Trn Trc-Lm NHNG H PHP VNG CA PHT-GIO TRONG LCH S N-

Nh xut bn Phng ng 2007 ---o0o--Ngun http://www.quangduc.com Chuyn sang ebook 6-8-2009 Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin namthien@gmail.com Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org Mc Lc
LI GII THIU CHNG MT - I ASOKA MAURYA (A-DC VNG) V NHNG PHP D KHC TRN Dn Nhp Cc Nn Vn Minh Ban S n Triu i Maurya i Asoka Maurya (269-232 TTL) Khm ph cc bia Ngn ng thi Maurya Cai tr theo Chnh php Cc Php d khc trn Nhng hang ng php d (The Cave Edicts) H Php Vng ca Pht Gio Lc k cc k kt tp kinh in quan trng Cc an truyn gio ca PG ch xng bi Asoka Mt i hi khc ca i chng b ti Ptaliputra Li Kt CHNG HAI -NI DUNG NHNG PHP D KHC TRN CA I ASOKA MAURYA A. Mi Bn i Thch Php D A.1: TPD I A.2: TPD II A.3: TPD III

A.4: TPD IV A.5: TPD V A.6: TPD VI A.7: TPD VII A.8: TPD VIII A.9: TPD IX A.10: TPD X A. 11: TPD XI. A.12: TPD XII A.13: TPD XIII B. Nhng Thch Php D Kalinga B.1: TPDKa I B.2: TPDKa II C. Tiu Thch Php D C.1: TTPD I. (Cn gi l Php D Maski) C.2: TTPD II. (Cn gi l Php D Brahmagiri) C.3: TTPD III. (Cn gi l Php D Bairat hay Bhabra) D. By Thch Tr Php D D.1: TTrPD I D.2: TTrPD II D.3: TTrPD III D.4: TTrPD IV D.5: TTrPD V D.6: TTrPD VI D.7: TTrPD VII E. Tiu Thch Tr Php D E.1: TTTrPD I (Cn gi l Thch Tr Php D Rummindei) E.2: TTTrPD II (Cn gi l Php d Sanchi, hay Allahabad) E.3: TTTrPD III (Cn gi l Php d Sarnath) F. Php D Hang ng Karna Chaupar CHNG BA - KHUNG CNH LCH S QUANH B KINH MILINDA VN O (MILINDA-PANH) HAY NA-TIN T KHEO KINH CA PHT GIO Dn Nhp Vng quc Bactria v x Gandhara u? Ni Tu-di: (Cn gi l Meru hay Meros) S Hng Thnh ca triu i Maurya n S hng thnh ca Vng quc Bactria (hay Bactriana) v cuc chinh phc t n Ph H ca nhng v vua ca vng quc Bactria vi cc nm tr v Vua Menander hay Menandros T Kheo Na-Tin (Nagasena) Cuc xm ln ca dn Sakas (Scythian) V Yuezhi (Kushan) Hang Kanishka I S giao ha gia PG v vn ha Hy-lp (Graeco-Buddhism) PG Hy-lp v s hng thnh ca phi i tha nh hng n cc tn gio khc phng ty B kinh Milinda Vn o

c im ca B Kinh Vi im khc bit gia hai bn dch Pali v Hn vn Li Kt CHNG BN - VUA KANISHKA V S PHT TRIN CA I THA PHT GIO Khi Nhp Ngun gc ca dn Sakas (Scythians) V Yuezhi (Kushans): Ph h ca cc vng triu Kushan: Hang Kanishka I (127 - 151 L) S dung ha cc nn vn ha Vua Kanishkan v s hng thnh ca phi i tha PG S suy vong ca quc Kushan CHNG NM - TRIU I GUPTA, HONG HARSHAVARDHANA, V PHT HC VIN NALANDA I) DN NHP II) BNG TM LC CC MC LCH S III) THI I GUPTA (320 550) A. S Thnh Suy B. Di sn ca thi i Gupta IV) TRIU I HARSHAVARDHANA (606-647) A. S Thnh Suy V) PHT HC VIN NALANDA A) Lch s B) Phc ha tng th ca PHV Nalanda VI) VI NT V CC I S NI DANH CHIM BI TY TRC NG THI A) Php Hin (Fa-Hsien hay Fa-Xian) B) Huyn Trang (Hsuan-tsang, cch ghi mi Xunzhung: 600-664) C) Ngha-Tnh (I-tsing: 635-713)

---o0o--LI GII THIU Tc phm NHNG H PHP VNG CA PHT GIO TRONG LCH S N ca Bc s Trn Trc Lm C khng t ngi thng vin dn cu hi trit hc: Trng sinh ra g hay g sinh ra trng ph nhn o l nhn qu trc sau. V ng t ngha tuyt i, mi s vt trn th gian ny ch l vng ln qun khng c ci no trc, cng khng c ci no sau. Ht ny mm thnh cy, hay cy sinh ra ht? Ly nguyn tc no xc nh ci no sinh ra ci no. Cng vy, trng sinh ra g hay g sinh ra trng, cu tr li no cng ng v cu

tr li no cng sai c. Phi chng iu biu th gi tr nhn thc ca con ngi tr thnh v ngha? Vi ti, khng ph nhn o l tuyt i ny, nhng ti khng chp nhn quan im v tnh tuyt i m ph nhn tnh tng i ca cuc i. V d g i na, thn ngi l mt hp th ca 5 un, n ch nhn thc c qua nhng d liu t 6 trn, l nhng hnh nh (biu tng) ca sc thinh hng v xc v php. ng thi, c th con ngi ch tn ti khi con ngi cn n ung, ht th khng kh mt i ngi cng ch trm nm, trc v sau cuc sng ny l g, n vn cn l cu hi ln cho con ngi. l l do ti sao c Pht ni: Qu kh khng truy tm, Tng lai khng c vng, Ch c php hin ti, Tu qun chnh y (Trung B. Kinh Nht d Hin Gi). Ni nh th khhng ng ngha ph nhn kip trc hay kip sau, thi gian trc hay thi gian sau, nhng d c hay khng cng khng l vn quan trng. im quan trng l hin gi chng ta ang tn ti, tn ti vi con ngi v han cnh chung quanh n iu mang ngha tng i, hn na mi vn u bt ngun t hin ti. Do vy, khng th ly l do v mi vt l tng i l gi tm m chng ta t chi chng, chng ta li khng n ung, khng suy ngh theo mt trt t ca tng i , mun n vn ti mt ci g c ngha cho cuc i. Hay ni mt cch khc, chng ta khng nn qu cng iu tnh tuyt i m qun i ci o l tng i. Trong iu kin con ngi v han cnh sng con ngi l nh th, chng ta ly g lm thc o cho s nhn thc? Theo ti, khi nim khng gian v thi gian l nguyn tc c bn nhn thc hay nh gi bt c vn no, v khng c mt s nht thc no li khng lin h n thi gian v khng gian. C ngha l tch thi gian v khng gian ra khi s vt th khng c nhn thc, hay ni cch khc i tng nhn thc tr nn m h ln qun, gi tr nhn thc tr thnh v ngha, ngay c vn lun l o c, trt t x hi cng khng th thit lp. iu chng khc no nh t cu hi khi nim i v no ci no c trc ci no c sau? Khi nim i v no ch c gi tr khi no khi nim thi gian v khng gian i lin vi n.

Cng vy, khi nim m v con c hnh thnh ch khi no trt t v thi gian c xc nh, nu khng, ng v mt sinh t lun hi th ai l m ai l con tht kh ni. V l v ngha tuyt i m ta li ph nhn ci o l m con hay sao? Cng vy, ngha v con g sinh ra ci trng hay ci trng n ra con g n ch c gi tr nhn thc khi no trt t thi gian v khng gian c i cng. V d thng trc ti thy ti nh ng A con g sinh ra ci trng. Ti c quyn ni nh vy. Nhng mt thng sau ngi khc li thy ti nh ng B ci trng n ra con g. Ngi ta cng c quyn pht biu theo s thy ca mnh. Pht biu nh vy khng sai, v khi nim thi gian v khng gian rt c th v r rng. Nh vy, mt cch tng i m ni, khi nim thi gian v khng gian l thc o truy tm gi tr tng i ca s vt, n l ci tiu chun tng i thit lp mi nguyn tc hat ng x hi, ngay c lun l o c. cp n khi nim thi gian v khng gian l cp n b mn s hc. B mn ny chuyn kho st mi quan h gia thi gian v khng gian. Ni mt cch d hiu hn, khi nghin cu hay tm hiu mt vn no, iu kin c bn cn phi xc nh a im v thi gian pht sinh ra n. Mc xc nh thi gian v khng gian cng r chng no th i tng nghin cu cng r rng v ng chng y. V bt c s kin no pht sinh cng pht sinh trong mt bi cnh c th, chng c mi quan h v tng tc ln nhau. Do vy, thi gian v khng gian ca vn cng r th i tng nghin cu cng chun xc hn. Tc phm Nhng H Php Vng ca Pht gio ti n ca Bc s Trn Trc Lm, l mt tuyn tp bao gm nhng bi nghin cu ca tc gi, chuyn kho cu nhng ch quan trng mang tnh lch s ca Pht gio n . V d kho cu cc bia k ca nh vua Asoka l mt trong nhng vn ht sc quan trng trong vic tm hiu v nh gi nh vua, cng nh s pht trin Pht gio n . Bi vit tp trung nghin cu v cc bia ny, khi gii thiu v nh vua Asoka, l vic lm ht sc cn thit v nghim tc. y l mt v d mang tnh in hnh, cc bi nghin cu khc trong tc phm ny, tc gi cng lm vic theo tinh thn nh vy. Ti c qua bn tho ca tc phm Nhng H Php Vng ca Pht gio ti n ca tc gi BS Trn Trc Lm, l tc phm bao gm

nhng bi vit c gi tr hc thut cao, mang tnh nghin cu hn l mt tc phm mang tnh tiu thuyt. Nu nh cun tiu thuyt hay lm cho tri tim c gi ngt ngy php phng hi hp, th cng trnh nghin cu ny ca BS Trn Trc Lm c trnh by trong tc phm ny, lm cho ngi nghin cu s lm iu th v, hc hi nhiu iu t tc phm ny. Tc gi tp trung trnh by vn nin i, cng nh nhng s kin pht sinh chung quanh, v ti hin bi cnh lch s ca n. iu gip cho ngi c nhn thc c h thng v logic hn, gp phn lm gim i cch suy t ty tin, thiu c s, dn n li ph bnh hay nh gi mang tnh cm tnh hay ch quan m chng ta thng gp. y, ti khng c nh bnh lun vn tnh ng sai ca tc phm, v cc s kin xy ra trong thi c i v cc chng liu kho c v s hc vn cn tranh ci, vn ny xin nhng li cho cc nh nghin cu v hc gi, y ti ch tn ng v nhn mnh thi nghin cu nghim tc v phng php nghin cu hp l ca tc gi. Nh ti ni, tc phm ny l cng trnh nghin cu mang tnh khoa hc, nhng n c th gip cho cc nh nghin cu v Pht gio tm hiu thm v lch s Pht gio, cho thy gio l ca c Thch Ca Mu Ni rt gn gi vi i thng v tri qua bao thng trm lch s. Ti mong qu v c gi c tc phm ny trong tinh thn Ung nc nh ngun cm nhn cng c to ln ca bit bao bc cao c, A la hn, c nhng vua cha l nhng v h php, tn gn gi v lu truyn Pht php cho hu th, qua hn 2500 nm lch s; c bit v trn qu nhng tm gng hy sinh cao c ca cc i s chim bi trong vic truyn b chnh php; c cm thy gn gi vi c nhn. Ti ngh tc gi khng v thng mi m vit, ngc li v l tng: phng s o php, phng s cho dn tc, cng thm tnh t m ca mt ngi quen lm vic khoa hc, mun tm hiu nhng vn ca Pht gio trong qu kh, vit ln nhng ng o suy ngh ca mnh. Theo ti, tc phm ny c th gi tr v kinh t gii hn, nhng ti tin rng gi tr v hc thut kh cao. N mang tnh gi , gip cho ngi lm cng vic nghin cu Pht gio n c thm t liu, v c ci nhn chun xc hn. Ti xin trn trng gii thiu tc phm ny n c gi trong v ngoi nc. Ti tin tng rng, ngi nghin cu s cm thy hi lng vi tc phm ny. Ni y, ti cng xin cm n Bc s cng hin cho Pht gio ni chung, Pht gio Vit Nam ni ring mt tc phm c gi tr hc thut.

Si gn ngy 16 thng 7 nm 2007 T Kheo Thch Hnh Bnh Gio s, Pht hc Vin Vin Quang, Taiwan. ---o0o--CHNG MT - I ASOKA MAURYA (A-DC VNG) V NHNG PHP D KHC TRN Dn Nhp hiu r thm v vai tr lch s trng i ca Hong Asoka (cn c ghi l Ashoka, Hn m l A Dc Vng, hay A-du-Ca: c ngha l V u) khng nhng i vi dn-tc n, m cn i vi nhn loi qua s truyn b Pht gio (vit tt PG) n cc nc khc, ta nn n li i cht v bi cnh lch s n ng thi. ---o0o--Cc Nn Vn Minh Ban S n Lch s n tn ti rt lu i. Mt cch khi qut th sau thi k (Stone Age) ko di t 70 ngn n 7 ngn nm TTL, nn vn minh Mehrgarh xut hin n khong 3 ngn nm TTL Tip n l thi vn minh thung lng sng Indus c i vng ty bc tiu lc a n, da vo nhng pht hin kho c Harappa v Mohenjo-Daro vo khong 1920, th n xut hin khong 2 ngn 500 nm TTL Nn vn minh ny ko di hn mt ngn nm, c xem nh l mt trong nhng nn vn minh c nht ca nhn loi, cng vi nn vn minh Ai-cp v Lng H (Mesopotamia, Iraq ngy nay). Nhiu s gia cho l ging dn Dravidian bn a, vc thp, da sm, mi rng, tc xon, dng ln nn vn minh vi l nghi tn gio pht trin, thit k v kin trc th ban s c k hoch, xy nh bng gch hai ba tng, dng kho cha ng cc, bit cn o ong m. i a s l nng dn chuyn canh tc v bit dng ng v thau, bit thun ho gia sc, dng tru ko xe, bit dt vi bng v lng cu v lm du mc. tc tng vv... Nn vn minh sng Indus ang hi pht trin vo khong 2,300-1,900 nm TTL bng b tn li nhanh chng cho n nay cc s gia ch phng on l do kh hu bng thay i khc nght lm t ai kh cn; hoc do cc dng sng i ging.

n khong 1,500 nm TTL, c ging Aryan, vc ln, da trng, mi cao, nhiu ru, t vng Trung ( mn nam nc Nga ngy nay) theo ng Iran trn xung nhiu t xm chim vng ty bc (Punjab ngy nay). H chuyn i t li sng du mc sang nh c nng nghip, bit qu trng sc vt, nht l nga v b ci, bit ch to xe trn do sc vt ko, bit lm lch theo mt trng, tn sng cc o s v thy t l vv, n khong nm 1000 TTL th h bit dng bng st nn bnh trng rt nhanh trong vng. Khong 800 TTL h chia thnh nhiu tiu vng cai tr ht vng ng bc v nam n. H a vn hc, trit hc, tn gio, t chc x hi n n tt nh, to nn nn vn minh Vedas, ct li ca n gio. Upanishads c l c kt tp gia th k th 8 v th 5 TTL. Nhng cng t x hi n b phn chia ra nhiu ng cp khc bit, cn ko di n ngy nay; i c bn giai cp (varnas) t cao n thp l Brahmans (B-la-mn: gm thy t l, tr gi), Kshatriyas (vng tng), Vaisyas (thng nhn, a ch) v Sudras (k lao ng, th thuyn, ngh nhn, gia nhn). Ba ng cp trn dnh cho ngi gc Aryan, c xem l tinh khit, c quyn hc kinh Vedas c ti sinh theo ngha tn gio (born again). ng cp th ba dnh cho dn gc bn a, khng tinh khit v khng c hc kinh Vedas. Phi k thm mt hng ngi na khn kh thp km nht chng c xp vo giai cp no, gi l Harijans hay Paraiyans (Hng gh tm), bao gm nhng k lm ngh st sinh sc vt, thuc da. Nn nh l trong mi ng cp cn c s phn chia ra rt nhiu th loi (jati) tm gi l phng hay nghip on. Theo thng k nm 1901 c n 2,378 phng nh th. n khong th k th 6 TTL, thi c Pht Thch Ca cn ti th, ny sinh nhiu trng phi i ci cch nhng quan nm bt cng i x trong x hi bt ngun t Vedas v cn thch thc c n gio. Hai tn gio mi c tm nhn khoan dung v cch mng hn xut hin: l Pht gio v K Na gio (Janism). Trong giai on ny, t n c khong 16 nc ln nh; v cc vng quc hng mnh u tp trung vng bc n (vng Bihar by gi) nh Avanti, Vaishali (V-s-l), Kosala (Kiu-tt-la), Magadha (Ma-Kit-) vv.. Sau nhiu cuc chin tranh xm lc tng tn, Magadha di triu vua Bambisara (Tn-B-Sa-La, li c ni dch l BnhSa-Vng) thuc ging h Haryanka thu tm cc ln bang tr nn mt quc kh rng, ng kinh Rajagrha (Thnh Vng X), cch Patna ngy nay khong 35 dm v pha ng nam.

Vua Bambisara ln ngi lc 15 tui, tr thnh mt c s Pht t lc 30 tui, v nht tnh h tr o Pht. ng tr v c 52 nm, xy 16 tnh x Vng X v cng dng c Thch Ca khu vn trc rng ln Pht cng tng on c ngm hong ho. Khu vn ny c nhc n nhiu ln trong Tam tng kinh in, l Tnh X Trc Lm (Venuvan-arama). Nhiu tc gi nghin cu v Pht gio u cho rng ngn ng c Thch Ca thuyt php thi by gi l ting Magadhi ph thng. n khong nm 420 TTL triu i Haryanka li mt vo tay ca ging h Nanda, nhng h Nanda ch tn ti c trong vng 100 nm ri b ging h Maurya lt . ---o0o--Triu i Maurya u th k th 4 TTL, vng Trung-ng i Alexander ca Hy lp sau khi nh bi qun Persians vo nm 326 TTL, m rng quc Hy t pha Ty n bin cng n nhng ri b chn ng vng sng Bs (by gi l Lahore, Pakistan). Sau khi Alexander rt lui v qua i Babylon vo nm 323 TTL, vua Chandragupta Maurya lc by gi lt triu i Nanda vo nm 321 TTL y lui nhiu t qun xm lng ca Seleucus Nicator I, k k v Alexander, vng Afghanistan, Baluchistan v Pakistan by gi, ri m rng b ci xung pha ty nam n Gujatt v thung lng Daccan. Vua Chandragupta Maurya (tr v t 321 n 298 TTL) di n Ptaliputr (Thnh Hoa Th; tc thnh ph Patna ngy nay) vn l mt pho i kin c trn ng chu th giao tip ca hai con sng chnh l Ganga (Hng H) v sng Sona. S sinh hot v cai tr theo li trung ng tp quyn v nhng chnh sch ngoi giao kho lo ca triu i Chandragupta Maurya c ghi li trong cun Arthasastra bi Kautilya (cn c bit di tn Chanakya), l t tng ca triu ng. Ngoi ra nhiu on ca mt bo co do s thn ca vua Seleucus tn l Megathenes ghi li cn tn ti n nay qua s trch dn ca cc s gia Hy-La. n i vua Bindusra Maurya (tr v t 298 - 273 TTL) th quc ny cn bnh trng thm na t Kashmir pha bc n Karntaka pha nam, v t chu th sng Hng pha ng sang n mn nam v ng ca x Afghanistan by gi. quc Maurya ni ting vi nhng thnh ph ln phn thnh nh Takshasila, Ujjain, Vidisha, Tosali, v Suvarnagiri.

n i Hong Asoka Maurya, v vua th ba ca triu i Maurya, ng k tip chnh sch b quyn, v thu tm gn ht tiu lc a n. quc ca ng hng mnh tt nh v ng li cho hu th mt chng liu min vin bng , di dng nhng php d, bi nu khng th nhng iu ni v vua Asoka ch c bit qua nhng huyn thoi ghi li trong nhng k yu vit bi cc tng s Pht gio Tch-Lan v n nh cc b Divyavadana, Asokavadana, Mahavamsa vv.. ---o0o--i Asoka Maurya (269-232 TTL)

i Asoka Maurya sinh nm 304 TTL, ln ngi nm 269 TTL lc 35 tui, tr v c 38 nm v mt nm 232 TTL th 73 tui. ng l v vua v i nht ca n, v l v hong u tin cai tr mt quc n rng ln. Da vo b Mahvamsa (i S) c bin son bi tng gi Tch-Lan th ngay sau khi vua cha l Bindusra bng h vo nm 273 TTL, c s tranh dnh ngi vua rt gay gt gia cc hong t trong 4 nm. Giai on ny S ghi l thi khng vua (Interregnum). Rt cc Asoka, vi s h tr c lc ca vi i thn kinh Ptaliputr (Thnh Hoa Th), thnh cng v ln ngi vo nm 269 TTL.

Tm nm sau khi k v vua cha, hong Asoka xua qun nh chim nc Kalinga dc vng duyn hi mn ng, nay l bang Orissa v x ny giu c nh qung m, sung tc nh va la, vv tr hng hi thun li dn n vng thung lng Krishna y m vng v qu. Chin dch thnh cng nhng m mu. Theo cc php d do ng sai khc ln th cuc xm lng ny lm cho 150 ngn ngui b bt lm n l hoc b y i, 100 ngn qun s b git, s thng dn b st hi cn cao hn nhiu ln. Trc trn Kalinga hai nm, c v nh l vua Asoka tr thnh mt Pht t sau khi nghe v Sa-di Nigrodha (Ni-cu-thut) thuyt php, nhng khng my nhit tm (xem Tiu thch php d s 1), mi n sau khi chng kin thm cnh au thng ca chin dch ny ng qu xc ng v rt hi hn, ri t quyt t b chin tranh xm ln v hi tm tr nn mt Upsaka (u-b-tc: c-s Pht t) thun thnh. Sut qung i cn li ng kin tr ng dng Pht php vo vic tr nc mt cch y nhn i m ng gi l dhammavijaya (php chinh phc), v ng h Pht gio pht trin su rng khng nhng trn ton quc ng cai tr m cn truyn b n cc nc ln bang. Nhng s kin ny xy ra khong hai th k sau khi c Pht Thch Ca nhp dit. B Mahavamsa - vn c vit trong tinh thn tn gio vi nhiu huyn thoi vi dng rn i mun cao Asoka t khi tr thnh Pht t t b qu kh y c nghip, t mt Candsoka (A-Dc Vng bo cha) tr thnh Dhammsoka (A-Dc Vng m Php) - nn b ny ghi rng trong cuc tranh dnh ngi vua, Asoka git 99 ngi trong s 100 anh em ca mnh, ch cn st li mt ngi tn l Tissa. Thc ra khng c chng c kh tn v iu ny, v li trong i thch Php d s 5 c ban ra 11 nm sau khi ng ln ngi cn cho thy vua Asoka nhc n anh ch em mnh. Cc hc gi tin rng trong v tranh ngi ny ch c mt ngi anh (hay em) b st hi m thi. Hn na vi thi gian tr v ca ng, ngoi hai s kin l tranh dnh ngi vua v cuc xm lng Kalinga trong 8 nm u, sut qung 30 nm cn li ng tr thnh mt hong nhn t em Chnh Php ra ng dng vo i, ch khng tn bo nh Nero ca La M hay Tr Kt, Tn Thu Hong ca Trung Quc, nn vc gn cho ng x danh Candasoka xem ra thiu c s. Nhiu hc gi nghim tc cn so snh ng vi nhng v nhn khc nh Hammurabi ca Babylon, Charlemagne ca quc Ty u hu La M hay Akbar ca quc Mogul. Nhiu c th Tch-Lan ghi li s kin l Asoka nh p dng chnh sch chinh phc n ho bng Chnh Php m ng khn kho n

nh i sng chnh tr ton vng v nhiu ln dp yn cc cuc ni lon m khng mu; trong ng k l cuc ni lon ca dn thnh Takshasila thuc vng Gandhara chng li s p bc h khc ca quan cai tr a phng. V sau Gandhara tr thnh thnh a ca Pht gio, m t phi i tha pht trin qua phng ng. thn dn thng hiu chnh c nhng s ci cch trong chnh sch cai tr mi v nhng nguyn tc v o c ng t ra da theo Chnh Php ct to dng nn mt x hi y nhn bn v cng chnh hn, Asoka ra lnh khc nhng php d ny ln - c khi gi l Li ghi chnh php (dharmalipi) , c khi li gi l php lnh (dharma-sravana) - ng thi cho rao truyn rng ri khp ni trong nc. Nhng php dkhc trn ca vua Asoka minh ha c hnh nh ca mt v minh qun lun nhit tm thc thi Chnh Php ca Pht dy mang li cho trm h mt i sng hin ho, no m phc li, nhng vn khng cho bit thm chi tit no v cuc i ca ng. ---o0o--Khm ph cc bia S khai th v cc Php d ca Asoka c xem nh ch l gn y m thi. Ngi nghin cu u tin li l mt tu s Thin Cha gio, khi cha Tieffenthaler kho st nhng mnh ca php tr Meerut ti Delhi vo nm 1756, nhng khng hiu c ni dung. Mi n nm 1837 nhng php d ca Asoka mi c nh kho c James Prinsep gii m m ln u tin, ri t nhng php d c dch thut v in n qung b khp ni. Ban u Prinsep thy rng nhng d ny c ban ra bi mt v vua t gi mnh l "Vua Piyadasi, Thin t" (phng t "Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi") hoc "Devanampiya Piyadasi, Thin t, Ngi Nhn Xung vi T Tm" ("Beloved-of-the-Gods, He Who Looks On With Affection"). Cc hc gi phng on Vua Piyadasi c th l Vua Asoka, thng c xng tng trong cc huyn thoi Pht gio. Cho mi n nm 1915, khi mt php d khc c tm thy vi tn vua Asoka, ngi ta mi khng nh c rng c hai chnh l mt, l hong Asoka, v t , sau hn hai ngn nm b qun lng, nhng php dkhc trn ny ca vua Asoka bng dng lm sng t thm v mt con ngi v i ca lch s n v ca c nhn loi, ch khng cn l mt nhn vt ch uc bit n qua huyn thoi. Mt cu ghi li trn phn nh chiu hng tm linh ca Asoka: "Tt c

thn dn l con ca ta. V l con ca ta, h phi c chu cp y an sinh v phc li trong i ny v i sau, nh ta vn hng mong." ---o0o--Ngn ng thi Maurya Theo gio s Romila Thapar v mn Lch s n c ti i hc Jawaharlal Nehru New Delhi th h vn t ca cc Php d ny c xem l vn h sm nht ca n c th nghin cu c. Vn h c hn m ngi ta khm ph Harappa thuc vn minh thung lng sng Indus ch l nhng nt v tng hnh trn du mc, vt trang sc v l gm m n nay vn cha ai hiu c ngha. Nhng php d khc ca vua Asoka nh du thi k chuyn bin t khu truyn sang vn t ca x hi n v chng l nhng ch tng m ch khng tng hnh nh xa. Nghin cu k nhng bia k, ngi ta thy Hong Asoka cho ghi li Php d bng bn vn h cho ba ngn ng khc nhau. Phn quan trng v chim i a s bia k l ngn ng Prakrit - by gi l ngn ng m thoi ph thng ca x Magadhi, tc l ngn ng chnh thc trong triu Asoka, v phn cn li bng ngn ng Hy-lp v Aramaic. Ngn ng Prakrit li c vit di hai dng vn h Brahmi v Kharoshthi (gn vi Sanscrit). a s php d c vit theo vn h Brahmi, truyn b rng khp quc. Nhiu hc gi cho rng vn h Brahmi do triu i Maurya sng to bi nhu cu hnh chnh trong vic cai tr mt quc rng ln. N l dng chuyn tip gia Sanscrit xut pht t vng ty bc n (thng dng trong gii thn hc, trit hc, hoc huyn hc) v ngn ng hin i Indo-European ca n. Vn h Brahmi, d vy cng b bin dng i cht theo pht m tng a phng, v d vn h vit ting Tamil vng pha nam vn ci bin t h Brahmi. S s dng ngn ng Prakrit trong cc Php d cng cho thy rng Asoka mun em Chnh php ra ng dng vi i thng ch khng ch mt s tng l dng bn lun theo ngn ng Sanscrit. Vn phong dng th ni chuyn rt bnh dn d hiu v thung lp i lp li, c nh Hong mun trc tip ni vi qun chng, ch khng kiu cch cu k nh cc quc vng khc ng thi hay x dng. Qua y nhiu hc gi nhn thy bn tnh bc trc chn tht ca Asoka.

