; iu Rmnuja cho rng ch trng nh vy khng c chng c. Nhng ai ch trng hc thuyt v mt bn th hon ton khng c sai bit, nhng ngi y khng c quyn ngh s kin ny hay s kin kia lm chng c cho mt bn th nh vy, bi v tt c mi phng tin ca tri thc chn chnh u phi c i tng ca chng l nhng s th b chi phi bi sai bit tnh. K , Rmnuja phn tch kt cu ca ngn ng, chng t rng mt li ni t chng t bao gm nhiu chi tit sai bit ca ngn ng. Ngn ng t chng t bn cht sai bit ca n; mi cp v mt bn th khng sai bit bng ngn ng thy u thiu cn c. Ngay trong nhn thc cng vy. Giai on tin nhn thc l trc gic v phn bit (nirvikalpa-pratyaksa) v k tip l tri gic c phn bit (savikalpa-pratyaksa). D c phn bit hay khng phn bit, tri gic vn tip nhn mt tnh cht no ca i tng. Rmnuja cng trng dn cc Upanishads gii thch theo quan im ca mnh, chng minh rng khng phi cc thnh th y khi th mt Brahman tuyt i khng hnh tch, khng d bit, v tng. Th d: Brhad.Up.IV.v.15 ni: Ni no nh l c hai tnh. Hay Brhad.Up.IV.iv.19 ni: Ni y khng tnh sai bit. Ai thy ni y c tnh sai bit, ngi y i t ch cht n ch cht, v.v... Nhng g m cc on Upanishads ph nhn, ch l sai bit tnh tri ngc vi nht th ca th gii, v nht th ca th gii nng ta trn Brahman. Vy, khi cc thnh in ni Brahman l c nht, iu khng m ch rng Brahman l nht th tuyt i, v danh, v tng, m mun ni rng Brahman l nguyn nhn c nht ca th gii. K tip, Rmnuja bc b thuyt v minh ca Sankara, theo ton th th gii ny c l ch do v minh, gn ghp sai lm chn tnh ca thc ti v sai bit. Rmnuja chng t cho thy v minh (avidy) hon ton khng c thc ti no lm s y. Ng tng i (jva) khng phi l s y (asraya)

ca n, bi v theo thuyt ca Sankara, ng tng i l mt gn ghp sai lm khc do v minh. Brahman d nhin khng phi l s y y. Tt c lun chng ca Rmnuja ch nhm mc ch ti thit mt hnh nh Brahman m trc y Sankara y n thnh mt bn th tuyt i, khng cn l i tng cho chim ngng v phng th na. V nh vy, Rmnuja mi chng t c rng, cc thnh in khng dy ch c con ng duy nht a n gii thot cu cnh l tri thc v Brahman. ---o0o--XIII.CC HN BT NH (VISISTA-ADVAITA) Sau khi bc b lp trng Vednta ca cc nh Tuyt i bt nh, Rmnuja trnh by ngha mt cch ngn trng yu ca thnh th Upanishad: tat tvam asi121. Ngi l ci , v chng t thnh th khng h ging dy rng gii thot l do tri thc v mt Brahman khng phm tnh (nirguna-brahman). Rmnuja trng dn cc Upanishads. Svet.Up.III.8 ni: Ti bit ng siu nhn v i nh mt tri vt trn bng ti. Ch nh bit c Ngi m ngi ta vt qua s cht. Khng c con ng no khc. Nh vy, tt c cc thnh th u khi th rng gii thot l do tri thc v mt saguna-brahman, ch khng phi mt nirguna-brahman. Tat tvam asi khng hm ng tng v mt nht th tuyt i v sai bit (nirvsesa). Trong , ch tat, ci , ch im Brahman ton tr, ton nng... v tvam, ngi, ngi th hai, ch im Brahman hin thn ni cc ng tng i cng vi vt cht phi tm (acit). y l nguyn l cn bn cho Visistdvaita. Nguyn l ny ni rng122, mt nht th phi bao gm ba yu t. Ngha l, mt ton th lun lun cha ng trong n hai thnh t ring bit. Khi ni, Ngi ny l Devadatta kia, tc hm ng rng trong nht th Devadatta bao gm mt Devadatta ca qu kh v mt Devadatta hin ti. Cng vy, trong nht th Brahman bao gm hai thnh t: tm (cit) v phi tm (acit). Ni mt con ngi, thc ti phi tm l thn th ca n, v thc ti tm l ng tng i (jva) ca n. Thc ti phi tm, hay vt cht, chu chi phi ca mi bin i, t tui th, qua trng nin n tui gi; nhng bin i y ch xy ra trong gii hn ca thn th123. Ng tng i l chng nhn ca nhng bin i nh vy, hng th cc hu qu ca hoan lc hay au n do chng a n. C hai thnh t ny kt hp mt cch bt kh phn (aprthak-siddhi), to thnh mt T ng bt bin. Brahman hin thn ni T

ng , ly thc ti phi tm lm thn th ca mnh. Nhng phm tnh bt ton ch din ra ni thn th (srira), khng c nh hng no i vi Brahman. ngha ph nh trong cc thnh th, ni neti neti khng phi ph nhn mi phm tnh c thng ca Brahman, m k thc l ph nhn nhng phm tnh bt ton kia. Cng nh t st, hay vng rng, d c ch to di mi hnh thc no i na, nhng bn tnh khng h b bin i. Bn cht ca Brahman cng vy. Li na, nh mt hong t ngi mt ni y mui, nhng vi ci qut trong tay, xua ui cc n mui kia. Cng vy, Brahman khng h b nh hng bi nhng au kh, bun phin124. Cc thnh th khi th Tuyt i th nh l Nht th cc hn (visistatdvaita), mt ton th vi hai thnh t. Chand.Up.: Tt c th gii ny l Brahman; hy tnh tm t duy th gii ny nh l khi thy, chung cc v sinh tn trong Brahman. Ni khc, cc thnh th cng dy rng, T ng ca th gii ny trong Bahman, chng no m ton th tp hp ca nhng thc ti tm v phi tm lp thnh thn th ca Brahman. Svet.Up. ni: C hai v sinh, ci bit v ci khng bit, ci ton nng v ci v lc. Qu vy, c mt ci v sinh khc, lin kt ngi hng th v vt hng th. V c mt t ng v hn, bin mn, v tc. Khi nhn ra ba thc ti ny, l Brahman. Ni cch khc, c ba thc ti (tattatraya): Thng , thc ti thng tr, ton tr v ton nng; tm, thc ti thng tr nhng v lc; v thc ti vt cht thng tr. Trong , thc ti phi tm (acit), vt cht (prakrti) l i tng ca hng th (bhogyrtha); thc ti hu tnh (cit), cc ng tng i (jva) l k hng th (bhoktr), v Brahman l nguyn l ch o125. Rmnuja li dn chng cc thnh th khc khi ni rng Brahman tuyt i khng phm tnh, ch c ngha l khng c nhng phm tnh bt ton. Chnd.Up.VIII.i.5 ni: T ng y khng c ti li, khng c tui gi, khng c s cht, khng c bun ru, khng c i v kht. y l bt u bng ph nh, nhng k thnh th li khng nh: kht vng ca t ng l chn tht, t duy ca t ng l chn tht. Nh vy, Rmnuja ni, cho php chng ta qu quyt rng nhng ph nh trong cc ni khc thc s ch l ph nh nhng phm tnh xu. Ri sau , trng dn thm mt s cc thnh th khng nh nhng phm tnh ca Brahman, Rmnuja i n kt lun126:

Bng cch gii thch , chng ta thy rng cc bn vn tuyn b tnh d bit v phn ly t yu tnh ca thc ti phi tm, tm v Thng ; v nhng bn vn tuyn b ngi l nguyn nhn v th gii l kt qu, v nhn qu ng nht; nhng bn vn y nht nh khng mu thun vi nhng bn vn khc vt cht (prakrti), linh hn (jva) to thnh thn th (srira) ca Thng ; v vt cht v linh hn y trong trng thi nguyn nhn (karanavastha) ca chng, ng l thc ti vi t khng c s phn bit no gia danh v sc; khi c s phn bit y, ng l thc ti th hin. ---o0o--XIV.THN LUN Ni v Brahman, Rmnuja ch nh ngay rng l Thn ng Ti cao (purusottama) vt ngoi mi phm tnh bt ton, v gm v lng lc dng, v lng diu c. T ng Brahman c Rmnuja ch cho bt c s th no c phm tnh ti cao, tuyt i; v d nhin ch c ng ch t ca vn hu mi c phm tnh . T suy din ra, trc ht, t ng Brahman duy nht ch cho Ngi, v k cng ch nh lun nhng s th c c mt phn nh ni phm tnh ca Ngi127. Ni cch khc, trc ht, ng ch t, hay Thng , l Tuyt i th, tc Brahman. Ngi l hin thn ca v tr, bi v cc thc ti tm v phi tm kt thnh thn th ca Ngi. Khi v tr cha c sng to, vt cht v tm trong tnh trng nhn thi (krana-avastha) ca Brahman, by gi ng ch t khng hin thn. Khi v tr c sng to, vt cht v tm trong tnh trng qu thi (kryavastha) ca Brahman. Nh vy, ng ch t c coi nh l ng chi phi ni ti (antarym)128, l bn th sai bit (visesya) nhng t Ngi vn bt bin, bt ng. Vt cht v tm l dng thc (prakra) ca Ngi. Chng tuyt i nng ta khng th phn ly Ngi. S l thuc c din t l aprthak-sid dhi, thnh tu v d, s phi hp thnh mt ton th khng c d bit. ng ch t y, va l Tuyt i th, v va l mt Thng Hu ng, c m t qua nm hnh thi:

1. Vi t tng (suksma)62, l Vsudeva, Th Thin, m th gii l thn th ca Ngi, v th gii bao gm hai thnh t nh ni. Bi v l Nguyn l sng to, ph hoi v duy tr th gii vn hu. Vsudeva l Brahman ti cao, hoc th hin bng vi t tng, hoc phn thn (vyha), hoc quyn hin (vhibava); nhng ai phng th Ngi bng nhng hnh ng c hng dn bi tri thc s t n. Phng th quyn hin tng ca Ngi, ngi ta t n phn thn ca Ngi, v phng th phn thn ngi ta t n vi t tng, tc Vsudeva hay Brahman ti cao. 2. ng ch o ni ti (antarymin). T vi t tng, Brahman ti cao, nguyn nhn ca v tr, th nhp vo cc thc ti hu tnh thit lp T ng cho cc ng tng i c bit. Ng tng i hay linh hn (jva) chi phi thn th; T ng (tman) chi phi ng tng i. Brhad.Up. III.7.3 ni: Ai ng trn t tc l trong t, m t khng bit n, m thn th ca ngi y l t; l ngi chi phi t t bn trong; ngi l t ng ca ngi, l k ch o ni ti, l ng bt t. Cc thnh th nh vy u khi th rng th gii bao gm thc ti hu tnh l thn th ca Ng ti cao, v Ng ti cao l T ng ca tt c. 3. Bn phn thn (vyha): Khi hin thn nh l ng ch t, Ngi l Vsudeva pht xut t Vsudeva vi t tng nh l Brahman ti cao trn kia. Khi hin thn l ng ch o cc thc ti hu (jvattva) hay thc ti hu tr (buddhitattva), v hin thn lm ng hy dit v tr ny, Ngi c gi l Sankarsana. Khi hin thn lm ng chi phi thc ti ch (manatattva) v lm ng sng to v tr, ngi l Pradymna. Khi hin thn lm ng ch o cho thc ti ng chp (ahankratattva) v l ng duy tr th gii, Ngi l Anirudha. 4. Quyn hin (vibhava), y l hin thn nhp th, hoc trong lt ngi hoc trong lt vt, ch tr thng thin pht c. Hoc trc tip hin thn nhp th, nh thn Krsna. Hoc gin tip khai sng cc linh hn nhp th, nh Siv, Pht, v.v... 5. Ngu tng (rchvtra), Ngi hin thn ni cc tng g, tng , i tng th phng ca chng sinh, tha mn linh ng cc cu nguyn ca chng. ---o0o---

