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Lc S c Pht H.T.Chn Thin ---o0o--Ngun http://www.quangduc.com Chuyn sang ebook 16-8-2009 Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin namthien@gmail.

.com Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org Mc Lc


Nhn Xt V S Liu B Tt Trc Khi Nhp Thai B Tt Vo Thai M Ngy n Sanh Thn Th Hong T Tng Mo Ca Hong T i Sng V Gio Dc Ca Thi T Qung ng Tu Hnh Ca Thi T Con ng Gio Ha Nhng Ngy Cui Cng Nhng Li Dy Cui Cng L Ha Thiu X Li V Dng Thp Tn Th X Li

---o0o--Nhn Xt V S Liu C rt nhiu s liu ghi li khc nhau v ngy, thng, nm lin h n cc s kin lch s c Pht. Cc nh hc gi Pht gio v cc nh nghin cu Pht hc nu nhiu l do v s sai bit . Chng hn, Lng Khi Siu trong tp "Pht hc Nghin cu Thp bt thin" cho rng: "V ngi n xem thng lch s, v li, quan nim thi gian ca h rt m h, nn nhng sch v n ng i vi nin i sanh dit ca c Pht khng mt sch no chp r rng, minh xc"i. V iu ny, khng hn l ngi n khng c quan nim r rng v thi gian, hay khng c quan nim lch s r rng. Lch s cho thy ngi n c quan nim lch s sm nht, c bit l Pht gio. Chng ta c th nhn thy nhiu s liu qua nm Nikyas v bn A-hm (gamas), qua bia k ca vua A-dc (Asoka), trong Thin Kin Lut, T-bsa, A-t-t-ma v.v...

Ngi vit ngh rng s sai khc v cc nin i lch s c Pht c th l do cc l do n gin sau y: - Lch ghi ca cc nc thi xa khc nhau, v cc lch ghi y li khc hn vi Ty lch m th gii hm nay ang dng, n cng khc hn vi m lch ca Trung Hoa. - Thi c Pht ti th, gm c k kit tp u tin, cc v tu s thiu iu kin ghi chp, ch trng tuyn. Khi trng tuyn, cc v t thng nh r ni dung gio l gii thot m kh nh ng ngay, thng ca cc s kin lch s, hoc khng ch ghi li cc ngy, thng y... Cng c th cc s liu ghi li ng cc ngy, thng lch s, nhng tri qua cc thay i, chin tranh, cc th k truyn tha v.v... cc s liu y b tht lc, hoc b ghi chp sai lm. - C khi do s tranh chp nh hung gia cc hc phi m ngy, thng, nm ra i ca ng Gio ch hay ca h t tng b sa li khc i, nh trng hp cnh tranh nh hng Pht, Lo, Khng Trung Hoa. - Cng c th c cc ti liu gi do ngoi o nh tro vo cc ti liu lch s ca Pht gio phc v ca ngoi gio. - Cng c th do cc l do x hi, chnh tr ca cc thi i, ti liu b ghi li lch i, hoc do s ghi chp ch quan v b gii hn ca ngi bin kho. - Cng c th s liu c ghi li v c iu chnh theo quan nim ca b phi. Qua mt s l do va nu, chng ta khng phi qu bn tm n s chnh xc ca mt s s kin lch s v cc ngy, thng, lch s ca c Pht. iu ng ghi nhn nht l hu ht cc s liu, gm bia k ca vua A-dc, u xc nhn c Pht l mt nhn vt lch s, ch khng phi l mt nhn vt thn thoi, d c nhn di ci nhn ca Bc tng hay Nam tng. y, ngi vit lc s c Th Tn da trn kinh tng Nikya, kinh tng A-hm (gama), bia k ca vua A-dc, ti liu ca k i hi Tng Hi Pht gio Th gii hp ln II ti Tokyo nm 1952, vi s tham kho thm ti liu Pht gio ca Edward J. Thomas (tc gi cun "The life of Buddha", "Buddhist Thought", "Early Budhist Scriptures") v ca Kimura Taiken (tc gi ca b "Lch s T tng Nguyn Thy, Tiu tha v i tha"). ---o0o---

B Tt Trc Khi Nhp Thai Nam tng v Bc tng nhn khc nhau v c Pht, Thng ta b v i chng b cng nhn khc nhau v Ngi. Bc tng cho rng c Pht thnh Pht t lu, kipy n ch l th hin. Nam tng th cho rng kip ny ca Th Tn l kip cui cng thnh Pht; kip trc y, Ngi l B Tt cung tri u-sut (Tusita) -- ci tri th t trong su ci tri Dc gii (T thin vng, Tam thp tam, D-ma, u sut. Ha lc v Tha ha t ti). Ci ny c bn ngn tui th, tng ng vi nm trm by mi su triu nm ca con ngi trn tri t (theo kinh i Bn, Trng B kinh III; kinh Hi Hu V Tng Hu Php, Trung B III; V Tng Hu Php, Trung A-hm, s 32 i I, 469c; v Kinh Tp, Tiu B kinh). Quan nim ca Bc tng th tng t vi quan nim tn gio ca phn ln cc tn gio khc, thng c khuynh hng siu thc, Thnh ha v Gio ch. Thng ta b th nhn c Pht mt cch hin thc hn, i st vi cc s kin lch s. Nhng c hai Nam v Bc tng, u xc nhn: trc khi thnh Pht, Th Tn c gi l mt B Tt u-sut. Cch nay chn mi mt kip (1 kip "kappa, kalpa": bng i sng ca mt th gii, bng mt ngy m ca ci tri Phm thin, bng bn ngn ba trm hai mi triu nm tri t: theo T in Sanskrit ca Amarasimhakosa), Th Tn Ti`-b-thi (Vipassi) ra i. Cch nay ba mi mt kip, Th Tn Thi-kh (Sikhi), T-x-ph (Vessasbh), Cu-lu-tn (Kakusandha), Cuna-hm (Kongamana) v Th tn Ca-dip (Kassapa) ra i. (Theo kinh i Bn v V T Hu Php, nh va trch dn trn). u-sut, Th Tn lun lun an tr trong chnh nim tnh gic. Mt ln, mt s ch Thin u-sut v ch Thin cc ci Sc gii, "cc v Tri trc y c Th Tn T-b-thi gio ha - thut li cho B Tt nghe v cc s kin ch Th Tn trc y ra i v thnh cu B Tt xung trn ha chng sinh". Nay l thi im ca c Th Tn. ---o0o--B Tt Vo Thai M (Theo kinh Hi Hu V Tng Hu Php; V Tng Hu Php...) Khi ht tui th u-sut, B tt chnh nim tnh gic i vo thai m,