Rt t bn khc bng vn h Kharoshthi v bng ngn ng Hy-lp v Aramaic. Nhng bn ny ch thy vng ty bc thuc Afghanistan by gi, ni c nhiu dn ni c hai ngn ng y. Khng r l nhng Php d thuc loi ny c triu nh ra lnh hay l do cc quan cai tr a phng lm ra nh l mt bn dch cho dn trong vng, vn a chng hn tp. Trn mt trong nhng php d vng ny, Hong Asoka k ra tn ca 5 v vua cc nc phng ty ng thi c bang giao, nh vy gip nhiu cho vc nghin cu s i chiu. l cc vua Antiyoka (Anh ng: Antiochos II Theos Syria: 261- 246 TTL), Turamaya (Ptolemy II Philadelphos ca Ai cp: 285 - 247 TTL), Antikini (Antigonos Gonatas ca Macedonia: 278 - 239 TTL), Maka (Magas ca Cyrene: 300 - 258 TTL) v Alikasudara (Alexander ca Epirus: 272 - 258 TTT). Da vo cc bia k bng Hy ng v Aramaic ny m cc nh nghin cu Ty phng hiu c nhng t tng t bn Prakrit. Nhng cng chnh v vy gy kh nhiu ng nhn, v d t dharma li khng c ly mt ch gc Hy v Aramaic (v c Anh ng ngy nay) tng ng dch v ngay trong cc bn vn bng Hy ng vAramaic ny cng khng c ni no cp n c Pht. Cho nn nhiu dch gi phi phng dch ra nh l: thng xt (piety), c hnh (virtue), bn phn thing ling (sacred duty), hoc dng nguyn ng l dharma dy bi c Pht (the dharma taught by the Buddha). Trong bn khc bng Hy ng li c ghi l eusebeia, vi mt ngha rt tng qut nh va k. Chnh v da vo nhng ng nhn ny m nhiu hc gi Ty phng nghi ng rng ch dharma Asoka dng khng phi mang mt ngha nh Chnh php ca o Pht m l nhng khuyn d v o c x hi ni chung. C k cn bo rng v trn nhng bia k chng h thy Asoka cp n gio l cn bn ca Pht gio nh l Lun hi (samsra), Gii thot (mokkha), Nit-bn (nibbna), V ng (anatta), Bt Chnh o (atthangikamagga), hay T Diu (cattari ariya-saccani) nn gii thch ch dharma theo li suy din ngoi o ch quan ca mnh. Tht l ng tic, v h qun rng d Asoka tr thnh mt c-s Pht t nhng ng phi cai tr mt quc rng ln nh mt minh qun, phi cng bng vi thn dn vn a dng v a tn ngng, mt x hi c nn vn ho bao dung ch khng cung tn c tn, c thn. Asoka khng th no dng nhng ngn t thun Pht php ph d thn dn c. Nhng qua mt vi php d ring cho tng gi v d tiu thch php d s 3 hay cn gi l Php d Bairt, th khng cn nghi ng g na v c tin

Pht gio ca Asoka. Trong d ny sau li vn an tng gi, ng xc nh c tin v i ca ng vo Pht, Php v Tng. ng bo rng tt c php do c Pht thuyt ging u l chn diu php v ng mun n c trng tn. ng cn cho ghi ra tn ca 7 bn kinh Tng-gi thng xuyn tu hc. Nhng php d khc ni chung nhm vo nhiu thnh phn l cc quan chc di triu, gii tng gi, v thn dn. i vi thnh phn u th ng quan tm n s an sinh phc li ca dn chng, v ku gi cc quan chc nn cao o c v nhm v x hi cai tr dn tt hn. thnh phn gia th ng quan tm n vic tu tp ca tng chng v vc iu hnh cc tnh x. thnh phn sau th ng ch khuyn khch vic n theo Chnh php (Dharma). ---o0o--Cai tr theo Chnh php Vua Asoka cn thng xuyn tun du thin ha, gi l nhng chuyn vi hnh Php (dhammaytras) ging dy Chnh php cho mi ngi. ng cn ra lnh cho cc quan i thn cng nn lm nh th. Hong Asoka t cho mnh c trch nhim phi gii ngha, cng b v rao ging Chnh Php (Dharma). Vi s minh mn siu vit, Asoka ch ra trong i thng, n l s tng tc nhiu mt ca i sng o c: N phn nh nhng trch nhim v bn phn ca con ngi tu vo v tr ca mnh trong x hi; n phn nh ci trt t trong v tr v chn l cm nhn c trong ci trt t ; n l mi dy rng buc con ngi trong gia nh, x hi, tn gio v t nc; n l ci tri kin c bn lm nn tng cho s thng cm v an ho, vn c biu l khc nhau bi cc nn vn ho v tn gio d bit; n l s ch o cho hnh ng v s t gic v hnh phc; n ch t c bng hnh ng, pht trin thm bng thc hnh, v bo v bng lut l, v nh vy n to nn c s cho chnh sch, gio dc v cng l; n c khm ph bng t qun, thin nh, v chuyn ho, v n a dn n vic t b nhng iu khng thch nghi vi n. Sut thi tr v, ng kin tr thc thi nhng tin tng ca mnh cho n cui i khi ng ng ho vi quan nim chakraqvartin, (Chuyn lun vng); t cho mnh l mt minh qun ang vn hnh bnh xe chnh php khp ni bo ton s an sinh phc li cho mi ngi. ng li t ra mt b gi l "B thc thi Chnh php hay B Php Hnh", b nhim cc quan i thn gi l dharmamahmtras (Php i thn) vo nm 257 TTL (theo d s V, 13 nm sau khi ng ln ngi) chuyn

trng coi mi cng tc phc li x hi ca ngi dn, quan tm n nhng nhu cu thit yu ca ph n, ca dn sng bin cng, n cc cng ng tn gio khc nhau v phi v t khi thi hnh cng l. ng cn ph d cho cc quan chc cc cp nn thuyt phc dn trong vc ng dng Chnh php vo i sng thng ngy hn l p buc bng lnh lc. ng cng u thm quyn cho nhng phn quan khp ni ngn nga s chnh mng cng tc, cng nh trnh vic i x d man vi sc vt v gii quyt nhanh chng nhng kh khn gp phi. Php d cn lit k nhng th rng c triu nh bo v khng c sn bn. ng cn ra lnh l nhng vic khn cp cn phi c t n ng ngay. Nhng thnh tu ng k cn c ca tng n by gi l vic xy ct nhiu bnh vin cho ngi v gia sc, cng nh cho trng nhiu khu vn tho dc, vic xy dng rng ri mt h thng ng s vi hng cy a v xoi ph bng bn l, vi ging o v nh ngh dc ng tng khong u n cho khch l hnh. H thng giao thng ny lm cho vic thng mi v hnh chnh ca quc Maurya pht trin thun li nhiu mt. i vi thn dn t khai ng th Hong Asoka khuyn khch vic ng dng Chnh Php vo i sng hng ngy bng thc hnh nhng gii c chn tht (sace), t bi, n ha (daya), t t vi mi ngi (samya pratipati) hn l thng by tr cng t cu xin n phc; nn thng b th (dana) cho ngi ngho kh (kapana valaka), cho cc v tu hnh, bn b, thn nhn vv..; hn ch st sinh, khng hnh h sc vt (avihisa bhutanam); khng xa x, khng tham cu, v trnh d lm lnh (apa vyayata apa bhadata) [ta theo li dy trong Kinh Tng nht A-hm (Anguttara Nikaya, II:282)]; bit knh trng cc bc trng thng nh cha m, ng b, s ph, v c i vi bn b, ti t v thy cng t b la mn [tng t li dy ca c Pht trong Trng B Kinh (Digha Nikaya) on 31]. ng dy rng nu lm c nh th th s mang li cng c v lng. ng khng ra v bt phi theo mt nghi l tn gio c on no, nhng ch thuyt v Pht gio ring vi gii tng gi m thi. i vi cc tn gio khc ng thi, gm c n gio, K na gio v gio phi Ajivika chuyn tu kh hnh, ng rt cng bng v khuyn khch sng i o hnh (bhava sudhi), nhit tm (usahena), tn trng ln nhau, cao gi tr ni tm (bahu sruta), t ch (sayame) v ngn cm vic xung t tn gio. ng khng ngng hc hi m o vi cc v chn tu ca cc tn gio. ---o0o---

Cc Php d khc trn V hnh thc th cc Php d c phn loi theo dng b mt c chm khc: mt ni tng, tr v hang ng. Ngay c b mt ca vt liu v ni chn cng hm ci dng cng ca n, cho nn ni dung ca Php d cng i thay tng ng. Da vo cc php d ny m ngi ta c th on c nin k ca cc s kin trong thi Asoka tr v. C th phn bit c hai giai on cc bia k c to ra. Giai on u, 11 nm sau khi Asoka ln ngi, cc php d c khc trn vch mt cch th thin, v tu vo ni dung di ngn m cn chia ra l i Thch Php d (Major Rock Edicts) v Tiu Thch Php d (Minor Rock Edicts). Nhng Thch Php d ny thng c khc trn nhng tng ni ln n nay b h hng kh nhiu. Ly trng hp bia k Sopara, ch vi mnh ca d VIII v IX cn st li. Nh vo nhng vn bn khc cn c bo qun tt m ngi ta c c nhng on b mt nhng php d b h hng. Cho n nay ngi ta pht hin c 14 i thch php d mang ni dung rt rng ri t vic hn ch st sinh n cung cp cc dch v phc li v y t, ri n cuc chin Kalinga v nhng tc dng ca n. Li thm hai php d Kalinga c ban ra vo nm mm 259 TTL, c hc gi cn gi l php d s 15 v 16. (m ni dung tng t nh 3 php d b h hng, l cc php d s XI: ni v vic cu t v s tng thn ca nhn loi, s XII: ni v s khoan dung tn gio v XIII: ni v cuc chn tranh Kalinga, s hi tm ca Asoka). Hai php d ny cng c li dnh cho cc quan cai tr vng mi chim, ni v nhng vn o c, thi hnh cng l, vn lm gim cng thng vi ln bang v ci thin ho bnh lin quc. Mi bn i thch php d k trn c tm thy 6 ni khc nhau gm: hai ni gn bin gii pha ty ca quc Maurya bn bin Rp l Sopara thuc bang Bombay v Girnar thuc bang Saurahtra; hai ni gn bin gii ty bc l Mansehra v Shahbazgarhi vng ty Pakistan; mt ni pha bc l Kalsi thuc Uttar Pradesh v mt pha nam Erragudi thuc Andhra Pradesh. Mi mt i thch php d cng vi 2 php d Kalinga cn c tm thy Dhauli v Jaugada thuc Orissa, gn b bin pha ng bn vnh Bengal. Nhng Tiu Thch Php d c l c ban ra vo nm 260 TTL v l nhng Php d u tin, cng lc vi nhng chuyn vi hnh Php bt u.

Chng tp trung hu ht pha gia v nam ca quc gm Tiu Thch Php d I, c tm thy ti 7 ni bc An v Hyderabad: l Bairat, Gavimath, Maski, Palkigundu, Gujarra, Rupnath v Sahasram. Tiu Thch Php d II c tm thy ti 5 ni pha nam l Brahmagiri, JatingaRamesvara v Siddaoura thuc bang Mysore, Erragudi v Rajula-Mandagiri thuc bang Andhra. Tiu Thch Php d III (php d dnh cho tng gi ban ra vo nm th 12 sau khi ln ngi) c tm thy Bairat. giai on sau, vo nm th 27 n 28 di triu ca hong Asoka, nhng php d mi c khc ln trn nhng ct nh ch bng long, c dng ln nhiu thnh ph quan trng trong thung lng sng Hng v cc ng ln trong quc, thng c gi l Thch tr Php d (Pillar Edicts). Lc ban u c l c rt nhiu php tr c dng ln, nhng n nay ch cn li c 10 tr m thi. Mi tr trung bnh cao khong t 12 n 15 thc, nng n 50 tn. Trn u mi tr u c iu khc nhng hnh tng tht tinh xo nh s t gm, con b thn hay con nga thnh vv.. Tt c thch tr u c ly t cc m Chunar, pha nam Varanasi v c ko n ni c dng ln, nhiu khi xa c hng trm dm. D sau bao nhiu th k phi gia ma nng gi sng vy m nc bng lng vn cn sng nh gng, ni ln cht lng cao tuyt ca ngh thut tc ca An thi by gi. Hai i s Trung quc hnh hng Ty trc (An) l Php Hin (Fa Hien: 401 - 410 TL.) ghi l nhn thy 6 php tr, v Huyn Trang (Hiuen Tsang hay Yuan Chwang: 629 - 645 TL) th thy 15, trong s y ngy nay ch 2 cn tn ti ng theo li Huyn Trang m t trong k s. Nhng php thch tr dng Meerut v Topra c vua Sultan Driuz Shah di v Delhi th k 14. Tr ti Kausambi (thuc bang Kosam ngy nay) cng c vua Akbar di v Allahabad th k 16. Mt s ln khc c l b chn vi, che ph bi rng rm theo thi gian thng trm, vt i sao di. Cc Thch tr Php d ny gm 7 d m ni dung tng i n gin: bt u bng hai tr ni v t tnh ca Chnh php, n 3 tr ni v s ng dng Chnh php vo vic ch ng c nghip v tham i, vic truyn b o c v cng l, v nhng qui nh v vic st hi sc vt v tic tng cng cng, v kt thc vi mt php d (hoc 2 nh trong trng hp ca tr Topra) ni v phng thc truyn b o c. Nhng thch tr Php d ny c tm thy ri rc trn 30 ni khp ton ci quc Maurya bao gm An , Nepal, Pakistan v Afghanistan ngy nay, nh Meerut v Kausambi thuc Utter Pradesh, Lauriya-Araraj, Lauriya-Nandangarh v

Rampurva thuc Bihar. Mt tr khc vi d th 7 li c tm thy ti Topra thuc vng ng Punjab. Vn bn ca bia k trn cc Thch tr Php d ny ging ht nhau. Tr Allahabad li c khc thm 2 d khc. D th nht, c khi c gi l tiu thch tr php du I, cng cn thy xut hin Sanchi thuc bang Bhopal v ti Sarnath thuc bang Uttar Pradesh. Bia k khng c bo qun tt nn vn bn ca bia k trn tr ba ni c nhiu thay i.

Tr ti Sarnath (ni c vn nai: Lc Uyn) li cn khc thm phn tip theo ca d trn tr Allahabad, cn gi l tiu thch tr php d II. Ngy nay chnh ph n dng hnh tc bn con s t u lng vi nhau trn thch tr Sarnath lm biu tng quc gia. D cn li th hai trn tr Allahabad c khi c gi l tiu thch tr php d III, l qu tng ca mt b hong hu ca vua Asoka, nn cn c gi l Php d ca Hong hu. Hai tr tm thy Nepal l tr ghi du thnh a, mt Rummindei hay Lumbini, ni c Pht n sanh, mt gn h ln Nigali Sagar, gn thp gi x li ca c Pht Kanakamuni. ---o0o--Nhng hang ng Cave Edicts) php d (The

Nhng hang ng php d (The Cave Edicts) c tm thy 3 trong s 4 hang trong dy ni Barabar thuc bang Bihar. Trong 2 hang trc c bia k ca Hong Asoka ghi vo nm th 12, hang th ba ghi nm th 19 sau khi ng ln ngi, tng cc hang ng nh l ni c tr cho cc nh tu kh hnh thuc gio phi Ajivika, m gio ch l Gosala cng thi vi c Thch Ca. Trong hang th 4 th bia k c ghi li thuc th k th 5 TL sau ny. mt ni khc l i Nagarjuni c 3 hang ng na cha bia k tng cho tu s phi Ajivika ca mt v vua dng tc v "Thin t ", nhng li do vua Dasaratha, chu ca hong Asoka cho dng ln. ---o0o--H Php Vng ca Pht Gio V tr ca Hong Asoka trong Pht gio tht l vinh hin, c th ni l c tn sng ln hng H Php Vng. Nhng cng c ca ng thng c gii Pht t ca tng l lng sng bi v h tr Pht gio ca ng. Asoka cho xy ct nhiu thp th x li Pht (stpa), nhiu tnh x (vihra). Kinh sch cn ghi l 84 ngn vihras 84 ngn th trn, v ngi ln nht Asokrma ngay kinh vua thng n cng bi. ng chu cp thc phm cho hng trm ngn tng ni, v th thi by gi c nhiu k xu li dng khoc o nh tu gia nhp tng chng c sng an nhn. iu ny a n tnh trng suy i trong vic tu tp Pht php. Theo hai b Mahavamsa v Samantapsdik th khi bit ra t nn, Asoka lin ra lnh cho thanh lc hng ng tng gi v loi b n 60 ngn k ngy danh v n bm, trc k i hi kit tp kinh in (sangti) ln th 3 ti kinh Ptaliputr di s ch tr ca cao tng

Moggaliputtatisa (Mc-kin-lin T--tu hay ni gn Mc-lin--tu) v do nh vua bo tr. Theo vn hc PG th k t sau i hi kt tp ln th hai hn 116 nm sau khi c Pht nhp Nit bn, trong gii tng gi manh nha s phn phi thnh hai trng l Trng lo b (s: sthavira) v i chng b (s: mahsghika), ty theo li gii dch gio php v gio lut ca c Pht. Nh mt ging sng ln khi i t ngun s phi phn nhnh theo thi gian v nhng a hnh khc nhau; o Pht cng th, c nhng s phn phi t ln kt tp th hai. S phn phi ca Pht gio l mt iu kin phi c trng tn. N phi p ng yu cu hin i ha thch nghi vi thi th, v bn a ha dung ha vi truyn thng vn ha, tp tc v tn ngng a phng trn ng pht trin. Vo thi vua Asoka th trnh dn tr v mc sng kinh t tng i tng trng. ---o0o--Lc k cc k kt tp kinh in quan trng Mun hiu r thm nhng tc ng a n s phn phi trong PG, xin c lc k nhng k kt tp kinh in quan trng trong Pht s. Mi phi u c s bt ng v cc i hi kt tp t ln th ba tr v sau: Theo Thng ta b th c 4 ln k tp kinh in chnh thc v thm 2 ln khc Min in. Theo i chng b th ch c tng cng 4 ln kt tp chnh m thi. Kt tp ln th nht: c t chc trong by thng ti thch ng Sattapanna trn ni Vebhra thnh Rjagaha (Vng X nay l Rajgir) khong nm 478 TTL, ba thng sau khi c Pht nhp nit bn (Buddha's Parinibbana), gm 500 t-kheo do ngi Mahakassapa (i Ca-Dip) triu tp, vi s tr gip ca vua Ajatasatru (s.) hay Ajaratthu (p.) (A X Th) x Magadha (Ma Kit ). Ananda truyn tng li nhng li Pht dy, v sau c ghi li thnh nm b Nikya; Upali (u-b-li) tng li b Lut tng (s, p: Vinaya-piaka) v sau c ghi li thnh nm b dikamma, Pcittiya, Mahvagga, Cullavagga, Parivra. Kt tp ln th hai: c t chc trong tm thng trong cha Vlukrma ti Vesali (thnh V-X-l) 116 nm sau khi Pht nhp nit bn, hay 362 TTL, gm 700 v t-kheo do cao tng Revata ch tr v vua Kksoka bo tr, c gi l Sattasati. L do kt tp l v nhm T khu

Vajjputtakas thnh Vesli khng duy tr 10 iu gii lut v sng rt phng tng, nn b mt t ca Ananda l Yassakkandaputta (Da-x) ph phn v a n i hi chn chnh gio lut. C 8 cao tng trong ban chp s l Revata, Sambhuta-Sanavasi, Yasa, Sumana, Sabbakami, Salha, Khujjasobhita, v Vasabhagamika, Vic ny manh nha a n s phn phi gia Trng lo b (s: Sthavira, khi du nhp Tch Lan th thnh Thng ta b - Theravada) v i chng b (s: Mahsghikas, hay cn ghi l Mahasangitikas) v sau nh trnh by. Theo b Dipavamsa (o s - 76, 82) Tch Lan c phi Thng ta b ghi li v sau th sau khi b khin trch nhm Vajjiputtakas lin tch ra t chc mt i hi khc gi l Mahsangiti (i Tng) nhng khng gm 6 tp ca Abhidhamma; Patisambhida; Niddesa; mt phn ca Jatakas; v vi cu k c Trng lo b ph chun. Kt tp ln th ba: c t chc trong 9 thng ti ngi cha Asokrma ti Ptaliputra vo khong nm 242 trc TTL, hay 236 nm sau Nit Bn, gm 1.000 t-kheo u t c chn lc k lng, ch tr bi cao tng Moggaliputta Tissa, di s bo tr ca vua Asoka. L do l chn chnh li gio php v gio lut, ng thi thanh lc li hng ng tng gi, vn b phn tp bi s chu cp di do ca vua Asoka. Trc k i hi gn n ngy rm, theo truyn thng c l Uposatha, tng gi qui t tr tng Gii bn t-kheo (Ptimokkh), nhng mt s trng lo t chi hp chung vi m gi danh nn triu nh mnh tay can thp ca lm thit mng mt s tng s; v th vua Asoka vi mi cao tng Moggaliputta Tissa t ch n tu xung ni ch tr i hi. Khi kt thc, Moggalliputta-Tissa tng kt nn b Kathvatthu (Lun S) vn l nhng lp lun chnh thng bi bc cc t kin, c a vo Lun Tng (hay A-t-t-ma tng) cn truyn n ngy nay. Moggalliputta-Tissa cng cn c xem nh l v sng lp ra Phn bit b (s. vibhajyavdin). Phi ny c Mahind truyn qua Tch Lan khng lu sau . ---o0o--Cc an truyn gio ca PG ch xng bi Asoka Sau i hi, vi s ngh ca Moggaliputta Tissa, vua Asoka cho thnh lp nhiu on truyn gio (Dharmaduta) gi i khp ni ra ngoi bin cng ca quc Maurya, nh th m PG c lan truyn rng khp. Nhng cng v PG pht trin trn nhiu a bn khc nhau v khng c mt

b phn ch o tp quyn nn vic phn phi l iu khng th trnh khi t y (Frauwallner, 1956). on th nht do cc t-kheo Mahinda, Sanghamitta, Ittiya, Uttiya, Sambala, Bhaddasla v v sau c t-kheo-ni Sumana hng dn i truyn gio o Tch Lan (Lank, Lankdpa); v chnh an ny thit lp nn phi Theravada (Thng ta b). Mahinda l hong t v Sanghamitta l cng cha, v v sau c a chu Sumana cng tham gia vo on truyn gio vo nm th su di triu vua Asoka. on th hai do Majjhantika hng dn i truyn gio x Kashmir v Gandhara, v sau thnh phi Nht thit hu b (Sarvastivdins). on th ba do Mahdeva (c l l mt v tkheo trng tn vi v a ra 5 thuyt d cp) hng dn i truyn gio x Mahinsakamandala ngy nay gi l Mysore, v sau thnh phi Mahisasakas. on th t do Rakkhita hng dn truyn gio qua x Vanavsi pha nam n. on th nm do Yonaka Dhammarakkhita, c gc Hi-lp hng dn i n x Aparantaka, nay l bc Gujarat, Kathiwara, Kutch v Sindh); v sau thnh phi Dharmaguptaka. on th su do Mahrakkhita hng dn i x Yonaka-loka tc vng ty bc lc a n bao gm x Baktria, Trung v min bc Iran (Ionian). on th by do ch v Majjhima, Kassapagotta, Mlakadeva, Durabhissara v Deva Sahadeva hng dn truyn b khu vc Himavant (Tuyt Sn) cnh ni Himlaya; v sau thnh phi Haimavata, gm phi Kasyapiyas. Nhng x-li ca qu v ny c tm thy Vedisa (Willis, 2001). on th tm do hai i t kheo Sona v Uttara hng dn i hong php x Suvannabhmi, nay l Min in, Thi Lan, Campuchia, v c th n x Ph Nam (Funan), chu th sng Cu Long Vit Nam ngy nay. Trong khi nhng on truyn gio qua hng ty, thuc quc Hy lp mi n vng bin a Trung Hi (Mediteranean) t Syria n Macedonia, nh ghi trong php d s XIII khng my thnh cng th nhng tng on hong ho do hong t Mahinda v cng cha Sanghamitta hng dn xung pha nam li thnh cng rc r. Ngay t bui u cho n nay Pht gio tr thnh quc gio Tch Lan. ---o0o--Mt i hi khc ca i chng b ti Ptaliputra Ngoi i hi va k, cn c mt i hi khc ca i chng b din ra ti Ptaliputra trc triu i Maurya, khong nm 350 TTL, tc hn

mt th k trc k kt tp th 3 k trn. i hi ny d nhin khng c phi Trng lo b ghi nhn nn khng c chnh thc ghi trong Lut tng. L do i hi cng khng c chp li r rng, cho nn nhng s kn bit c cho n nay ch nh l huyn s. Mt t-kheo ti Paliputra tn l i Thin (Mahdeva), c v l th lnh ca i chng b (Mahasamghikas) by gi nu ln nm nghi thuyt v cnh gii ca Arhat (A-la-hn): 1. D s d: A-la-hn v cn nhc thn nn c th b tham i chi phi; c ni cn ni r l b mng tinh (CBETA Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association T49, no. 2032, p. 18, a11-13 ghi l nocturnal emission ng hn phi l nocturnal ejaculation) 2. V tri: A-la-hn cha hon ton thot khi V minh; 3. Do d: A-la-hn cha ht nghi ng; 4. Tha linh nhp: A-la-hn cn cn tr lc bn ngoi mi bit mnh t B-; 5. o nhn thanh c khi (o nng vo m thanh m sinh): A-la-hn cn nhng thanh m c bit t nh, v ng chn l. i chng b khng nhng ng h nm thuyt ca Mahadeva m cn i xa hn tn thnh lun thuyt v cnh gii chng ng ca Pht cn cao hn A-la-hn. Phi ny cho rng Pht l nhn vt siu th, v tn, t Nht thit tr, ton nng, th nhp i nh vnh cu, vi thn tm hon ton thanh tnh. Quan im ca i chng b c xem l tin thn ca gio php i tha sau ny. Nhng i vi Thng ta b, Pht vn ch l mt nhn vt lch s, c xem l mt bc vn th s biu tn knh, khng phi l ho thn ca mt tht th no. Trng lo b bi bc cc quan im ny qua ln kt tp th ba vi b Kathvatthu (Lun S) ca cao tng Moggalliputta-Tissa, nh ni trn. Nm thuyt ca i Thin lm cho s phn chia Tng-gi ra lm hai phi su xa hn khng tha hip c na. Nhng nhng nghin cu gn y cho thy ng thuyt ca i thin chng c lin h g n i chng b c. Nhng cng v sau, nhiu lun bn xut hin lm xa dn khong cch nh ngha gia t Pht v t A-la-hn. Lc ban s c Pht vn t cho mnh l mt A-la-hn. iu ny cn c i Chng B pht trin thm qua ln kt tp th t, vo nm Pht lch 400, tc khang u TK th 2 TL, ti Jlandhar Kashmrthat, Kashmir, m trong vn hc PG hay gi l x - Trng-Na (Udanna), gm 500 v t-kheo di s ch ta ca i s Vasumitra (Th

Hu, dch m l B-tu Mt-a) v s bo tr ca Hang Kanishka I (127151 TL). Mc ch ca k kt tp ny l son ra cc b lun: Kinh S, Lut S v Lun S. i hi ny chnh l khi im cho s pht trin ca Sarvstivda (Nht thit hu b) v i tha (Mahayana) v sau. Vasumitra l T th 7 ca Thin tng n . Gio l ca ngi nm gia Tiu tha v i tha.Tng truyn Vasumitra l tc gi ca hai b lun l samayabhedavyhacakra-stra (D b tng lun lun) v rya-vasumitrabodhisattva-sacita-stra (Tn B-tu-mt B Tt s tp lun). Chnh ngi cp n s tranh lun gia Trng lo b v 5 thuyt ca Mahadeva trong k kt tp th ba di triu Asoka; v b i t b sa (Mahavibhasa) c vit sau bi l Mahadeva, th lnh ca i chng b (CBETA T27, no. 1545, p. 510, c23-p. 512, a19). Phn ny l gii rng phi Nht thit hu b vng ty bc n l hu du ca nhng v A-la-hn k trn. Ring Thng ta b th cho rng ln kt tp ln th t c t chc ti ng Aloka gn lng Matale Tch Lan vo khong 35-32 TTL do Maharakkhita ch ta, gm 500 v t-kheo, di s bo tr ca vua Vattagmani. (John Snelling, The Buddhist Handbook). Qua i hi, tam tng ca Trng lo b c hiu nh, sp xp, ch thch ca ba tng, ri ghi li Tam tng trn l c (palm) bng ting Pli. Cc ln kt tp th 5 v th 6: u c Thng Ta B t chc vo cc thi k 1868-1871 ti Madalay v 1954-1956 ti Yangon. C hai u l kinh Min in vo thi tng ng. ---o0o--Li Kt Ngoi ra vua Asoka thng i hnh hng chim bi nhng Pht tch v cho dng nhng ct tr tn thn, m gn y nhiu cuc kho c pht hin c Lumbini ni c Thch Ca n sanh, hay B o trng (Bodh Gaya) m thi y c gi l Sambodhi hay Vajirasana. Ring thch tr B o trng li c khc Php d s VIII ban ra vo nm th 10 sau khi ng ng quang. ng cn ra mt chng trnh tu hoc Pht php cho tn . ng cng cho dng nhng tr ghi s liu ng Pht php ca ng (nh trn Tiu thch php d). ng thng trc tip phn x nhng cuc tranh lun gia cc tng phi v cng quyt ngn chn nhng s phn ho trong tng gi.