XV.GII THOT M u ch gii Adhyya III ca Brahma-stra, Rmnuja tm tt nhng g trnh by hai Adhyya trc, v gii thiu Adhyya III c mc ch ni v nhng phng cch t n Brahman y, v phng cch y l t duy. Chng ta cng bit rng, cc livr coi s gii thot ch c th thc hin trn mt con ng duy nht l dng hin mnh trn vn cho ng ch t. Rmnuja cng noi theo con ng . Khng phi nh Sankara, gii thot ch c th t c bng chn tri thc v Brahman. Chn tri thc ny, ni Rmnuja, ng ngha vi bhakti, tn ngng. y l ch trng ca tn gio Vaisnava. Sarvadarsana-samgraha cp n nm giai on i n s dng hin thn linh nh sau: 1. Thn cn (abhigamana), sing nng ti lui gn gi nhng ni th phng thn linh. 2. Cng dng (updna), mang cc th hng hoa n nhng ni th phng y dng cng thn linh. 3. T t (jy), thc hnh cc nghi l t t thn linh. 4. Hc tp (svdhyya), hc tp cc bi ca ngi, ch vn, danh hiu Nryana, mt bit danh ca thn Visnu. 5. Thin nh (yoga), thc hnh s chim nghim thn linh. S thc hnh ny cng c phn bit di ba kha cnh. Hoc chim nghim bng cch thc hnh cc bn phn t t, gi l karma-yoga; hoc chim nghim bng tri thc, jnna-yoga; vn l nhng chun b v thanh lc tinh thn, chun b cho bhakti-yoga. Ni vn tt, gii thot l nh vo n hu ca ng ch t. iu ny khng khc my vi quan nim ca Gia T gio. ---o0o---

XVI.MADHVA v VEDNTA NH NGUYN Madhva sinh trong khong 1197 hay 1199, v th khong 79 tui. Ngi ta cng thng gi ng di danh hiu nandatrtha hay Prnaprajna, v c coi nh l ha thn ca thn Vyu, xung th gian vi mc ch ph hy cc ch trng ca Sankara. Tc phm ca Madhva k c 37 b. Trong s , mt bn ch gii Rg.Veda, 1 bn ch gii v Brahmana, 11 bn ch gii v cc Upanishads, 1 bn ch gii v Mahbhrata, 3 bn ch gii Bhagavad- Gta, 4 bn ch gii Brahma-stra, v mt s tc phm khc trnh by nhng im chnh trong h thng nh nguyn hu thn ca ng, bc b nhng ch trng lin h t tng nht nguyn tuyt i ca Sankara. Madhva coi Sankara v mn l nhng i th chnh, do phn ln trong cc tc phm ca ng ch trch kch lit nhng ngi ny. Trong khong thi gian hot ng ca Madhva, nhiu trit gia theo khuynh hng nht nguyn ca Sankara kh phn thnh, nh Vcaspati, Prakstman, Suresvara; h vit nhiu tc phm qung b bnh vc trit l nht nguyn ca Sankara. Madhva v mn , nh Jayatrtda, Vysatrtha, v mt s khc, tch cc n lc bc b trit l ch trng th gian m vng ny; h thit lp quan im v Thc ti tnh v a nguyn tnh ca th gii, ch trng s khc bit gia t ng v Brahman, v coi Brahman nh mt Thng Hu ng. Nhng ngi theo khuynh hng ca Sankara cng tch cc chng i li. Cuc tranh lun nht nguyn v nh nguyn nh vy ko di gia hai nhm Vednta. Chng ta bit rng, khi ch gii Brahma-stra I.i.1, Sankara tuyn b ngay phn gii thiu rng, tri thc chn thc v Brahman l cng ch ca Vednta, v ch c tri thc ny mi dit tr v minh, dn n gii thot trn vn. t n cng ch ny, Sankara ngh bn iu kin tin quyt, hay bn tin phng tin, trc khi theo ui suy t chim nghim v Brahman. Vi Madhva, athto brahma-jijns c ni ni Brahma-stra I.i.1 c ngha l suy t chim nghim v Brahman (brahma-jijns) ch c th t

c bng vo n hu ca Visnu, ng ch t. Bi v duy nht ch c Ngi l ng lc ca tt c mi tc ng tinh thn m thi. Nh vy, Madhva ngh ba giai on t n n hu (prasda) ny. Thc hnh cc nghi l t t ca Veda ch t n n hu thp. Hc hi thnh in th t c n hu cao hn mt cht. M n hu cao nht l gii thot (mukti) bng tr tu (mata). Khng phi nh Sankara quan nim gii thot do tri thc trc nhn nht th tuyt i gia Brahman tuyt i v Ng tuyt i, nht th ca minh tr (vidy) v v minh (vidy), Madhva coi tr tu y nh l kt qu ca chim nghim (nididhysana) v dng hin (bhakti) sau khi tri qua giai on hc hi thnh in (sravana) v t duy (manana) v cc thnh in. Thm na, cng khng phi nh Sankara, theo Brahman l Tuyt i th khng c phm tnh; m Brahman y, i vi Madhva, chnh l thn Visnu, v ch khi no Visnu hi lng vi tri thc nhn bit ca Ngi th ngi ta mi c th t c gii thot do Ngi ban b. Nh vy, Madhva v cc mn bc b bn tin phng tin m Sankara ngh cho brahma-jijns. Sankara i hi, chim nghim Brahman (brahma-jijns), trc ht ngi ta phi phn bit r gia nhng ci thng (nitya) v v thng (anitya) v cui cng phi ci kht vng nhit thnh. y, ci thng c hiu nh l ci thc, v v thng l ci m vng, ch c Brahman l chn tht, cn tt c nhng ci khc l h di (brahmaiva satyam anyad anrtam). Nu s phn bit y l mt tin phng tin, th chnh n l mt cu cnh ri; brahma-jijns, by gi s khng cn c ngha cn thit g na. Sankara cng ngh rng, trong tin phng tin ca Brahmajijns, ngi ta phi khc t mi hng th ca i ny v i sau. Nhng, nu ni theo ch thuyt nht nguyn ca Sankara, cc i tng gic quan (visaya) mc d c coi nh ch cung cp khoi lc tm thi, gi o, nhng chng li l t tnh ca t ng (tmasvarpa). Nh vy, khng c s khc bit no gia mt ngi hng th khoi lc h vng v mt ngi hng th khoi lc ca gii thot.

T tng nh nguyn ca Madhva chp nhn c hai thc ti chn tht. Vi Sankara, duy ch Brahman l chn tht, ngoi ra u l h vng. Madhva cho rng th gii, trin phc, gii thot, tt c cng chn tht nh Brahman. L lun cn bn cho t tng nh nguyn ny c th tm tt rng: nu tt c u h gi, ngi ta s khng tm thy s thc no chng minh s h gi l h gi. Ch trng bt nh thuyt (anirvcanya) ca cc nh nht nguyn khng ng vng. Theo thuyt ny, thc ti h gi khng th quyt nh rng l hu (sat) hay phi hu (asat). Si dy m b tng lm l con rn, trong tri gic hin ti, con rn y khng phi l hu, nhng qu thc ngi ta ang thy n th cng khng th c quyt n l phi hu. Vy, con rn khng xut hin nh l hu hay phi hu: sad-asat-vilaksana. Nhng vi cc nh madhva, nu thc ti l phi hu, tt nhin con ngi phi c khi nim v s phi hu . Nh ni, sng th, ngi ta c ngay khi nim rng trn u con th khng h c sng; vy sng th l mt phi hu. Hoc gi, khi ni, y l ci lu, ngi ta cng bit ngay khng phi l ci o. Lu v o l hai thc ti d bit, mt ci l hu v mt ci l phi hu. Khng ai li lm ln ci lu l ci o, hay nghi ng bt quyt gia ci lu v ci o. Vy th, hu (sat) v phi hu (asat) l hai thc ti d bit (bheda). D bit th (bheda) va ni , l im mu cht trong t tng nh nguyn ca Madhva v mn . i vi h, c nm phm tr ca d bit th: d bit gia tiu ng v Thng (jva-sayor bhd); d bit gia cc tiu ng (jva-bheda parasparam); d bit gia th gian v Thng (jadsayor bhd); d bit gia th gian v tiu ng (jada-jva bhid); d bit gia th gian v th gian (jadnm jada bhid). Nu khng d bit gia Thng v tiu ng, th khi tiu ng chu au kh trong lun hi sinh t, Thng cng phi cng s phn; hn th, brahma-jijns cng tr thnh v ngha, v nu gia ta v Brahman khng c d bit no c, th Brahman khng th l i tng cho suy t chim nghim. Khi tiu ng t n gii thot, hng th khoi lc di n hu (prasda) ca Ngi ch khng phi tr thnh lm mt vi Ngi; th lc by gi, tiu ng tin n gn Ngi hn m thi.

ng khc, nu khng c s d bit gia cc tiu ng, th khi mt ngi ny t n gii thot th tt c mi ngi khc cng phi coi nh l t n gii thot cng lc nh nhau. y, Madhva cn phn bit r, l ch c cc loi tri v loi ngi mi c th t n gii thot nh n hu ca Brahman; cn gia loi ngi, th cng ch c hng thng thng mi t c, cn hng bnh thng nh cc giai cp Th la hay tin dn khng th nhn c n hu ca Ngi; h l nhng ngi mi mi chm m trong vng lun hi sinh t; cn nhng ngi xu xa ti t nht, vnh vin a xung a ngc khng hy vng c ngy gii thot. Hu qu th nht ca t tng nh nguyn nh vy a n mt a nguyn lun. Hu qu th hai ca n l duy thc. Th gii ny vn l thc hu, v v nhng phm tnh xu xa ca n cng thc hu, cho nn ta mi c th mong mi mt ni khc sung mn hn, v do h tm con ng phng th Thng c gn gi Ngi. Tt c trin phc v au kh trong th gian cng thc hu. Tr nng, gic quan, cho n ngoi cnh, v tt c u thc hu di s chi phi v ch o ca Thng . V minh, ngu dt, l do phn bit sai lm rng th gii vt cht kia nh nhng thnh phn s hu ca ta, hay ta l th gii; ch khng phi l do khng nhn ra th gii vn nh huyn nh cc nh Nht nguyn lun. Khi nhn ra bn tnh ca Brahman, ngi ta khi tm th phng (bhakti) i vi Ngi. Th phng, sng knh (bhakti) l lin tc lm tng trng tnh yu Thng , v tt c phi quy vo tnh yu ny. Nh vy, khi im t mt quan im Nht nguyn tuyt i ni Gaudapda, v hon thnh h thng ni Sankara, theo gii thot l th nhp bn th tuyt i, v ch c con ng thuc tri thc mi kh nng dn n y; cui cng Vednta i n mt h thng nh nguyn, mang m hng a n v duy thc. By gi, gii thot khng cn c ngha l th nhp bn th tuyt i na, v tuyt i th Brahman chnh l Visnu, mt Thng hu ng, v do , gii thot phi bng n hu ca Ngi c th c gn gi vi Ngi. S gn gi y mang li cho con ngi gii thot s hng th nhng khoi lc t ti nh Ngi, trong cnh gii sung mn vi s hin din ca Ngi. Dng hin v sng knh l n lc lm hi lng Ngi nhn c n hu m Ngi ban b, v cng nh m nhn c gii thot, vt ngoi th gii trin phc v au kh ny.