Hong hu Ma-da (Myadevi) kinh thnh Ca-t-la-v (Kapilavatthu, Skt. Kapilavastu). By gi mt ho quang k diu, thng xa ho quang ch Thin, thng xa nh sng mt tri, soi sng khp cc ci, khp n nhng ni ti tm m nh sng mt tri khng th soi thu, mi nghn th gii rung ng, chn ng mnh B tt trong thai m nh trong chic hp kim cng trong sng, c bn Thin t canh gc bn gc tri, khng cho loi Ngi hay khc loi Ngi xc phm n thai nhi v Hong hu. Trong lc mang thai, ngi m hng y nm dc cng c (sc, thanh, hng, v, xc) v thy r thai nhi nh thy r vin ngc trong lng bn tay, vi y cc b phn ca c th, rt hon m. Thi gian mang thai l mi thng. Trong thi gian ny, tm ngi m thng hoan h, khng khi ln dc vi bt c ngi khc phi no. ---o0o--Ngy n Sanh (Theo kinh i Bn; V Tng Hu Php...) Theo truyn thuyt Pht gio, m ca B tt ng m sanh. Hong hu Mada sanh Hong t ni ci hoa V-u, khi ang thng hoa vn Ng Lm-t-ni (Lumbini). Khi ra khi lng m, Thi t oai nghim nh mt Php s ang bc xung Php ta, sng chi nh mt vin hng ngc, thanh tnh, khng dnh mt cht d no t lng ngi m, chn Thi t khng chm t, c bn Thin t (ri chuyn qua tay con ngi), t Thi t trc Hong hu v tha: "Hong hu hy hoan h. Hong hu va sanh mt v nhn". T h khng c mt dng nc m v mt dng nc mt tm gi cho Thi T v Hong hu. Thi t ng vng chn, mt hng v phng Bc, buc i by bc (y l by bc i truyn thng ca ch Pht), c lng trng che, nhn khp mi phng, ri ct ting ni vi ging m nh ting chim Ca-lng-tn-gi (sng Hi-m), va trm hng nh ting Ngu vng, rng: "Ta l bc Ti thng i. Ta l bc Tn knh i. Nay l i sng cui cng, khng cn sanh li na". Truyn thng kinh Bc tng v A-hm (Kinh i Bn Duyn) cho rng Thi t sanh ra t hng bn hu ca Hong hu, bc i hay bc, tay ch tri, tay ch t m ni rng: "Trn tri v di t ch c Ta l hn c". By gi, mt ho quang k diu... chiu khp mi nghn th gii, cc th gii u chn ng, rung ng.

i hi Pht gio Th gii hp k II ti Tokyo (Nht Bn), 1952, ghi ngy Pht n sinh l ngy trng trn thng Vesaskha ca n , nm 624 trc Ty lch. Ngy, thng, nm ny da vo truyn thng ca Pht gio Tch Lan. Theo , Pht lch tnh t nm c Pht nhp Nit bn, nm 544 trc Ty lch. Theo Edward J. Thomas trong cun "The life of Buddha as Legend and History", n hnh London nm 1956, th ngy n sanh vo nm 563 trc Ty Lch. Cch tnh ny da vo bia k ca triu i cc vua x Makit-, vua A-dc v Chandagupta, lin h n s kin lch s ca c Pht. Theo ti liu ca Lng Khi Siu, trong tp "Pht hc Nghin cu Thp bt thin", dn chng t "Thin Kin Lut" th Pht nhp Nit Bn vo nm th 35 vua Kinh Vng nh Chu, hay l nhm i Ai Cng nm th 7 nc L, tc trc Ty Lch 485 nm; lin sau khi Pht nhp Nit bn, Tn gi uba-ly (Upli) kit tp Lut tng, lp nn b Thin Kin Lut. Mi nm, vo ngy T t, b lut c dng hng cng dng v ghi vo pha sau mt im (chm). B lut ny c truyn tha lin tc. Ngi Tng-gi-bt--la (Sanghabhadra) em b Lut sang Trung quc vo i T, nm 489 Ty lch v dch ra Hn vn ti cha Trc Lm, Qung Chu. Ngy T t nm y ghi n im th 967 (Da vo y xc nh nm Pht nhp Nit bn). ---o0o--Thn Th Hong T (Theo Kinh i Bn; Kinh Tp - Sutta Nipatta; bia k ca vua A-Dc; v ti liu Edward J. Thomas). Thi t tn l Tt t a (Siddhattha, Skt. Siddhar-tha), thn ph l vua Tnh Phn (Suddhodana) v thn mu l Hong hu Ma-da (My), dng di Thch Ca (Sakya, Skt. Skya), giai cp St--li (Khattya, Skt. Kastriya), kinh Ca-t-la-v (Kapilavatthu, Skt. Kapilavastu) thuc x Nepal Therai, ng Bc n . Di mu ca Thi t l Ma-ha-ba-x-ba- (Mahpajapati) em rut ca Hong hu Ma-da, con gi ca vua Anjana, dng h Koliya. By ngy sau khi n sanh, hong hu Ma-da thc sinh v cung tri usut. B Ma-ha-ba-x-ba- nui dng Hong t v sau k v vua Tnh