Tr do Asoka cho dng ti Lumbini ng tic l sau khi ng mt vo nm 232 TTL th quc Maurya rng ln cng tan r theo khong 50 nm sau, v ri b ging h Shungas thay th; v nhng cng tc phc li x hi do ng xng cng khng ko di c lu tr nhng php d khc vo v nh hng truyn b o Pht qua Tch Lan v ng Phng. Trn Trc-Lm Seattle, Chm thu 2001. Hiu nh ma h, 2007. ---o0o--CHNG HAI -NI DUNG NHNG PHP D KHC TRN CA I ASOKA MAURYA Hin nay c kh nhiu bn dch ra Anh ng v nhng Php d ca Vua Asoka vn c vit bng ting Brahmi (Prakrit). Bn dch Vit ng ny da vo 2 bn Anh ng ph thng nht v c nhn di 2 gc tiu biu: 1). Gii hn lm, ca cc tc gi Nayarayanrao Appurao Nikam v Richard McKeon thuc Vin i hc Chicago, n hnh nm 1959 (Vit tt "Bn Nikam") v 2). Gii tng gi, ca Ho thng S. Dhammika thuc Buddhist Publication Society, Sri Lanka, n hnh nm 1993 (Vit tt "Bn Dhammika").

Qu c gi c th vo trang http://www.accesstoinsight.org xem bn Dhammika. Tuy vy, trong khi i chiu lm r ngha hn gia 2 bn ny chng ti nhn thy rng ngoi nhng khc bit v vn phong, vi on cc dch gi ni trn c li din dch khc hn nhau. V th chng ti cn nhc chn li dch no gn vi tinh thn ni dung ca Php d chuyn ra Vit ng, v dng nhng t ng hp vi ng thi hn. Ngoi ra ngay di mi Php d, chng ti thm phn ghi ch v nhn xt ring (NXR) gii thch nhng khc bit, thay v cui bi khng c tin dng. D vy vn khng th trnh c nhng s st. Mong c qu v cao minh ch gio. Mong bi vit ny ng gp phn no vo ti liu S Pht Gio. a t. ---o0o--A. Mi Bn i Thch Php D A.1: TPD I Thin t, Vua Piyadasi, ban lnh cho ghi php d ny 1. Trong lnh th do trm cai tr khng sinh linh no c st hi hoc t sng v khng tc tng lin hoan no c t chc, bi Thin t, Vua Piyadasi thy nhiu iu xu c trong nhng cuc t hp lin hoan y. Nhng Thin t, Vua Piyadasi vn chun y cho mt vi cuc lin hoan khc. Trc y, trong ng tr (nh bp) hu cung ca trm c hng trm ngn sinh th b git hng ngy lm thc n. Nhng vi Php d ny k t nay ch c ba loi sinh th c php h tht m thi, l hai con cng v mt con nai, nhng thnh thong mi lm tht nai. V ri nay mai c ba th ny cng s khi b git.

Ch Prakrit c chp li t TPD 1. ---o0o--A.2: TPD II Khp ni 2 thuc lnh th do Thin t, Vua Piyadasi cai tr, v dn c ngoi bin i nh dn Cholas, dn Pandyas, dn Satiyaputras, dn Keralaputras, v xa hn na dn Tamraparni, v x Yona (Hy-lp) do vua Antiyoka cai tr, v vua cc x ln cn vi vua Antiyoka 3. Thin t, Vua Piyadasi ban cho hai loi sn sc y t: cho ngi v cho th. Ni no khng c tho dc tr liu, trm cho du nhp v trng. Ni no khng c c r hoc tri cy lm thuc, trm cho du nhp v trng. Dc cc ng trm cho o ging v trng cy ngi v th c hng li 4. ---o0o--A.3: TPD III Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng 5: Php d ny c ban ra sau mi hai nm trm ng quang - Trm lnh cho cc quan Yuktas, Rajjukas v Pradesikas phi tun du thanh tra khp ni thuc lnh th do trm cai tr mi 5 nm hun d Chnh php nh di y, ng thi lo cc chnh s khc 6 . Bit knh trng vng li cha m l vic tt, ho phng vi bn b, thn hu, b con, cc bc tu hnh 7 l vic tt, khng st sanh l vic tt, bit

chng mc trong tiu pha v tit kim l vic tt, tt c ton l nhng iu phc c. Triu nh nn bo cho cc quan a phng phi tun th nghim chnh nhng iu hun d ny ng ca trm. ---o0o--A.4: TPD IV Nhiu trm nm trong qu kh, vic st hi sinh vt, i x t bc vi b con, v thiu tn knh vi cc bc tu hnh gia tng 8. Nhng nay do vic thc hnh Chnh Php ca Thin t, Vua Piyadasi, nn diu m ca Chnh Php thay dn cho ting trng 9. nhiu trm nm hin tng v nhng thin xa, voi lnh, sao bng v nhng cnh tng thn linh khng xy ra. Nhng nay do Thin t, Vua Piyadasi c xy vic khng ch st hi sinh th, i x n cn vi b con, tn knh cc bc tu hnh, v knh trng cha m v bc trng thng, nhng cnh tng im lnh y li gia tng 10 . Nhng iu ny cng vi nhiu li khc thc hnh Chnh Php c Thin t, Vua Piyadasi khuyn khch, v ngi s tip tc thng tin vic thc hnh Chnh Php. Ri cng th, cc con, chu v chc ca Thin t, Vua Piyadasi s tip tc thng tin vic thc hnh Chnh Php cho n ht i; an tr trong Chnh Php th h mi gio hun dn theo Chnh Php c. Thc vy, gio hun theo Chnh Php l cng tc cao c. Tuy vy k thiu o c th khng th thc hnh Chnh Php c, bi vic thc hnh v thng tin Chnh Php l vic ng ca tng. Php d ny c ghi nhng k k tha ca trm hoan h tn lc mnh thng tin Chnh Php v khng suy thoi. Thin t, Vua Piyadasi lnh cho Php d ny ghi li mi hai nm sau khi ngi ng quang. ---o0o--A.5: TPD V Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng 11: Lm iu thn thc kh. K no lm iu thin l lm c nan s. Trm lm nhiu iu thin, v nu cc con, cc chu v hu du ca trm, cho n ht i noi gng trm th s

lm c nhng iu tht tt. Nhng ai trong bn chng b b d mt phn hun d ny th chng s lm iu c. Thc vy, lm iu c th rt d 12. Trong qu kh khng h c Php i thn (Dhamma Mahamatras), nhng mi ba nm sau khi trm ng quang chc v ny c b nhim. T nay h c y nhim lm vic vi tt c cc tn gio cho vic cng c Chnh Php, cho s thng tin Chnh Php, v cho an sinh v hnh phc ca tt c nhng ai ngng m Chnh Php. H c y nhim lm vic vi dn Yonas (Hy-lp), dn Kambojas, dn Gandharas, dn Rastrikas, dn Pitinikas, v cc dn khc bin cng pha ty ca lnh th. 13 H c y nhim lm vic vi qun s, cc cp ch huy, cc bc tu hnh, cc c s, 14 k ngho kh, ngi gi c, v nhng ai ngng m Chnh Php lo cho s an sinh v hnh phc ca h v h khi b nhng nhiu. Cc Php i thn c y nhim lm vic ci thin cch i x vi t nhn, a n vic phng thch chng, v nu cc Php i thn ngh rng "K ny c mt gnh nng gia nh", "K kia b vu co", "k n gi", th h tin hnh vic phng thch cc k . H c y nhim lm vic khp ni, y (ni bia k c khc, dng), nhng th trn xa xi, trong nhng hu cung thuc cc bo huynh hay bo t ca trm, v hong tc. Cc Php i thn chuyn lo truyn b Chnh Php c c i khp ni thuc lnh th, gia ngi dn ngng m Chnh Php xem ai ngng m Chnh Php, hay an tr trong Chnh Php, hay thc hnh b th. Php d ny c khc ln n c th trng tn v hu du ca trm c th theo y m thc hnh. ---o0o--A.6: TPD VI Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: 15 Trong qu kh, quc s hoc cc biu tu khng h c trnh hong thng thng xuyn. Nhng nay trm ra lnh ny, khi cc quan c chuyn bm bo v dn tnh trong nc th c th n gp trm bt c lc no v bt c u, d trm ang ng thin, ang trong hu cung, trong cm cung, trn long xa, trong ng gi, trong thng uyn hay ang cu nguyn. V khi mt ban b hay tuyn dng bng khu lnh, hoc v quc v khn cp trm y quyn cho cc Php i thn, m gy nn s bt ng hay bn ci trong triu th phi cp bo cho trm bit ngay bt c lc no v bt c u. l mnh lnh ca trm.

Trm khng h bao gi bng lng vi vic lm v canh cnh cho quc v ca trm. Trm cho rng vic thng tin an sinh ca thn dn l nhim v cao c nht ca trm, v ct li ca vic ny l phi chnh mnh tn lc. i vi trm, khng c iu g quan trng hn l vic thng tin an sinh ca thn dn, v tt c nhng n lc ca trm ch l tr ci n trm mc chng sinh mu cu hnh phc cho h trong i ny v t n thin gii trong kip sau. V vy trm lnh cho Php D ny c khc ra trng tn v cc con, cc chu v cht ca trm noi theo v s an sinh cho mi ngi. Tuy nhin y l mt vic kh nu khng nhit tm v tn sc. ---o0o--A.7: TPD VII Thin t, Vua Piyadasi mun rng tt c mn ca cc tn ngng u chung sng trn t nc ca trm, v tt c bn h u mong cu t ch v thin tm. 16 Nhng con ngi thng c nhiu xu hng v kht vng khc nhau, nn h c th thc hnh c mt phn hay tt c nhng iu y. Nhng k thiu t ch, lng khng trong sch, thiu n tnh v tn tm m li nhn lm phm vt cng dng, th k y l gian c. 17 ---o0o--A.8: TPD VIII Trong qu kh, cc thin t hay tun du sn bn hoc vui chi. Nhng mi nm sau khi ln ngi, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi n thm B o Trng 19 v nh th thit ch nhng cuc Php du hnh (Dharmayatras). 20 Trong nhng ln nh th, cc vic sau c lm: ving thm v qu tng cho cc bc tu hnh, ving thm v tng (tin) vng cho ngi gi, ving thm dn thn qu, hun d h v Chnh Php v tho lun vi h v Chnh Php khi thch hp. Nhng iu ny lm Thin t, Vua Piyadasi p mt v li c xem nh l mt mi thu hoch khc. 21
18

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A.9: TPD IX Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: 22 Ngi ta hay cng nhiu l, nht l nhng dp au m, khi ci hi, lc sinh n, trc mt chuyn i xa. c bit l ph n li cn by ra lm l lt vt, v ngha khc. Khng c g quy vi nhng l cng bi ny nhng thng th chng em li kt qu no. Ch c L Chnh Php (Dharma-mangala) l mang li rt nhiu kt qu. N bao gm vic i x t t vi n t v gia nhn 23, tn knh thy d, ng c c vi sinh linh, v cng dng cho cc bc tu hnh. Nhng vic nh th c gi l L Chnh Php. V th mt ngi cha, mt ng con, mt ngi anh em, mt ngi ch, mt ngi bn, mt ngi phi ngu, hay c ngi hng xm thy th nn bo: "Nhng vic ny tt, nn lm cho t n mc ch, ti nn tham d." Nhng bui cng l khc, d t mc ch hay khng vn chng c my gi tr. Nhng nhng mc ch ny, nu c, ch hn ch trong i ny. Cn L Chnh Php th v cng. Cho d n khng t c mc ch trong i ny, n to ra v lng phc c cho i sau. Nu L Chnh Php t c mc dch trong i ny th li c c phc c trong i ny v i sau. 24 Lng ho phng thc ng ca ngi. Nhng khng c qu no ln bng qu Chnh Php, hoc bng li lc Chnh Php. V th, mt ngi bn, ngi khch, b con, hoc ngi phi ngu nn c xy ngi khc khi c hi n v bo rng: "iu ny tt, nn lm, rt ng khen. Lm vic ny ta c th t thin gii." V c vic g cn gi tr hn l t thin gii?" 25 ---o0o--A.10: TPD X Thin t, Vua Piyadasi khng xem vinh quang v danh vng c gi tr g tr phi thn dn ca trm u nghe n Chnh Php v thc hnh Chnh Php trong hin ti v tng lai. 26 Ch c iu ny Thin t, Vua Piyadasi mi mun c vinh quang v vang danh. Tt c mi n lc ca trm ch nhm n gii thot cho con ngi khi vng n l trong i t nay v sau. Bi c nghip l vng n l. Tht l nan s cho k giu v ngi ngho tr phi h tn lc v t b tham vng. Li cng kh bi phn cho k giu hn l ngi ngho. 27

---o0o--A. 11: TPD XI. Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: 28 Khng qu no bng qu Chnh Php (Dharma-dana), 29 khng s quen bit no bng s quen bit Chnh Php (Dharma-samstava), khng s san x no bng s san x Chnh Php (Dharma-samvibhaga), v khng s thn thuc no bng s thn thuc Chnh Php (Dharma-sambandha). V n bao gm nhng iu ny: i x t t vi n t v gia nhn, knh trng cha m, ho phng vi bn b, phi ngu, b con, cc bc tu hnh, v ng st sinh. V th mt ngi cha, mt ngi con, mt ngi anh em, mt ngi ch, mt ngi phi ngu, hay mt ngi hng xm nn bo rng: "iu ny c phc c, nn lm." Bng cch biu qu Chnh Php, ngi ta c li lc ngay trong i ny v v lng phc c trong i sau". ---o0o--A.12: TPD XII Thin t, Vua Piyadasi tn knh tt c cc bc tu hnh v cc c s ca cc tn gio qua qu cp ngi ban v nhiu s vinh d. 30 Nhng Thin t, Vua Piyadasi khng coi trng qu cp hay vinh d bng s tng trng v o hnh ca ngi c tn ngng. 31 S tng trng v o hnh c th t c bng nhiu li, nhng ci gc r vn l phi km ch li ni, khng c cao tn gio mnh v li ph bng tn gio khc mt cch v c, hoc l khi ng c th li qu . D bt k l do no, tn ngng ca k khc cn phi c tn vinh. C nh vy th tn gio ca mnh cng c li lc, v tn gio ca k khc na. Ngc li th tn gio ca mnh b tn hi, v tn gio ca k khc na. K no huynh hoang v tn gio ca mnh v cung tn v ph bng tn gio k khc vi c " ta lm vinh quang o ca ta", th ch lm tn hi n tn gio ca mnh. V th, s ha ng tn gio l iu tt. 32 Ai cng phi lng nghe v tn knh gio l ca o khc. Thin t, Vua Piyadasi mun rng mi ngi nn tm hiu thm gio l chn chnh ca tn gio khc. K no ch bit c chp vi tn gio ca mnh th phi c dy rng: Thin t, Vua Piyadasi khng coi trng qu cp v vinh d bng s tng

trng v o hnh ca mi tn gio. t n iu ny, cc Php i thn, cc i thn chuyn lo v hu cung, nhng quan li trng nom nhng vng xa xi v nhng quan li khc phi tn tm. V kt qu l tn gio ca mi ngi u thng tin v Chnh Php cng c rng r. ---o0o--A.13: TPD XIII Thin t, Vua Piyadasi xm chim Kalinga tm nm sau khi ngi ng quang. 33 Mt trm nm chc ngn ngi b bt v b y, mt trm ngn ngi b git v rt nhiu ngi na cht v nhng l do khc. Ngay sau khi Kalinga c chinh phc, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi mnh m nghing v hc hi Chnh Php, yu thch Chnh Php v mun pht trin Chnh Php. Nay Thin t, Vua Piyadasi rt xc ng v ly lm hi hn chinh phc Kalinga. Thc vy Ngi rt bun v hi tic vic chinh phc mt dn tc bt khut qua tn st, cht chc v y i. iu quan trng hn lm Thin T hi hn l cc bc tu hnh cng nh gii c s, tn ca cc tn gio ca nc ny - tt c u thc hnh knh trng bc trng thng, cha m v thy dy, i x t t v trung thnh vi bn b, ngi quen, k phi ngu, b con, n t, gia nhn - b thng, b git hay b chia la vi ngi thn. Ngay c nhng k khng bi h hn cng au kh khi thy bn b, ngi quen, ngi phi ngu v b con b lin ly. Nhng vic ny lm Thin t, vua Piyadasi au bun. Khng c nc no, tr x ca ngi Yonas (Hy Lp) khng c cc bc tu hnh (ging nh tu-s B-la-mn v o s kh hnh), v khng ni no m c dn li khng phng th tn gio ny hay tn gio n. [33] Bi th, d s t vong hay s b y i qua trn Kalinga ch bng mt phn trm hay mt phn ngn ca thc s, iu ny cng lm Thin t, Vua Piyadasi au bun. Ngi ngh rng nhng ai phm li nn c tha th nu c th. 34 Ngay i vi dn mi r nay sng di quyn cai tr ca Thin t, Vua Piyadasi, cng nn theo li sng mi m c x ng hong. Chng nn c khuyn co rng d Ngi hi hn nhng Ngi vn cn quyn lc trng tr bn chng nu chng phm ti ng cht. Thc vy, Thin t mun ai cng c v hi, t ch, v cng bng, ngay c nhng k phm li.

Nay Thin t, Vua Piyadasi xem Chinh Phc bng Chnh Php (Dharma-vijaya) mi l cuc chinh phc quan trng nht. 35 Cuc chinh phc ny chin thng lin tc khng nhng trong x m cn c vi nhng dn sng ngoi bin cng xa n su trm do-tun, (yojanas) 36 vua Yona (Hy-Lp) l Antiyoka cai tr, v xa hn na ni ca bn vua khc cai tr, l vua Turanmaya, Antikini, Maka, v Alikasudara,37 xung pha nam vi dn Cholas, dn Pandyas, v cn xa hn na l dn Tamraparni. 38 y trong lnh th ca Thin t, gia dn Yonas, 39 dn Kambojas, dn Nabhakas, dn Nabhapamkits, dn Bhojas, dn Pitinikas, dn Andhras v dn Palidas, khp ni dn u theo li gio hun v Chnh Php ca Thin t, Vua Piyadasi. C n nhng x m s gi ca Thin t, Vua Piyadasi cha n, dn y cng nghe n Chnh Php v nhng chiu ch ca Thin t v Chnh Php nn h tun th v tip tc tun th. Cuc chinh phc bng Chnh Php ny din ra khp ni v em li nim hn hoan - nim hn hoan ch do chinh phc bng Chnh Php em li m thi. Nhng nim hn hoan cng ch l kt qu nh. Thin t xem qu gt c trong i sau mi thc quan trng. Trm cho ghi Php d ny cc con v chu ca trm khi k v ng ly xm lng lm thnh tch. Nu chinh phc th nn khoan ha v nh trng pht. Nn xem chinh phc bng Chnh Php l cuc chinh phc tht s, bi n c kt qu trong i ny v i sau. Hy vui ly nim vui trong Chnh Php (Dharma-rati), bi n mang li kt qu tt rong i ny v i sau. ---o0o--A. 14: TPD XIV. Thin t, Vua Piyadasi ra lnh cho nhng Php d ny c ghi. Vi bn c ghi ngn gn, vi bn c ghi va hay vi bn c ghi di hn. 40 Khng phi tt c u c trng by khp ni bi lnh th ca trm rt rng. Nhiu bn c khc v trm s cn sai lm thm. Vi Php d c lp i lp li v li hay p ca li dy thn dn thc hnh noi theo. Vi Php d khng hon tt v khng thch hp vi a phng, hoc v cn loi b, hoc v li ca ngi ghi khc. ---o0o---

B. Nhng Thch Php D Kalinga ---o0o--B.1: TPDKa I

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn lnh ny cho cc i thn Tosali cng l cc Phn quan thuc thnh y: 41 Trm mun thy nhng g trm xem l chnh ng phi c thi hnh nghim chnh. Trm phi ch th cho cc ngi li thc hin iu ny v trm t cc ngi v tr phi thu phc c nhn tm ca hng vn ngi. Mi ngi u l con ci ca trm. Nhng g trm c mun cho con ci ca trm, nh phc li v hnh phc cho i ny v i sau, trm u c mun nh th cho thn dn. Cc ngi khng hiu lng trm mun nh th no v nhng iu ny, v d mt vi ngi trong cc ngi hiu i na cng khng thu o ht lng ca trm. Cc ngi phi quan tm n iu ny. Trong khi thi hnh lut php nhiu ngi phi b giam cm, tra kho v ngay c b git v c nn lng dn ta thn. V th cc ngi phi hnh s tht v t. Phi trnh t him, tc gin, tn bo, th ght, nhn tm, try li hoc mt nhc. Lun phi t hi "Nhng thi y c trong lng ta khng?" Ct li vn l khng tc gin v nn nhn ni. Quan chc no chn mt khi thi hnh cng l khng nn c thng chc, k khc th cng thng tin v nn c bt. Ai trong cc ngi hiu c iu ny nn ni vi ng s "C gng thi hnh nhim v m Thin t giao ph. Nh vy, nh th ny ng l li dy ca Thin t, Vua Piyadasi." Thc hin nghim chnh hun d ny th gt c nhiu kt qu, cn nu lm khc i th chng t n thin gii v cng chng lm Thin t hi lng. Nu cc ngi tht bi trong nhim v s lm trm km vui. Nu thc hin nghim chnh th cc ngi s t thin gii v p lng trm. Php d ny phi c tuyn co cho mi ngi vo mi ngy Tisya. 42 N cng c th c c cho nhng c nhn vo nhng dp c bit nhng ngy khc. Nu lm c nh th l cc ngi thi hnh nhim v. Php d ny c ghi y nhc nh cc Phn quan trong thnh ny lc no cng nn c gng trnh giam cm v tra tn khng chnh ng. t c iu ny trm s phi cc i quan nhn i i thanh tra mi 5 nm xem cc Phn quan c theo ng li dy ca trm. Hn na, v hong

t cai tr thnh Ujjayini s phi nhng v quan thanh tra nh th mi 3 nm. Cng lm nh th t thnh Taksasila. Nhng i quan thanh tra ny khng c chnh mng cng tc, v h phi bo m l nhng phn quan theo ng hun d ca Thin t. ---o0o--B.2: TPDKa II

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn lnh ny cho cc a thn Samapa: 43 Trm mun thy nhng g trm xem l chnh ng phi c thi hnh nghim chnh. Trm phi ch th cho cc ngi li thc hin iu ny. Mi ngi u l con ci ca trm. Nhng g trm c mun cho con ci ca trm, nh phc li v hnh phc cho i ny v i sau, trm u c mun nh th cho thn dn. Nhng dn tc cha b chinh phc ngoi bin cng ca lnh th trm c th ang thc mc: "Hong thng ang tnh ton g v chng ta?" nh duy nht ca trm l chng sng m khng phi s hi g n trm, v tin tng trm; l trm s ban cho chng hnh phc ch khng phi kh au. Hn na, chng nn ghi nh rng trm tha th cho chng nhng li lm c th tha th c; v rng chng nn noi gng trm m thc hnh Chnh Php hng phc trong i ny v i sau. Trm dy iu ny l tr ci n m trm chu, v cc ngi hiu r lng quyt tm v li cam kt khng lay chuyn c ca trm. V th, thc hin c iu ny cc ngi phi thi hnh nhim v v lm bn chng an tm tin tng rng "Hong thng cng nh l ngi cha vy. Ngi thng chng ta nh thng chnh Ngi. Chng ta i vi Ngi cng nh l con ci ca Ngi vy." Trm dy cc ngi v cho cc ngi bit v lng quyt tm v li cam kt khng lay chuyn c ca trm. Trm s b nhim cc quan chc thi hnh iu ny khp cc tnh. 44 Hn nhin, cc ngi cn c th khch l bn chng tin tng trm v bo m an sinh v hnh phc cho chng trong i ny v i sau. Lm c nh th, cc ngi s t thin gii v gip trm tr ci n cho chng sinh.