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PH LC I
I.TRIT THUYT C SMKHYA (S LUN) T rit phi Smkhya do Kapila (Ca T La - khong 350-250 trc dng lch) dng ln v do danh l Asuri ni tip hong dng. Sau Asuri n Pancasikha (khong 150-50 tdl) v Vindhyavasin (th k IV sau dl) u l nhng trit gia chuyn kch mnh m vo nhng nhc im trong kinh sch cc phi Pht gio. Sch v do nhng v ny sng tc ngy nay hu ht u b tht lc; cn li mt t th chng c chng no hay mc no c nguyn vn. Truyn n nay, v c k l sch trit hc Smkhya c in nht, l b Smkhya tng do Isvarakrsna (T Ti Hc) vit vo th k IV sdl. Trit thuyt cn bn ca phi Smkhya l dung ha t tng ca phi ny vi thuyt nguyn l duy nht ca phi Uddalaca trong phong tro trit hc Upanishad lp thnh thuyt Nh nguyn thc hu. nht nguyn l nguyn l tinh thn tc phn tinh thn thun ty m hc phi Sankhya gi l Purusa (thn ng) hay l Atman. nh nguyn l nguyn l vt cht tc phn cn bn ca nguyn cht m hc phi gi l Prakrti (t tnh) hay l Pradhana; phn ny l nguyn l ch yu to nn mi hin tng trn th gian, l ng ch t hay l bc phi bin d (Avyakrta). Theo trit thuyt ny, phn tinh thn thun ty cng c thc th c ng ca n do mt vng i nguyn t t li m thnh trong tng lnh vc ring bit, nh phm vi bn cht ca Tr (Jnna), phm vi bn cht ca T (Cit, cetana), v.v... Tinh thn thun ty khng l ra nhng v hot ng hay bin ng c th nh vt cht m ch tr ti mt ch qun chiu cho mi vt th, nn S lun gi phn ny l phi hot ng (akrti). Phi hot ng l thng tr bt bin, l thun ty thanh tnh, ch quan chiu cho vt cht ch khng lin quan g n vn mng, sinh, t hay lun hi ca vt th, trong c con ngi. Do y, con ngi mi c th tu hnh gii thot cho tinh thn thot ra khi lnh vc ca vn mng, ca lun hi.

Phn vt cht nguyn l tc cn bn ca nguyn cht, t n hm cha nguyn nhn cho c nng to nn vt cht. T tnh ca nguyn l vt cht l hot ng khng ngng, bt tuyt. Cn bn nguyn cht chia thnh ba loi: - Thun cht (sattava) - Kch cht (rajas) - U cht (tamas) Mi loi u cu to nn mt th yu t, tc l c ba loi yu t gi chung l ba c (triguna). Ba c sinh ra ch mt na trn cn cn sinh lc nn cn nm trong trng thi tnh ch ch nguyn nhn c hi ca tinh thn thun ty quan chiu n. Khi m c quan chiu th trc ht, phn kch cht (rajas) t ph ra ngoi trng thi tnh ch bt u tr thnh sinh ng v chuyn bin (parinama) nhng ch mi thnh c mt c quan trong thn th, l c quan t nm c nng cho t duy (buddhi: gio). C quan ny tc l phn cc i (mahat) ca c th. Hiu nng ca phn cc i ny l ch v xc nhn, ch v quyt tr hng dn cho c nng sinh hot, c nng hot ng ca thn th. y l hiu qu th nht ca tc dng quan chiu gia tinh thn thun ty v cn bn nguyn cht. Th n, hiu nng quan chiu ca tinh thn thun ty vi yu t thun cht (sattava) l to nn phn hnh tng c sinh hot ca c th ch khng c t duy. Bi y, phn gi tr ch yu bc nht ni c th vn l c quan u no nm ci t duy ca con ngi, ca sinh vt. Gii thch r ngha hn v t duy, S lun cho rng mc d ng thuc ba c, nhng thun cht v u cht u chu chung di s chi phi tinh thn ca t duy, hoc t duy l chic cu lin lc gia quan chiu ca tinh thn thun ty to thnh th sinh bin, bin sinh cho hnh tng ca c th. Khi hnh tng ca c th nn hnh hi ton vn th phn gic ca t duy cng bt u ny n, to cho con ngi thc t ng (ahamkara, tc ng mn) l u mi ca quan nim t ng ch th, gi chung l thc ng chp. Bi ng chp ny m con ngi mi t ho. C ci ta y. Vt ny thuc ca ta. Ci ny do ta m thnh, n chng t s ng nhn su xa v ch th, ng nhn rng ta l ch th ca ta, m khng hiu rng ngay n gic quan ni ch th cng ch l mt bn v do cn nguyn c nng ca t duy em ng nht ha vi phn tinh thn thun ty ca nh nguyn m

thnh. T ng chp ng nhn , con ngi mi i lc ra ngoi phm vi ca t tnh b ri lt vo nghip chng ca lun hi. Ni cch khc, nghip lun hi y do con ngi t to nn, nm ti trung tm ca thc t ng. thc t ng y cng l nghip thn. Nghip thn biu hin di hai loi, mi loi gm nhiu c quan trong thn th. Mt loi gm mi mt c quan. Mi mt c quan ny cng chia thnh hai loi na: c quan cm gic v hnh ng. C quan cm gic c nm: mt, mi, tai, li v thn. C quan hnh ng cng c nm: pht thanh, tay, chn, bi tit v sinh thc. Cn c quan th mi mt l . Mt loi na thuc nghip thn do yu t vi t (tanmatra: duy) trong c quan hnh ng m thnh l: 1. Thanh duy ng tnh vi Khng ca ngoi gii. 2. Xc duy ng tnh vi Phong ca ngoi gii. 3. Sc duy ng tnh vi Ha ca ngoi gii. 4. V duy ng tnh vi Thy ca ngoi gii. 5. Hng duy ng tnh vi a ca ngoi gii. Tng kt nhng quan im ni trn y, trit phi Sankhya gi y l 25 Nguyn l hay 25 . Tr li phn tinh thn thun ty, S lun ch trng tinh thn nguyn lai l thun ty thanh tnh, nhng v phi quan chiu, phi ha hp ch to v dng thanh s sinh tn ca vt cht, nn mi vt cht c b m chm trong nghip lun hi. Do , tinh thn cng b au kh ly. Tinh thn biu hin ni con ngi phn t duy, thc t ng, ng duy (tanmatra) tng hp li thnh vi t thn (linga). Vi t thn ny tuy b bin i nhng vi t thn vn cn mi n ch ln nhc th khc ca nghip hu thn. Mun gii thot cho vi t thn tc tinh thn thun ty thanh tnh v vnh cu c thot nghip lun hi, con ngi phi dc lng quyt tm tu hnh theo phng php c bit, ty ra cho tinh thn c sch ht nh bn tinh thn tr li nguyn v t tnh ca n, trng tn, bt sinh, bt bin, bt dit. Mun c qu gii thot y, trc phi tr li ni ci Tr ca mnh, bi ch c Tr mi trc tip gii thot c cho tinh thn.

Lun v cu n Tr gii thot, S lun cho rng, Tr y khng do nh hng bn ngoi m thnh tr thc nh dy trong kinh in Vedas. Tr ny l Tr ni ti t hu, l phn anh minh ca tinh thn thun ty. Th nn, S lun trit thuyt minh v phn Tr ny a ra kt lun: ch c Tr ni ti t hu mi l cu cnh ca gii thot cho thc tnh v hiu nghim. b tr cho Tr ni ti hon thnh s mng gii thot cho vi t thn, con ngi phi tu hnh theo phng php Yoga. Ngi tu hnh c qu gii thot, tuy kip ny, du c nhm mt quy n nh th nhn thng thng nhng khng phi l cht, m l t n giai on c tr phn tinh thn thun ty v thanh tnh v vi chn t tnh c phiu diu tnh ti. Qung thi gian c sng trong tnh ti y di hay ngn l ty ni thn thng trc gic (tin thin) ca ngi c qu hay ty theo cng nghip tu hnh kip trc hay kip ny ca mnh. Qung thi gian tnh ti y mi ng l chn mnh, v n khi no chn mnh sng n cng ca thi hn do tin thin quy nh th y mi l mnh tuyt, y mi l cht thc. Ngha ca cht y tc tinh thn khng th duy tr c t tnh na bt u tr li lnh vc sinh sinh dit dit ca hai mi lm . Trong nhng khong thi gian sng bng nhc th tu hnh gii thot, Smkhya gi l sinh tin gii thot (Jivanmukti). Sau khi phn nhc th tan i, tr tinh thn v ci tnh ti, hon ton thot ly khi quy tun ca nh nguyn 25 , y l ly thn gii thot (Videhamukti). Trong khong thi gian sng bng ly thn gii thot y, tinh thn thun ty c hon ton c lp v c tn (kaivalya) v nu trong khong c tn ny, Tr vn lin tc pht huy c thun ty tnh ca tinh thn th chn mnh mi kh d trng cu n v cng. ---o0o--II.PHI O HC YOGA Phi Yoga ch trng v hong b ng li gii thot theo phng php ring ca phi mnh, gi l php tu Yoga (Du gi). B kinh cn bn ca hc phi ny l b Yoga-stra (Du Gi kinh) do o s Patanjali trc tc. Tuy truyn thuyt cho rng b kinh ny ra i rt sm, nhng thc t ch vit vo khong t nhng nm 400 n 450 sdl.