Phn. ---o0o--Tng Mo Ca Hong T (Kinh i Bn, Kinh Tp, Tiu B Kinh). Lin sau ngy n sanh, vua Tnh Phn cho mi cc Ba-la-mn n xem tng Thi t. Cc B-la-mn tu rng: "Thi t c ba mi hai tng tt, l mt bc v nhn. Ai c ba mi hai tng qu s s l mt Chuyn lun Thnh vng nu sng ti gia; s l mt A-la-hn, Chnh ng Gic nu xut gia". Ring o s A-t- (Asita) ngi tu ni Hi-m, vn c nghe li ch Thin Tam thp tam bn tn v Thi t rng Ngi s l bc Chnh ng Gic, qu quyt ni rng "Thi t nht nh s xut gia, nht nh s thnh Pht v chuyn bnh xe Php". Ba mi hai tng qu ca Thi t gm c: 1. Lng bn chn bng phng. 2. Gt chn thon. 3. Ngn tay, ngn chn thon di. 4. Tay, chn mm mi. 5. Chn c mn da li. 6. Mt c trn nh con s. 7. ng chn nh chn con d rng. 8. Tay di n u gi. 9. Tng m m tng. 10. Da trn mt, bi khng th no dnh. 11. Mi l chn lng c mt lng mc. 12. Mu da nh ng, mu sc nh vng. 13. Lng mc xoy trn v pha bn phi, mu xanh m nh thuc bi mt. 14. Thn hnh cao thng. 15. By ch trn y. 16. Na mnh trc thn s t. 17. Khng c lm khuyt gia hai vai. 18. Thn cn i nh cy bng (Nigrodha), b cao ca thn bng b di ca hai si tay dang rng. 19. Na thn trn vung trn. 20. V gic ht sc bn nhy.

21. Quai hm s t. 22. C bn mi rng. 23. Rng khng khuyt h. 24. Rng trn lng. 25. Rng u n. 26. Li rng v di. 27. Ging ni m nh ting chim Ca-lng-tn-gi 28. i mt mu xanh m. 29. C lng mi nh con b ci. 30. C mt si lng trng mn gia hai lng my. 31. Hai lng bn chn c hai hnh bnh xe vi mt ngn tm xe. 32. C nhc k trn u. Mt s ti liu khc cn k thm tm mi v p ph na. ---o0o--i Sng V Gio Dc Ca Thi T (Theo cc Kinh i Bn, Trng B Kinh III; Kinh Thnh Cu, Trung B Kinh I; i Kinh Saccaka, Trung B Kinh I; Nidnakatth, Tiu B Kinh; Kinh La-ma, A-hm; i I 775C). Thu nh, Thi t c vua Tnh Phn v Di mu cng chiu, chm sc v gio dc rt hon m, c mi ngi yu v. Cc danh s T-sa-mt-a-la (Visvmistra) dy Thi t v vn; San---b (Ksantidiva) dy v v k t nm by tui. Khng bao lu sau Thi t tinh thng vn v. Ngoi ti nng li lc, Thi t c cc bc thy v mi ngi qu knh v c hnh v tnh ngi. Trong mt bui l xung rung (h in) do nh vua ch tr, gia lc cc th n mi m xem l, Thi t, by gi cn nh, mt mnh ngi kit gi di ci cy Gioi (Rose-apple) v chng nhp S thin. Khi vua cha tr li thy dng dp trm t, tnh mc ca Thi t y o kh, phi kinh ngc tht ln: "i, con thn yu! y l ln th hai cha nghing mnh trc con" (Ln th nht vo lc n sanh). Ln ln, Thi t Tt-t-a lun lun l v trm t v cuc sng. Vua Tnh Phn lo lng, cho xy ct ba ta nh hp vi ba ma kh hu, v truyn cho Thi t hng th sung mn nm th dc lc. Nhng hnh phc trn gian khng lm khuy kho c u t ca ngi xut th, Thi t vn mi ngy

xch li gn vi quyt nh xut gia. Nh vua li vi ci Cng cha nc lng ging Da-du--la (Yasodhra), mt trang tuyt sc, cho Thi t vi hy vng hng sc tnh yu ca nng s buc chn Thi t. C nhng ln ra khi bn ca thnh, do chi vn Ng, chng kin cc cnh sanh, gi, bnh, cht, lng Thi t tr nn u bun, dao ng n cc . Mt hm, ni chuyn vi mt o s sng i ly dc, Thi t thy thong hin ng sau mu ngi thanh thot ny mt con ng gii thot. By gi, Thi t va hai mi chn tui, b Da-du--la va mi mang thai (c ti liu chp by gi b sanh Rhula). Thi t nht quyt t b cung vng vo rng xanh tm o. ---o0o--Qung ng Tu Hnh Ca Thi T (Theo Kinh Thnh Cu, Trung B Kinh I; i Kinh Saccaka; Kinh La-Ma; i I. 775C; Kinh S T Hng, i I, Trung B I; Kinh Kh m, A-hm, i I. 584-C; bia k ca vua A-dc; v ti liu Kimura Taiken). Nhn thy r tng v thng v kh au ang ba xung quanh cuc sng, m rm thng hai m lch, Thi t ln nga Kin-trc (Kanthaka) cng vi ngi hu cn trung thnh Xa-nc (Chandaka) vt hong thnh vo Hy-m li ng sau cuc sng thng yu v vng v. Di chn ni Tuyt, Thi t li mt ln na t gi Xa-nc thn thng v Kin-trc trn qu (S chp, v sau Kin-trc b n m cht). ng trc Ngi l rng xanh, ng sau Ngi l sanh t. Thi t tm n hc o vi A-a-la Gi-a-na (Alra Klma), mt o s chng c V s hu x nh. Khng bao lu, Ngi chng c nhng g m Alra chng c. Bit rng y khng phi l ch gii thot, Ngi t gi Alra n hc o vi u- Gi-la-ma T (Uddaka Rmaputta), v o s chng c Phi tng phi phi tng x nh. Ch trong mt thi gian ngn, Ngi chng c nhng g m Uddaka chng c. Li bit rng y vn cn trong vng sanh t, Ngi li ra i, chng cn ai theo hc o na. Ngi cng vi nm anh em Tn gi Kiu-trn-nh (Kodanna) tu kh hnh su nm. Ngi tr thnh o s nht kh hnh, nht bn u, nht ym ly, v nht c c Thin nh. Cho n khi thn ch cn da bc