Php d ny c ghi khc y cc i thn c th tn ty khch l cc dn ngoi bin cng lun tin tng vo trm v khuyn khch chng thc hnh Chnh Php. Php d ny phi c tuyn co cho mi ngi mi bn thng lc u ma, 45 vo mi ngy Tisya. N cng c th c tuyn co vo nhng k gia nhng ngy k trn; v c th c c cho nhng c nhn vo nhng dp c bit. Lm c nh th l cc ngi thi hnh nhim v. ---o0o--C. Tiu Thch Php D C.1: TTPD I. (Cn gi l Php D Maski) Thin t, Vua Asoka phn rng: 46 Trm tr thnh mt c s Pht t (Upasaka) hn hai nm ri, nhng khng my thun thnh. Mi n nay sau khi khi thng n ving Tng gi (Shanga hay Shamga) hn mt nm trm tr nn rt thun thnh. 47 Thn dn ca trm nu cha c tn ngng th nn noi theo.48 y l kt qu ca lng nhit thnh ch khng phi v ngi cao c mi lm c. Cho ngay n c ngi hn ha,49 nu c lng nhit thnh vn c th t thin gii. V tuyn ngn ny c ghi li cho mc ch y. Hy nhit thnh ln hi ngi cao c v k hn h, hy cho cc dn ngoi bin cng bit v hy cho lng nhit thnh trng tn. V ri lng nhit thnh s tng trng, n s tng trng to ln hn, n s tng trng gp mt ln ri. 50 Thng ip ny c Thin t tuyn co hai trm nm chc ln trong chuyn du hnh. 51 ---o0o--C.2: TTPD II. (Cn gi l Php D Brahmagiri) Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: 52 Phi knh trng, vng li cha m v cc bc trng thng. Phi tn trng sinh mng. ng ni di. Phi thc hnh nhng gii ny ca Chnh Php. Cng nh th, hc tr phi tn knh thy dy, v trong gia nh phi lch thip vi thn nhn. y l l lut truyn thng ca Chnh Php dn n trng sinh. Ai cng phi hnh ng nh th.

Ghi bi ngi khc (tn l) Chapala. ---o0o--C.3: TTPD III. (Cn gi l Php D Bairat hay Bhabra) Thin t, Vua Piyadasi gi li cho Tng gi, v cu chc khe mnh v an lc, ng thi tha rng:53 Bch ch tn c, ch v r c tin cao c ca trm vo Pht, Php v Tng nh th no ri. Bch ch tn c, nhng g c Pht thuyt ging u l diu ngn. 54 Phi php m ni, tha ch v, diu Chnh Php phi trng tn. 55 Bch ch tn c, nhng bi php - trch t Gii Lut, Li Sng Cao Thng, u Lo n, Bi Ca o S, Bi Ging v Cuc Sng Tinh Khit, Nhng cu hi ca u-B--X, v Bi ging v vng ng do c Pht dy cho La-Hu-La nhng bi php ny, knh tha ch v trm mun tt c T-Khu v T-Khu-Ni (tng v ni) nn thng tng nim. 56Nhng u B Tt v u B Di (c s nam v n) cng nn lm nh th. Trm cho ghi Php d ny ch tn c hiu c trm. ---o0o--D. By Thch Tr Php D D.1: TTrPD I Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: 57 Php d ny c ghi hai mi su nm khi trm ng quang. Hnh phc i ny v i sau thc kh m t c nu khng ht lng yu thch Chnh Php, ht lng t xt, ht lng knh trng, vng li, ht lng kinh s (c nghip), v ht lng hng hi. Nu theo ng li dy ca trm v tn knh Chnh Php th lng yu thch Chnh Php gia tng mi ngy, v s tip tc gia tng. Mi quan li cc cp ca triu nh t thng, trung v h cp u thc hnh theo Chnh Php ng nh li dy ca trm, v c kh nng cm kch ngi khc lm nh th. Cc i thn bin cng cng lm nh th. V y l nhng li dy ca trm: cai tr theo Chnh Php, nng cao s an lc ca dn theo Chnh Php, v che ch h theo Chnh Php. ---o0o---

D.2: TTrPD II Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Chnh Php th diu ho, nhng ci g to nn Chnh Php? N gm lm lnh trnh d, nhn i, ho phng, chn tht v trong sch. Trm ban cho s sng bng nhiu cch. 58 Trm ban nhiu sc ch nhn t bao gm qu ca s sng cho nhng sinh vt hai v bn chn (ngi v th), trn khng v di nc, 59. V cn nhiu vic thin khc do trm lm nn. Php d ny c ghi thn dn noi theo, v n trng tn. V ai noi theo ng s lm nhiu thin nghip. ---o0o--D.3: TTrPD III Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Ngi ta ch thy vic tt ca mnh, bo rng: "Ta lm vic thin ny." Nhng h li khng nhn thy vic xu h lm m bo rng "Ta lm ra vic c ny, iu ny gi l c nghip". Nhng s t gic rt kh thy.60 Ngi ta nn t bo th ny:" Nhng vic ny a n iu c, n bo hnh, n hung hn, n gin d, n kiu cng v ganh t. Ta ng mc vo". V hn na, ngi ta nn ngh rng: "iu ny a n an lc trong i ny v i sau." ---o0o--D.4: TTrPD IV Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Php d ny c ghi hai mi su nm sau khi trm ng quang. Cc quan u tnh (Rajjukas) ang cai tr dn, hng trm ngn dn. H c giao cho trng coi vic thnh cu ca dn v thi hnh cng l mt cch v t v hin h, v nh th h mi chm lo cho an sinh v phc li ca dn. Nhng h nn nhn r iu g gy ra hnh phc v kh au cho dn, v bi h hng ngng m Chnh Php, h nn khuyn khch dn lm nh th c th c an lc trong i ny v i sau. Nhng quan u tnh (Rajjukas) ny ht lng phng s trm. H cng tun lnh nhng thng quan (Purusas) hiu trm v ch th h lm trm vui lng. Cng nh mt ngi an tm giao con mnh cho v nui ng rng: "B v ny s sn sc tt con mnh," nn trm b nhim cc quan lo cho an sinh v phc li ca thn dn.

Cc quan u tnh c giao cho trng coi vic thnh cu ca dn v thi hnh cng l nn h thi hnh nhim v mt cch qu quyt, hin hu v vui v, v nh th h mi chm lo cho an sinh v phc li ca dn. Trm mun rng phi c mt s cng bng trong lut php v trong vic kt ti. Trm cn i xa hn, trm mun gia n trin hn thm ba ngy cho nhng t ti trc khi hnh hnh. Trong thi gian y, thn nhn ca chng c th khiu ni khi ti cht. Nu khng cn ai khiu ni cho chng, t ti c th b th hay chay tnh c phc trong i sau. Trm thc lng mun rng, theo li ny, nu thi gian ca t ti khng cn bao lu hn cng c th chun b cho i sau, v rng vic thc hnh Chnh Php ca dn qua t ch v b th s c gia tng trong thn dn. ---o0o--D.5: TTrPD V Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Hai mi su nm sau khi ng quang, trm ra lnh nhng th vt sau y c triu nh bo v: kt, chim so su, ngng, vt tri, di, kin cha, ba-ba, c khng xng, 61 ra, nhm, sc, hu c gc gi, b c, th nui trong nh, t-gic, la hoang, aruna, nandimukhas, gelatas, vedareyaka, gangapuputaka, sankiya, okapinda, b cu nui hoc hoang v tt c nhng th bn chn c ch hoc khng n c. 62 Nhng d ci, tru ci, hoc heo rng ci ang nui con hoc cho con b cng c bo v. Cng th, nhng th con di su thng. G trng khng nh thin, v cy ang che ch sinh vt khng c t, v rng cy khng c t nu khng c l do hoc ch git th. Khng c dng mt con th nui con th khc. Vo ba ngy Caturmasis,63 ba ngy trng trn Tisya 64 v vo nhng ngy 14 v 15 ca thng Uposatha, 65 c khng c git v bn. Vo nhng ngy ny th khng c git trong nhng khu bo tn voi v khu bo tn c. Vo ngy th 8 v vo ngy 14 v 15 ca thng , vo ngy Tisya, ngy Punarvasu 66, ba ngy Caturmasis v nhng ngy thnh khc, b c, d c, hu c, heo rng v nhng th khc khng c thin. Vo ngy Tisya, Punarvasu, Caturmasis v mi na thng ca thng Caturmasis, nga v b con khng c ng du nng trn da. Hai mi su nm sau khi trm ng quang, t nhn c n x trong hai mi lm dp.

---o0o--D.6: TTrPD VI Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Mi hai nm sau khi ng quang trm cho ghi nhng Php d v an sinh v hnh phc ca thn dn, h sa i m pht trin theo Chnh Php. Trm tin rng ch vi cch ny an sinh v hnh phc ca thn dn mi t c. Trm lun quan tm n lm cch no d bo m an sinh v hnh phc cho mi ngi, khng phi ch ring b con ca trm hoc dn sng kinh m cn c dn sng nhng vng xa xi ho lnh. Trm i x bnh ng nh th vi tt c mi ngi, mi gii. Hn na, trm tn knh mi tn gio bng mi cch cng dng nhng cch tt hn ht l trc tip thm ving h. Php d ny c ghi hai mi su nm sau khi trm ng quang. ---o0o--D.7: TTrPD VII Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Trong qu kh cc vua ngh n nhiu cch tng s ngng m Chnh Php ca dn. Nhng d vy, s ngng m Chnh Php ca dn vn khng tng trng. V vic ny, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: "Vic ny cng xy ra vi trm. Trong qu kh cc vua ngh n nhiu cch tng s ngng m Chnh Php ca dn. Nhng d vy, s ngng m Chnh Php ca dn vn khng tng trng. Nay phi lm sao khuyn khch thn dn tun theo? Lm th no s ngng m ca thn dn gia tng qua s truyn b Chnh Php? Lm sao trm c th nng cao h qua s truyn b Chnh Php? V vic ny, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi cn phn thm rng: "Vic ny tng xy ra vi trm. Trm phi cng b Chnh Php v ch dy Chnh Php. Khi thn dn nghe n li tuyn co v s ch dy, h s sng theo Chnh Php, t nng cao h v tin b qua s truyn b Chnh Php." V mc ch ny m trm phi cng b Chnh Php v trm phi ch dy Chnh Php bng nhiu cch, v nhng quan li c lnh phi gng truyn b v

gii thch Chnh Php thc r rng. Cc quan u tnh cai tr hng trm ngn ngi c lnh nh th hng dn dn ngng m Chnh Php. Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Vi mc ch ny, trm cho dng nhng Php thch tr cng b Chnh Php, v b nhim cc Php i thn truyn b Chnh Php." Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Dc ng, trm cho trng nhiu cy a ly bng mt cho th v ngi, v trm cng cho trng vn xoi. C cch khong tm krosas, 67 trm cho o ging nc, xy nh ngh chn, v nhiu ni trm cho xy bn nc cho th v ngi dng. Nhng y ch l nhng thnh tu nh m thi. Nhng vic nh th lm cho dn vui c nhiu tin vng thc hin. Trm lm nhng iu ny ch vi mc ch l mi ngi c th hng say thc hnh Chnh Php. Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Nhng Php i thn ca trm bn rn vi nhng cng tc gip cc bc tu hnh v c s cc tn gio. Trm ra lnh cho h nn chm lo cho i sng Tng gi. Trm ra lnh cho h nn chm lo cho i sng ca cc tu-s B-la-mn v o-s Ajivika. Trm ra lnh cho h nn chm lo cho i sng ca Niganthas. 68 Trm ra lnh cho h nn chm lo cho i sng ca cc tng phi khc. Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Nhng i thn ny v nhng quan li quan trng khc bn rn phn pht qu tng ca trm cng nh ca cc hong hu. Trong hu cung ca trm, h cng t chc nhng sinh hot cu t khc, ngay y (kinh ) v cc chu qun. Trm cng ra lnh cho cc thi t v hong t nn ban pht qu nhng vic thin cao c ca Chnh Php v vic thc hnh Chnh Php c thng tin. Nhng vic thin cao c ca Chnh Php v vic thc hnh Chnh Php bao gm gia tng lng nhn t, ho phng qung i, chn tht, trong sch, t t v thin tm gia mi ngi. Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Nhng vic thin g trm lm, u c thn dn noi theo v thc hin. Nh vy m h tin b v cn tip tc tin b qua s tn knh cha m, tn knh cc bc trng thng, l php vi ngi gi v t t vi cc bc tu hnh, vi ngi ngho, k kh v ngay c vi n t v gia nhn. Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Nhng tin b ny ca thn dn qua Chnh Php c thc hin bng hai cch, bi nhng qui nh Chnh Php v bi thuyt phc. Nhng qui nh Chnh Php th khng c hiu qu my,

trong khi thuyt phc th hiu qu hn nhiu. Nhng qui nh Chnh Php trm ban chang hn nh phi bo v mt s th, v nhiu qui nh Chnh Php khc. Nhng ch bng thuyt phc th tin b ca thn dn qua Chnh Php c nhiu hiu qu hn lin quan n khng hnh h sinh vt v khng st sinh. V vic ny, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: u c thch tr hay mt th y Php d c khc ghi n trng tn n i con chu trm, v cn di lu nh mt tri v mt trng cn soi sng thn dn thc hnh theo li dy Chnh Php. Bi qua thc hnh Chnh Php th an lc mi c trong i ny v i sau. Php d ny c ghi hai mi by nm sau khi trm ng quang. ---o0o--E. Tiu Thch Tr Php D E.1: TTTrPD I (Cn gi l Thch Tr Php D Rummindei) Hai mi nm sau khi ng quang, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi ving thm v l bi ni ny bi v y l ni c Pht Thch Ca, Bc Gic Ng ra i. 69 Thin t cho xy mt tng bao bc xung quanh v dng mt thch tr. 70 V v c Th Tn n sinh y, lng Lumbini 71 c min thu v ch ng mt phn tm nng sn. ---o0o--E.2: TTTrPD II (Cn gi l Php d Sanchi, hay Allahabad) Thin t, Vua Piyadasi lnh cho i thn cai tr Kosambi rng: no chia r tng-gi khng c thu nhn vo tng-gi na.
72

Tng-gi ca t-khu hay tng-gi ca t-khu-ni nay c ha hp, tip tc ha hp cho n i con v chu ca trm, v cn di lu nh mt tri v mt trng cn soi sng. K no, d l t-khu hay t-khu-ni, quy ri trong tng gi b buc phi mc bch y 73 v khng c sng trong tnh x. 74 c mun ca trm l tng-gi ha hp v trng tn mi mi. ---o0o---

E.3: TTTrPD III (Cn gi l Php d Sarnath) [..] 75 khng ai c gy xo trn tng-gi. Nu mt t-khu hay mt t-khu-ni quy ri trong tng gi, tng hay ni y phi b buc phi mc bch y v khng c sng trong tnh x. Php d ny phi c cng b trong tng-gi ca t-khu v trong tng gi ca t-khu-ni. Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Treo mt bn ca Php d ny trong hnh lang ca tnh x; trao mt bn cho tt c tn . Tn phi t hp mi ngy chay hc tp v Php d ny. Mi quan li phi thng xuyn n d mi ngy chay lm quen v hiu rnh r Php d ny. Li na, ngi (ch v quan u tnh) phi ra lnh xung khp ni thi hnh nghim chnh Php d ny. Cc ph quan thuc quyn ca ngi cng phi lm nh th khp cc chu huyn. ---o0o--F. Php D Hang ng Karna Chaupar Mi chn nm sau khi ng quang, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi 76 tng hang ng ny, trong dy i th mng Khalatika, khng h b ngp nc vo ma ma. ---o0o--Ti Liu Tham Kho: 1. Ven. S. Dhammika, "The Edicts of King Asoka" Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 1993. 2. Nayarayanrao Appurao Nikam and Richard McKeon, "The Edicts of Asoka", The University of Chicago Press, 1959. 3. Kenoyer, J.M., "Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization", Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Delhi, 1998. 4. Possehl, G.L., "Indus Age; The Beginnings", Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi, 1999. 5. Possehl, G.L., "Harappan Civilization: a Recent Perspective", Oxford and IBH Publications, New Delhi, 1993.

6. Possehl, G.L, "Indus Age - The Writing" Oxford and IBH Publications, New Delhi, 1999. 7. Shaffer, J.G., "The Indo-Aryan Invasions: Cultural myth and Archaeological Reality" in "The People of South Asia" edited by J.R. Lukas, Plenum Press, New York, 1984. 8. Chris J.D. Kostman, M.A., "The Demise of Utopia: Contexts of Civilizational Collapse in the Bronze Age Indus Valley", JAGNES, the Journal of the Association of Graduates in Near Eastern Studies, 2001. 9. Romila Thapar, "Languages and Scripts of Asoka's Inscriptions". Microsoft Encarta DVD, 2001. 10. John Snelling, "The Buddhist Handbook", B&N, NY. 1991.
Trn Trc-Lm Seattle, trng thu 2001

---o0o---

CHNG BA - KHUNG CNH LCH S QUANH B KINH MILINDA VN O (MILINDA-PANH) HAY NATIN T KHEO KINH CA PHT GIO
Dn Nhp Thng thng ai cng ngh rng o Pht ch mi c truyn sang ty phng trong cc th k gn y m thi, m qun rng trong nhiu th k trc ty lch Pht gio (vit tt: PG) thm nhun vng Tiu v ty bc n, ri nh hng trn c nn trit hc Hy-lp v gio l ca vi tn gio ln c ngun gc ty phng. Pht t Vit nam vn chu nh hng su m gio php truyn t Trung quc nn t bit n s giao ha ca hai nn vn ha Hy-lp v PG khi u rt sm vng t ny. Ngay c khi c Pht Thch Ca cn ti th, vng t xa xi ny tip xc vi PG ri. Trong mt b kinh ca Thng ta b (Theravada) c ghi cu chuyn hai thng nhn, tn Tapassu v Bhallika t x Bactria tm n ving c Pht v tr thnh t. Lc v x h xy dng nhiu n i th Pht. Khi Alexander xm chim Bactria vo 329-327 TTL (cng khang vi thi Chin quc bn Tu: 403-221 TTL), th vng ny thun PG. n thi ca hang Asoka Maurya (t 269 n 232 TTL), th bin cng ca

n c m rng bao gm lun vng Gandhara nh ui c qun Hy lui v bn kia dy ni Hindu-Kush. ng cng gi nhiu an truyn gio c ra hi ngai truyn b Pht php, do PG c lan trn mnh m hn. Chnh t nhng ht ging PG do hong Asoka gieo vng ny dn ln mnh v li nh hng kh su m trong vng ty bc n, v cn lu mi n nay nh nh tng c Pht theo m thut Hy-lp, nhng nim manh nha ca PG i tha pht sinh t nhng trung tm vn ha PG c mt thi rt rc r, v mt b kinh khng km phn quan trng, l b Milinda-Panh, c Vit dch l "Di Lan vn kinh" hay di nhiu tn tng t. Bi kho lun ny khng bn su vo gio ngha ca b kinh, vn c nhiu tc gi lun gii, m ch ch trng vo lc s thi i ca hai nhn vt chnh ca b kinh sng, l vua Mi-Lan- v t kheo Na-Tin. ---o0o--Vng quc Bactria v x Gandhara u? i vi dn Aryans trn vo t n (Arya-Varta) hn 15 th k TTL, th vng ty bc n l t ca Gandharvas hay ch thin vi ngai hnh tuyt ho, rnh v m nhc, gii v thn thng, vn thng c ni n trong Kinh Rig-Vedas (V ), mt b lch s c nht ca nhn lai, cho nn dn n gi vng ny l x Gandhara vi kinh Taxila (ting Sankrit l Takshasila, gn Rawalpindi thuc Pakistan by gi), nay thuc Afghanistan v Pakistan, ni ph nhiu vi 5 con sng chy qua nn Hn vn cn gi l vng Ng H, chnh l ph lu ca con sng Indus bt ngun t Hy-m-lpsn. Sau khi nn vn minh ca thung lng sng Indus b tn li th vua Darius (522 to 486 TTL) dn qun Persia chim vng ny. Vo thi by gi li giao thng ch yu da vo ng b, v vng y li nm trn tuyn chin lc t chu u pha ty qua chu pha ng, t Trung pha bc xung lc a n pha nam, cho nn dn tnh vng ny khng bao gi c yn n lu di v cc th lc quc lun lun xm lng n lm bn p tin xa hn. Ngy nay, cc t liu v gai on lich s ny c cng b rt di do, v bi ny chn lc, so snh v tng hp t rt nhiu ngun khc nhau nh s liu c ca cc nc trong vng Pakistan, Afghanistan v

Trung ng do cc tc gi hin i bin san, t nhng c vt do cc nh kho c ngi Php o xi c, t ri rc trong thnh in Pali v i tha, cc nh tng c Pht tn ti n nay vv y cng xin c lu c gi n ngun s liu qu gi v cc v vua gc Hy-lp vng Tiu c hai nh s hc danh ting Hy-lp c l Strabo v Plutarch ghi li. Strabo (sinh 63 hay 64 TTL, mt khong 24 TL), mt s, trit v a l gia Hy-lp. Tc phm ni danh ca ng l Geographia, gm 17 cun vit vo khang nm 7 hay 18 TL v nhn vt, a danh, trn th gii Hy-La vo thi ng. Plutarch, tn y l Mestrius Plutarch, mt nh s hc v tiu s danh nhn hc, cng l ngi Hy-lp sau Strabo (khang 45-125 TL). ng sinh vo thi ca hang La m Claudius. ng tham quan rng ri vng a trung hi, v v sau ging dy ti Rome, kt giao vi nhiu nhn vt chnh tr uy quyn trong Thng vin. Cui i, ng quay v sinh qun l Chaeronea Hy-lp, tr thnh mt trong hai tu s chnh trong n th Apollo Delphi, chuyn gii nhng li sm ca thn Pythia. ng cn c hang Trajan c lm thi th ti vng Achaea. Trong thi gian ny ng vit nhiu b s quan trng. Tc phm ni danh ca ng l Cuc i ca nhng danh nhn Hy-lp v La m (Lives of the Noble Greeks and Roman); nhng b sch cn c ch trng khc l Nhng cuc i tng ng (Parallel Lives) so snh 23 cp danh nhn Hy v La; v Cuc i ca Alexander(Life of. Alexander). Ni chung nhng tc phm ca ng nh hng rt nhiu n nn vn hc v kch ngh ty phng, ngay c Shakespeare cng thng tham chiu. Trc y, vua Darius I (521-486 TTL) ca Persia cng sai ngi x Carian tn Scylax thm him vng ty bc n, v ghi li trong cun ``Peripulus''. Khng lu sau Hectaeus (500 TTL) v Herodotus (483-431 TTL) cng c vit v cc thi th (Satrapy) ngi Persia vng ny. n thi vua Alexander, nhng cuc kho st cng c ghi li bi Strobe, Ptolemy, Pliny, Arrian v nhiu ngi khc. H cho bit 5 ph lu ca sng Indus l Hydaspes (Jehlum), Akesines (Chenab), Hydroatis (Ravi), Hyphasis (Satluj) v Hesidros (Beas); lm bin gii cho 4 vng quc trc khi Alexander xm lng. ---o0o---

Ni Tu-di: (Cn gi l Meru hay Meros) Trong vn chng v cc tn gio gc n u xem n nh l mt ngn ni thn thai v l tr chng ca qu t, v theo n gio th cng l tr x ca v thn Shiva hay Vishnu. Nhng o qun xm lng ca ca vua Alexander sau khi tin vo vng Gandhara, tin l h khm ph ra ngn ni Meros v thnh Nysa trn y, nm khang gia hai thnh Kapisa v Peucelaotis. Cng theo thn thai Hy-lp th l ni sinh ca thn Dionysus (ng ha vi thn Shiva). Philostratus (khang 175-245) thut li trong cun Life of Apollonius of Tyanachuyn chng Apollonius ving thm Gandara v sau nhiu ni thng trm tro o vt sui ln n nh ngn Meros, ni c n th thn Dionysus vi tng trng mang dng v ngi thanh nin n. [Philostratus, Live of Apollonius of Tyana 2.8; dch bi F.C. Conybeare] ---o0o--S Hng Thnh ca triu i Maurya n Khang TK 4 TTL kinh Pataliputta (Thnh hoa th - nay l thnh ph Patna) ca nc Magadha (Ma-kit-) tr thnh trung tm quyn lc ca n. Ngay trong Kinh i Bt Nit Bn, h Pali (Maha-parinibbana sutta) ni v nhng nm sau cng ca c Pht ti th, Ngi c an s phn thnh ca thnh Pataliputta v mi mt. Pht dy: Ny Ananda, ch no cc v Ariyans an tr, ch no cc nh thng mi qua li, ch y s thit lp mt thnh th bc nht tn gi l Ptaliputta, mt trung tm thng mi. Nhng ny Ananda, Ptaliputta s b ba him nn v la, v nc hay chia r bt ha. [Trong Trng B Kinh (Digha Nikaya): Tp 1; Kinh s 16; Tng phm 1; an 28 bn dch ca HT. Thch Minh Chu]. By gi c vua Mahpadma Nanda thay th triu i Haryanka cai tr mt vng rng ln t sng Brahmaputra pha ng n Beas pha ty. Nm 327 TTL, i tr tui ca Hy-lp Alexander bnh trng t ai, em qun nh bi qun Persia v thu tm lun vng Tiu . Hai nm k, ng n nh vng Hindu Kush v Bactria (Baluchistan - bc A-phhn), thit lp ln nhiu thnh ph nh Samarkand, Leninabad (thuc Nga ngy nay) v Chankar (pha bc Kabul), ti dng c Kapisa v i tn l Alasandra gn Caucasus ( khi b nhm vi Alexandria Ai-Cp) v..v...

Tha thng ng nh vt sng Indus nm 325 TTL tin chim n th b chn li sng Jhelum (hay Hydaspes), vng Taxila (Takkasala) bi mt tiu vng Paurava bit dng voi trn, v ri s chng tr mnh lit ca tng Chandragupta Maurya; Alexander nh rt v Babylon v cht y v bnh st rt. Ngay sau khi Alexander mt vo ngy 10 thng 6, nm 323 TTL, cc tng ty tng (diadochi hay diadochoi) lin chia ct quc thnh nhng vng quc t mnh cai tr. Seleukos I Nicator k v Alexander nm 323 TTL ng Babylon, lp nn triu i Seleukos cai tr mt t nc rng ln bao gm cc nc ngy nay l Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Mesopotamia, Persia, v Bactria. Phn t Ai-cp th hu du ca tng Ptolemy Soter thay nhau tr v; v Hy-lp th do Antigonus Monopthalmos nm gi. Nhng nm chin tranh dnh quyn lc k tip ca cc dng h ny lm dn tnh vng Tiu v Ty bc n b kh nn trin min. Trong khi n vo nm 321 TTL. Chandragupta lt Nanda v lp ra triu i Maurya.