Nhn xt v ch trng tng qut ca o phi Yoga, ta thy Yoga chu nh hng nhiu ca Pht gio. Xt v i th phn siu hnh ca n th Yoga ging vi trit phi Smkhya, c khc l im ra mt v ch t thng linh, gi l thn Ti cao. Phi tn th thn Ti cao lm i linh hn duy nht ca ht thy th gian, chng sinh v vn vt. Linh hn ca mi c th ch l mt im nh ca i linh hn thn Ti cao phn tn ra m c y thi. Thuyt nh vy, c ngha l, nu quy t linh hn ca vn vt th gian li th y chnh l thn Ti cao, hoc ngc li, mi linh hn l b phn vi t ca thn Ti cao. Th nn, linh hn chng sinh mi ng tnh vi thn Ti cao v lun lun chu s chi phi ca Ngi. Tuy nhin, Yoga khng cho rng thn Ti cao l ch t sng to nn th gian. Ti n , k t thng c, khi pht khi nn nn vn minh trin sng Indus, th ti nhng b lc tin tr xa xa ca thi i y c ng li tnh ta minh tng di c th thanh vng, hoc trong rng ni u tch. thi bui s khai, ng li tnh ta minh tng ny ch l trnh cnh no nhit, khi bn tm m cu ly nhng ngy gi an thi cho tinh thn. V sau, n c chuyn sang thnh mt phng php tu hnh ca nhiu gio phi, ly tnh ta lm ng li thc tin dng tm ch ng . Ngoi ra, i sng con ngi buc ci thn con ngi phi lun lun hot ng, bn bu n ni qun bn cn ca mnh. Th nn, ch c tnh ta mi l phng php duy nht c thi gi v hon cnh rt thn mnh ra khi trng hot ng, t lng mnh vo ci tuyt i tnh mch. l con ng thn b k diu kh d a gic thc ti gn ng i Cao nm gi bn cn ca mnh. Tri qua nhiu th h, cc nh tri thc, bt lun l trong gio phi no cng cng nhn tnh ta rt c li cho s tu hnh. Tm li, o phi Yoga ly tnh ta lm ng li duy nht tu dng n c qu gii thot. Ngi tu hnh theo Yoga c gi l Yogin v ngi no c qu gii thot l Muni (Mu Ni, n s). Yoga c ngha l thng nht tm th v mt mi. Thng nht tm th tc to thun tm, tc dit ht mi tc dng ca tm. Ni mt cch khc, tc l khng tm b vng ng bi ngoi gii m phi km gi n lun trong lnh vc thanh tnh v bt ng. Mun gi cho khi b dao ng, ta phi trnh nhng mi trng hot ng, tm vo nhng ch xa lng u nhn m tnh ta. Tnh ta l ngi ngay ngn nghim chnh tht lu, hai chn vng li xp bng, hi th thong th nh nhng tm khi b tn lon, khng dng n nhng d cm ca ng quan, ni chung l tp trung ht mi kh nng

ca , ca ch li gi cho tm c thanh tnh. Vy, tnh ta l iu kin tt yu t ti ch gii v ni ch bc u nhp o. 1. Ch gii (yama) l khng st sinh, chn thc, khng trm cp, khng dm dc v khng c ca ring. Th gi l ch ng gii. 2. Ni ch (niyama) l gi cho lng lng lng bt ng trc ngoi cnh, cho lng c thanh tnh, dn thn vo kh hnh m hc, m chuyn tu, t ht tin tng, ngng vng vo thn Ti cao m gia cng chuyn nim. Li phi gt b ht mi th tc thng tnh v danh, v li cho tinh thn c trong sch, ch ly s chuyn tu lm phng tin duy nht a gic thc ti gn thn Ti cao. Ngoi ch gii v ni ch ra, ngi tu Yoga cn phi thc thi su php tu na, khi u bng ta php ri mi n nhng phng php khc trnh cao hn, tun t nh sau: 3. Ta php l nhng quy php tnh ta. Trc khi vo tnh ta, hy chun b tm cho lng, thn cho lng v khi tnh ta, ton thn phi nghim trang, khng c ng. 4. iu tc php, gi gn nhp th trong lc tnh ta, khng c ht nhiu th mnh, m phi khoan thai nh nhng, hn ch hot ng ca phi cho khi lc hng tm thn. 5. Ch cm php, lm cho mi cm gic ca ng quan hu nh tr tr trc ngoi cnh, ngoi vt. 6. Tng tr php, thu gn tm vo mt ch lng yn sut thi gian tnh ta v tip n kin tr vi c php tu hnh, sut i khng cn mt ngoi no lt vo tm c. 7. Tnh l php, hay thin nh php l tp trung ton t tng vo mt i tng chnh l t php v o php mi ngy mi ti gn n ch cc uyn thm v vi diu. 8. Tam mui php (samadhi: ng tr) l hon ton lm ch c tm, c , c ch, t ti ch ngoi gii ca gii thot, a chn gic vo trong ci Khng, lng lng v xn ln.

Tr li phn tinh thn thun ty, S lun ch trng tinh thn nguyn lai l thun ty thanh tnh, nhng v phi quan chiu, phi ha hp ch to v dng thanh s sinh tn ca vt cht, nn mi vt cht c b m chm trong nghip lun hi. Do , tinh thn cng b au kh ly. Tinh thn biu hin ni con ngi phn t duy, thc t ng, ng duy (tanmatra) tng hp li thnh vi t thn (linga). Vi t thn ny tuy b bin i nhng vi t thn vn cn mi n ch ln nhc th khc ca nghip hu thn. Mun gii thot cho vi t thn tc tinh thn thun ty thanh tnh v vnh cu c thot nghip lun hi, con ngi phi dc lng quyt tm tu hnh theo phng php c bit, ty ra cho tinh thn c sch ht nh bn tinh thn tr li nguyn v t tnh ca n, trng tn, bt sinh, bt bin, bt dit. Mun c qu gii thot y, trc phi tr li ni ci Tr ca mnh, bi ch c Tr mi trc tip gii thot c cho tinh thn. Lun v cu n Tr gii thot, S lun cho rng, Tr y khng do nh hng bn ngoi m thnh tr thc nh dy trong kinh in Vedas. Tr ny l Tr ni ti t hu, l phn anh minh ca tinh thn thun ty. Th nn, S lun trit thuyt minh v phn Tr ny a ra kt lun: ch c Tr ni ti t hu mi l cu cnh ca gii thot cho thc tnh v hiu nghim. b tr cho Tr ni ti hon thnh s mng gii thot cho vi t thn, con ngi phi tu hnh theo phng php Yoga. Ngi tu hnh c qu gii thot, tuy kip ny, du c nhm mt quy n nh th nhn thng thng nhng khng phi l cht, m l t n giai on c tr phn tinh thn thun ty v thanh tnh v vi chn t tnh c phiu diu tnh ti. Qung thi gian c sng trong tnh ti y di hay ngn l ty ni thn thng trc gic (tin thin) ca ngi c qu hay ty theo cng nghip tu hnh kip trc hay kip ny ca mnh. Qung thi gian tnh ti y mi ng l chn mnh, v n khi no chn mnh sng n cng ca thi hn do tin thin quy nh th y mi l mnh tuyt, y mi l cht thc. Ngha ca cht y tc tinh thn khng th duy tr c t tnh na bt u tr li lnh vc sinh sinh dit dit ca hai mi lm . Trong nhng khong thi gian sng bng nhc th tu hnh gii thot, Smkhya gi l sinh tin gii thot (Jivanmukti). Sau khi phn nhc th tan i, tr tinh thn v ci tnh ti, hon ton thot ly khi quy tun ca nh nguyn 25 , y l ly thn gii thot (Videhamukti). Trong khong thi gian sng bng ly thn gii thot y, tinh thn thun ty c hon ton

c lp v c tn (kaivalya) v nu trong khong c tn ny, Tr vn lin tc pht huy c thun ty tnh ca tinh thn th chn mnh mi kh d trng cu n v cng. Vy k t ch gii tr xung, y l bt bo tu php ca o phi Yoga. V php tu th tm l tam mui php, Yoga chia thnh hai l su cn khc nhau, gi l hu tng tam mui v v tng tam mui. Hu tng tam mui l mc gic thc v tam mui cha thun thc trc quyn r ca ngoi cnh, ngoi vt, cn gh mt ti, hoc gi, cn phi tm suy l mi thu c l cao diu m n trnh quyn r. Ni mt cch khc, tc l cn trong tm lu vng nhng tc dng ca tm, cha r c sch cn. Cho nn, hu tng tam mui cng l hu chng t tam mui. Cao hn, v tng tam mui mi l thng ng ca gic thc gic o vo hn c ci Khng ca gii thot. t ti v tng tam mui, lng lng lng r sch mi trn duyn, khng mt ngoi cnh no lm lay ng ni tm ch, gt b ht mi tc dng ca tm hon ton t tho c ra ngoi vng tri buc ca ng quan. y l v chng t tam mui. Trn y l ch trng chn tu ca o phi Yoga c ng nguyn nhn Purusa cho gii thot v ci an tr vnh lc. ---o0o--III.HC PHI MMMS (DI MAN TC) Nhng trit gia Mmms l nhng nh nghin cu v bin lun trn cn bn trit l ch thch bin minh v thng nht tt c nhng nghi thc v t l k o, quy nh li nhng b thnh in Vedas. Khoa hc vn ny gi l T s hc Mmms (Karina-Mmms). Mmms c ngha thm st v kho cu. Mn hc ny do trit gia Jaimini (khong 200-100 tdl) sng lp. Tuy nhin, tc phm ca ng vit ra mi ch l nhng bi th ngn v ngha t t cu tng trong nhng cuc l bi m thi. Khong 100 nm sau (th k I dl), mt nhm hc gi k tha ch nguyn v tng ca Jaimini vit thnh kinh in Mmms-stra c h thng quy m truyn b. Sau nhm ny, vo khong nhng nm 550 sdl tr li, trit gia Sabarasvamin mi thnh lp hn ng li ch gii v bin minh nhng tng quan gia thnh kinh Vedas v Mmms-stra thnh h thng ring ca hc phi trong b Bhsya ca ng.

 nghi thc ha nhng cuc t l mt cch c th, hc phi Mmms ch trng hn c vo bin minh v ch Php (Dharma). Theo quy nh trong kinh in Vedas, Php l nhng nguyn tc lm cn bn cho quan nim v nghi thc v ng li thc hnh cng t chc t l. Cho nn, Php c gi tr ti thng trong lnh vc o gio B La Mn. V hnh thc t chc t l theo Php l cn phi nh r ba cp bc ca thn minh m thit lp, th t l mi c linh ng nh s cu ca tn . V ngha siu hnh ca Php, theo Mmms, mun c t r phi da vo nhng l cao xa tuyt i ca thnh in Vedas m chng lun mi c. Nu khng da vo thnh in m chng lun, du bin minh n th no i na cng u l phi php c. Hc phi ny tin tng nh vy v cho rng thnh in Vedas khng th do hc gi phm nhn trc tc nn ni, m ton b thun l nhng li cc cao diu ca thn minh, c tnh cch vnh tn siu thi gian. Du vn vt c bin i, sinh sinh dit dit qua mun vn kip i chng na, thnh in vn cn mi mi, bi l li ni ca thn. V m thanh, phi Mmms ch trng thanh thng lun v l nhng m vn in m vo cng khp khng gian vi thng tr tnh nn c t lu truyn n vnh vin, khng th no tan mt c. Th nn, thnh kinh Vedas khng phi l vn chng phm nhn m l li ni ca thn minh in m ra, gi vo y. V vy, thnh kinh mi c t nhin thng tr tnh. Nu ai cho rng, li ni ch l mt loi m thanh, ni ra ri tan i, l ng nhn ln v gi tr ca li ni. Li ni l ci cu mi gii xy bng m thanh biu l nhng ngha ca t tng, m t tng l tinh thn, m tinh thn l vnh cu cho nn li ni bao gi cng ng nht thng tr vi tinh thn. Trit gia Upavarsa (450-500 sdl) cho rng, li ni l m ca ch varna do thn minh ngh ra c cch truyn mnh lnh ca ng Thng tn xung dn gian. Cho nn th nhn, du kinh nghim v khn ngoan sung mn n my, cng khng th no ch ra c vn t, v vn t chnh l cng nghip ca thn minh lu li cho nhn loi. Thnh in Vedas gm c li ni ln vn t th u c phi l sch v, m l gio lnh (codana). Cho nn, con ngi ch c phn s tuyt i phng tun gio iu v phc tng mnh lnh ca Thnh kinh m thi. Vic tun phng phc tng y gi l Php.