xng, Ngi nhn ra rng y ch l mt ng ng tu lm ln; ri mt mnh mt bng ra i. Trong thi gian kh hnh, c ba t tng c bit cha tng c trc y khi ln trong tm Ngi. - Nh vi mt khc cy xanh, y nha sng, trong nc th s khng nhm ln la c. Cng vy, vi lng y dc vng, tham i, ngi tu s khng chng c Chnh ng Gic. - Nh vi khc cy xanh y, sau khi vt ra khi nc, s khng nhm ln c la. Cng vy, vi lng y tham i, nhit no, ngi tu s khng i n chng ng V thng B ? - Nh vi khc cy kh, c ly ra khi nc, v c trn mt ch t kh, vi lm la, ngi ta c th nhm ln c la. Cng vy, vi lng x ly dc i, tham i, ngi tu c th chng c A-la-hn. Chnh ng Gic ii . Ngi bt u dn ht n lc vo vic tu tp Thin nh, dng tm ch ng tm. N lc tu tp qu mc, thn Ngi b au n v tm Ngi dao ng. Ngi tp nn th n thi gian lu nht c th nn c, li cng nghe au n bt an. N lc nn th thm nhiu ln na, Ngi vn khng thy c nh sng gii thot. Bng nhin, trong mt thong, Ngi nh li kinh nghim vo S thin trong dp l Xung rung, lng y hn hoan, Ngi tin rng y l ng vo Chnh gic. Ngi i n nc Ma-kit- (Magadha) t lc u-lu-tn-loa (Uruvel), ni c mt khm rng xinh p, c con sng trong tro, m chy gn, c lng mc rt d kht thc. Ngi dng chn v chn y lm c im tm o sau cng. Ngi gi chnh nim, tnh gic hnh Thin, ly dc v ln lt vo T sc nh, hng tm n Tam minh, Ngi thy r l Duyn khi, kho tc thun chiu, bit rng: Do ci ny c mt, ci kia c mt; Do ci ny sanh, ci kia sanh; Do v minh c hnh, do hnh c thc v.v... Ngi thy r nguyn nhn ca kh au: chnh s tp khi ca Mi hai nhn duyn l tp khi ca ton b kh un. canh mt ny, Ngi chng Tc mnh thng (Tc mnh minh) thy r v lng kip qu kh ca mnh (T thn).

Sang canh hai, Ngi chng Thin nhn thng (Thin nhn minh), thy r v lng kip qu kh ca chng sanh, vi cc nghip nhn v nghip qu, v thy r con ng th nghip ca chng sanh. Qua canh ba, Ngi tc nghch chiu Duyn khi: Do ci ny khng c, ci kia khng c; Do ci ny dit, ci kia dit; Do v minh dit nn hnh dit v.v... Ngi nh tht thy kh au, nguyn nhn ca kh au, s on tn kh au v con ng a n on tn kh au. canh ny, Ngi chng Lu tn thng (Lu tn minh), bit rng y ra i sng cui cng, khng cn ti sanh na - u canh mt, khi vo Thin nh lc l khi Ngi chng rt ro Thin nh thng, Tha tm thng v Thn tc thng. Nh th canh ba, Ngi chng Lc thng. n canh nm, Ngi tc thun v nghch chiu. Duyn khi, thy r: Do ci ny c, ci kia c; Do ci ny sanh, ci kia sanh; Do ci ny khng c, ci kia khng c; Do ci ny dit, ci kia dit. ng lc sao mai mc, Ngi chng c V thng Chnh ng Gic. Ngi l v A-la-hn Chnh ng Gic u tin trong hin kip. V sau, Ngi c xng tn l Th Tn, y mi danh hiu: Nh Lai, ng Cng, Chnh Bin Tri, Minh Hnh tc, Thin Th, Th Gian Gii, V Thng S iu Ng Trng Phu, Thin Nhn S, Pht, Th Tn. ---o0o--Con ng Gio Ha c Th Tn phn vn trc con ng gio ha: Gio l gii thot th t nh, thm su, ly dc, v ng, i ngc vi tp qun ham mun v suy t chp ng ca con ngi, lm sao con ngi chp nhn gio l y? Gia lc y, Phm thin Sahampati xut hin thnh cu Th Tn cu th, chuyn bnh xe Php v hnh phc cho ch Thin v loi Ngi. Ri hnh nh h sen trc mt, c nhng cng sen vn ra khi mt nc, c nhng cng lng chng, c nhng cng su trong lng nc v.v... gi ln trong Th Tn hnh nh cn c bt ng ca con ngi: C nhng cn c thp nh