Hang Seleukos I Nicator Nm 304 TTL Seleukos I li c xm lng n ln na, nhng cng b y lui bi Chandragupta Maurya. S cho rng Chandragupta x dng n 100,000 lnh v 9,000 voi trn. Sau cng Seleukos I nh lp ha c nhng vng Baluchistan v g con gi cho Chandragupta i ly 500 tht voi. Seleukos I cn gi s thn l Magasthenes n ng kinh Panaliputta (Thnh hoa th) di triu Chandragupta, m n nay nhng tu chng ca ng vn cn tn ti hu th bit c sinh hat chnh tr ca x Magadha thi by gi. Chandragupta tri v c 23 nm, ngi con trai k v l Bindusara ngi c 25 nm v mt nm 273 TTL. Vua Bindusara cng c mt s thn

Hy-Bactria ti triu tn l Deimachus (Strabo 170), v lun giao ho tt p vi vua Antiochus I Soter thuc dng Seleukos. Sau khi vua Bindusara bng h, trong vng 4 nm c s tranh dnh ngi gia thi t Tissa ang lm ph vng Ujjeni pha nam v mt hang t khc tn l Asoka lm ph vng Taxila. Sau rt thi t b git trong trn v Asoka ln ngi hang nm 269 TTL, cai tr mt lnh th rng ln t Bengal n Afghanistan, oai hng nht trong lch s n. Ch sau khi cuc xm lng m mu nc Kalinga (bang Orissa ngy nay) 8 nm sau khi ln ngi, vua Asoka mi hi hn v thnh tm qui y Pht gio, dc lng khuych trng o Pht ra khp ni. ng cng gi nhiu an truyn gio ra hi ngai, trong s c i s Dharmaraksita hat ng rt tch cc vng tiu . (Mahavamsa, XII). Asoka c mt mi quan h c bit vi vng ty bc n, bi ng tng lm ph vng y v ng dinh ti Taxila (ting Sankrit l Takshasila, gn Rawalpindi thuc Pakistan by gi). Taxila by gi l mt trung tm danh ting v thng mi, trit v thn hc, c bit l n gio v PG. Nhiu t tng gia ni danh ng thi lui ti tm o, v ng tng gi thn dn gc Hy-lp vng ng cai tr l Yavanas. n khi ng tr thnh hang v ng h PG th vng ny tr thnh mt trung tm PG ni danh. Ngy nay ngi ta bit n rt nhiu php d khc trn do ng sai dng ln khp quc; trong s nhng bia k thung lng Kabul c ghi bng ting Hy-lp v Aramaic, v ni dung cn cho bit l ng cho truyn b chnh php n cc nc Ai-cp, Syria, Macedonia, Greece, Cyprus, Bactria, Kashmir, Gandhara, Himalayas, Sindh (Gujarat), vv. Sau khi Asoka mt vo nm 227 TTL th quc Maurya bt u tan r. cng vi ci l tng tm nguyn ca ng l dharmarajya (thun tr theo Chnh Php), mc d cc con ca ng rng gi ngi v thm khang na th k na. Nm 185 TTL, v vua cui ca dng Maurya l Brihadratha, b tng Pusyamitra Sunga trut ph v lp ra triu i Sunga (185-78 TTL). Vua Pusyamitra Sunga lin thi hnh chnh sch ng h n gio v tn hi PG. V th k t nm 180 TTL cc vua x Bactria t Demetrios I, Demetrios II n Menander vn tn sng PG lin tc xm lng n nhn danh gii cu PG.

---o0o--S hng thnh ca Vng quc Bactria (hay Bactriana) v cuc chinh phc t n Vo nm 281 TTL vua Seleukos I b m hi, v sau khi ng cht th quc Seleucid cng b chia thnh 2 x: Syria (vi vua Antiochos I, dng di ca Seleukos) v Parthia (vi vua Arsaces). Vua Antiochos I c Diodotos lm thi th x Bactria (Kinh sch Hn vn gi l nc i H, vng bao gm Pakistan v Afghanistan by gi). Bactria (hay Bactriana - ting Iran c l Paktra) l mt x mu m nm gia dy ni xanh Hindu-Kush (Paropamisus) v con sng Amu Darya (Oxus). Khi thy Syria v Parthia mi lo tiu dit ln nhau, Diodotos t xng lm vua vo nm 255 TTL, ng Bactra - nay l Balkh, tn c l Taxila ri chim lun x Sogdiana pha bc. Tuy vy vua Antiochus III ca Syria li xua qun ti lp nn thng tr ln Bactria. Mi n khi Antiochus III b qun La-m nh bi th Bactria, Euthydemos vn l mt i thn ca Diodotos, ln ngi nm 227 TTL v y lui c nhng t tn cng ca vua Antiochos III. Nm 205 TTL. Euthydemos I chng c c cuc vy hm thnh Bactra sau hn hai nm, rt cuc Antiochos III nh ging ha rt qun v g con gi cho con trai ca Euthydemos I l Demetrios. T vng quc Bactria mi han tan c lp, v cc v vua cai tr c s gi l vua Hy-Bactria.

Vua Diodotos V sau, Euthydemos I cn bnh trng t ai mi n vng Tiu . Strabo vit h bnh trng vng quc xa n vng Seres v Phryni (Strabo XI.II.I). [Ch thch thm: C l Phryni y phi c vit l Phrygia].

Vua Demetrios I (khang 200-180 TTL) Ngi chinh phc n. (chn dung trn ng tin c). Sau khi Euthydemos I mt nm 200 TTL, con l Demetrios I k v v nm 180 TTL ko qun xm lng t n sp nhp thung lng Indus (vng Ng H) v chnh sch bch hi PG ca vua n l Sunga. T cc vua Bactria c gi l Hy-n. n nm 170 TTL i vua Demetrios II qun Bactria tin c n min ng vy hm lu di kinh n l thnh Pataliputra, sau khi chim bn o Surastra (Kathiavar), Gandhara, v Vahika (Punjab by gi). Vng quc n ca triu Sunga b thu hp pha ng. Nm 169 TTL, trong khi vua Demetrios II ang hnh qun min ng n th tng Eucratides I cp ngi kinh Bactra t lp lm vua. Trn ng tr v kinh dp lan th vua Demetrios II b t thng. Em l Apollodots I ln thay, nhng khng bao lu sau cng b Eucratides I tn cng h st vo nm 165 TTL. Vng quc ca Eucratides I cng b tan r nhanh chng sau khi ng b git nm 150 TTL. Mt b tng tin cn ca vua Demetrios II l Menandros (cn vit l Menander) ln k v. Vua Menander lin di v Sagala (X Kit) v ngng cuc vy hm Pataliputra. Khi rt qun v li Sakala, ng mang theo v ci l tng thun tr theo Chnh Php ca Asoka. Nh vy Pht php li c tip tc truyn b mnh n c Taxila ri vng Trung v cn xa hn na. ng tr v c 35 nm, nhng sau khi ng mt th vng quc rng ln ca ng bt u b chia x thnh nhiu tiu quc. Sagala (by gi l Sialkot Punjab), kinh mi ca nc Bactria, ni c cuc m o gia vua Menander v t kheo Nagasena ti cha Sankheyya, l mt vng rt ph nhiu, nm gia hai con sng Chenab v Ravi gn bin gii ca Kashmir, m trong b kinh (Miln. trang 83 cu 5, Chng 7) cp n l cch Kashmir 12 do-tun (yojanas) tc khang 84 miles.

Tng cng c c thy hn 30 v vua Hy-n (Indo-Greek Rulers) trong vng cai tr trong vng 2 th k t 323 n 10 TTL. Cc triu i huy hang ca Hy-n b suy tn k t 130 TTL v sau rt b ngi Kushan chim at. Vua cui cng l Strato II, ti v t 40-10 TTL. ---o0o--Ph H ca nhng v vua ca vng quc Bactria vi cc nm tr v Vng quc Hy-Bactria (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom): Sophytes hay Seleukos (305-294 TTL) Diodotos I (khang 250 230 TTL) Diodotos II Euthydemos I; lt Diodotos (khang 230-200 TTL) Vng quc Hy-n (Greco-Indian Kingdom): Demetrios I (khang 200-180 TTL) Con ca Euthydemos I. Ngi chinh phc c n. Euthydemos II (190-171 TTL) Con ca Demetrios I Pantaleon (190-180 TTL) Con ca Demetrios I Demetrios II (175-170 TTL) Apollodotos I (khang 174165 TTL) Em ca Demetrios II, sau b phn lan Eucratides I git. Antimachos I (171-160 TTL): Agathokles (171-160 TTL) Con ca Demetrios I ng tr vi Antimachos I Menandros (khang 173130 TTL) K v Apollodotos I. Eucratides I (171-145 TTL) Eucratides II (145-140 TTL) Epander (135 - 130 TTL) Strato I (125 - 110 TTL) Zoilos I (130 - 120 TTL) Lysias (120 - 110 TTL) Antialcidas (115 - 95 TTL) Heliokles II (110 - 100 TTL): V vua sau cng ca vng quc Bactria. Philoxenus (khang 10095TTL) Demetrios III & Aniketos (khang 100 TTL) Diomedes (95 - 90 TTL)

Amyntas (95 - 90 TTL) Theophilos (khang 90 TTL) Peukoloas (khang 90 TTL) Nicias (khang 9085 TTL) Menander II & Dikaios (90 - 85 TTL) Archebios (90 - 80 TTL) Hermaeus (khang 9070 TTL) Apollodotus II (80 - 65 TTL) Hippostratos (65 - 55 TTL) Dionysios (65 - 55 TTL) Artemidoros (60-40 TTL) Zoilos II (55 - 35 TTL) Apollophanes (35 - 25 TTL) Strato II (40 - 10 TTL) Hermaeus (10-1 TTL) (C v khng thc tr m ch c truy phong sau khi mt). ---o0o--Vua Menander hay Menandros

Chn dung Vua Menander, vng quc Bactria, c khc trn ng tin c. (National Museum, New Delhi) Vua Menander (c ch khc vit l Menandros, Minedra hay Menadra; ting Pali l Milinda) tr v khang t 160 135 TTL, l v vua v i trong nhng vua Hy-n, cai tr mt vng rng ln ty bc n, c gi l vng quc Bactria thc bn lc a n, chy di hng ty ng t thung lng Kabul n sng Ravi, hng bc nam t thung lng Swat (Pakistan ngy nay) n Arachosia (thuc Afghanistan ngy nay), v vnh Arab. Menander sinh nm 183 TTL Alasandra (m ngy nay c bit l Alexandria ca vng Caucasus hay Alexandria trn sng Oxus), vn l kinh Kapisa ca vng Gandhara c b Alexander i tn vo nm 329 TTL,

cch 150 km pha bc Kabul ngy nay; v theo b kinh Milinda-Panha th cch Sagala 200 yojanas, v ln ln thung lng Kabul. C hc gi cho ng l chu ca vua Demetrios II; khi ln ln tr thnh mt b tng anh dng ca Bactria, tng theo ph vua Demetrios II nh ui qun Parthians pha ty v uy hip Pataliputra, kinh ca n pha ng. Menander c thn dn ngng m v t cch o c, c ti iu binh khin tng, cch tr quc cng minh, li i x bnh ng vi cc truyn thng Hy, PG, n gio v Bi Ha gio (Zoroastrianism), lm cho nc mnh dn giu. ng cn c mi ngi knh trng xem nh l Vua Cng Chnh, Dharmaraja. Khi v gi ng li thng hay ch trng n vic tho lun v trit v thn hc. ng hay tranh bin vi nhng t tng gia ca nhiu o phi khc nhau v thng lm cho h sng st v nhng s hiu bit rt thm su ca ng. Trong mt cuc gp mt nh th vi t kheo Nagasena, vua Menander bi phc v xin quy y theo PG. ng cho xy mt tng vin ln cho Nagasena ti kinh Sagala gi l Milindavihara. Sau ng nhit tm h tr PG. PG di triu Menander c mt a v rt quan trng. Mt an trong b Mahavamsa ca Sri-Lanka ghi: Nhn c l t cho vic xy i Thp ti Anuradhapura Sri-Lanka, mt phi an tng gi Hy-lp (ting Pali: Yona) gm 30 ngn ngi dn u bi i s Mahadhammarakkhita (Sanskrit: Mahadharmaraksita) n t Alasandra (Mahavamsa XXIX). S gia La-m Trogus Pompeius cp n cc vua Apollodotus v Menander trong b s dy cm ca ng. Hai nh s hc danh ting Hy-lp l Strabo v Plutarch cng vit kh nhiu v cng trng ca vua Menander, cho thy ng khng nhng ni danh vng Tiu v ty bc n m cn c cao th gii Hy-La v sau. Strabo (XI. 516) cho rng Menander chinh phc nhiu b lc hn c Alexander, khi ng vt dy Hypanis v pha ng n Isamus. ng ta cn chim x Patalene u lu vc sng Indus, n b bin Saraostes, v bnh trng n Seres (Trung quc) v Phryni. B su tp c vt ca Mir Zakah gm 521 ng tin di triu Menander c cng b gn y chng t triu i lu di ca ng v s bun bn thnh vng trong nc. Nhiu ng tin o xi c trong vng t Afghanistan n trung n di triu Menander u c khc hnh ng qua nhiu thi k, lc tr v lc gi cng vi bnh xe php. Nhng ng tin

khc vi chn dung ca vua Menander mang dng ch Vua cu Menander bng ch Hy-lp Basileos Sothros Menandroy mt mt, v mt kia mang dng "Maharajasa Dharmika Menandrasa" (Vua v i Menander truyn b PG) bng ch Prakrit v Kharoshthi.

Vua cu Menander (khang 173130 TTL). Theo vn hc truyn thng ca PG th ng nhng ngi cho con lui v n tng vin, nhng Plutarch ghi l ng cht trn chin trng trong cuc vin chinh ti chim Bactria bt thnh khang 130 TTL. Plutarch (Praec. reip. ger. 28, 6) vit v vua Menander nh sau: ng l mt v vua ni danh rt chnh trc v c lng dn dn khi ng mt trn tin, nhiu thnh ph tranh nhau tro ct ca ng; sau cng ng chia u mang v tn th trong cc ngi thp ln. ---o0o--T Kheo Na-Tin (Nagasena) Nagasena, theo ting Sanskrit c ngha l an qun rng. T liu hin lu truyn v tiu s ca ngi t li rt m h, lm khi cn mu thun nhau na. C kh nhiu l do gii thch vic ny: 1) C th v truyn thng PG khng coi trng bn ng v danh vng nn khng lu li nhiu chi tit. 2) i vi cc nhn vt tn gio ni danh vo thi i ca Nagasena, chuyn tht nhiu khi c thn b ha bi tn thnh huyn thai. 3) Cng vo thi i y, s liu ch c ch trng vo cc nh vua, v c lu truyn nh vo nhng du tch xy dng lu di ca h. 4) Cc d kin nu c v Nagasena c th b tiu hy bi nhng bin ng chnh tr v tn gio i khng trong vng; vv Theo b kinh Milinda-panha th ngi sanh ti lng Casangala (Kajangala), di chn Hy M Lp sn, vng Ty bc n , trong mt gia nh B La Mn m thn ph tn l Souttara, cc s ph gm i s

Rohana v Assagutta ca tng vin Vattaniya, Dharmarakshita ca tng vin Asoka rma kinh Ptaliputta. Chnh i s Dharmarakshita tng c i Asoka phi i truyn o Aparanta pha ty nc n. [ y c mt im nghi vn v i s Dharmarakshita thi Asoka v i s Dharmarakshita thy ca Nagasena, c th l hai v khc nhau cng php danh bi v t thi Asoka cho n Menander cch nhau hn 100 nm; hoc gi ngi chp s thi by gi hay ln ln?] Mt v thy khc l i s yupla ca tng vin Sankheyya gn Sgala. Khi vua Menander n vn kinh th ngi ang tr tr tng vin Sankheyya c n 80 ngn t kheo lu tr. George Woodcock sau khi tm hiu h thng truyn tha ca PG trong vng cho rng Nagasena c th l v s gc Hy Bactria. (Woodcock 95). ---o0o--Cuc xm ln ca dn Sakas (Scythian) V Yuezhi (Kushan) Trung quc, vo khang gia th k th 3 TTL, Tn Th Hang thng nht t nc vo nm 221 TTL, v ui c r Hung N ra xa b ci. R Hung N (Xiongnu: Huns), v th di dn sang pha ty nh ui nhng b tc Yuezhi (Nguyt Chi hay Nhc Chi) sinh sng lu vc Tarim (Xinjiang v Kansu ngy nay) n vng sng Ili vo khang 175 TTL. n lc h li y cc b lc Sakas (m ting Hy-lp gi l Scythians), c ngun gc Mng c, di dn v pha nam v ty vo cc x Parthia khang 138-124 TTL, ri nm 130 TTL vo Bactria. Cc b lc Yuezhi tip tc xm ln vo Bactria, v ui dn Scythians vo Afghanistan v bc Pakistan trong thung lng sng Indus. Cc ging dn mi chu ng ha vi vn ha Hy. Ban u dn Scythians sng ha bnh vi cc triiu i n-Hy, nhng n khang cui ca TK 1 TTL th h xm chim tan vng di triu vua Azes II v chm dt cc tiu vng quc n-Hy, lp nn vng quc Indo-Scythian t 90 TTL n 12 TTL. Sau khi vua Indo-Scythian cui l Aze II mt th vng quc Indo-Scythian b ging Kushans, vn l mt b phn ca r Yuezhi, chim lp nn quc Kushan (nn s Tu hay gi ln ln l x Khut Chi hay Nhc Chi) ko di vi th k, ch b tm dt khang mt th k khi b dn Parthians xm lng t 20 TL n 75 TL, ri phc hi tr li.

 quc Kushan tn ti t TK th I n TK 3 TL, tri di t Tajikistan n bin Caspian v Afghanistan, cho mi n thung lng sng Ganges. Trong nhiu th k, quc ny l trung tm giao dch gia cc x ng v ty phng. Cc triu i huy hang nht l t 100 n 250 TL c Kanishka I (127-151 TL), Huvishka (156-184 TL), Vasudeva I (188-222 TL), Kanishka II (222-241 TL) v Vashishka (241- 256 TL.) Nhng n TK th 3 TL th quc Kushan bt u tan r. Sau khi vua Vasudeva I cht th quc Kushan b phn lm 2 x ng v ty. n khong nm 290 TL Cc triu i Kushan b Shapur I cm u dn Sassanides lt , ri ln lm vua. Shapur I cng nh bi qun La-m v bnh trng rt mnh trong vng. Cc triu i Sassanides cai tr vng ny t 290 n 651 TL. Di thi Sassanides Bi Ha gio li tr thnh quc gio, nhng cng rt nng tay vi nhng tn gio khc, nn PG vn c c hi pht trin mnh. Chnh vo thi k ny hai bc tng Pht s ln nht tan cu ng cao 177 b dc tc vo ni Bamiyan, Afghanistan, m gn y b bn cung tn Hi gio Taliban ph hy. Bi Ha gio (m ty phng hay gi theo Hy ng l Zoroastrianism) l tn gio c thn th Ahura Mazda, v trong nghi l xem la nh l ngun sng to tinh khit, l nh sng thnh thin i chi vi dc vng en ti c c, do nh tin tri Zoroaster to dng (thc ra tn gc Iran l Zarathushtra Spitama), v mt thi n l quc gio ca quc Persia. Nhiu hc gi cho l Zoroaster sng trong khang 628 551 TTL, v c thin khi ri ni danh Bactria tui 30. ng sng to nn nhng thnh k trong quyn Gathas thuc b kinh Zand Avesta. Mt iu th v khc l vi chc nm trc y Kim Dung, mt nh vit tiu thuyt v hip tr danh ca i Loan trong cun thin long k cp n su thanh Thnh ha lnh ca Bi ha gio Ba T, v Trng V K tr thnh gio ch Minh Gio tc Bi ha gio Trung Quc. Thc ra Minh gio (Manichaeism), c gio thuyt gn ging Bi Ha gio xut hin nhiu th k sau, do Mani (khang 216-76 TTL) Babylonia sng lp, nhng li b git bi gii tng l o Zoroastrianism v ra mt i khng. Lc cn thanh nin, ng tng n Taxila hc o v chu nh hng PG. Trong vi trm nm Minh gio i u vi Ki-t gio trong vng Trung ng.

n TK th 5 th quc Sassanides b tan r bi s xm lng khc ca r Hung n mi v sau l s ln mnh ca quc Gupta n theo n gio, ri n lt cc th lc Hi gio. Theo PG cng b tn li dn. ---o0o--Hang Kanishka I L mt ng vua qui y theo PG, v nhit tm chng km cc v hang khc nh Asoka, Menander I, v Harshavardhana. Hang Kanishka I (127-151 TL; c ni li ghi: 100-164 TL) k v vua Vima Kadphises, ng Purushapura (Peshawar) l v vua v i ca vng quc Kushan. Lnh th ca quc Kushan rt rng di thi Kanishka I, bao gm v kim sat con ng t la, l vng giao lu ca cc nn vn minh ln ca th gii by gi, ty c La-m (trong thi ca cc hang Trajan v Hadrian: 98-138 TL), n ng c Trung-hoa. Di triu i ca ng, ngh thut PG-Hy t n tt nh to nn nn vn minh Gandhara.

Nhiu ng tin di triu Kanishka I, khang nm 120 TL, c khc hnh c Pht theo m thut Hy-lp, v mang dng ch Hy "Boddo" (c Pht). Cng ging nh Asoka, hang Kanishka I xy dng rt nhiu n i, v d nh i thp Peshawar th x li Pht c ct bng g cao 400 b, khu Sirsukh Taxila, thnh Kashmir vv.. nay vn cn du tch. Vua Kanishka t chc kt tp kinh in Jlandhar Kashmrthat, Kashmir, m trong vn hc PG hay gi l x Trng Na (Udanna). Ln kt tp ny nh du s hnh thnh ca Phi i tha Mahayana, tch ri ra khi phi Thng ta b Nikaya. ng cho lu gi nhiu bn kinh i tha vit bng th ng Gandhara l ting Prakrit, sau ny c dch sang ngn ng vn

chng Sanskrit v t c truyn sang ng phng theo con ng t la. (Foltz Religions on the Silk Road), Cng trong thi k huy hang ny c s xut hin ca nhng i lun gia PG nh Nagarjuna (Long Th), Asvaghosha (M Minh) v Vasumitra (B-tu Mt-a: Th Hu). Charaka, c xem nh cha ca nn y hc ca n khi s l ng y trong triu Kanishka. ---o0o--S giao ha gia PG v vn ha Hy-lp (Graeco-Buddhism) C th ni cc vng quc Bactria ri Kushan (cn c vit l Kutsha, Kucha; Khut Chi, Nhc Chi, Quy T, hoc Dao Tn; nay l huyn Kh X hay Kh ng, khu t tr Duy Ng Nh tnh Tn Cng) l mi ni kt gia vng a trung hi, lc a n v Trung quc khi u cho s lin lc gia hai nn vn minh ty v ng phng. S giao ha mi mt, nht l vn ha gia Hy v PG ang hng thnh trong vng ko di nhiu th k lu li mt sc thi c th cho nn vn ha mi vng ny, s hay gi l PG Hy-lp, ko di gn 8 th k (t TK 4 TTL dn TK 5 TL), m nh hng vn cn ko di cho n ngy nay. n c mt vi thnh tu: 1. Kin trc Hy-lp. Nhiu thnh ph ln trong vng nh Taxila, AiKhanoum, Uddiyana, Sindh vv mang thm nhng c im ca nn vn minh Hy-lp qua cc cu trc nh rp ht, u trng v hng ct nhng dinh th vv. 2. Kin thc v khoa hc, thin vn, y hc v trit hc ca Hy-lp ha nhp vi vn ha bn x v o Pht, to nn mt nn vn ha mi v pht trin rc r vi th k t vng Gandhara, mi n sau khi cc vng quc Hy-n bin mt lu. Taxila tr thnh mt trung tm hc vn quc t ni danh. 2. K thut tin b trong vic c tin bng kim lai. Cc nh vua ca vng quc Bactria khang u TK 2 TTL, nh Euthydemos II, Agathokles v Pantaleon cho c nhng ng tin gm ng v bc, ri c bit km m kn (nickel) c xem nh l ln u ca nhn lai. Ngi ta cho l nickel c du nhp t Trung quc hoc t nhng thin th (meteorites) ri xung t. K thut sn xut ng nickel ny bng bin mt cho mi n

TK 19 TL mi c ti dng. iu ng ni l t l hp kim ny, 25% nickel 75% ng, ngy nay li c dng trong ng xu ca M. Hnh tng c Pht c khc ln trn nhng ng tin ny ln u. 3. Ngh thut iu khc t chn tht tn k. Cc ng tin vng v bc mang chn dung ca cc v vua Hy-n c iu khc rt sng ng cn t m hn xa nhng tc phm ng thi ca nhng vng quc phng ty. 4. Ring i vi PG th trc thi k ny, vng theo li dy ca c Pht trong kinh Digha Nikaya (Trng B Kinh), khng mun lu luyn qua nh tng th gian vn sinh dit ca ngi nn hu th thng tng trng c Pht bng hnh nh ca mt ngai vng b trng, cy b hoc bnh xe php ch khng to theo hnh dng con ngi, bi cho nh th l phm thng. n khi PG c thm nhun Bactria th tng c Pht lch s mi c tc bng hay trn ng tin ln u theo truyn thng Hy vi th ng v o chang di ph hai vai tn th, chng hn nh tng c Pht ng Gandhara vo TK 1, 2 TL. V nhng hnh tng c Pht chu nh hng Hy vo giai an y din t c nt mt thanh tnh v tm cnh gic ng gii that ca ngi, mt ng gic ng rt gn gi vi ngi thng, nn c sc thu ht tn mnh lit hn, v c ph bin rng ri hn.

Vi hnh tng b tt PG c th chu nh hng Hy-lp; v d thn Heracles (hay Hercules) vi o da s t c lm mu cho thn Th kim

cng (Vajrapani), mt v h php; m v sau Trung quc v Nht bin thnh cc h thn ng trn cc cng cha. ---o0o--PG Hy-lp v s hng thnh ca phi i tha Khng t th nhiu, chnh s chung sng khng kht lu di gia hai nn vn ha PG v Hy-lp trong vng nh hng ln h thng trit hc ca nhau. PG ln trn nn trit hc ca Hy; v Hy ln trn s manh nha ca hc phi i tha, trc c giai an nh hng ca Trung hoc ng bc . Theo nhiu hc gi th nhng bn kinh i tha ch yu c sng tp khang nm 100 TTL, khi c s khc bit trong s lun gii li dy ca c Pht gia phi th cu (Thng ta b) v phi canh tn (i tha), v nht l s tranh lun v ng thn (humanity) hay php thn (superhumanity) ca c Pht v v A-t t-ma tng (metaphysical essentialism). [McEvilly, "The shape of ancient thought"]. Phi i tha bao dung v chp nhn nhng nim tin b hn ngai nhng kinh b truyn thng Nikaya, vt xa hn nim v gic ng gii that c nhn ca Thng ta b, th phng c Pht gn nh nhn-thn linh thing (man-god status) tng t nh quan nim thn linh ha nh vua (god-king) ca Hy-lp, v s xut hin mt lat cc ch thnh b tt mun cu chng sinh (pantheon of deities bodhisattva). Theo Katsumi Tanabe, gio s ti Chuo University, Nht, trong cun "Alexander the Great.East-West cultural contact from Greece to Japan" th nh hng Hy-lp trong PG cn c truyn sang Nht bn v lu nhiu du tch, v d thn gi Fujin l gi t thn Boreas, hay thn m Hariti hoc Kishibojin t thn Tyche. n triu Kanishka I th phi i tha cng c khi sc thm. Ting Pali c dng trong vn hc thay th ting Sankrit v c im ni bc nht l s trng thnh tt nh ca ngh thut Gandhara. Ngh nhn vng ny kho lo trn ln hai truyn thng n v Hy-lp trong cc tc phm mt cch hi ha. R rt nht l cc tng Pht v ch b tt m hin nay vn cn tn ti. Foltz trong cun Religions on the Silk Road cho rng s giao lu a vn ha trong vng trn con ng t la ng gp vo s pht trin v ln mnh ca phi i tha v Tnh tng.