Ring v nhng nghi thc t l do hc phi Mimamsa quy nh th hc phi ny khuyn ha rng, nu t chc t l theo ng nh th thc v tng nguyn cu khn y nh vn bi l c hng phc d lc c v phn th ln phn hn. Nhng ngi c hng phc d lc ny, u c ch thn xp vo hng tn c lc (apuvra). Khi c nhp hng tn c lc m vn nht tm tun phng chnh o theo Mmms-stra, theo thin ca thnh kinh Vedas, th s c dn lai sinh, vnh vin c vinh hoa (abhyudaya), phc lc ni thin gii. ---o0o--IV.HC PHI VAISESIKA (THNG LUN) Tng truyn, trit gia sng lp nn hc phi Vaisesika l Kanada (bit danh l Uluka, 150-50 tdl). Tuy nhin, mi n khong gia th k II sdl, hc phi ny mi trc tc c kinh in cn bn, gi chung l Vaisesika-stra. Lun thuyt cn bn ca Thng lun l phn nh v tim nng tr thc ni con ngi. Tr thc s d thnh tu l do tri gic trc tip tc hin lng v suy lun tc t lng. i vi cc hc phi trit hc ly kinh in Vedas lm thnh ng ti uy v thng knh, Vaisesika cho rng ch c th ly nhng kinh in ny lm phng tin nghin cu v suy lun trau gii tri thc th c, nu ch mt mc cao m khng nhn nh l t mnh lm lc mt quyn c lp t tng ca mnh. Hc phi ny cng bi xch lun iu cho li ni l s nghip ca thn minh to nn cho nhn loi c tnh cch thing ling thng tr tnh. Theo Thng lun, li ni ch l tin nghi ca thi quen, con ngi dng ph bin nhng kin ca t tng. Li ni do t trc gic m ny sinh, ri kinh nghim bi b cho tri thc m tr nn phong ph, ch khng do thn thnh no to lp. Cn c t tr thc m suy lun v v tr, Thng lun cho rng vn vt trong hin tng gii s d cu to nn c l do su nguyn l hay gi l su c ngha (padarthas). 1. Thc th, Thc 2. Tnh cht, c 3. Vn ng, Nghip

4. Ph bin, ng 5. c th, D 6. Ni thuc, Ha hp. Trong su nguyn l ny, thc th bao trm c nm nguyn l kia. Ni cch khc, nm nguyn l kia phi ly nguyn l thc th lm cn c to thnh v tn ti. Do y, thc th mi l ni thuc nhn (samavayi-karana) hay l hp nhn tng qut. Ngc li, nguyn l tnh cht v vn ng li l ni cht, l ni c ty thuc ring ca thc th. Chng phi hp vi ba nguyn l kia m thnh thc hnh thc trng, gi y l kt qu (tc l qu). Vy c su nguyn l nguyn l ring r, nhng hp li th nguyn l n ty thuc nguyn l kia, cng c ch ln nhau m thnh. S tng thuc v ch c y l nguyn nhn, v thanh y l kt qu. T nguyn nhn n kt qu li ty c m c nhanh c chm, khng nht thit phi lin i nhau trong khong trc, khong sau nht nh. y l tng quy v ni thuc nguyn l chung. Tuy nhin, c nhng trng hp ch ring hai nguyn l: tnh cht (c) v vn ng (nghip) cng to nn nhn m thnh qu. Nhng trng hp xut l y, gi l phi ni thuc nhn (asamavayi-karana). Nguyn l thc th do hp nhn m to thnh chn th loi khc trn th gian l: a, thy, ha, phong (gi chung l t i), h khng, thi gian, phng hng, atman (hay bn ng) v . Ring v t i, tuy hnh th c khc, nhng cn bn u do hng h nguyn t m thnh. Nguyn t l c lp n thun, cc vi t, hnh trn v bt kh hy dit. Tnh cht ca nguyn t l khi hp li thnh a y tc l hng, thnh thy y l v, thnh ha y l sc, thnh phong y l xc. Ring thy v ha cn c hu tnh c na, l thy th lnh m ha th nng v con ngi khng th bit c nguyn cn ca lnh v nng, v nhng nguyn t cu thnh lnh v nng y u l loi nguyn t phc hp th, ch do tr gic ca cm quan mi nhn bit c m thi. Sc mnh ca nguyn l vn ng (nghip) trong thi bui s khai cu kt thnh hnh hi v c hu tnh gi l bt kh kin (adrsta). Kt qu to thnh vt th ca bt kh kin y l: - a, c hng, v, sc v xc tnh.

- Thy, c v, sc, xc tnh, lu ng tnh (tnh ny gi l dch th) v nim trc tnh (tc l tnh to sc ht ni gn cc vt th khc li vi nhau). - Ha, c sc v kh xc tnh. - Phong, c kh xc tnh. - H khng l mi trng vn ng bao la n v cng v tn ca thc th. l ni duy nht thng tr, duy nht bin ha v duy nht tn ti ca thc th. c hu tnh ca h khng l m thanh nhng h khng khng c vn ng tnh. - Thi gian, ty theo nhn thc ch quan m thc th ca n l trc, l sau, l by gi, l nhanh, l chm, nhng vn n ch l dng tng tc duy nht v thy v chung, v hot ng, v tnh cht. - Phng hng, c th l t phng, t duy1. c hu tnh ca n l trc, l sau, l xa, l gn. S tn ti ca bn ng (atman) l mt s tn ti thc s khng phi l gi, l h. Vaisesika chng minh nh sau: Ngi sng khc vi ngi cht l ni c hi th, cp mt c linh hot, tng c lu chuyn. Hn na, ngi sng c nhng hiu nng linh diu ca cm quan to cm gic v thng cm vi cm quan ca ngi khc, ca sinh vt khc. Ngoi ra, ngi sng cn c b my tri gic bit khoi cm am m, bit chn nn t b, c s thch m tm n s cu, i tha mn kht dc, yu ci tt, ght ci xu, quyt ch quyt tm, nui dng tinh thn thm hng khi v thu nhp kinh nghim. V th, khng th bo khng c s tn ti ca bn ng. bit c bn ng, ta cng cn r n nguyn bn v tnh cch hot ng ca bn ng. Nguyn bn ca bn ng l duy nht th, ri b cu x thnh tng hn nh nh mt, em phn phi vo c th mi ngi. Mt phn nh y to thnh c tnh sinh ng ca mi ngi. C tnh sinh ng y l ta hay ch th ca ta. Ch th l ca ta, nn mi ng li suy ngh v nim () pht t ni ta cng l thc th ca ta. Ni cch khc, y ch th l vt cht. Thn th l vt cht, l vt cht. Nh th, con ngi l duy nht th, trong c sinh lc hot ng vi tc mau nh in. C vt th ln sinh lc y cng trong mt khi lng i

nguyn t c bao hm c quan cm gic. C quan ny phi hp lm thnh tri gic. Vy, vt th, cm gic, , t v tri gic ca ta y l Atman ca ta. V tnh cht hay c (guna), Thng lun cng nhn c mi by th: 1. Sc 2. Hng 3. V 4. Kh xc tnh 5. S 6. Lng 7. Bit d tnh (bit th) 8. Kt hp 9. Phn ly V vn ng (karman), nghip c nm th: 1. bay ln 2. ri xung 3. rt li 4. trng ra 5. tin hnh V ph bin hay ng (samanaya) v c th hay d (visesa), Thng lun cho rng, hai nguyn l ny va ng ln nhau, va i ln nhau. ng ln nhau v c ph bin thnh ng nht tnh mi c hot ng bin thnh c th. i ln nhau v ph bin nguyn l trn thng tng bao qut ha ng m c th th h tng c bit, nm ti mi nguyn t c nh 10. B th (vt kia) 11. Th th (vt ny) 12. Tc dng tri gic 13. Khoi cm (lc) 14. Bt khoi cm (kh) 15. Dc cu (dc) 16. Him (sn) 17. Quyt ch (cn, dng)

to d th, d th (bin d). Bao qut trn khp thng tng ha ng cc nguyn l cho nn ph bin l nguyn l hu tnh. Cn nm ti mi nguyn t c nh to d th, cho nn nguyn l c th l nguyn l cc oan. Mi vt th u nm trong ci th ging co, bung phng ha ng ca ph bin (ng) v to d th ca c th (d) nn vt th no cng c ph bin c th tnh. Bn nguyn l: tnh cht, vn ng, ph bin, c th u c lp nhng khng bao gi xa ri nhau. Chng cng kt hp nhau m nm trong thc th nui dng thc th. Nh th, thc th l ni thuc nguyn l (samavaya). Ni cch khc, nguyn l c ni thuc tnh bao dung v dng to. Vi kinh in Vedas, Thng lun cng nhn cng c gi tr nhng phn c gi tr, ch khng phi l tuyt i. Do , phi ny bi bc ch trng l bi, tch ly kh tu qua nhiu i t cu cnh gii thot ca kinh in. Thng lun gii thch rng mun gii thot phi nghin cu rt nhiu thu trit su c ngha ri mi tu hnh. Phi bit rng, Atman ni con ngi nhiu khi b dc che lp cho nn Atman cng b nhc th a vo vng m mui. V vy, gii thot Atman c ng, trc phi t ch dc ca mnh theo phng php Yoga. Khi c gii thot, phn Atman ca ta c tho ra khi vng ha hp ca 6 c ngha m vnh vin t tn, bt sinh bt dit. ---o0o--V.HC PHI NYYA (CHNH L) VI KHOA LUN L HC Thc ra, khoa lun l hc pht sinh rt sm k t thi c n . Ngay nh b sch thuc ca Charaka (Charaka-samhita) c trc tc mt thin lun gii v lun l. Pht gio cng c trc tc b Phng Tin Tm lun chuyn v lun l. C iu, vi Pht gio, vn t tn cho mn hc c khc, ng l gi l lun l th li gi l nhn minh. Tuy nhin, du t thi c c khoa lun l, nhng phi ch n khi hc phi Nyya ny ra i th khoa lun l mi c h thng ha vo quy c ch thc ca trng tm. Ni cch khc, ch c hc phi Nyya mi thnh cng trc nht v ngnh lun l hc.