nhng cnh sen y h, nhng cn c trung bnh nh nhng cnh sen lng chng nc, cng c nhng cn c cao c th tip nhn gio l gii thot ca Ngi, nh nhng cnh sen nh ra khi mt nc c th tip thu nh sng mt tri. Th Tn lin quyt nh ln ng chuyn vn bnh xe Php. Ngi dng tu nhn qun st ai s l ngi c c duyn c trc. Ngi ngh n hai v thy c, Alra v Uddaka. Hai ngi thc sanh. Tip n Ngi ngh n nm ngi bn cng tu kh hnh, thy h ang tr vn Nai (Lc Uyn), Banares (Bransi). Ngi lin i b n y. Ti y, bi php u tin v T c ging gi l "S Chuyn Php Lun". Nghe xong, Tn gi Kiu-trn-nh (Kodanna) chng c Tu--hon. Th Tn thu nhn nm Tn gi lm cc t u tin. Ln u tin, Ngi Tam Bo c hnh thnh, khi u ca Gio hi Pht gio. Th Tn ging tip V ng, rng Nm un l v thng, nu ai thot khi tham i, th s ra khi ti sinh, c gii thot. Nm Tn gi: Kiu-trn-nh (Kodanna) B-ph (Vappa), B- (Bhaddhiya), Ma-ha-nam (Mahnma) v Thuyt Th (Assaji) ln lt chng c A-la-hn. Th Tn tip Da-x (Yasa) Benares vi bn ngi khc na, tt c u c A-la-hn. Th l, ti Benares, Gio hi c hnh thnh gm mi mt v A-la-hn (k c Th Tn). Sau khi dy mi v A-la-hn u tin mi v i v mt phong hong ha, Th Tn tip tc i n u-lu-tn-loa (Uruvela) thuyt php ba anh em Ca-dip (Kassapa) v ngt mt ngn t ca ba Ngi. y, vua Tnb-sa-la (Bimbisra) yt kin Th Tn. Sau khi nghe Th Tn thuyt ging, nh vua hiu php, lin cung thnh Th Tn cng mt ngn v A-la-hn th trai, ri dng cng Th Tn v ch Tng tnh x Trc Lm (Veluvana), mt khun vin rng ln gn thnh Vng X. By gi l thng Vesakha, gia thng t v thng nm dng lch, u ma kit h. Gio hi ca Th Tn an c ma ma u tin y. Hai thng tip theo ma an c, Th Tn v ch Tng tr Vng X. Chnh trong thi gian ny, mt o s tu kh hnh c ngt nm trm t, trong c tn gi X-Li-Pht (Sriputta) v McKin-Lin (Moggallna), c Th Tn ha . T y, thng c mt ngn hai trm nm mi v T-kheo thp tng Th Tn. Tn gi X-li-pht v Mc-kin-lin vn l hai ngi bn ch thn. Trn ng tm o gii thot, trc khi gp Th Tn, Tn gi X-li-pht

chng c Tu--hon qu khi ln u tin nghe Tn gi Thuyt th ni tm tt gio l Duyn khi. Sau , trc Th Tn, hai Tn gi u chng c A-la-hn. Tn gi X-li-pht l bc tr tu bc nht ca Gio hi, Tn gi Mc-kinlin l bc thn thng nht. Do l , Th Tn chn Tn gi X-li-pht lm trng t, bc Tng qun Chnh php v chn Tn gi Mc kin lin l i t th hai. T y, hai Tn gi thng thay mt Th Tn hng dn Tng chng. y l thi im nh du s pht trin mnh ca Gio hi Pht gio di s lnh o ca Th Tn. Gia ma ng nm y, Th Tn tr v Ma-kit-, Vua Tnh Phn hay tin, lin gi mt s thn v phi on gm mt ngn ngi n thnh mi Th Tn v thm hong triu. C phi on u xut gia. Nh vua li phi mt phi on gm mt ngn ngi khc i thnh mi. Tt c li u xut gia, khng tr v triu. Ln th ba nh vua c Ka-lu--di (Kludyi), con mt i thn, l bn cng tui thi trai tr ca Thi t Tt-t-a, Ka-lu--di cng xut gia. Tt c hai ngn ngi ca hai on s gi v Ka-lu--di u chng c A-la-hn. Lin sau , Ka-lu--di bch ln Th Tn li thnh cu ca vua Tnh Phn. Th Tn nhn li, ri cng mt ngn hai trm nm mi v T-kheo ln ng ha Hong tc. By gi, Nan- (Nanda), em trai ca Th Tn, v La-hu-la (Rhula) con ca Th Tn u xut gia. Vua Tnh Phn c T--hm, di mu Ma-ha-bax-ba- c Tu--hon (v sau di mu cng b Da-du--la xut gia v c A-la-hn); vua Tnh Phn ti v v c A-la-hn vo lc x bo thn, ng theo truyn thng ca Pht- ghi Kinh i Bn. Cc hong thn B (Bhaddiya), A-nu-lu- (Anuruddha), A-nan (nanda), B-gi (Bhagu), Bc-cu-la (Kimbila), -b-t-a (Devadatta) cng ngi th ht tc ca cc hong thn, u-ba-ly (Upli), cng xin xut gia. B- t u c lin Tam minh, A-nu-lu- c Thin nhn v Tc mnh minh, Anan c Tu--hon. u-ba-ly v sau c A-la-hn, -b-t-a c T thin sc gii. Tip tc cuc hnh trnh hong ha, Th Tn n X-v (Svatth) c s Cp C c (Anthapindika), nhn ngi vn v Tnh x K Hon (Jetavana) do c s ny dng cng, v n c s Lc Mu (Viskh). Hai ngi c s ny h php rt c lc, hng ngy n vn an sc khe c Th Tn v lo t s cng dng (y o, thc n, thuc men v sng ta) cho ch Tng. Nm th nm sau ngy Th Tn thnh o, b Ma-ba-x-ba- c Th

Tn nhn li, qua li khn khon thnh cu ca Tn gi A-nan, cho xut gia km theo iu kin "Bt Knh Php". Gio hi Ni ra di t y. T y, khi Gio hi Tng v Ni thnh lp vi s Tng-Ni kh ng, nhiu qui lut tu hnh bt u c thit lp. Theo ti liu ca Edward J. Thomas, Chng X, trong cun "The Life of Buddha...", th mt s vn gii lut bt u tng hnh vo nm th su sau ngy Th Tn chuyn bnh xe Php, v thnh hnh r t nm th mi sau ngy thnh o. Theo Lut tng th gii lut hn nhin c t ra t nm th mi ba, do Tn gi u-b-ly c trch (vn ny s c bn n phn Gii hc, chng Php Bo). Trong gio hi Tng v Ni, Th Tn tu duyn ha mi giai cp trong x hi, khng phn bit giu ngho, nam n, sang hn, ngi c trnh vn ha cao, thp, a v v.v.:
-