Tng c Pht Thch Ca lc kh hnh; tm thy Taxila v hin lu Bo tng vin Lahore. Nhiu tng Pht tc theo ngh thut Gandhara cn mang v thn mt tri Apollo. Bentley trong cun "Old World Encounters" cho rng c th trit l khc k (stoicism) ca Hy-lp c cht nh hng n s nhn nhn kh nng bnh ng gic ng ca mi c nhn (ai cng c Pht tnh). ng tic l s tng sinh ny chm dt vo khong TK 5 TL, khi vng bc n b r Hung xm ln, v k tip l s phc hi ca n gio v sau cng l s bnh trng ca Hi gio lm cho nh hng Hy vo PG phai tn nhng ch cho nh hng ca Trung Hoa v sau. ---o0o--nh hng n cc tn gio khc phng ty Xa hn na, s giao thoa PG - Hy-lp cng gy nh hng n s hnh thnh ca nhiu tn gio khc trong vng a trung hi, c bit l Kit gio. Bentley, trong sch dn thng khng nh rng khi nim lun l ca PG vo thi i ca Menander, da vo l tng thun tr theo Chnh Php ca Asoka c truyn qua phng ty nh hng n gio l ca Ki-t xut hin khang 2 th k sau, nh nim v hiu sinh, bnh ng, thng xt k yu ui, trnh bo lc, bit dung ha v tha th vv Nhng thnh ph Hy-lp quan trng vng Trung ng nh Antioch v c bit l Alexandria, v sau tr thnh nhng trung tm pht trin Kit gio v ng vai tr khng nh trong s kt tp gio l ca Ki-t gio.

nh hng ca PG cn c thy phng pht trong vi phn khc ca Thnh Kinh Ki-t, v d s thin ng v s ra i ca Pht v Jesus; s bo trc ca cc nh tin tri Asita v Simeon v a b s sinh s l ng cu th; Pht bc trn hoa sen, Jesus i trn nc; vic cha lnh cho ngi bnh; vic nhn i nhiu tun trc khi thnh o; s cm d ca Mara v Satan; nim v tam bo v ba ngi; i sng c thn trong tu vin, vv (Sedlar 281). Trong cun Intertextuality, Buddhism, and the Infancy Gospels, Zacharias P. Thundy khng nh khng phi l do s trng hp m cho rng vn ha v vn hc PG v n cung cp nhiu yu t trong vn chng Thnh Kinh Ki-t (Thundy 18). Thi k y, tn PG tng sinh sng Alexandria. Origen qua cun Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel, cn cho l PG cng c mt Anh quc. Gio s Hajime Nakanura cn bo l ng tm thy du tch ca cc tng vin PG vng bc u. (Ikeda 74). Trong Cu c kinh, phn Thnh vnh, b Cc sch gio hun, c bit l quyn th 4 Ecclesiastes (Truyn o, c ngi dch l Ging Vin), vn c bin son th k 3 TTL, nhng li ng l do vua Salomon ca Do-Thi. Tc gi v danh suy ngm v ngha cuc sng v cho rng tt c u l ph vn, sau khi quan st v vng sinh t, lun hi ca i sng. Ngay trong cu m u ca cun sch Qohelet (Thy ging) phn: H khng, tt c u l h khng (emptiness, everything is emptiness). ny cn c nhc i nhc li nhiu ln trong cun kinh. ng vn c quyn lc v kh nng th nghim i sng mt cch tn cng v tr thc, ri cc th vui vt cht, tnh tin, nhng ri cng tht vng v au kh v ci gii hn ca cuc sng. Rt li ng cho rng ch c cuc sng tm linh thnh thin mi l ngun an lc lu di. Nm 1894, nh thn hc E. J. Dillon vn thy n r rng l chu nh hng ca PG, nn mun lai cun ny ra khi Thnh Kinh Ki-t (Dillon 153-76). Cng trong giai an ny trit gia Pyrrhon thp tng i Alexander vo vng ty bc n v khi tr v Hy-lp lp nn trng phi Cynic, sau khi chu nh hng ca K na gio v PG. Hin nhin s bnh trng ca trng phi ny trong th gii Hy-lp c t nhiu nh hng n cun Ecclesiastes. ---o0o---

B kinh Milinda Vn o Ngi ta tin rng b kinh Milindapanha c khu tp khng lu sau khi vua Menander bng h. Thi gian y cc ngi k v l Hang hu Agathocleia ri vua Strato I Soter ngi khang 40 nm na trc khi x Bactria b chia ra nhiu tiu vng quc. Ni dung k li nhng cu hi v p gia vua Milinda v t kheo Ngasena. Sau b kinh ny c kt tp vng bc n khang gia TK 1. V. Trenckner cho rng nguyn bn c vit bng ch Sanskrit, v khi ng dch bn Pali vo nhng nm 1860 nhn xt thy b kinh c bt u bng dng Tam yath nusuyat (c truyn li nh sau), ch khng theo li kinh gc Pali thng thng c khi u bng Evam me sutam (ti nghe nh vy). iu ngc nhin na l cu m u ny cng c dch ra trong bn ch Hn, nh th t rng hai bn dch u bt ngun t nguyn bn ch Sanskrit. Cc dch gi Sylvain Levy v Specht cng khng nh l cc bn dch ra Hn vn ca b Milinda-panha c ngun gc khng t bn Pali, m c th t bn kinh c hn. Nhiu hc gi nh W. W. Tarn, George Woodcock, v Rabindra Nath Basu gi rng c mt bn (c th l gc) vit bng Hy ng ca Milindapanha vi ta l the Letter of PseudoAristeas xut hin Alexandria trong vng 50 nm sau khi vua Menander t trn. iu ny h tr cho thuyt bo rng b kinh c khu tp di thi Menander. (Basu 3; Woodcock 113). n nay ngi ta vn khng r ai l tc gi b kinh ny, nhng xem ra phi l ngi tng sng vng ty bc n xa xi hay vng Punjab, bi v ngi khng h nhc nh n nhng thnh ph ni danh thi by gi ni a n pha nam sng Hng. C hc gi, nh t kheo Pesala sau khi nghin cu b kinh Milinda-panha, rt ngc nhin vi s hiu bit thm thy v PG ca vua Menander cho rng c th tc gi n danh vn l mt i s, khi thut li cuc gp mt ca hai nhn vt lch s trong kinh im xuyt thm vo s liu ng Pht php ca mnh ko di cu chuyn v lm p nh vua, ng thi lm sng t gio php ca o Pht v bc b nhng ng nhn t cc gio phi khc chng PG. B kinh thng c truyn tng ty phng n nay l bn Pali; v y cng l b kinh khi thy thuc h nam tng khng xut pht t

Tch-Lan. Theo th cuc m o gia vua Milinda v thnh tng Nagasena xy ra vo khang t 400 n 500 nm sau khi c Pht nhp dit. V sau c i c Pitakaculbhaya, trung n bin tp li bng ting Pli t nhng khu truyn. Theo bn Hn dch hin lu hnh th cho rng son gi l B tt Long Th (Nagarjuna), v i lun s ca phi i tha, xut hin khang u ca thin nin k TL. C 3 bn dch ra Hn vn ln lt xut hin vo cc th k III, IV, v V. Bn hin lu hnh l bn th nh, dch trong khong t nm 317 n nm 420, nhan l "Na Tin T Kheo Kinh", c l t bn Prkrit. Vo th k th V, i lun s Pht m (Buddhaghosa) cng thng trch dn kinh ny dng lm lun c chng minh cho cc tc phm ca ngi. Ngi Th Thn (Vasubandhu) cng nhc n kinh Milindaphanh trong khi son b lun tr danh ca ngi l b A t t ma Cu x lun (Abhidharmakosa). Trong b Mahavamsa ca Tch Lan, vn do Mahnma vit vo u th k th 6 TL, nhc n tiu s ca Moggaliputta Tissa, sng khang trm nm trc Nagasena, nhng li ging vi cu chuyn v Nagasena c cp n hai ln trong b kinh [Miln. pp 3-71]. Nh th r rng l Mahnma mn t b kinh Milinda-panha, v lc by gi b Milindapanha l thnh in c Buddhaghosa (Pht m) sao lc. Trong cun Milinda Tika, lun v b Milinda Panha, cho bit l an m u v an kt ca b kinh l do Buddhaghosa vit. Trong phn gii thiu ca b kinh, c an ni rng vua Menander tng m o vi Purana Kassapa, Makkhali Gosala v nhng v o s kh hnh khc th c xem nh l h cu, bi ch v ny sng ng thi vi c Pht Thch Ca. Cu chuyn c l mn t cun Smana Phala Sutta ca b Digha Nikya. Ngy nay th b kinh, cng nh tam tng kinh in PG, u c dch ra rt nhiu ngn ng khc. chu u, b kinh Milinda-panha c nhiu hc gi dch ra v nghin cu ln u vo TK 19; n c: 1) V. Trenckner, Milinda-panho (London, 1880). 2) Rhys Davids, Questions of King Milinda (2 vols. Oxford, 1890-1894). 3) R. Garbe, Beitrdge zur indischen Kulturgeschichte (Berlin, 1903, ch. 3, Der Milinda-panha).4) Milinda Prashnaya, in Sinhalese, (Colombo, 1877). 5) R. Morns, in the Academy (Jan. II, 1881). 6) Sylvain Levy, Proceedings of the 9th

International Congress of Orientalists (London, 1892), i. 518-529, and Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1891), p. 476. (T. W. R. D.) Phn i thoi phn nh gio php Kinh b Nikaya nh bn v v ng, lun hi, ti sanh ca danh sc, trng thi ca La Hn, bn th ca Nit Bn, s xut th ca Pht, tnh cch v thng ca Pht v.v. Trong cuc i thoi ny, c mt iu lm cho vua Menander hi lng nht l cu gii p ca ngi Ngasena v s li ch ca i sng tu hnh m t trc nh vua cha c nghe, l ngi xut gia chc chn t c thnh thin, v t c mau chng hn k ti gia. ---o0o--c im ca B Kinh c im ca n l c xem nh mt cuc giao thoa u- u tin, mt cc hc o gia mt ngi ty phng (vua Menander) vi vn ha Hy lp mun hc hi gio php uyn o ca o Pht ng phng qua s gii p ca mt v tng (T kheo Ngasena) thung lng sng Indus. Qua Pht php c trnh by mt cch y thuyt phc v d nh. Vn dng di Hy-lp, vua Menander hi kh nhiu cu hi m ngi ty phng thng thc mc v nhng ti rt cp thit i lai nh Nu khng c linh hn th ci g s ti sanh? hoc Nu khng c ci ta th ai ang chuyn tr vi ngi?, cho nn b kinh Milindapanha rt gn gi vi ngi ty phng mun tm hiu v PG. Thc ra li m thai ny tng c c Pht s dng trong Kinh Tng Chi B (Anguttara Nikya); Bi ging cho ngi Klm. (Phm 5-7; an 65). Mi cu hi c t ra t mt k ngo mn y uy quyn vi c a nghi, sc bn u c gii p ha nh, tha ng km vi nhiu t d c th v gin d bi mt v thnh tng. Cng v th m vua Menander liu ng Pht php m qui y ri ng h PG mnh m di triu ng. Vn phong trong b Milinda-panha hao hao li i thai ca Socrates (470-399 TTL) / Plato (428 347 TTL; hc tr ca Socrates v thy ca Aristotle). T.W. Rhys Davids, mt nh ng hc Pali cho l mt kit tc vn chng c ca PG v cng ca nn vn hc n. B kinh cng cho thy n cha nhng im t nh o diu manh nha ca t tng i tha. C l chnh v c im ny m ngi Long Th (xut

hin hn 2 th k sau) cng trc son li b kinh Na Tin m mn cho gio l trung qun xut hin. Xt kha cnh ny, c th xem t tng Ngasena l t tng chuyn tip gia Tiu tha v i tha. V th a v ca b kinh trong tam tng kinh in khng km phn quan trng. ---o0o--Vi im khc bit gia hai bn dch Pali v Hn vn i khi chng ta c th nu vi im khc bit nh sau: 1. Bn Hn vn ly tn t kheo lm ta l Ngasena-bhikshusutra (Na-tin t kheo kinh) chia lm 3 phn. Bn Pali li tn vua lm l Milinda-Panha (Milinda Vn Kinh), phn lm 7 quyn. 2. Ni dung ca mt phn quyn I, trn quyn II, v quyn III ca hai bn ging ht nhau. Nhiu hc gi cho rng bn quyn cn li, t quyn IV n quyn VII, l do phi Thng ta b Nam tng thm dn vo t th k th V, cho hp vi lp trng gio ngha ca phi mnh. 3. Bn Pali c d tri 12 cu hi. y l do s sp xp khc nhau ca nhng ln bin tp v sau, nn c s khc bit. Bn Pali: c 6 quyn, 22 chng gm 262 cu hi, m nay ch cn 237 cu hi. Bn Hn vn c 250 cu hi. 4. Gia hai bn, chuyn tin thn ca Ngasena v Milinda khng ging nhau. 5. Trong bn Hn vn khng thy cp n Abhidhamma (A-t-tma: Thng Php), vn thng c nhc n trong bn Pali. 6. Trong phn sp xp Bodhipakkhiya Dhammas (B- Phn), ngi dch ra Hn vn xem ra khng quen vi bn Pali. 7. Bn Pali ni rng sc vt c suy tnh nhng thiu khn ngoan; bn Hn vn th bo sc sinh c khn ngoan nhng ci tm th khc nhau. ---o0o---

Li Kt Nhn tm hiu lch s ca giai an quanh thi k xut hin b kinh Milindapaha, chng ta thy c nhiu chng c kt lun rng: Cuc m o gia vua Menander (hay Milinda, Di-Lan-) v T kheo Ngasena (hay Na-Tin) l mt s kin lch s, tng xy ra tng vin Sankheyya, thuc kinh Sagala ca nc Bactria vo khang gia th k th 2 TTL. S liu cng cho thy vng ty bc n sau khi b ngi Hy-lp xm chim c mt thi thm nhun PG c truyn t lu vc sng Hng. C th bo y l thnh qu sm nht ca cc cuc truyn php ca PG sang phng ty, cn trc c phng ng. S giao ha gia hai nn vn ha v trit hc ca PG v Hy-lp trong vng to nn mt sc thi c th ca t thnh Gandhara, ni pht xut v ng gp nim i tha vo PG v sau. Nhng nhn vo s thng trm sinh dit nhanh chng ca cc nn vn ha trong vng cng lm cho ngi c chnh lng. Vi tham vng quc thng tr tan cu, nht l t ty phng k t thi Alexander, th sc mnh ca bo lc l ch yu. Mnh c yu thua. H chng cn m xa g n o l. o l ch c to dng sau khi han tt s khng ch bin gii cho vic git ngi cp ca ca h; v th m vai tr ca tn gio v gii tng l vn lun c gi tr li dng cho k xm lc. Sut dng lch s nhn lai hn hai ngn nm, tham vng y ca ty phng vn lin tc c tin hnh vi chiu thc c thay i ty theo thi i k thut mi. n nay th h khng cn chim t m ch mun p t quyn lc ln cc nc nhc tiu. D nhin song hnh vi tham vng ny, h vn l x dng v kh mm l bnh trng tn gio Ki-t li hi, m mang nc Cha o v i cng c li nh tng lm trong qu kh qua cc ch xm chim thc dn. c bit bao nhiu tiu quc, bao sc dn, bao nn vn ha v tn gio ca th gii b hy dit bi nhng tham vng ny. T ta thy thm rng ch nhng tn gio no c k mnh x dng l hy vng tn ti, v v th tn gio no mun c tn trn th gian u phi da vo li gm ca th lc, ch chng phi t thn linh hay gio l m gii tng l thng ku gi tn tun phc. Thn quyn lun lin kt vi th quyn cng hng li. Tn cng nhiu, cng ng cng ln th vai tr ca gii

tng l mi cng quan trng bo v quyn li kinh t v vt cht cho nhau. Gio ch xa th sng trong thanh bn p bc lm sng thin tm, nhng gio hi nhn danh h c dng ln th sng trn xa hoa, d dt ca vt cht v quyn lc. Ha ra nhng li thuyt ging ch l nhng xo ngn la m. Nhng tn th chng my bn tm vi nhng iu tri khuy y khi quyn li kinh t ca h c bo m bi gio hi. Ring PG, vi bn cht t bi, nhn nhc, hiu sinh v thanh tnh, gii tng gi th nghin v that tc (nhng cha hn han tan th), xem ra thiu kh nng t chc v lnh o khi tn tr thnh mt lc lng kinh t v chnh tr quan trng trong tng quc gia (ngai tr mt vi nc theo phi Tiu tha), ch ng ni n mt trung tm hong php ch o quc t. V th PG ch thch nghi vi nhng x hi nng nghip t bin ng, ch khng c sc mnh khng c khi b ngai xm. Khi b tn cng n p, th tn PG li hay chn thi d ha vi qu, co rt, t dit hn l chng li mt cch i hng i lc. Do m ta thy PG sau nhiu th k sng lng huy hang n v vng ty bc n b han tan tiu dit mt cch d dng bi nhng tn gio mi vn ch da vo bo lc v o p kinh t truyn o. Hin nay nhiu Pht t cm thy phn khi khi cha chin ua nhau mc ln, nht l hi ngai, nhng xt k li th mi thy rng gc r PG lung lay ngay ti nhng x thng t ho l t Pht nh Ty tng, Trung Hoa v Vit-nam. Nhng bi hc lch s ny c gy c s xt li ng li sinh hat v truyn gio ca gii tng ni hin nay hay khng? Bi v c tip tc thi th ng, xa ri qun chng tn , thiu t chc, thiu uyn chuyn thch nghi vi thi i v thiu an kt ca gii lnh o th vai tr ca PG trong x hi, vn l ng lc ca dn tc, e mt ngy kia s b mai mt. Hi th mun. Trn Trc-Lm Seattle, Ma thu 2004 ---o0o---

CHNG BN - VUA KANISHKA V S PHT TRIN CA I THA PHT GIO

Khi Nhp Trong bi lc kho v Khung cnh lch s quanh b kinh Malindapanha ngi vit c nhc n s xut hin vo th k th 3 TTL ca cc sc dn Scythian v Kushan vng ty bc lc a n, bao gm Afghanistan v Pakistan, lm thay i su sc lch s trong vng cho n ngy nay. Vo u thin nin k th nht, c mt v vua ni bc mang tn Kanishka (HnVit m l Ca N Sc vng, Ca N Sc Ca, K N Ca vng, n K N vng, Ct Ni Thi Ct vng, Ca N St Tra vng GCTG) ca quc Kushan, hu du ca nhng sc dn y ng mt vai tr thit yu cho s pht trin ca i tha Pht gio (vit tt PG) v ri truyn b sang Trung quc. ng c kinh sch PG tn tng khng km g vua Asoka ca quc Maurya n vo 3 th k trc, vua Menander ca x n-Hy vo gia TK 2 TTL, cc vua triu i Gupta TK th 5 TL v vua Hashavardhana TK th 6 TL. ---o0o--Ngun gc ca dn Sakas (Scythians) V Yuezhi (Kushans):

Sut lch s Trung quc t thi c i cho n cn i, nc Tu lun b cc ging dn du mc pha ty m s Tu c khi gi l r H, hay c khi gi chung l Hung n lun ko qun sang cp ph uy hip. Ngay c di thi nh Hn, nhiu khi triu inh cn phi cng phm vt cu ha, v cn g c ph n hong gia cho cc vua Hung (gi l thin-vu) nh chuyn Chiu Qun cng H; hay chuyn mt v quan tn T V triu Hn V b Hung N bt, phi i chn d gn h Balkan, Ty vc sut 19 nm; c khi s Tu cn ghi vic tng Pan-Chao (Ban Siu, i Hn Minh ) chng li qun Kushan Khotan (Hn ng hay ghi l Khut an, Vu in, Vu in, Vu n, Kh an) vo nm 90 TL. p lc ca r ty vc vn cn nng n mi v sau cho n thi Ng i sau khi nh Tng b sp , ri nh Nguyn, nh Thanh u l gc man di vv.. Trung quc, vo khang u th k th 3 TTL, Tn Th Hang sau khi thng nht t nc vo nm 221 TTL tm ui c r Hung N (Xiongnu, Hiung-nu: Huns) ra xa b ci. Khi thua trn qun Hung di dn sang pha ty nh ui nhng b tc Yuezhi (Nguyt Chi hay Nhc Chi) sinh sng lu vc Tarim (Xinjiang v Kansu ngy nay) n vng sng Ili vo khang 175 TTL. n lc h, ngi Nhc Chi, li y cc b lc Sakas (m ting Hy-lp gi l Scythians, v ting Hn l "Sai" ), c ngun gc Mng c, v pha ty nam vo cc x Parthia (vng t b tch ra t quc Seleucid vo nm 281 TTL, x cn li l Syria GCTG) khang 138124 TTL. n khang gia TK 2 TTL, cc b lc Sakas v Yuezhi lin kt ni dy git c cc vua Phraates II v Artabanus I ca x Parthia, nhng ri b vua Mithridates II (kh. 123-87 TTL) nh bi vo khong nm 100 TTL. Dn Yuezhi lin ko vo x Bactria, vn c c lp khi Seleucid t nm 205 TTL. By gi vng ny c cai tr bi nhng triu vua Hy-n (Indo-Greek), hu du t cc cuc xm lng ca ngi Hy-lp do i Alexander khi xut vo khong 326 TTL. Vng t h nh c Bactria c gi l Tokharistan, v dn Yuezhi c ngi Hy gi l Tocharians. Cc ging dn mi, sau khi nh c dn ng ha vi nn vn ha Hy. Trong khi y th dn Sakas ti inh c pha nam x Afghanistan ngy nay, c gi l Sakistan, v sng ln ln vi cc ging Pahlavas v Kambojas. T h dn bnh trng vo pha bc ca lc a n sau khi Maues chim c vng Gandhara v Taxila khong nm 80 TTL. Nm 78 TTL dn Sakas chim c Ujjain v nm 60 TTL chim Mathura pha ng v

Surastrene (Gujarat) pha ty nam ca n; ri t quan thi th hay tiu vng cai tr. Nhng vng quc ny sm tan r sau khi vua Maues qua i. Cc vua Hy-n Apollodotus II (80-65 TTL) v Hippostratos (65-55 TTL) chim li Gandhara v vua Vikrama n ti chim Ujjain vo nm 58 TTL. Ba nm sau, vua Azes chim li ton vng nh bi vua quc Indo-Scythians. I ca dn Sakas phn cng ty bc lc a n sau khi Hippostratos lp nn vng

ng tin c hnh ca vua Azes II n triu vua Azes II (90-12 TTL), ng dit ht cc tiu vng quc Hyn. Nhng sau khi vua Aze II mt th vng quc Indo-Scythian b ging Kushan, vn l mt b phn ca r Yuezhi, xm chim lp nn quc Kushan (nn s Tu hay gi ln ln l x Khut Chi hay Nhc Chi) ko di vi th k, ch b tm dt khang mt th k khi b dn Parthians xm lng t 20 TL n 75 TL, ri phc hi tr li. Ban u dn ca 5 b lc Yuezhi c vua Kujula Kadphises I kt hp li, tin v pha ng chim v nh c ti vng Hindu Kush ri cc v vua kt ip dn bnh trng khp pha bc n. quc Kushan tn ti t TK th I n TK 3 TL, tri di t Tajikistan n bin Caspian v Afghanistan, cho mi n thung lng sng Ganges. Trong nhiu th k, quc ny l trung tm giao dch gia cc x ng v ty phng. Cc triu i huy hang nht l t 100 n 250 TL c Kanishka I (127-151 TL), Huvishka (156-184 TL), Vasudeva I (188-222 TL), Kanishka II (222-241 TL) v Vashishka (241- 256 TL.) ---o0o--Ph h ca cc vng triu Kushan: Bia k Rabatak ghi r ph h ca cc vng triu Kushan, cho thy Kanishka k v vua Vima Kadphises v k k v ng l Huvishka m chi tit

cc vic ln ngi khng c lu li r rng. [Nicholas Sims-Williams (1998): "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese." Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden. 1998, pp. 79-93.] Tn Vua Kajula Kadphises Vima Takpiso Vima Kadphises Thi gian Nm tr v tm thy trn bia k tr v t nht 23 103-136 (?) nm t nht 20 279-299 (?) nm 184(?) 23-27 nm

1-23 (y khng phi l nm theo ty lch Kanishka I m l nm u ca lch triu Kanishka); 127 - 151 TL. Huvishka 32-40 nm 28-60 k t triu Kanishka; 156-184 TL. Vasudeva 34-40 nm 64-98; 188-222 TL Khong 19 Kanishka II 222-241 TL. nm Vasishka 8 8 - 20 nm 241-256 TL (?) Kanishka III Khng r Khng r Vasudeva II Khng r 170 (297 ?i) Shaka Khng r C v nh Kanishka khng trc thuc ging ca tin vng Kadphises. Nhiu kin cho rng ng t mt ging khc nh Khit an t Tn cng tranh c ngi vua, hoc l th lnh t mt tiu vng n cp ngi thnh cng. ---o0o---

Hang Kanishka I (127 - 151 L) Tin vng c hnh vua Kanishka I (khong 130 TL). Kanishka ng thng trong b chin phc Kushan, ng cao, ngn la pht ra t hai vai, tay tri cm uy trng, ang dng cng vt trc bn th. Ghi ch bng ch HyBactrian vit "Shaonanoshao Kanishki Koshano": c ngha "Vua ca cc vua, Kanishka dn Kushan". Tuy Kanishka c bit nh l mt ng vua lng danh ca quc Kushan; v c kinh sch i tha PG ca tng nh mt H php vng v i; th m v nhng nghin cu s hc vng thung lng ty bc n cho n nay cha c kho st tng tn nn cha c mt s ng thun v thi gian tr v ca ng. C thuyt cho l t 78 TL n 103 TL, c ngi bo l t 78 n 144 TL, k khc li cho l t 100-164 TL hoc t 128 n 151 TL.

Hong Kanishka Cho n nay c 3 cuc hi ngh chuyn ti Lun n gii quyt vic ny vn cha em li kt qu c th. Gn y nhng bn lun tp ch vo thi k t nm 100 n 140 TL. Nhng vo nm 2004, nh vo mt khm ph trong vic nghin cu ca Harry Falk thy rng thi tr v ca Kanishka c dn Kushan xa dng lm nin i u ca lch mi trong sut mt th k cho n khi quc b tan r, nn nhiu ngi thy nm ng quang ca Kanishka l 127 TL c v kh tn hn. [Falk, Harry (2001): The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuas. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, pp. 121-136.]