Danh t Nyya vn c ngha l lun l hay chnh l. V sau mi chuyn sang ngha l nghin cu khoa lun l hc. n y, hc phi Nyya mi ly tn ca mn hc lm tn ca hc phi mnh. Ngi u tin khi xng vic nghin cu v lun l l hc gi Gautama (bit danh l Aksapada, khong 50-150 sdl) nhng phi ch n hn mt th k sau, khong 250-350 sdl, mi c nhng hc gi k ch Gautama m trc tc nn nhng th in cn bn ca hc phi, gi chung l b Nyya-stra. T sau 350 sdl tr li, hc gi Vatsyayana vit loi sch Bhsya gii minh v ch thch b Nyya-stra, rt c gi tr v t tng. Ngoi ra, cn c nhng tc phm khc nh Nyya-varttik ca Uddyotakara (th k VI sdl), Nyya vrttika-ttparya-tka ca Vscaspati Misral (th k IX sdl), Nyy-vrttikattparya-parisuddhi v Nyya-kusumnjah ca Udayama (th k X sdl), Nyya-manjar ca Jayanta v Nyya-sra ca Bhsarvajna (th k X sdl). Nghin cu i cng hc thuyt ca phi Nyya, ta thy v phn hnh nhi thng c nhiu im ging vi hc thuyt ca phi Vaisesika. i vi vn trin min kh no u t ca con ngi, hc phi Nyya cho rng, cn nguyn ca kh no l s kin con ngi phi hot ng duy tr s sinh tn. V phi duy tr sinh tn nn phi hot ng. V phi hot ng m con ngi a mang tp nhim, nh: tham, sn, si, dc, him, . Nhng khuyt im y pht sinh do t tr ca ta b lu m lm ln (mithyajnna: t ng tri). Do , nu con ngi t gic n cn nguyn gy nn nhng khuyt im y m t b c t ng tri, con ngi s nhn chn c thc tng ca mnh. Nhn chn c thc tng ca mnh ri, ta s t nhn chn c thc tng ca vn vt v th gian. Khi nhn chn c thc tng ca vn vt th gian l tm t lng lng trong sng m t b c ht u t kh no. Tm c c trong sng ri ta mi chuyn sang giai on tu hnh t gii thot. Gii thot theo thuyt Nyya, khng phi ch n kip lai sinh m gii thot ngay t kip hin sinh ny. Ngi c gii thot s ct la khi mi mi dy ca lun hi, khng cn b rng buc vi kip vi t t sinh sinh na. V, gii thot, ta cn trit tun tr gii lut v tu tp ta thin. ng hc thuyt vi Vaisesika, phi Nyya cng ch trng v tr th gian c cu to nn do v s nhng nguyn t. Nhng nguyn t ny u c c tnh trng cu, xa nay vn vy, khng bin i, khng tiu dit. im th hai, v thc hu ca Atman, hc phi Nyya cng tch cc chng

minh rng c. V li ni, cng bi bc lp trng ngn ng thng tr ca hc phi Mimamsa. xc nh phng php t ti chn tr thc, hc phi Nyya chia nhn thc ra lm hai loi: Prna, ngha l lng: nhn thc ng; v aprma, phi lng: nhn thc sai. Prna c 4 phng php nhn thc: 1. Dng tri gic trc tip (pratyaksa: hin lng) m nhn thc. 2. Dng suy lun (anumna: t lng) m nhn thc. 3. Dng cch so snh vt loi nhn thc (apamna). T d khi hc v loi tru b, phi hiu rng c hai loi khc nhau l ging tru v ging b. Vy, ci hc y l phi nhn thc so snh s ng m d tnh, phn bit r rng, ct khng lm ging ny vi ging khc. 4. Tin vo danh ngn (sabda: thnh gio lng v thnh lng), hc hi nhiu ni thnh kinh Vedas, hc ri cu dc tn vo thnh ng ***th (anumna), Nyya thnh lp ng phn tc php lm th no suy lun ng***: tn (pratitjna), nhn (hetu), d (udharana), hp (upanaya) v kt (nigamana). 1. Tn: nh thy ha dim sn c la. 2. Nhn: bit trong ha dim sn c la, v thy c khi bc ln. 3. D: xa nay, h c khi l c la, v d nh l nung, h khi ln khi nc l trong l c la. 4. Hp: trn nc c khi l trong l c la, vy trn ming ha dim sn c khi l trong lng ha dim sn cng c la. 5. Kt: nh vy khng th no lm c na, khi bit rng trong ha dim sn c la, lm ch tin tng cho suy lun. Tm li, ton b hc thuyt ca hc phi Nyya bao gm mi su vn :

1. Phng php nhn thc 2. i tng nhn thc 3. Nghi hoc 4. ng c 5. Thc l 6. nh thuyt 7. Ch phn 8. T bin

9. Quyt nh 10. Lun ngh 11. Lun trnh 12. Lun kt 13. L do ng nhn, ng tng 14. Ngy bin 15. S m (b m tiu) 16. Bi bc (b tht bi). ---o0o---

VI.HC PHI VEDNTA (PH N A) Trong cc hc phi c lin h n bin son, ch thch, gii minh v kinh in Vedas, th hc thuyt Vednta l hu th cui cng, v cng l hc phi c nhiu thc gi tham gia ng o hn c. Bi c nhiu hc gi gng cng tm trong kinh in xem cn nhng im no cha sng t th ch thch v gii thuyt nn phn ni dung l thuyt ca hc phi ny tht phong ph. Gio l, gio iu, gio in cho n nhng im tng quan vi s hc cng khng b st. Trong ni dung phong ph y, ta thy c phn trit l l a lng, a dng v su rng hn c nhng phn khc. Trong s nhng hc gi v trit gia ng o y, c hai ngi ni ting hn c: Jaimini (khong t 200 n 100 tdl) v ***Badarayna*** (khong 100 tdl). Hc thuyt ca Jaimini v sau m ng cho hc phi Mimamsa ra i, v ***Badarayna*** l ngn uc tin phong cho hc phi Vedanta. Th nn, v hu i, hai hc phi Mimamsa v Vedanta u suy tn hai ng l khai t sng lp nn hc phi. Ti n , ngi ta vn chia ton b kinh in Vedas thnh hai phn chnh. Mt phn v gio iu gi l T s (Karmakanda), mt phn v gio l gi l Tr thc (Jnnakanda). B T s dy v trt t, l nghi v t chc cc n trng cu cng, tng ng vi b kinh in Brahmana. B Tr

thc lun v trit l siu hnh, chuyn kho st, bin lun v gii thch v v tr vn hu, tng ng vi khoa trit l Upanishad. Sau ny, khi hc phi Mmms ni ln, d rng trn danh ngha l qung thuyt kinh in Vedas, nhng trng tm ch thin v phn T s nn mi thnh khoa T s hc Mmms (Karma-Mmms). Mt hc phi khc, cng thuc mt ngnh ca Mmms nhng li chuyn khai thc phn tr thc thnh khoa hc ring v ly tn l phi Vednta. Cho nn ta phi nhn thy rng, cng phu khai thc v qung thuyt c hai phn T s b v Tr thc b ca hai hc phi ny hp li, thc vun p nhiu cho s phong ph v sng sa ca kinh in Vedas; ni chung, chng khc no mt gc m chia hai ngnh hoa l tt ti, khin hc gi ng thi thng ph bnh ln ln Mimamsa vi Vedanta. Nhng trn thc t, l hai ngnh hc vn ring bit. Th d, nh cng ging thuyt th no l nhn sinh, Jaimini th ch trng rng l sng l t t v th cng, cn Badarayana li cho rng l sng l tm n gii thot v vi Brahman. ng thi, Badarayana l thi k phong tro tin tng rng c ng c lin h cht ch vi Ng ch t ti cao. Thuyt ny do hc gi Asmarathya (c l vo th k III tdl) khi xng. Theo ng, c ng vn l thuc ng nguyn cht vi Ng ti cao, do Ng ti cao phn tn, v nh gc t mt ng la m phun ra nhng tia hoa c, hoa ci. C l vo cui th k ny, hc gi Auduloni cng thuyt rng, gi l c ng y, tc hnh hi nhc th ca con ngi trc mt ta, ta vn ng l khc vi thc th ca Ng ti cao. Nhng nu dc tm tu hnh, t ti bc minh tr, l khi quy n, phn c ng thc tnh s la khi nhc th m v vi gc, ha ng th vi Ng ti cao vnh vin trng tn. Li vo khong nhng nm 250 tdl tr li, hc gi Kasakrsna cng thuyt rng, c ng vn ng trng thi vnh cu vi Ng ti cao. n khi hc phi Vednta ra i (khong 400-45000 sdl), vi phng chm khai thc ngnh hnh nhi thng ca b Tr thc trong kinh in Vedas, cc hc gi cng da vo l thuyt ca nhng tin bi trn y m chnh l, ph bnh, phn on, so snh v xp t li thnh c s lun thuyt ca trit phi mnh trong nhng b Brahma-stra hay Vednta-stra. Sau hc phi Vednta, cc hc phi trong n gio mi dung ha cc hc thuyt ca Asmarathya, Auduloni, Kasakrtsna v lun thuyt Vednta vi gio l ca tng phi mnh, m lm giu thm cho khoa trit hc ca n gio.

Theo Brahma-stra (lun thuyt ca hc phi Vednta), trong dn gian c ba hng ngi siu vit, ba giai cp thng tng, l c t cch tr minh ca Brahman. Cn nhng ngi khc v km hch t t tng nn thiu cn bn v minh liu v l lun. Vi ba giai cp thng tng, v c hm cha ci chn tr thc tnh Brahman nn hc n thnh kinh Vedas l hiu thu ngay to cho mnh cn bn tr tu vng chc v sng sut nh Brahman. Cho nn, nhng ai trong ba giai cp thng tng m dc tm tu hnh l quyt nhin c gii thot. i vi vn Tuyt i Brahman, c hay khng c Brahman, Vedntastra lun rng tt c cc kinh in ca cc gio phi B La Mn u c vit n c. D suy lun v phn tiu tit hay cch hnh vn din t ca mi kinh sch c khc nhau, nhng nu quy vo trng tm th b kinh sch no cng phi nng vo gio hun ca Brahman m bin lun. Vy, c li gio hun l c thc th, c thc th l c thc hu Brahman. i vi quyn lc tuyt lun n vn nng ca Brahman, Vednta-stra (hay Brahman-stra) dn chng rng: - Brahman to nn nhn dng cho con ngi v gi cho nhn dng y c p i lin tc thnh ci th trng tn. - Brahman to thc th cho phn thun ty tinh thn dng thnh tr thc. - Brahman sng to nn nhng hch t t tng cho con ngi con ngi bit suy lun v pht ra bng ting ni. - Brahman c t tnh vnh cu v cng v tn, c t tnh bin mt i (tnh bin) nhng vn c ti y (tnh ti) Brahman c ngoi v hn ln trong hu hn. Brahman l bt dit. - Brahman sinh ra v khi nn hnh th, dng thnh i sng ca vn hu, vn vt, to nn s tn bng k tc. Brahman cho vn hu ra i y ri li gi v y, cho vn vt thnh hnh y ri li hy dit y, ni chung, Brahman l b m bo thai cho tt c.