Tn gi X li Pht v Mc-kin-lin i biu thnh phn hc gi, tr thc. - Tn gi A-nu-lu-, A-nan... i biu cho thnh phn hong tc, vua cha. - Tn gi u-ba-ly i biu giai cp cng nhn. - Tn gi Angulimla l mt tng cp. - N tn gi Patcr l ngi bnh dn, lon tr v au kh cng (mt ht cha m, em, chng v con). - Mt c gi giai cp cng inh. - Ni c Addahakasi vn l k n, v.v... (Trng lo Ni k). Th Tn tip tc gio ha sanh cho n tm mi tui mi vo Nit bn v d y. Kinh chp, hng t ni bt ca Ngi gm c: V ch Tng: (Tng Chi B Kinh I, Phm Ti Thng). - Tn gi Kiu-trn-Nh l v xut gia u tin. - Tn gi X-li-pht: Tr tu nht. - Tn gi Mc-kin-lin: Thn thng nht. - Tn gi Ca-dip: u nht. - Tn gi u-ba-ly: Tr gii nht. - Tn gi A-nu-lu-: Thin nhn nht. - Tn gi B- (Bhaddiya): m thanh vi diu nht. - Tn gi Ph-lu-na (Punna Mantniputta): Thuyt php nht. - Tn gi Ca-chin-din (Mah Kaccana): Thuyt ging rng ri nht - Tn gi B- (Bhaddiya): Qu tc nht.

- Tn gi Pindola Bhradyja: Ni php vi ting rng s t nht. - Tn gi La-hu-la: a thch hc tp nht. - Tn gi Tu-b- (Subhti): Thanh tnh v v trnh nht, c cng dng nht. - Tn gi Rdha: Bin ti nht. - Tn gi Kip-tn-na (Mah Kappina): Gio gii nht. - Tn gi Revata: c c Thin nh nht. V ch Ni: - N tn gi Ma-ha-ba-x-ba-: Trng lo Ni nht (tu u tin). - Khem: Tr tu nht. - Uppalavann: Thn thng nht. - Dhammadinn: Thuyt php nht. - Nand: Tu thin nht. - Bakul: Thin nhn nht. - Bhaddakccna: i thng tr nht. - Kisagotami: nht mang th y. - Sigalkamt: Tn gii nht. - Son: Tinh cn nht. V Nam c s: - C s Tapassubhalli: quy y u tin. - Cp C c: B th nht. - Citta: Thuyt php nht. - Hatthaka lavaka: Nhip phc hi chng nht. - Hatthigmaka Uggata: H tr ch Tng nht. - Ambattha: Tnh tn nht. - Nakulapit: Thn mt nht. V N c s: - Sujta (Tu-x-): Quy y u tin. - Viskh: B th nht. - Khujjutar: a vn nht. - Uttara: Tu thin nht. - Suppiy: Sn sc bnh nhn nht. - Ktiyni: Tnh tn nht. - Nakulamt: Thn mt nht. - ... ---o0o---

Nhng Ngy Cui Cng (Theo kinh i Bt Nit bn. Trng B Kinh III). Nm tm mi tui, tr nn gi yu, Th Tn quyt nh nhp Nit Bn V d y, sau ba ln Ma vng (Mra) thnh cu, v sau ba ln Th Tn gi cho Tn gi A-nan thnh cu Th Tn tr th m Tn gi khng nhn ra ca Ngi. Ba thng cui cng, Th Tn cng Tn gi A-nan i b t thnh Vng X n Beluva. Trn ng i, trong thi gian ny, Th Tn ngn c mt chin sp xy ra gia x Ma-kit- ca vua A-x-th (Ajatasattu) v x Bt-k (Vajji). Th Tn tip tc nhng ai ng c . Du s ngoi o Subbaddha l ngi sau cng c Th Tn cho xut gia, th i gii. Khng bao lu sau , Subbadha c A-la-hn. y l v A-la-hn sau cng trc khi Th Tn nhp dit. Mt c s khc, C s Thun- (Cunda), ngi th st, c Th Tn thuyt php khch l, dng cng Th Tn chic o kim sc (vng chi) v cng dng ba n sau cng. Trong ba n ny, ngoi mn n thng v cn c th mc nh (Skara-madde). Dng xong, Th Tn b bnh l huyt, au n, nhng Th Tn dng nh lc nhip phc khi bnh cng Tn gi A-nan tip tc cuc hnh trnh n Kusinra. Th Tn dy Cunda " l mt loi nm c; ch tr Nh Lai n xong mi khng b cht, hy em chn phn thc n cn li". Th Tn li dn d Tn gi A-nan hy nh tan mi hi hn c th xy ra trong lng Cunda v ba cm cng dng y, v nh tan d lun bn tan hiu lm v lng thnh cng dng ca Cunda - (Theo kinh i Bt Nit-Bn, Trng B III). ---o0o--Nhng Li Dy Cui Cng - "Ny A-nan, Php v Lut m Ta ging dy v trnh by, sau khi Ta dit , chnh Php v Lut y s l bc o s ca cc ng" (Ibid. tr. 154).