Bc tng bng b h hng ca vua Kanishka, tng t hnh c khc trn ng tin, c trng by Vin bo tng Mathura. Nhng chng c v cuc i ca vua Kanishka c gom gp li t nhng di tch kho c v trong vn hc PG. Khi ng ln ngi th quc Kushan hng cng; tuy vy ng li bnh trng thm da vo s ln chim cc nc nh quanh vng, c bit l v pha ng. S bnh trng ny nhm 2 mc ch: 1) Gi vng s kim sot con ng t la; con ng kinh t huyt mch ca th gii thi by gi. 2) Truyn b PG qua Trung hoa. Di thi Kanishka, kinh ca quc Kushan l Purushapura, by gi l Peshawar Pakistan, nm vng thng lu ca cc sng Indus v Ganges. quc Kushan thi ny rt rng. N tri di t Uzbekistan v Tajikistan, vng Trung , trn ng bng Oxus pha ty bc n n Varanasi pha ng; t Kashmir pha bc n Mathura v Gujarat pha ng nam bao gm x Malwa. C lc cn lan n vng Kashgar, Khotan v Yarkand, l cc ch hu ca Trung quc lu vc sng Tarim, Tn Cng ngy nay. Nhiu ng tin c hnh vua Kanishka o c y. cai tr hiu qu mt quc rng ln, hong b nhim cc quan satraps (thi th), meridareks (huyn trng), v strategoi (qun khu trng) ph trch cc min.

V kim sot c con ng t la v nh thu cao trn nhng li bun ngoi quc i qua cc quan i ca lnh th quc Kushan nn nn kinh t trong vng rt sung tc vi cc thnh ph ln, nhiu n i cung in huy hong, thng mi sm ut v nhiu nghip on ngh nhn t hi t cc x ty v ng phng. Nh vy m nn vn ha v hc thut cng pht trin cao khi tip c s giao lu gia cc nn vn minh ln t La M (trong thi ca cc hang Trajan v Hadrian: 98-138 TL) v Trung quc (di triu nh Hn). ---o0o--S dung ha cc nn vn ha Trong s pht trin v ln mnh ca quc Kushan c s tip thu v dung ha nhun nhuyn cc nn vn ha a phng; r nt nht l di triu vua Kanishka. iu ny c bit n qua cc ng tin thi ng o c trong cc cuc kho c vng Kashmir. Trong ng tin thi vua Kanishka c mang nhiu du vt a thn t n gio, PG, Hy-lp, Persian v ngay c thn ca x Sumerian-Elamite trong Zoroastrian (Bi ho gio). N cho thy c s thay i chuyn tip trong nh hng ca cc nn vn ha, v ni bc l PG. Tng t nh cc nh cai tr qun ch khc, Kanishka cng cho mnh c thin mnh. ng mang nhiu danh v c khc trn cc ng tin di thi ng nh Vua ca cc vua, i vng, Thin t, v Hong . Sau khi bng h cng c thn dn thnh ha v xy in th.

Mt sau ca ng tin vng c hnh ca n thn Hy-lp Helios. (kh. 130 TL). Mt vi ng tin nhng nm u tr v ca Kanishka o c cho thy dn Kushan chu nhiu nh hng Hy-lp vi ghi ch bng ch Hy trn ng tin, v d (Nht thn Helios), (Ha thn

Hephaistos), (Nguyt thn Selene), (Phong thn Anemos). V sau dn Kushan dn chu thm nh hng ca Iran v n, v d nh du trin mang hnh thn Iran tn Adsho ang ci nga. Sau giai on chuyn tip Bactria, nhi hnh thn Persian thy xut hin trn ng tin di ch Hy-lp nh (Nuyt thn Mao),

Vua Kanishka v Nguyt thn Mao (Phong thn Oado), ("Mitro", Mithra), vv.. v mt s thn n gio cng c c theo nh "Oesho", ha thn ca thn Shiva. ng cn khuyn khch s dung ha gia cc trng phi ngh thut PG-Hy v Mathura ca n gio, cng vi nn hc thut Gandhara ca PG. Di triu ng nn vn ha Gandhara c pht trin mnh m v t n tuyt nh cao vi nhiu hc gi, cao tng, lun gia qui t. ---o0o---

Vua Kanishkan v s hng thnh ca phi i tha PG Cc tin vng trc thi Kanishka u tn th a thn gio, nhng n thi ng th tr nn mt Pht t thun thnh. Thi by gi phi Nht thit hu b (Sarvastivdins) ca i chng b bn r vng chc vng Kashmir v Gandhara. PG c truyn b n vng ny nh vo on truyn gio th 2 do i s Majjhantika cm u theo lnh vua Asoka, v li ngh ca cao tng Moggaliputta Tissa sau k kt tp kinh in ln th ba ti Ptaliputra vo khong nm 256 trc TTL. c s h tr ca vua Kanishka, phi Nht thit hu b cng c pht trin mnh m v cao im l nh vua bo tr cho ln kt tp kinh in m trong Pht s i tha gi l ln th t, vo nm Pht lch 618, tc khang u TK th 2 TL, ti Jlandhar Kashmrthat, Kashmir, gm 500 v t-kheo di s ch ta ca i s Vasumitra (Th Hu, dch m l B-tu Mt-a). Mc ch ca k kt tp ny l son ra cc b lun: Kinh S, Lut S v Lun S. i hi ny chnh l khi im cho s pht trin ca i tha (Mahayana) v sau; v cng nh vua Kanishka m PG c truyn sang Trung quc vo khong th k th 2 TL. Ln kt tp ny ghi li tam tng kinh bng ting Sanscrit, v c khc ln rt nhiu tm ng, t rong nhng hm v th trong cc thp; th nhng ngy nay ni dung nhng bn kinh ny ch cn lu truyn qua cc bn dch Hn t. Cng trong thi k huy hang ny c s xut hin ca nhng i lun gia PG nh Nagarjuna (Long Th), Vasumitra (B-tu Mt-a: Th Hu) v Asvaghosha (M Minh). Tng truyn Asvaghosha cn gi vai c vn tn gio cho nh vua. Vo gia th k th 2, tng on Gandhara ng vai tr quan trng trong vic truyn b PG v phng bc v ng chu. Mt cao tng ngi Vuin, tn Lokaksema (Chi-Lu-Ca-Sm, kh. 178 TL), n hong ha ti kinh Lc-dng (Lo-yang) tr thnh ngi u tin dch cc kinh i tha ra Hn ng. T con ng truyn b PG sang Trung quc thit lp vng vng. Chnh di thi Kanishka lm cho PG thay i trit thch nghi vi thi i mi. Nhiu hc gi ra gi thuyt cho rng vi quc rng ln kim sot con ng t la ni t chu u n chu lm dung ha nhiu t tng tn gio ng ty v bn a, xc tc cho vic pht trin t

tng i tha, ch yu phia bc n (nn Pht s hay gi l bc truyn). Ngi ta cng cho rng v th m lm cho ct li PG b bin i nn suy yu ti qu hng mnh; v n gio c c phc hi mt khi quc Kushan ca ng b tan r. Nhng ngi khc li cho rng s di c t ca nhng b tc du mc ni lc a chu vo vng ty bc n di thi thnh tr ca Kanishka, hoc trn sang chu u tn ph nhng nn vn minh v hc thut ca a phng trong c La-M v PG, v a chu u vo thi k Trung c ti tm. Nhng kin ny cn phi c tm hiu cn k thm trc khi c mt kt lun chnh xc. Vua Kanishka cn cho xy mt i thp hng v ti thnh Kanishkapur (mang tn ng) Peshawar khng xa o Baramula l bao th phng xal Pht trong mt chic hp bng vng.

Ngy nay i c thp ch cn tr li ci nn cao nm tng. Vo cc nm 1908-1909, cc nh kho c xc nh c rng nn thp c ng knh l 286 b (feet), v chiu cao th k s ca i s Trung quc chim bi Huyn Trang (Xuan Zang) ghi l t 600 n 700 b Tu, tc khong 180210 metres hay 591-689 feet; cao khong 13 tng nh theo tiu chun ngy nay, bng g chm tr tinh vi c chng bi hng ct bng st m bn trn ct to ra vi b bng ng m vng. R rng n l mt k quan ca nhn loi vo thi by gi.

Hp cha x-l (s. sarira) ca c Pht Thch Ca do vua Kanishka dng, cho thy c c tng Pht ang ngi thin nh v bao quanh bi Brahma v Indra. Kanishka ng ph di bn tri. Mt mu sao c lu gi British Museum. Hp x-l chnh ca c Pht Thch Ca tng truyn c cha ba mnh x-l (xng Pht) vn c tn th trong i thp ti Shah-Ji-Ki-Dheri, ngoi Peshawar c an tr Mandalay, Min in vo nm 1910; cn hp th c lu gi Vin Bo tng Peshawar.

Hp cha x-l c khc ging ch Kharoshthi: "(*mahara) jasa kanishkasa kanishka-pure nagare aya gadha-karae deya-dharme sarva-satvana hitasuhartha bhavatu mahasenasa sagharaki dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kanishkasa vihare mahasenasa sangharame" Thn t Agisalaos (gc Hy-lp), qun c mi cng vic ti n Kanishka trong tu vin Mahasena.

Chung quanh c iu khc hai hnh c Pht ngi trn ta sen c hong gia hu knh, v hnh cc thn Persian nh Nht thn v Nguyt thn. Mt trng hoa trang tr chy vng quanh hp.

Hin nay ang c s bn ci v v vua no l ngi cho lm chic hp da vo hnh vua trn hp khng c ru rm nh hnh thng thy v vua Kanishka. C ngi cho l l hnh ca vua k v l Huvishka.

Vua Kanishka trong truyn thng PG thng c m t nh mt bo qun v o trc khi qui y PG nh trong kinh Sri-dharma-pitaka-nidana sutra: "By gi vua x Ngan-si (Pahlava) rt ngu xun v tm tnh cung bo. Mt v A-la-hn nhn thy nhng vic c m nh vua lm lin mun lm nh vua hi tm nn dng thn thng cho nh vua thy cnh s b tra tn a ngc. Nh th nh vua kinh hi v hi tm. [theo Kumar, Baldev. 1973. The Early Kuas. Trang 95 New Delhi, Sterling Publishers]. Ngoi ra vic xut hin ca vua Kanishka v vic xy dng i thp vn c c Pht bo trc. Trong Vinaya sutra k: ... c Pht ch vo a b ang ngi chi xxy thp vi t st .. [phn rng] chnh trn ch ny, Kanishka s xy mt bo thp mang tn ng y. [trang 91; SKT]. Cu chuyn tng t c ghi li trong mt cun kinh ting Khit an tm thy n Hong (Dunhuang), bo trc vic vua Kanishka s xut hin 400 nm sau khi c Pht nhp Nit bn v xy mt i thp. [trang 89; SKT] i s Huyn Trang khi i chim bi qua n vo khong nm 630 cng ghi li cu chuyn ny. [trang 93, SKT] Cc ng tin c c vo thi vua Kanishka c hnh c Pht Thch Ca v Di Lc o c ch chim khong 1%. Mt kia c hnh nh vua nh thy trn. Hnh nh trn cc ng tin thi khc cha c kho, khng chi tit v thiu cn i.

Mt sau ca ng tin vng c hnh ca c Pht (kh. 130 TL) vi ging ch Hy-lp ("Boddo", c Pht), hay ("Shakamano Boddho", c Pht Thch Ca, hay ("Metrago Boddo", c Pht Di Lc). Di y l 6 mu tiu biu c v li.

Tng Pht mc o tu s theo kiu Hy-lp, gm antaravasaka, uttarasanga, v o khoc ngoi sanghati.

Hnh Pht Thch Ca trn tin bng ng cho thy hnh v o c sa rt mng, c l l lp o lt antaravasaka v uttarasanga. Tay tri khoc di uttariya.

Cc mu khc trn ng tin vng v c Pht c biu tng ha kh xa vi dng t nhin ca cc iu khc kiu Hy-lp ban u Gandhara.

Hnh c Pht Di Lc dc kkhc trn ng tin Kanishka, mang ging ch "Maitreya" ( "Metrago Boddo") ang ngi kit gi v tay tri lm a n (Abhaya mudra).

Tng ng Pht ng c Gandhara, khong TK 3 hay 4. ---o0o--S suy vong ca quc Kushan n TK th 3 TL th quc Kushan bt u tan r. Sau khi vua Vasudeva I cht th quc Kushan b phn lm 2 x ng v ty. n khong nm 290 TL Cc triu i Kushan b Shapur I cm u dn Sassanides lt , ri ln lm vua. Shapur I cng nh bi qun La-m v bnh trng rt mnh trong vng. Cc triu i Sassanides cai tr vng ny t 290 n 651 TL. Di thi Sassanides Bi Ha gio li tr thnh quc gio, nhng cng rt dung ha vi nhng tn gio khc, nn PG vn c c hi pht trin mnh. Chnh vo thi k ny hai bc tng Pht s ln nht tan cu ng cao 177 b dc tc vo ni Bamiyan, Afghanistan vo nm 554, m gn y b bn cung tn Hi gio Taliban ph hy vo thng 3 nm 2001.

n TK th 5 th quc Sassanides b tan r bi s xm lng khc ca r Hung n mi v sau l s ln mnh ca triu i Gupta n v s phc hi n gio. Tuy vy cc triu vua v sau ca Gupta li h tr mnh m cho PG, trong c vic ti dng Pht hc vin Nalanda v i hn, v nng ln tm vc quc t. Nhng khng lu sau n b cc th lc Hi gio xm lng dn n s tn li dn ca PG. Trn Trc-Lm Seattle, H 2007 ---o0o--Ti Liu tham kho: 1) Wikipedia and other numerous websites. 2) Falk, Harry (2004): The Kanika era in Gupta records. Silk Road Art and Archaeology X (2004), pp. 167-176. 3) Dobbins, K. Walton. (1971). The Stpa and Vihra of Kanishka I. The Asiatic Society of Bengal Monograph Series, Vol. XVIII. Calcutta. 4) H. Hargreaves, H. (1910-11): "Excavations at Shh-j-k Dhr"; Archaeological Survey of India, 1910-11, pp. 25-32. 5) Kumar, Baldev. 1973. The Early Kuas. Page 95 New Delhi, Sterling Publishers. 6) Nicholas Sims-Williams (1998): "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese." Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden. 1998, pp. 79-93. ---o0o---

CHNG NM - TRIU I GUPTA, HONG HARSHAVARDHANA, V PHT HC VIN NALANDA

1. Dn Nhp 2. BngTm Lc Cc Mc Lch S 3. Thi i Gupta (320-550) 4. Triu i Harshavardhana (606-647)

5. Pht Hc Vin Nalanda 6. Vi Nt V Cc i S Ni Danh Chim Bi Ty Trc ng Thi ---o0o--I) DN NHP Vit nam trong qu kh, xem ra s hc gi v lch s, vn hc v tn gio Trung quc thc kh ng o, nht l th vn i ng, Tng, Minh, Thanh nhng li c rt t chuyn gia kho cu v vn minh n- d i a s dn chng Vit sng bi Pht Gao (PG), mt tn gio bt ngun t lu vc sng Hng; tm hiu xem nguyn do g m o Pht b tn li trn qu hng mnh, hu t rt ta c nhiu bi hc hu chn hng tn tm cho Pht t. Nh chng ta bit lch s v vn minh n tng li du n ln cho nhn lai trong cc sng to v tn gio, hc thut, ngn ng, tan hc, y hc, kin trc, thin vn...; th nhng, li ging nh Trung Hoa, nhng pht kin ca h khng c ng dng trit vo thc tin i sng nn sm b mai mt, v b k thut ca ngi ty dng qua mt. Ngay c lch s ca n cng khng h c ghi li r nt ch v h qu quan tm n o hc huyn b, cho nn t nc nhiu ln b ngai xm cai tr. Nhng ngnh hc thut ca n ch mi c h thng ha gi l n hc (Indology) v truyn b di thi thc dn Anh (1757-1947). Hai ngi c xem l cha ca ngnh hc ny l William Jones (1746-1794) v Charles Wilkins (1749-1836). Nm 1784, the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Hc Hi ng Bengal) c thnh lp cng vi tp san Asiatic Researches y mnh nhng nghin cu, sao lc v n hnh v vn minh n. lc a n, trong thi c Pht Thch Ca cn ti th, c kh nhiu vua cha cc tiu quc quanh sng Hng rt sng bi PG v h tr tng gi. V sau, cng nh nhng s ng h tch cc ca cc hang lng danh ca t Pht ny m PG c truyn b khp ni trong v ngai nc n. S sch n v PG thng tn vinh cc v hang Pht t, khng nhng lm cho quc gia thm v i m cn em li cho PG nhng giai an pht trin rc r; l Ashoka Maurya (269-227 TTL.), Menander I (173-130 TTL.), Kanishka I (127-151 TL), cc vua cui ca triu i Gupta th k th 5 v Harshavardhana hay cn gi l Harsha th k th 7 (606-647 TL).

---o0o--II) BNG TM LC CC MC LCH S Chng ti tng cp n cc v hong h php trc (xin xem nhng bi vit ca cng tc gi trn cc websites PG); bi kho lc ny xin ni v cc v vua cui ca thi i Gupta v hong Harshavardhana ca triu k tip; v cc v i s qua Ty Trc chim bi cng thi; v nhng lin h ca h vi Pht Hc Vin Nalanda ni danh. c ci nhn khi qut v giai on y, chng ti tham kho v xin trnh by bng i chiu tm lc cc mc Lch S n - Hoa cho n thin nin k u TL qu c gi tin theo di: Lu : Nhng tn danh nhn a l n vn bng ting Hindu, khi c ghi m theo ch Latin th c kh nhiu cch vit, nn d ln ln. NIN K 2700 TTL N TRUNG QUC Thi Tam Hong, Ng : Hong (Hin vin th); Vn minh Harappa Thiu Hiu (Kim thin th); Chuyn Hc (Cao dng th) Ging Aryans trn vo thungNh Ty Chu. lng sng Hng Kinh Dch c bin tp Vua Hiu vng nh Ty Trn chin Mahabharata Chu Ging Aryans trn n vnh Vua Tuyn vng; Vua UBengal. Bt u thi i S thi: vng v Bao T, Ty Chu Mahabharata c kt tp. Thi Xun Thu (722 TTL Kt tp kinh Upanishads 481 TTL) Vua Cnh Vng nh ng c Pht nhp Nit Bn Chu Thi Chin Quc 481 TTL i Alexander xm lng n 221 TTL Vua Chandragupta MauryaThi Chin Quc 481 TTL nh bi vua Seleacus Nicator 221 TTL Triu Mauryas khi u.Thi Chin Quc 481 TTL Chandragupta thit lp quc221 TTL

1000 TTL 900 TTL 800 TTL 550 TTL 544 TTL 327 TTL 324 TTL 322 TTL

u tin ca n Thi Chin Quc 481 TTL 221 TTL Thi Chin Quc 481 TTL 272 TTL Vua Ashoka tr v 221 TTL Triu i Mauryas sp ca.Cui Tn S Hn - Hu , 180 TTL Triu nh Ty Hn (hay Tin Sungas ni tip Hn) Vua Menander (Milinda) lp T Triu ca V Hu n 173-130 TTL quc Hy- n. Hn V Vua x Chola xm ln Tch Lan 145 TTL Vua Cnh , nh Tin Hn (Ceylon) K nguyn Krita-Malava58 TTL Vua Tuyn , Tin Hn Vikram Khi u ca triu Satvahana 30 TTL Vua Thnh , Tin Hn x Deccan Ngi Sakas cai tr thung lngVua Quang V , ng 40 TL Indus v pha ty n Hn hay Hu Hn Vua Quang V , Hu 50 TL Tc Kushan hng mnh dn Hn Khi u ca thi k Saka78 TL Vua Chng , Hu Hn Kushana Hong Kanishka I v T vua Hn Ha n vua 127-151TL (1) quc Kushan Hon , Hu Hn Vua Chandra Gupta I lp triuVua Nguyn , nh ng 320 TL Gupta Tn Vua Samudra Gupta xm chim 360 TL Vua Ai , nh ng Tn t bc v hu ht x Deccan Vua Chandra Gupta II ln ngi;Bc Triu: Thi i hang kim ca nn- Vua An , nh Tn 380 TL vn hc phc sinh - Vua o V , Bc Hu n-Gupta. Ngy i s Php hin (Fa-hein)Bc Triu: chim bi - Vua An , nh Tn 405 TL (2) Pht tch khp vng quc- Vua o V , Bc Hu Gupta. Ngy Vua Minh Nguyn , Bc 415 TL Vua Kumara Gupta I ln ngi hu Ngy Vua Kumara Gupta I cho khiVua Thi V , Bc Hu 427 TL cng xy dng Pht Hc VinNgy 298 TTL Bindusara ln ngi

440 TL 467 TL 476 TL 530 TL 606 TL 622 TL 629 TL 649 TL 672 TL 711 TL 892 TL 985 TL 1001 TL

Nalanda. T Bodhidharma sinh namVua Thi V , Bc Hu n, x ca vua Pallava Ngy Vua Hin Vn, Bc Hu Skanda Gupta ln ngi Ngy Nm sinh ca nh thin vn Vua Thun , Nam Tng Aryabhatta T Bodhidharma theo thuynVua Tit Mn , Bc: Hu n Trung quc, cp bnNgy Qung chu. Vua V , Nam: Lng Harshavardhana ln ngi Vua Vn , nh Ty Cung Hu, b p nhng Bt u triu i Hejira ngi cho i tha tng L Uyn, lp ra nh ng ng Tng Huyn Trang Vua Cao t Nh ng (Huan Tsang) i n thnh kinh Vua Harshavardhana bng h Vua Thi Tn, nh ng i s Ngha Tnh (I-Tsing)Vua ng Cao Tn, V n chim bi n. Hu Tc Thin Muhammad Bin Qasim xm Vua Du tn, nh ng lng x Sind Khi u ca triu Chalukyas pha Vua Chiu tn, nh ng ng Triu Chola: Vua Rajaraja ng Vua Thi tn, nh Tng quang Sultan Mahummad nh bi Vua Chn tn, Nh Tng Jaipal 1- C ch ghi l 100-164 2- C ch ghi l 399 n 414

Qua bn tm lc i chiu trn, ta nhn thy c hai triu i huy hang ca n c thit lp bi hai v vua cng tn nhng cch nhau n gn 8 th k, l Chandragupta lp ra triu i Maurya TK th 4 TTL (324-180 TTL), v vua Chandragupta I sng lp ra thi i Gupta (320-540) TK th 4 TL. Vi tn v vua sau ng ra phi vit l Chandra Gupta I. C vi tc gi gom Hong Harsavardhana vo vi ging h Gupta, c ni li cn vit l Harsavardhana Gupta. iu ny khng ng vi lch s

bi v thi i Gupta huy hong chm dt vo cui th k th 5, v triu i ca Harsavardhana mi xut hin u th k th 7. ---o0o--III) THI I GUPTA (320 550) A. S Thnh Suy i s Ngha Tnh (I-Tsing) n n vo khong nm 672, sau HT Huyn Trang (Xuan Zang hay Hiuen Tsang) hn 40 nm, v nghe ni n danh hiu vua Maharaja Sri-Gupta ca vng quc Magadha xy mt tng vin gn Mrigasikhavana khong 500 nm trc cho nhng v s chim bi n t Trung quc tm tr. Cc hc gi v sau khng i chiu c vi lch s n, v h cho rng Ngha Tnh ch phng on theo cm quan tn gio m thi. Nhng ngy nay ngi ta chng minh c l thi i Gupta da vo b Bhagwatam. Dng Gupta khi u t x Bengal, theo cc ghi ch ti ngi thp "Varendra Mrigashihavan Stupa" trn i Nepal, ri sau tr thnh tiu vng t x Prayaga, ng Uttar Pradesh, by gi l Allahabad t nm 240 TL. V tiu vng u tin l Sri-Gupta khong t 240-280 TL. Bn bia k bng ng Poona (gn Bombay by gi) do cng cha Prabhavati Gupta (con gi ca Chandragupta-II v sau) ghi rng Sri-Gupta l Adhiraja ca Gupta. Vua k v l Ghatotkacha (280-319) m bia k cng cn c truy hiu l i vng (Maharaja). n triu th ba, khong nm 320 vua Chandra Gupta I (320-335) da vo hn nhn vi cng cha Kumaradevi dng Licchavi x Magadha (Ma-Kit-) lm cho lnh th bnh trng thm; xng l i (maharajadhiraja). K t cc triu i Gupta mi tr nn v vang, v lch s n ghi v thi i Gupta ch k t y.

Kumardevi v Chandragupta I trn ng tin vng do vua con l Samudragupta cho c. Mt tri l N thn Ambika (Durga). Khi vua Samudra Gupta (335-375) k v th n nm 360 kinh c di v thnh Hoa th (Pataliputra), tc Patna by gi. S liu v ng c bia k Allahabad do Harisena ghi v trong k s ca i s Huyn Trang. Di triu ny lnh th li cn c m rng thm t lu vc sng Hng n ty, trung v ng n cng cc hi o sau khi thu tm hn 20 tiu quc khc. Nhiu tiu vng ln bang phi triu cng c bo h, xa mi n tn Tch Lan (Sinhala hay Sri Lanka). Sau khi ton tr vua Samudragupta lm l t nga chin Ashwamedha Yagna, mt phong tc him thy, v cho c tin vng lu hnh trn khc li nhng chin c v nhc c tng x dng trong triu. Vic c tin vng, triu Samudra Gupta m phng theo kiu cch ca quc Kushan trc . Thi i Kushan c chun mc tin vng 8 gram gi l dinara, bt ngun t tin vng La-m Denarius Aurius.

Vua Samudragupta ang gy huyn cm. Mt tri: N thn Thnh vng Shri-Laxmi. Di triu ng, B-la-mn gio (BLM) chim u th v ng th thn Vishnu (Vaishnava). V vy cc thnh tch PG, ngoi tr Nalanda v Sanchi, theo i s Php Hin th B o trng (Bodhgaya), Ca t la v (Kapilavastu) v Cu-thi-na (Kusinagara) cn b hoang ph. Vo gia th k th IV, nhiu tng s t xa n chim bi B o trng khng c ni t tc; vua x Tch Lan l Sri-Meghavarman cho s thn mang phm vt n dng tng vua Samudra Gupta xin c xy dng mt ngi cha ti B- o trng (Bodh-Gay) v c tn thnh. Vua Rama Gupta (375-380) ti v chng c bao lu. Truyn s Devichandraguptam k rng trong cuc vin chinh nh x Malwa nh vua b bi trn v b vua Saka Satrap (hu du ca dn Scythian) bt sng. c th v nh vua ng s em trao hong hu Dhruvadevi cho Saka

Satrap. iu ny lm ngi em trai tc gin xin gi trang lm hong hu n khi vo c doanh tri ch qun lin git cht Saka Satrap, sp nhp Malwa v cn gi c thanh danh ca Gupta. Do ng hong c vinh danh l Shakari hay Sahasanka (K git c Shakas). D nhin dn chng ng h v hong hu cm kch nn vua Rama Gupta b ph b, nhng ngi cho em. Da theo cc bia Mathura v Bilsad, ngi ta bit c kh nhiu chi tit v vua Chandra Gupta II (380-414). Sau khi ln ngi, ng dit cc tiu vng Gujarat, Saurashtra v vng Bengal m mang thm b ci. ng cn lin minh vi x Naga qua hn nhn vi cng cha Kubernaga; v vi dng x Vakataka (ng bng Deccan) bng cch g con gi l Prabhavati Gupta cho vua Rudrasena II vo nm 390. Chnh cng cha Prabhavati Gupta ny cho ghi li bia k bng ng Poona k trn v gia ph dng h mnh. Chin thng qun s v i nht ca ng l chim c x Saurashtra (nay l Maharashtra) cnh bin -rp, m rng thng mi hng hi qua pha ty n. ng c tn vinh l Thi Dng Anh Hng (Vikramaditya: Sun of Valour), v ng l v vua ni bc nht ca thi i Gupta, nhng ng li cn c ca tng v nhng thnh tu vn chng, hc thut hn l qun s, bi di triu ng, mi ngnh vn chng hc thut, nht l o hc c Veda v Pht php, y hc, th-y hc, ton hc v thin vn hc ca n c mt bc nhy vt xn ln m s sch v sau tn dng l thi i phc hng ca vn hc n. Triu ng cn c rc r thm bi c s tr gip ca nhm vn ho 9 ngi danh ting (navaratna); trong s c Kalidasa bt t ca nn vn hc n. Ngoi vng hiu Vikramaditya, triu i ca ng cn c gi thm l Narendrachandra, Simhachandra, Narendra Simha, Vikrama Devaraja, Devagupta and Devasri. Di triu i ny c i s Php Hin (Fa-Hsien) t Trung quc n chim bi cc Pht tch v thm ving khp quc Gupta di triu vua Chandra Gupta II t 401 (c sch ghi l 399) n 410, v ghi li nhiu k s trong b Pht Quc K. Vua k l Kumara Gupta I (414-455) cn c nhiu vng hiu khc l Sri Mahendra, Ajita Mahendra, Sima Mahendra, Asvamedha Mahendra, Mahendra Karma, Mahendra Kalpa, Sri Mahendra Simha, Mahendra Kumar, Mahendra Aditya vv. ng k tha mt quc rng ln, v c cng gi cho n c ton vn. Di triu ng x hi n vn cn hi cc thnh phn

vinh; s bao dung tn gio c phn rng ri hn. Triu ng cn lu li n nay 14 loi tin vng c trng, v v sau c c tin bc miu t ng va l mnh tng, va l nhc s vv... ng cn vang danh ni bc l v vua cho xy dng Vin Pht Hc ni ting th gii Nalanda mt cch b th v i. ng c hai ngi con trai l Skandagupta (con vi hong hu Devaki) v Purugupta (con vi hong hu Ananthadevi). Vo cui triu ng c qun Pushyamitra ni lon thung lng Narmada e da triu nh.