- Brahman l ch th ca mi th nhn ca cht liu ton v tr. Brahman l bc ngh ra, an bi nn, sng to thnh v xp t tt c nhng quy m hot ng ca v tr, ca th gii, ca vn vt. Lun v hin tng ca th gii, Vednta-stra i t nguyn nhn trc ht ca th gii. Nguyn nhn y nm trong h khng do Brahman to ra, ri t h khng thnh ra gi, gi thnh ra la, la sinh ra nc, nc to thnh t ai. y l nm i hay nm nguyn t, l nguyn nhn th gii. Ng i ny khi thnh thc th y l thun hng m ra, khi thc th bin vo ci h khng y l nghch hng m v. Vy th gii t ni ch to m c, c ri tn, tn ri tip ni, tip ni ri tr v, tr v ri mt, mt ri sinh, nht nht u do t qu trnh an bi ca Brahman m thnh thc th hin tng y c. Con ngi l thuc mt c ng. C ng do t Brahman m ra. Vy con ngi l mt b phn ca Brahman, t v thy d lai vn l d hnh nhng ng cht v b an bi trong h thng lun hi. Nay l con ngi th mc ch duy nht trong i sng y ch l khong thi gian i tm li ra khi lun hi t gii thot. Gii thot l tr v hp nht vi gc c ca mnh l Brahman vnh cu v bt dit. Nhng ngi, du thuc hay khng thuc ba giai cp thng tng, nhng bit dng phn minh tr ca mnh m tu hnh th khi cht i, c ng nguyn t c dn vo con ng Thnh o ln ln i ti Brahman. Khi no tr v n ni, hp nht vi Brahman ri th v lng v s c ng ch l mt trng cu, vnh vin, bt sinh, bt dit. Trn y l tm lc v tr quan siu hnh ca hc phi Vedanta. ---o0o--VII.SIU HNH HC V NGN NG Vo khong cui th k V sdl, mn vn php hc c Bhartrhari phc hng. C s vn php hc ca ng da trn vn chng v kinh sch v trit l ca hc phi Vednta m kho lun v bin minh. V tiu s ca Bhartrhari, c l ng l ngi ca a phng Avanti trn sng Gange, min Trung n. Mt i ng n by ln xut gia v by ln hon tc v kht vng i tm chn l nhn sinh. Tng truyn, ng cn li nhng b:

- Vakyapadiya (Vn chng n ng bin) - Mahabhsyadipika (i ch thch th gii minh) - Bhartrharisataka (Bhartrhari Bch Tng lun). B th ba ny l tp th tr tnh, rt phong ph v tng lng mn, phong nh v t c bay bm nn t thi xa xa y n nay, khng th h no m khng c ngi ham c. Cn hai b v mn vn php hc kia, c phi ch thc ng trc tc nn hay khng th n nay vn cn l nghi vn. C iu rng trn phin din th bo l ca ng nn c bit vy m thi. ng cng lun nhiu v trit l v tr v nhn sinh. Theo ng, bc tuyt i vn l Brahman vi thc th vnh cu siu thi gian v siu khng gian, l ch t sng to nn v tr. Th gian, vn hu vn vt u do Brahman m thnh, nht th nhng d th, u c y m u khng y, i lp y m tng ha y. Tuy nhin, nu ni v quyn nng tuyt i ca Brahman th cn huyn b v cao diu hn th na. Du c din t ra nh l nht th, l d th, l hu, l v, l i lp, l tng ha, nhng thc t th nhng li l y khng th din ra ht v t n cng c ci huyn b v cao diu kia. Brahman t khng m ra c, t c li v khng, th khng- c c-khng y l bin ha ch g? Nhng vi mt hn t bin ha khng th hm sc ni nhng vi diu ca l bin ha thc ca Brahman. Hoc gi, nu bin ha tuy cng trong ng nht hin tng gii nhng li c sai bit tng, c a dng tng, hay bin ha l phn v hnh sc nhng li cha ng ci tuyt i cao qu ca con ngi l li ni lm dy chng ni t tng t ngi ny sang ngi khc, th bin ha y l tuyt diu, nhng m bng hn t tuyt diu cng khng bc l ht nhng bin ha tuyt diu ca Brahman c. Ni chung, theo Bhartrhari, con ngi khng li ni t ti lnh vc quyn nng ca Brahman c. y l khi qut v t tng thng sng Brahman ca thi gia ny. Bhartrhari cho rng li ni: ngn ng l phn cao qu nht ca con ngi. Ngn ng l kt hp ca li v , tuy l v hnh nhng c c tnh lu mi trong khng gian, v khng bin i. Bn th ca ngn ng khng phi ch n thun m thanh m l Sphota. Sphota l m thanh hm cha nhng v p mun mu sc, l ting vang trong gi vi nhng ngha cao siu v vi nhc iu quyn r. Sphota l m thanh vnh cu siu thi gian

v siu khng gian, pht ra ri l bt dit v bt bin ha, hon ton bo tn mi mi c bn th. Ngn ng l n nht, khng b mt quyn lc no phn tn ra c. c tnh ca ngn ng l v hnh, th m li c c th n thnh loi, loi n, loi kp, loi ng, loi d, loi tru tng, loi khch so, loi chn thc, loi phi chn thc. Nh vy, ngn ng l hu tnh (satta) ch khng phi v tnh. Ci v hnh tnh ca ngn ng qu l k diu. Tuy v hnh n c v hng v v, nhng li c bn th m cn c phn loi v gi tr, loi hn, loi km, loi hay, loi d, m chn ly hay th bung cho bay i cng vi gi thong. Nh vy, ngn ng li c ci bn th ngha ting na. Bn th ngha ca ngn ng va v ni dung li va hu hn ni dung. V ni dung v man mc bao la, tha dung np c loi m thanh m loi no cng c ngha. Hu hn ni dung v ngn ng ch ng trong mt phm vi vi thin tnh (upadhi) mc ni cc n ng li m qung din t tng, lm sng t mt vn c th lu truyn mi mi. Tnh ca ngn ng cng va chn thc, va phi chn thc. Chn thc v ngn ng phn nh ng chn tng ca Brahman hay chn cm ca c ng. Phi chn thc v li ni c th nh lc chn tng Brahman hay che y ci chn cm ca bn ng. Tuy nhin, c ci chn thc v phi chn thc cng u phi nng da ln nhau mi c th trng tn, mt mt bn ny th bn kia cng khng cn na. iu cn thit l ni con ngi phi c tr tu phn bit chn, gi m thi. Vi con ngi, ngn ng l phn tuyt cao qu, bi tt c nhng ci g gi l vn minh, hoc thu hp trong phm vi sinh hot hng ngy m nu khng c ngn ng tt khng thnh tu c. Th nn hc ni mi l c mt khoa hc ln lao bt u t vn php hc m i vy. ---o0o--Ht

. Taittirya Upanishad 1.2: sksm vykhysynah: varna svarah, mtr balam, sma santnah, ity uktas sksdhyyah. 2 . aj, n tnh, con d ci, v aja, nam tnh, ngoi ngha con d c, cn c ngha v sinh. Svetsvatara Upanishad IV.5 m t hai con d y: ajm ekam lohita-sukla-krsnm bahvh prajh srjamnm sarph ajo hy eko jusamhonusete jahty enm bhukta-bhogm ajonyah, con ci mu , trng, en, ra mt n con ging n, con c b n, i n n ca n. M t ny ng t tnh nh l con d ci v thn ng nh l con d c. 3 . Svetsvatara Upanishad I.9, v thn ng, v IV.10 v t tnh
4

. 4 Sankara gii thiu ch gii Svetsvatara Upanishad

. Svetsvatara Upanishad I.9, v thn ng, v IV.10 v t tnh

. Cc Upanishad khc c hm ng yu t ca Smkhya khng ni rng y. C th k thm: Chndogya, Prasna, Katha, Mahnaryana v Maitryana.
7

.A History of Indian Philosophy, vol.I.p.212

. Svetsvatara Upanishad V.2: rsim prastam kapilam yas tam agre jnnair bhibharti jyamnam ca pasyet.
9

. Bn Hn dch v Smkhya-krik do Chn (Paramrtha), th k VI, thc hin, gm tng vn v trng thnh ch gii. TK quyn 54. V svarakrsna, Takakusu Junjiro cho rng cn c bit hiu Vindhysin.
10 11

. TK. quyn 34, tr. 252b. . VI. 13. 12 . Dosnm ca gunnm ca pramnam pravibhgatah, kam cid artham abhipretya s samkhyety upadhryatm. Trch bi Radhakrhnan, Indian Philosophy, vol. II, tr.249 n4. 13 . Samyak khyti.
14

. Krik 3: mlaprakrtir avikrtir mahah dyah prakrtivikrtayah sapta / sodasakas tu vikro na prakrtir na vikrtih purusah. i chiu, Kim Tht Thp lun (TK. quyn 54), bn Hn dch ca Chn (Paramrtha): Bn tnh v bin d i ng dic bn bin Thp lc n bin d Tri gi phi bn bin
15 16

. Krik 9. . Tattvakaumud: nahi nlam silpisahasrenpi ptm kartum sakyate 17 . Ksaram pradhnam amrtksaram hara ksartmnv sate deva ekah I.10.
18

. IV.10: mym tu prakrtim viddhi, myinam tu mahesvaram.

19 20

. Krik 15. . V.2. tamo v idam agra sd ekam tat pare syt tat tat pareneritam visamatvam prayti etadrpm vai rajas tad rajah khalv ritam visa-matvam prayti etad vai sattvasya rpam 21 . VI.4: rabhya karmni gunnvitni, bhvn ca sarvn viniyojayed yah / tesm abhve krta-karma-nsah karmaksaye yti sa tattvatonyah.

22

. Tc phm ca th k XIV, cng mang danh l Smkhya-stra. . Krik 12. Hn dch: H, u, m vi th; Chiu, to, phc vi s; Cnh, h, phc, y, sinh;
Song khi tam c php

23

24

Krik 13. Hn: H gi khinh quang tng; u gi tr ng tng; m gi trng phc tng; Tng vi hip nh ng.

25

Krik 19. Hn dch: Phin tnh bin d c Ng chng ngha thnh lp c tn cp trung trc Kin gi, phi tc gi.

26 27

. Traynm tvavastvisesnam dau purusrthat kranam bhavati. Xem: Radhakrishnan, sd. tr.266. . Kim tht thp lun, tr. 1250b.. 28 . Krik ni l mt v kch c hai mn. Khn 21: purusasya darsanrtham kaivalyrtham tath pradhnasya pangvandhvad ubhayor api samyogas tat krtah sargah. Hn dch: Ng cu kin tam c; T tnh vi c tn; Nh b manh nhn hip; Do ngha sinh th gian.. 29 . Nh trn. 30 . Sd, tr. 1250a: Tam c hip nhn c; V tri nh tri gi; Tam c nng tc c; Trung trc nh tc gi. 31 . Nh trn. 32 . Hn dch: Sd, tr. 1247a: Hu nhn, v thng, a; Bt bin, hu s, mt; Hu phn, y, thuc tha; Bin d d t tnh. 33 . Hn dch: Sd: Quyt tr danh vi i. 34 . Hn dch: i hu bt phn; 4 h phn: php (dharma), tr (jnna), ly dc (vairgya), t ti (aisvaya); tri li l 4 phn ca si m hay tamas.
35

. Hn dch: Ng mn: ng s chp. Ahamkra: abhimna.

36 37

. Krika 30, Hn: Gic, mn, tm cp cn; Hoc cu th khi; D kin v kin cnh; Tam khi tin y cn. . Hn: V tng trng c t; V tri chuyn vi nh; V gii thot nhn ng; V tri tnh dic nh. 38 . Krik 60.