- "Ny A-nan, sau khi Ta dit , c th hu b nhng hc gii nh nht" (Ibid. tr. 154). - "Ny cc T-kheo (By gi c mt nm trm v T-kheo u l Thnh hu hc), v hc, nu c T-kheo no nghi ng v Pht, Php v chng Tng, o hay phng php, thi hy hi i, v sau ch c hi tic...". Th Tn hi ba ln, nhng tt c u im lng, biu l s khng cn c nghi ng. - "Ny cc T-kheo, nay Nh Lai khuyn cc ng; Cc php hu vi l v thng, hy tinh tn, ch c phng dt" (Ibid. tr. 156). Chnh y l li dy sau rt trong nhng li dy sau cng ca Nh Lai. Th Tn Nhp V D Y Nit-Bn Th Tn dy Tn gi A-nan cng i n rng Ta-la (Sl) ca dng h Mall Kusinra. Ta-la t nhin tr hoa tri ma y cnh. Th Tn dy dn ch nm, u hng v pha Bc, gia hai cy Ta-la song i. Th Tn nm nghing v hng bn phi, hai chn ln nhau. Sau khi dy xong nhng li dy cui cng. Th Tn nhp nh s Thin ri xut s Thin, nh Thin ri xut nh Thin.... Phi Tng phi phi tng ri xut Phi tng phi phi tng, nhp Dit th tng ri xut Dit th tng nh, nhp Phi tng phi phi tng ri xut phi tng phi phi tng... nhp s Thin, xut s Thin, cho n nhp t Thin, xut t Thin, Th Tn lp tc dit . Sau khi Th Tn nhp dit, ch Thin v loi Ngi, nhng ai cha tn tr tr tham i th khc than, o no; nhng ai tn tr tham i th vng tr trong chnh nim rng: "Cc hnh l v thng, lm sao c th khc c?" ---o0o--L Ha Thiu X Li V Dng Thp Tn Th X Li Dn chng Mall Kusinr lin tc nh l, cung knh cng dng kim thn Th Tn vi cc iu ma, iu nhc, hng v hoa, ri lp nhng dn ha thiu ti n Makuta Bandhana. Kim thn ca Th Tn c hc 500 lp vi (c mt lp vi tinh, mt lp vi th), t vo mt hm u bng st, hm ny li c bc kn bi

mt hm st khc. Dn ha thiu lm bng loi g hng thm. Dn ha thiu khng th bt la cho n khi Tn gi i Ca-dip kp v nh l di chn Th Tn. (Khi c tin Th Tn th tch th Tn gi i Ca-dip ang gia chng ng t Pv n Kusinra). Khi thiu xong, khng c thn hay tro cn li, m ch c X li. Mt dng nc t h khng v mt dng nc t cy ta-la ri tt dn ha. Dn Mall th ri tt vi cc th nc thm. Dn Mall tn tri X-li trong ging ng, sut by ngy cung knh nh l, dng v, nhc, hng hoa cng dng. X Li c phn chia lm tm phn cho: 1. Vua nc Maggadha. 2. Dng h Licchavi Vesni (Dng St--li). 3. Dng Thch-ca Ca-t-la-v. 4. Dng ngi Puli Allakappa (Dng St--li). 5. Nhng ngi Koli Rmagma (Dng St--li). 6. Nhng ngi Mall Kusinra. 7. Nhng ngi Mall Pv. 8. B-la-mn Vethadipaka. Mi ngi thp c dng ln tn th X-li: - Tm thp tn th tm phn X-li. - Mt thp th ci bnh dng phn chia X-li. - Mt thp tn th tro X-li. S Khc Bit Gia T Tng n V Pht Gio Di Thi Th Tn T tng n trc thi c Pht v trong thi c Pht: Cc nh nghin cu v t tng n thng c nhiu nhn nh khc nhau. Pht biu v s lin h gia V- v Pht gio cng th. Phi l mt cng trnh nghin cu tht cng phu mi c th c s phn bit r rng v c gi tr v nhng im d ng gia tng n v Pht gio. Trong phn trnh by ngn gn ny, chng ti ch trng trng dn vi nhn nh tiu biu v thm vo kin ca ring mnh da vo nm Nikya v bn Agma. Theo Radhakrishnan v Moore, trong cun "Indian Philophy", Trit l n chia ra lm nm giai on: * Giai on I: T 2500 TTL n 600 TTL l giai on ca t tng V. * Giai on II: T 600 TTL n 200 TL l giai on t tng Anh hng

ca. * Giai on III: L giai on ca nhng th k u Ty Lch, giai on ca Kinh (Sutra). Giai on ny gm cc phi Trit hc: - Nyna hay Thc ti lun l (Logical Realism). - Vaisesika hay Thng lun, hay a nguyn thc ti lun. - Smkhya hay s lun, hay Tin ha nh nguyn lun (Evolutionary Dualism). - Yoga hay Thin nh. - Prva Mmamsa: nhng cng trnh din dch u tin v V- lin h n Gii, v Uttara Mimamsa hay nhng kho cu v sau v V lin h n tri kin, cng gi l V-n- (Vedanta), ch ca V-. * Giai on IV: l giai on hc thut, giai on ca cc bn lun vit gii thch cc Kinh ra i. * Giai on V: T tng n ng thi. Giai on V- l giai on t tng ca vn ha v vn minh Aryans, t Trung truyn qua. y l giai on trit hc tu thnh Upanishads. C bn loi V-: Xng tng ci Bit (Rig-Veda), Ve- v T t (YajurVeda); Ve- v Thn ch, Ca vnh (Samma-Veda), v V- do o s Atharva truyn li, c tnh cch tham bc v trin khai nghi ca ba b kia (Atharva-Veda). T tng ch yu ca ngi n trong thi V- ny l: Chn l do Thng mc khi cho loi Ngi u mi chu k v tr (mi chu k: 4320 triu nm trn tri t. Rig-Veda cp n rt nhiu v thn nh thn Mt tri (Srya), thn La (Aggi), thn Bu tri (Dyaus), thn Bo t (Maruts), thn Gi (Vayu hay Vta), thn Nc (pas), thn Bnh minh (Usas), thn t (Prthiv), v.v... Nhng theo Radhakrishnan v Moore (Ibid, tr. 5) khi dn n th v thn no th v thn y tr nn v Thn cha t (ng sng to v hy dit v tr.) V th, V- va mang ngha a thn, va mang ngha nht thn, c th c gi l u ng thn (Henotheism hay Kathenotheism). n thi k th hai ca t tng n , Pht gio xut hin cng vi K-na gio (Jainism), Saivism v Vaisnavism. Pht gio xut hin c ngha l Pht gio mang mt ni dung khc vi ni dung t tng n by gi v trc . P.D. Mehta, trong cun "Early Indian Religious Thought", nh xut bn Lusac v Company Limited xut bn London nm 1956, vit rng: "Tn

gio c c Pht xut th rt c o, n khc bit mt cch sng st vi tt c cc tn gio ln khc. Chnh php, m khng phi l mt con ngi thn thnh hay tuyt i, l sui ngun. Mc ch l v ng, s chm dt kh au, v s chng ng bt t, Nit bn...". (But Religion as pronounced by the Buddha is so orginal that it is startling different from all the other great religions. The Dhamma, and not a Divine Person or Absolute, is the fountain head. The goal is selflessness, the cessation from being a source of sufffering and evil, and the realization of the Deathlessness of Nirvna...) (p. 186-187). Geogre Grimm, mt hc gi ngi c, l mt Pht t, trong phn ph lc "The Doctrine of the Buddha as the Flower of Indian Thought" ca cun "The Doctrine of the Buddha" (Bn dch ra Anh ng ca T-kheo Slcra) vit: "Gio l ca c Pht cng gi l gio l ca V ng, tng phn vi gio l Ng ca V-n-a" (... "The Doctrine of the Buddha is also called the doctrine of not-I, anatt-vda, as contrasted with the I-doctrine, the Attvda, of the Vedanta") - (p. 370). C rt nhiu kinh Nikya v gama trnh by s khc bit r rng gia cc hc thuyt n v Pht gio. Chng ti, ngi vit, ghi nhn y l quan im ring ca Thng ta b v Nht thit hu b. Kinh Phm Vng (Brahmajla Suttam) trnh by c su mi hai lun chp ca cc hc thuyt n by gi khc bit hn vi Pht gio. Trong c mi tm lun chp v qu kh (gm bn thng tr lun, bn bn thng bn v thng lun, bn hu bin v bin lun, bn ngy bin, v hai v nhn lun), ba mi chn lun chp v tng lai (gm mi su lun chp c tng sau khi cht, tm lun chp v tng sau khi cht, tm lun chp khng phi c tng khng phi khng c tng sau khi cht, v by on dit lun) v nm lun chp v hin ti Nit bn lun (Hn tng tng ng: kinh Phm ng, A-hm). Phm Tng ng Khng Thuyt (Avykata), Tng ng B Kinh IV, trnh by cc lun chp, cc quan im s d c mt l do s c mt ca i th, i hu, i i, l do c chp th ng (Sc, Th, Tng, Hnh v Thc). y l im khc bit r rng gia cc hc thuyt n di thi Th Tn vi Pht gio. Mt ng ch trng cc thuyt lin h n Ng, mt ng ch trng ht thy cc php l V ng. Mt s cc hc gi by gi cho rng t tng V- v Pht gio gp g nhau thuyt Nghip bo (Kamma, Skt.

Karma), Lun hi (Samsra) v Gii thot. Ngi vit ngh rng y ch l s ging nhau tn gi (danh t), nhng ni dung th cha ng nhng g khc hn nhau. Ch trng v nghip bo, lun hi, nhn qu, gii thot ca Pht gio s c trnh by Chng Php Bo. Kinh Phm ng (Hn tng, Trng A-hm, quyn 14) trnh by tng t v su mi hai lun chp trn v c kt lun ngay trong phm kinh ny rng "Ngoi o do chp th ng un m khi xng su mi hai lun chp y". Lp trng ca Nikya v gama c th c xem nh l lp trng trung thnh vi Pht gio khi nguyn (nguyn thy) nht. y hin r im khc bit rt l nn tng gia Pht gio v cc t tng n ng thi v trc . i vo hin tng x hi ca s phn bit giai cp n , im khc bit so vi Pht gio li cng d thy hn. Hin tng phn chia giai cp y c t ngn nm trc n thi Th Tn v ko di cho n cn i v hin i. Bn giai cp ca x hi n (Gm B-la-mn, St li, Ph-x v Th-) c ngun gc t kinh Rig-Veda, bn kinh xa nht ca n gio. Rig-Veda, chng X, 90, 11 ghi rng: "Ming Ngi thnh tu s B-la-mn (Brahmana), hai tay Ngi c to thnh chin s (Kshatriya), hai bp chn Ngi thnh thng nhn (Vaishya), hai bn chn Ngi thnh ti t (Shudra)". Cc ngi giai cp khc nhau khng c ci hi nhau, khng c n chung bn, khng c cng hnh l. Giai cp cng nh Th--la c bit b hnh h v khinh mit. Trong khi , Pht gio ch trng bnh ng giai cp, bnh ng gia con ngi c mu cng , nc mt cng mn. Quan im ny c trnh by trong nhiu kinh ca Nikya v gama. Chnh v im khc bit ny m c mt s B-la-mn gio cho n nay, xem Pht gio nh l th nghch, cho rng chnh c Th Tn lm o ngc truyn thng n . Ch trng bnh ng bn giai cp n l ch trng mang y tnh cch mng t tng v cch mng x hi. Ch trng ca Th Tn, cng vi quan im v gio l gii thot ca Ngai, ni ln v tr c o ca Pht gio trong lch s n, cng nh trong lch s nhn loi. Cho d cc b phi Pht gio c nhn mt s nt khc bit nhau v Th Tn, iu cng khng lm thay i gi tr c o .

---o0o--Ht

i ii

Bn dch ca Nguyn Hng, Pht hc vin Nha Trang, 1957. . i kinh Saccaka (Mahsaccakasuttam), Trung B I.

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