39 40

. Krik 36. . Krik 60, Hn dch: D chng chng phng tin; Tc n v n; Hu c v c; V tha, v dng s. 41 . Krik 61, Hn dch: Thi cc nhi t tnh; Ng k cnh v vt; Ng kim d b kin; Nhn th tng bt hin. 42 . Krik 1, Hn dch: Tam kh s bc bch; Dc tri dit th nhn. 43 . Hn, tr. 1245, tn vn ch gii Krik1. 44 . Hn, tr. 1258. 45 . Krik 59, Hn: Nh k xut v ng; Hin tha hon cnh n; Linh ng hin t thn; T tnh dic nh th. 46 . II.3.11: tm yogam iti manyante sthirm indriya-dhranm...
47

. VI.25: evam prnam athamkram yasmt sarvam anekadh ekatvam prpna-manasar indriynm tathaiva ca sarva-bhva-paritygo yoga ity abhidhyate.
48 49

. II.8.13. . VI.18-19... sadng ity ucyate yogah, su b phn ny c gi l yoga.

50

. Kimura Taiken, Su phi trit hc n , tp II, tr.239

. TK quyn 43, tr. 255

51

52

. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, vol. I, tr. 280-285, vi nhiu dn chng cho mt cu hi: Does Vaisesika represent an old school of Mmms, cui cng kt lun: these considerations lead me to think that the Vaisesika represented a school of Mmms thought which supplemented a metaphysics to streng then the grounds of the Veda
53

. Khuy C, Duy thc thut k

54

. Cc kho cu v Vaisesika da trn Thng tn thp c ngha c th k: Thng tng thp c ngha lun ch ca Nht Qun; Thp c ngha lun vn k ca Bo Vn; Qun ch Thng tng thp c ngha lun ca Cng m; Qun o Thng tng thp c ngha lun ca Tng Gio. V mt s khc. Con s cc bn ch gii cho thy s ch tm ca cc nh Pht hc Trung Hoa v Nht Bn i vi h phi ny.
55

. Bn Hn dch ca ng Huyn Trang: Nhn minh chnh l mn lun, TK. q. 32. Bn Hn dch ca ng

Ngha Tnh: Nhn minh chnh l mn lun. TK. q. 33.

56

. Hn dch, Huyn Trang, Nhn minh nhp chnh l lun. Bn ch gii cn bn ca Khuy C, Nhn minh nhp chnh

l lun s. TK, q. 44.

57

. Sd, Ch php bn chn, t tnh sai bit. Thi di, gii mui, ch a trm n. D tuy gii thch, t nhi bt trng.

Kim m chn php, c danh chnh l.

58 59

. Kimura Taiken, Zensh II, tr. 301. . Radhakrishman, A Source Book of Indian Philosophy, p. 356: Nyya litterally means that by which the mind is led

to conclusion. We are led to conclusions by arguments or reasoning. These arguments are either valid or invalid. Nyya in popular usage means right or just and so Nyya becomces the science of right or just reasoning.
60 61

. Khuy C, Sd, TK, q. 44, tr. 91c: Kip c Tc Mc tin nhn sng tiu chn t. . Digha-nikya, I.1.34: Idha bhikkhave ekacca Samano v Brhmana v Takk hoti vmanis: Ny cc T kheo,

y, mt s Sa mn B la mn l nhng nh suy l, thm st. S kin ny cng m ch lin h gia Nyya v Mmms.
62

. Hn dch, thi Hu Ngy, TK, q. 32

63 64

. La Philosophie Indienne, tr. 190. . nh ngha ca Stra I.i.33: Tng l s pht biu ca s lp.

65

. Alanka s Criticism of Dharmakrti s Philosophy, p. 248-250.

. S dng S. Kuppuswami Sastri, A Primer of Indian Logic according to Annambhatta s Tarkasangraha, tr. 36, v

66

srayiddhi.
67 68 69 70

. Sanskrit cng ni l anikantika. . Theo Tarkasangraha. .

Mndkya-Upanishad I.1.4: dve vidye veditavye iti . Sd, I.1.5. 71 . Sd, III.2.6: vednta-vijnna-suniscitrthh samnysa-yogad yatah suddhasattvh / te brahma-lokesu parntakle parmrth parimucyanti sarve. 72 . Sd, I.2.10. 73 . Brhad.Upanishad IV.4.22. 74 . Kath.Upanishad II.1.1: kas cid dhrah pratyag-tmnam aiksad vrtta-caksur amrtatvam icchan. 75 . Brhad.Upanishad II. 76 . Sd, I.4.1. so snh on trn. Sd, I.2.1: naiveha kimcangra, thot k thy khng c g ht. 77 . Kimura Taiken, Su phi trit hc n . tp II, tr. 390-391. Cc phi ny xut hin trong khong t th k II n V Ty lch . Snya-vda coi nh trc thuc cc b Prajnnpramit.Vijnna-vda y c coi nh l thuyt Chn nh (Tathat) ca Asvaghosa. 80 . Stra c ngha l si dy, qun xuyn, xuyn sut. 81 . S. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, q. I, tr. 421-422. 82 . Mndkya-Upanishad 6. 83 . Radhakrishnan, The Principal Upanishads, tr. 697. 84 . Mndkya-Upanishad 6. 85 . Gaudapda ch gii Mndkya-Upanishad 12: bja-nidr-yuktah s ca turye na vidyate. 86 . So snh gia Ngrjuna v Gaudapda. Mdhyamikakrik ni: anirodham anutpdam anucchedam assvatam anekrtham annrtham angamam anirgamam, khng dit, khng sinh, khng gin on, khng thng hng, khng ng nht, khng d bit, khng n, khng i. Gaudapda, Mndkya-krik: na nirodho na cotpattir na baddho na ca sdhakah / na mumuksur na vai mukta ityes paramrthat, khng dit v khng sinh khi, khng h phc v khng gii thot... y l chn l ti thng. 87 . S. Dasgupta, sd, tr. 423: he was possibly himself a Buddhist; sd, tr. 429: It is immaterial whether he was a Hindu or a Buddhist i chiu vi tng ca Ch. Sharma, Indian Philosophy, tr. 239: (...) this should never mean that Gaudapda is a
78 79

Crypto-Buddhist. Sd, tr. 230: (...) instead of dubbing Gaudapda as a Crypto-Buddhist it will be far truer to dub the Mahynists as Crypto-Vedntins. (1) Kimura Taiken, Su phi trit hc n , tp II, tr. 438. Kimura Taiken, sd, tr. 439 . The Vednta Stras with the Commentary by Sankara, translated by George Thibaut, Sacred Books of the East, vol. XXXVIII, section II.ii.31 90 . Sarraka-bhsya, ch trch phi Nht thit hu b (Sarvsti-vda) ca Tiu tha, v thuyt st na sinh dit (ksanabhnha-vda) ca Duy thc ch lun l (Svatantravijnna-vda); ibid II.ii.20, 25, 26; ch trch thuyt A li da thc (layavi-jnnavda), ibid II.ii.32 v.v... 91 . Cc Upanishads chnh yu c ch gii: sa, Kena, Katha, Prasna, Mndaka, Aitareya, Taittirya, Brhadranyaka v Chndogya. 92 . Srraka-bhsya, II.i.2, bn Anh ng ca G. Thibaut: ... the comprehension of Brahman is effected by the ascertainment, consequent on discussion of the Vedntatexts, not either by inference or the other means of right knowledge... Scripture itself, moreover, allows argumentations for certain passages,... declare that human understanding assists scripture. 93 . Brahma-stra, bn dch Anh ng v ch gii ca S. Radhakrishnan, I.i.1. Ch gii ny lit k tt c nhng gii thch v ngha hm ng trong ch athatas k t Sankara cho n cc nh Vednta, bao gm c gii thch theo chiu hng nht nguyn tuyt i, v hu thn. 94 . Cf. Sankara, gii thiu ch gii Svetsvara-Upanishad, trng dn cc Sruti v Smrti: Taittirya ran (?)-Upanishad IV.i.6; Kena-Upanishad II.5; Katha-Upanishad II.iii.2; Brhadranyaka-Upanishad IV.iv.12; Chndogya -Upanishad VII.i.3... 95 . Brahma-stra, I.i.2: jamndi asya yata, Anh ng, Brahman is that from which the origin, subsistence, and dissolution of this world proceed; v ch gii ca Sankara. 96 . Brahma-stra, I.1.3-4, v ch gii ca Sankara. 97 . Xem ch thch (7) trn. 98 . Vidym cvidym ca yas tad vedobhayam saha, avidyay mrtyum trtv vidyaymrtam asnute. 99 . Vidym cvidyam ca devatjnnam karma cety arthah. 100 . Kurvann eveha karmni jijviset satam samh. 101 . sa Upanishad I: svsyam idam sarvam yat kim ca jagatgmjagat, tena tyaktena bhunjth, m grdhah kasyavid dhanam. 102 . Kimura Taiken, sd, tr. 442. 103 . sa Upanishad I.2.5: avidyym antare vartamnh svayam dhrh panditam manyamnh, dandramyamnh, pariyanti mdhh andhenaiva nya-mn yathndhh. 104 . Chndoga-Upanishad I.1.10. 105 . Sriraka-bhsya, gii thiu.
88 89

106

. Andi-bhvavarpatve sati jnnanivartyatvam: tnh cht ca v tr l v thy

(andi) v tch cc (abhvarpa), b loi tr bi minh tr (jnna).

107

. Gii thch MK.XXIV.8 ca Cndrakrti, mt lun s ca phi Trung qun: ajnnam

hi samantt sarvapadrthatattvvacchdant samvrti-ity ucyate; samvrti c hiu nh l v tr (ajnna) bi v n che khut tt c ngha ca s thc.
108

. Gaudapda, Krik, II.17, v ch gii v Krik ny ca Sankara.

.

Xem Tu S, Trit hc v Tnh khng, trn chng cui. . Xem ch thch (22) trn. 111 . Srraka-bhsya, II.i.14. 112 . Sankara phn tch: tip u ng upa c ngha l gn k v ni c ngha trn vn; ng t cn shad c ngha trit tiu, thnh tu, hy dit. Nh vy, t ng Upanishad ch cho minh tr chim nghim tuyt i Brahman. 113 . Taittirya-Upanishad II.7: asad v idam agra st; trch dn bi Sankara, Srrakabhsya, I.iv.15. 114 . Taittirya-Upanishad II.6: asann eva sa bhavati asad brahmeti veda cet, asti brahmeti cet veda santam enam tato viduh, trch bi Sankara,sd. 115 . Srraka-bhsya, I.i.11. 116 . Chandogya Upanishad III.14.1: sarvam khalv idam brahma 117 . Brhadranyaka-Upanishad I.4.10: aham brahmsti tasmt tat sarvam abhavat.
109 110

Mndaka-Upanishad 2: sarvam hy etad brahma, ayam tm brahma. . The Vednta-stra, with the commentary of Rmnuja, translated by George Thibaut. In The Sacred Books of the East, vol.XLVII. Adyya I, Pda I. page 20 ff. 120 . Ibid., p. 129 ff. 121 . Ibid., p. 130, visistntarbhva eva aikyam. 122 . Ibid., p. 422. 123 . Ibid., p. 429. 124 . Ibid., p. 139. 125 . Ibid., p. 144. 126 . Ibid., p. 4. 127 . Ibid., p. 226. 128 . Ibid., p. 525.
118 119