Tin vng triu Kumara Gupta I (414-455) vi hnh nh vua ang h h. Mt tri hnh n thn Nimbate, tng trng cho sng Hng. n thi vua Skanda Gupta (455-467), theo bia k Bilsad v Bhitari, c xem l v vua cui ca thi i Gupta huy hong, v tuy ng nh bi c qun Pushyamitra, nhng r Hung (Hephthalites m s n gi l Huna) t vng ty bc lin tc trn xung uy hip n c Hoa th thnh. Theo bia k Kahaum th ng dit c hng trm tiu vng (?) k c r Hung b ng nh bi thung lng Aryavarta nm 467. ng cng rt bao dung vi a tn gao. Khi ng mt th quc Gupta bt u suy yu.

Skanda Gupta (455-467) Vua Pura Gupta (467-472) thay anh ln ngi th gi nn tr v ch c 5 nm th mt. Con trai ca ng vi hong hu Shri Vinayadevi ln thay. n triu vua Narasimha Gupta (472-476) th thi i Gupta bt u suy yu. C lc n li cn phi cng l vt cho vua Hung n cu ha.

Nhng khi nghe tin vua Hung n Mihirakula, ng Malwa mn ty bc, ra lnh st hi tng s PG, hy dit tng vin, t b kinh sch vng Ng H, vua Narasimha Gupta lin ng ca bin gii v khng hin cng na. Mihirakula tc gin ko qun tn cng kinh Hoa th Thnh ca Magadha v truy ui Narasimha n tn vnh Bengal. Trn ng hnh qun Mihirakula trt gin ln cc tng tn PG, d man tn st nhng ngi khng trn thot c v hu dit PHV Nalanda ln u tin. [Heras, A Note on the Excavations at Nalanda and its History, J.B.B.R.A.S., II, N. S., p. 215-216.] Nhng sau qun ca Narasimha Gupta phn cng v nh bi c Mihirakula v ui r Hung n v tn vng Shakala (Sialkot, Kashmir ngy nay). S xm lng ca Hung n nhanh chng a triu i Gupta n ch sp v ko theo s xm nhp t ca dn cc b lc bin cng t Trung , cng thm kinh t n b suy thai trm trng do mt quyn kim sat ng t la, con ng thng mi huyt mch. iu ng lu y l hu du ca dn Hung n vn chy thot c v mn Kashmir dn thch ng vi x hi v nn vn ha mi sau ny bin dng thnh ging Rajputs. Vua k v l Kumara Gupta-II (476-477) khng lu li c thnh tch g. Thi gian tr v ca ba triu sau ny qu ngn tng cng ch khong 10 nm nn s liu him hoi. V t y vic truyn tha cc ngi vua cng khng c ghi li r rng. X Magadha c suy yu dn v ni lon c xy ra mi. Theo bia k Apshad Adityasena th vua vua Kumara Gupta II, ri vua Damodara Gupta nh bi c k phn lon Isanavarman mt dng tng tng c cng nh ui qun Andhra, Sulika, Gauda v r Hung, c vinh danh trn bia k Haraha. V sau vua Mahasena Gupta li cn dp c qun phin lon Susthivarman. Ngi ta c bit thm tn 14 v vua ni tip nhau trong vng hn na th k l Budha Gupta (477-495), Tathagata Gupta, Krishna Gupta, Harsha Gupta, Jivita Gupta-I, Kumara Gupta-III, Damodara Gupta, Mahasena Gupta, Madhava Gupta and Deva Gupta-II, Adityasena, Deva Gupta-III, Jiva Gupta-III. Cc triu ny cng chng lu li cng trng g v vang c cho n v vua cui l Vishnu Gupta th thi i Gupta chm dt khong 550. Sau khi thi i Gupta suy sp th cc th lc ni b tranh nhau ngi b vng trong mt thi gian kh di. Trong ng k l Valabhi, Gujarata, Nandipuri, Maukhari ca x Magadha, tiu vng hu Guptas Malwa

cnh Magadha, cc x Bengal, Nepal, v Kamarupa trong thung lng Assam. n u th k th 7, cc th lc i khng rt li gom vo trong tay ca hai dng h ng k l Shashanka vua ca x Gauda (H Bengal) sau khi chim c x Orissa lin sp nhp phn ln lnh th trong thung lng sng Hng; v dng h Puspabhukti vng bc Delhi ang hng mnh; mi n thi vua Harsavardhana mi thng tr c thin h. ---o0o--B. Di sn ca thi i Gupta Ngy nay ngi ta bit nhiu v thi i ny da vo ng tin c, bia k, n i, v cc tc phm c vn Sanskrit. Tuy lnh th ca n di triu i ny khng rng ln bng vo thi Maurya v dng Gupta ko di c 200 nm, nhng ni chung c cc nh s hc xem l thi i c in hang kim ca nc n. Cc ngnh vn hc, ngh thut, y hc, thin vn, ton hc, kin trc, o hc v trit hc ca n khi sc; kinh t sung mn nn cc th c pht trin v giu c.

Tng c Pht vo thi Gupta, TK th 5. Tng t nhiu thi i trc, cc tin vng th theo o BLM gio nhng n cc triu sau th sng bi v h tr PG. Vua Kumara Gupta I cho xy dng v bo h cho PHV Nalanda. Ri v sau vua Narasimha Gupta nhng ngi cho con m vo Nalanda lm tng s. BLM gio v PG hnh nh c s pha trn di thi ny. D vy, x hi n di thi Gupta ban u vn cn nng v vi n np trt t theo ng cp phn bit ca B-lamn gio. Di thi Gupta vn chng Sanskrit t n cao im; vn hc PG thng c vit bng Pali trc y u c dch ra Sanskrit; hai mi tm hang ng ca cc tng s Ajanta vi nhng bch ha tuyt tc y sng to linh ng cng c to ra. Ajanta nm pha ty Maharashtra, mt phn ca vng quc Vakataka ng minh vi Gupta. Ngh thut v vn hc PG cng t n tuyt nh di thi ny qua nhng l m ngh danh ting Mathura v Sarnath, v t lan trn sang cc hi o NA v Min-in, Xim-la, Thy chn lp, Lo v Lm p. Kin trc n i, iu khc v luyn kim t n mt ngh thut rt cao. Tr st Meharulli, Delhi m nhiu hc gi cho l do vua Chandra Gupta II cho dng ln - d n nay hn 16 th k vn cn ng tr tr khng r st. Th nhng n nay nhng n i xy dng vo thi ny nh Vaishnavite Tigawa Jabalpur vo nm 415, ngi khc Deogarhnear Jhansi xy nm 510, v Bhita bang Uttar Pradesh hu ht u hoang tn nt. Nhiu vn ho, thi gia, lun gia o s tr danh nh Harishena, Vasubandhu (Th Thn), Asangha (V Tr), Kalidasa, Dandi, Visakhadatta, Shudraka, v Bharavi cng xut hin vo thi ny. Nhng kinh s (shastras), truyn thuyt lun (puranas) tn gio ni ting cng u c sng tc, k c cun kinh v ngh thut yu ng ni danh Kama Sutra. Nh th Sanskrit v i Kalidasa ca n vi hai tc phm Meghdoot v Kumarsanhita cng phc v di triu Chandra Gupta II. Ring v ton hc, Varahamihira a ra khi nim v s l, v cc trong kho lun Bhrihatasamhita. ng thi biu hin ca con s t 1 n s 9, v s khng (zero: ly t du hiu vng trn 0 vin mn tng trng cho php khng ca PG) c pht kin vo thi ny, m v sau ngi -rp truyn qua phng ty dn thay th h thng s ca La-m.

Cc nh thin vn Aryabhatta khm ph ra s pi v chng minh c qu t c hnh trn vo nm 499. H cng tnh c lch theo mt tri c 365.358 ngy v s chuyn dch ca cc hnh tinh mt cch tng i chnh xc. ---o0o--IV) TRIU I HARSHAVARDHANA (606-647) A. S Thnh Suy Triu i Harshavardhana hay gi tt l Harsha cng khang thi gian gia cui triu Ty v u triu ng bn Trung quc - c xem nh triu i vng chc sau cc triu Gupta. Thi ng c bit n nhiu nh i s Huyn Trang ghi li trong b Ty vc k khi ngi sang Ty trc thnh kinh t 629 645; nh t cc cng vn ca Trung quc; t cc ng tin c v bia k; t cc bi vit ca cc danh nhn ng thi v nht l nh tc phm Harshacharita (Nhng thnh tch ca vua Harsa) do thi ho trong triu tn l Banabhatta ghi chp li nhiu chi tit bng ting Sanskrit k c phn thiu thi ca nh vua. Harshacharita l cun sch u tin vit v danh nhn lch s n. ng cn l tc gi ca cun Kadambini c xem nh mt vin ngc qu ca nn vn hc Sanskrit. Nh ni trn, sau thi k nhiu nhng hu Gupta n u th k th 7, dng h Pushabhukti tr nn mt th lc ln mnh n vi vua Prabhakaravardhana cai tr x Thaneshwar. Con gi ca Prabhakaravardhana tn l Rajyasri v cng l ch ca Harshavardhana c g cho vua Grahavarman ca x Maukhari c kinh Kannauj. Lc by gi PG vn cn thnh hnh trong vng, v tn BLM gio v K na gio thng vn chung sng ha hp. Tuy vy trong chng 7 ca cun Harshacharita ca Banabhatta cho thy lun c s tranh chp m gia cc gii tng l ca BLM v PG. Banabhatta vit khng c mt Parasari (nh s o vng) no a thch tng s B-la-mn, nhng cc tng ca 17 phi khc nhau u sng dung ha. [Agrawala 1969: 225]. Sau khi vua Prabhakaravardhana mt nm 605; vua Deva Gupta x Malwa (c l l hu du xa ca thi Gupta c) tn cng v git cht vua Grahavarman v h ngc hang hu Rajyasri. Vua Rajyavardhan, l anh c ca Rajyasri v Harshavardhana lin ko qun tn cng Malwa tr th v nh bi c Deva Gupta. By gi vua Shashanka ca x Gauda, vn

m mu lin minh cng Deva Gupta, n gp Rajyavardhan gi lm trung gian ging ho v tha c h st Rajyavardhan ri chim ng Kannauj. Shashanka l tn BLM gio aivites - rt thnh hnh pha nam n. Khi Shashanka chim thnh Kannauj th dn chng Pht t khng ng h v cn chng i nn Shashanka ra tay n p v tn st rt nhiu tn PG [Sharma 1970: 245]. V th khi Harshavardhana ct qun ti chim, qun chng Pht t trong kinh ng ni dy tip tay ng h nn chin dch chng thnh cng, v Harshavardhana dnh ui Shashanka v c th mt vng nh Orissa dc b bin vnh Bengal. Trn ng tho chy qun ca Shashanka cn t ph PHV Nalanda. iu ny c Huyn Trang ghi li trong cun Ty Vc K; v cun bin nin s PG, The Arya Manju Sri Mulakalpa, cng m t Shashanka l mt ng vua tn c. Theo truyn thuyt th vua Shashanka cng ot mt in th Pht B o Trng Bodhgaya) ri cho dng mt Shivalinga thay th. Thc t v sau cho thy chuyn y khng h xy ra; v vo nm 1234 c v s Ty tng tn l Dharmaswamin n ving thnh a khm ph ra rng tng Pht c xy tng che kn khi b qun o Hi xm lng ph hy. Tuy vy ngi Hi tip tc n p PG v nng tay vi BLM gio nn PG b tn li v ngi n b hoang ph cho mi n nm 1590, quan cai tr a phng li giao quyn qun tr ngi n cho ngi Shaivite Mahant. Nhng gn y ngi n c chuyn li cho PG v c trng coi bi mt y ban BLM v PG. Cng theo truyn thuyt th Shashanka hy dit cc thnh tch, qung c tng c in du chn c Pht xung sng, hoc n ng cy B c th B o trng. Nhng ri nh c php l nn tng tr v ch c v mt cy b to ln khc c mc ra t nha cy c b n. [Theo Ty Vc K - Elst 1992]. Nhng c l cc chuyn y chng h xy ra. Tng c du chn Pht ny vn c i s Php Hin nhc n khi ngi gh qua trng (Udnana), bc b Thin trc. Ngi vit trong Pht Quc K: Pht du chn li y, v du chn y thy di hay ngn l ty tm nim ca ngi nhn. Du chn y hin nay vn cn nh vy. Li c vin Pht phi y, c ch Pht ha rng d, tt c hin nay vn cn. Vin Pht phi y th cao 1 trng 4 thc, rng chng 2 trng, mt bn bng phng. Tin c hnh H Harshavardhana

Sau khi thng trn, Harshavardhana lin thay anh ln lm vua va lc 16 tui, ri di kinh t Thaneshwar n Kannauj v t bnh trng t ai tan vng bc n. Nm 612, ng cai tr mt vng rng ln bao gm Punjab, min ng x Rajasthan, thung lng Hng H, mt phn Bihar v Bengal cho n x Assam; ngoi tr vng ty v nam n. Nm 620 Harshavardhana em qun xm ln cc x pha nam n nhng b vua Pulakesin II ca x Chalukya pha bc Mysore ngn chn; v ng cng khng thu tm c cc x Valabhl, Nandipurl, Kashmir, Gujarat v Sind pha ty, nh di thi Gupta. Ring pha ng th t khi i th l vua Shashanka mt vo nm 636 th khng cn mt s chng c no ng k. Hong Harshavardhana l mt nh lnh o c ti ngai giao gii ni danh khp vng. Vua Bhaskravarman ca x Kamarupa (Assam) tuy theo o B-la-mn nhng lin minh cht ch vi ng nh ui c Shashanka v cn gip cho s chinh phc thin h thm thun li. Harshavardhana cng duy tr mi quan h mt thit vi nh ng Trung quc, v vua ng Thi Tn cng gi nhiu on s gi n thm vua Harsa. Vua Harshavardhana rt cn mn trong vic cai tr vng quc rng ln bc n. ng ch thn qun xuyn vic nc v c thc cc quan cai tr di triu. ng t cc tiu vng thuc hang gia cai tr cc x nh. S n ghi nhn v ng nh mt minh qun, c ti qun s nh Samudra Gupta v chnh tr cng o c nh Ashoka. ng cn l mt thi s v nh uyn bc. ng cn c nhc n nh l tc gi ca ba b kch th vit bng ting Sanskrit l Ratnavall, Priyadarshika, v Nagananda, m cun sau cha ng nhiu t tng PG.

Vua Harshavardhana rt sng knh PG, ng thi bao dung vi cc tn gio khc. S thc hnh tn ngng ca tn PG v BLM gio vn tip tc pha trn ln nhau trong vic th cng a thn nh di thi Gupta. Vua Harshavardhana cng thng m i th n nh cc vua cui ca thi Gupta (m theo bn dch t Hn ng ca HT Tr Quang theo cun Cao tng Php Hin th gi l ban gi vit). Nh vua m i hi mi 5 nm Prayag ng b th ti vt cho dn chng v cu nguyn thn linh ca cc tn gio. Khi m i hi th mi ch tng mi ni cng n vn tp. Vn tp ri ch ngi ch tng c trn thit, treo la, treo c v cm lng. Li lm hoa sen bng vng bng bc t sau ch ngi ch tng, tri ln trn ch ngi y nhng tm ta c sch s. Quc vng cng dng ng php trong 1 thng, 2 thng hay 3 thng, v phn nhiu c hnh vo ma xun. Cng dng ri, quc vng li khuyn khch qun thn cng dng trong 1 ngy 2 ngy cho n 7 ngy. Sau quc vng em nga ca mnh cho trng thn ci, li em la trng, mi th qu gi, v nhng vt dng cn dng ca ch tng, cng qun thn pht nguyn cng dng ch tng, ri xin ch tng m chuc li nhng th qu gi. Di triu Harshavardhana, Kannauj tr nn mt trung tm o hc quan trng v c xy dng to ln v phn thnh ngang tm c vi Hoa th thnh (Patilaputra) ca thi Gupta v Ashoka.

Cnh H Harshavardhana cung nghinh i s Huyn Trang Nm 643 n tip i s Huyn Trang n hnh hng thnh kinh Pht t Trung quc, vua Harshavardhana t chc mt cuc i hi lin tn rt trang trng ko di khang hai thng gm cc cao tng ca BLM gio, PG v K na gio v s c mt ca cc tiu vng khc nh vua Bhaskaravarman ca x Kamrupa (Assam) v vua Dhuvabhatti x Vallabhi nghe i s Huyn Trang thuyt php v cng nhau trao i o hc. Sau Kannauj, Huyn Trang cn c a n b sng Hng (Ganga), Yamuna v Saraswati tip tc hong php. Sau nhiu ln tip xc vi Huyn Trang, vua Harshavardhana rt tn ngng i tha. Vo thi gian

Huyn Trang c vua Harshavardhana tip n trng vng th khi tng l BLM gio khng my hi lng, v m mu h b Harshavardhana. Khi c mu b bi l, vua Harshavardhana y 500 ngi BLM ra bin cng. u nm 644, Huyn Trang vt ng Indus tr v Trung quc sau 10 nm lu lI n. Ba nm sau th vua Harshavardhana b git v thm mt on s rc r ca n kt thc. ng mt nm 647, th c 57 tui. Sau khi ng mt, li khng c ngi k v nn vng quc bc n li ri vo hn lan nhiu nhng v ni b tranh dnh quyn lc. Vua Narasinghavarman, mt tiu vng ca x Kanchi tr nn hng mnh, v vua Bhaskravarman ca x Kamarupa (Assam) thu tm t ai xa vn thuc vua Harshavardhana. Mt khc khi tng l BLM khi thy quc ca Harshavardhana b tan r lin cu kt vi dn Rajputs bin cng xm lng n ti lp vai tr chnh tr ti cao Aryavrata sau khi nh vua mt nh Havel vit. [E.B.Havell, History of Aryan Rule in India, p. 217, Quoted by Swami Dharma Teertha, p. 118]. Theo truyn thuyt (Puranas) th dn Rajputs vn l hu du ca Hung n li c BLM thu phc bin chng thnh giai cp Kshatriya, tc giai cp vng tng phc v cho quyn li ca h v c hai pha cng hng li. Nhng n nm 724 tc khang u th k th 8 th qun Hi (Turkic Muslim) chim c t Sind, vng vin ty t n, v tr thnh mi e da v sau cho s an nguy ca n. Nhiu bia k ca cc tiu vng pha ty ghi li nhng cuc chng cc ln sng xm lng ca dn mleccha, c ni khc ghi dn yavana (ch dn rp). T sau triu i ca Harshavardhana khng cn c triu no ca n oai hng c nn n nm 1193, qun Hi di s lnh o ca Bakhtiyar Khalji xm lng thnh cng v t nn thng tr trn t n. ---o0o--V) PHT HC VIN NALANDA A) Lch s Nalanda nm khong 90 km hng ng nam ca Hoa th thnh (Pataliputra), 62 km v hng ng bc ca B- o trng (Bodh-Gaya),

c din tch c khong 166 b hng bc-nam v 800 b hng ng ty; thuc bang Bihar ngy nay (m xa kia c tn l Magadha Ma-kit-). Nguyn ng ca Bihar l t Vihara (x cha); v Nalanda c ngha l ni trao truyn chnh php (nalam: hoa sen; da: ban b. n hoa sen tng trng cho chnh php).

Khi c Pht cn ti th, Ngi nhiu ln gh thm Nalanda v thuyt php Vn Xoi Pavarika (the Mango Grove of Pavarika). Mahavira, gio ch K na gio (Jain) cng tng ngh ngi y trong 14 ma ma. By gi Nalanda l mt lng nh, ni sinh trng v cng l ni t trn ca Ngi X Li Pht (Sariputra). Hong Ashoka cng n chim bi v cho xy thp th x li ca Ngi X Li Pht v mt tng-gi-lam (sangharama) u tin y. Chnh ngi i thp ny v sau tr thnh cu trc trung tm biu tng ca Pht Hc Vin (PHV) Nalanda. Nhiu i lun s ni danh ca PG cng tng xut thn PHV ny nh Nagarjuna

(Long Th), tng truyn ngi ra i vo nm 150, v c lm sa-di lc 7 tui Nalanda; Dinnaga (Trn Na cn gi l ng Th hay Vc Long), t ca phi Tn Nhn Minh, tc gi b Nhn Minh Chnh L Mn Lun (Nyayamukha): ngng ca cua lun ly vv Nhng Nalanda c xy dng qui m to ln v tr thnh mt trung tm cao hc ni danh trong bao nhiu th k li nh vo tn tm PG v s bo tr di do ca nhng triu cui ca thi i Gupta. Qua cun Ty vc k, i s Huyn Trang vit: Mt cu vng tn Sakraditya, tn knh Nht tha v tam bo chn mnh t phc lnh (lucky spot) dng nn tng-gi-lam ny. [xem Cf. Edgerton, Vikrama's Adventures, 1, p. LXVI.] Ngi cn k li tn 3 v vua ni danh khc lin tip bo tr PHV Nalanda di cc truy hiu thnh ha l: 1) Buddhaguptaraja. 2) Tathagatagupta-raja. 3) Baladitya-raja lm nhiu hc gi v sau khng th i chiu c vi lch s. Nhiu tc gi da vo chi tit m h ny khi vit v v vua t vin xy dng Nalanda. n c l khi tra cu Na-lan- trong cun T in Pht Hc ca Chn Nguyn v Nguyn Tng Bch n hnh nm 1999 ti Hu, ta thy ghi: Vin Pht Hc danh ting ca n , c vua Thcca-la t-a (s. Sascraditya) thnh lp trong th k th hai, mt nh vua nc Ma-kit-. C l cc tc gi ny tham chiu cun The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion do nh xut bn uy tn Shambhala, Boston n hnh nm 1994; bi cng c mt on vit nh th. Nhng trong mt t liu kho cu t m ca tng hc gi H. Heras vi ta The Royal Patrons of the University of Nalanda c ng trong Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society, PART I. Vol. XIV 1928 pp. 1-23 vo nm 1928 ri sng nhiu pht hin mi. ng cng vi Gio s Samaddar phn tch cc truy hiu ca cc v vua trn ng tin c v dn n mt kt lun rnh mch l danh v ca cc v vua cui ca triu Gupta l: vua Kumara Gupta I, ngoi truy hiu Sakraditya cn c truy hiu khc l Mahendraditya. [Sakra hoc Mahendra l thnh hiu ca thn Indra xem Allan, Gupta Coins, p. LV Cf. v Heras, The Final Defeat of Mihirakuka, I.H.Q., III, p.12]. Vua Skanda Gupta (tc Buddhagupta-raja); vua Pura Gupta (tc Tathagatagupta-raja), v vua Narasimha Gupta (tc Baladitya-raja).

Nh th vua Sakraditya chnh l vua Kumara Gupta I (415-455), con ca Chandra Gupta II u th k th 5, ch chng phi mt v vua no th k th 2 c. Ni t lnh m Huyn Trang ghi chnh l ngi thp thing ling s ngay gia khun vin rng ln ca PHV thp th x li ca B tt Sariputra ni trn. ng cn cho dng bia k k nim ngy i s Buddhamitra an v tng Pht. [Fleet, o.c., p.47. Hwui Li, Life of Hiuen Tsiang, p.109]. V c th cc vua v sau li tip tc cho xy dng cc ta tng-gi-lam khc bnh trng thm. Cng qua cuc nghin cu ca H. Heras, th PHV Nalanda c khi cng vo nm 427 do lnh ca vua Kumara Gupta I. iu ny hp l v x hi n di triu Kumara Gupta I vn cn l thi thnh tr yn ha, t nc giu mnh nn nh vua ch tm nhiu n hc thut t tng, bo tr v quy t c rt nhiu thc gi tr danh ng thi. iu ng lu l vua cha Chandra Gupta II th rt sng BLM gio, nhng n triu con Kumara Gupta I th li bao dung v h tr cho PG v K-na gio. PHV Nalanda thi by gi l mt trung tm hc thut cao cp danh ting quc t, qui t rt nhiu i t tng gia khng ch v Pht php m cn thm cu v mi ngnh khc nh V , vn hc, lun l, thin vn, ton s, y hc vv Cc lun s ni danh ca Trung qun tng v Duy thc tng cng tng ging dy y. Vo thi Huyn Trang lu hc th Vin c n hai ngn ging s v khong mi ngn hc vin n hc tp. Vin ch by gi l i lo s Silabhadra (Gii Hin) truyn cho gio l Php tng tng (hay cn gi l Duy thc tng hoc Du-gi tng). C s gm c tm tng-gi-lam v 300 cn phng c bao quanh bi mt vng tng rt cao, ch c mt cng vo pha nam. Vin c mt th vin t trong mt ta nh 9 tng c tn Ratnabodhi cha y Kinh i tha, Tiu tha, Veda, sch thuc, thin vn, a l, ton, k thut... m tng truyn khi b qun Hi t ph th k 12 chy m n by thng mi dt. S hc vin khng phi ch thun tng s, m ai mun vo hc phi qua mt cuc st hch vn kho trnh bi v php s gim mn. Ch c khong 2-3 ngi trong s 10 tng sinh qua c. Huyn Trang vit ngi n tng-gilam Baladitya-raja v c lu tr trong c x Buddhabhadra cao 4 tng. [Cf. Beal, o.c., II, p.167 Hwui Li, o. c., p. 110.]

Huyn Trang li vit: Vua Buddhagupta-raja [tc vua Skanda Gupta (455467)] tip tc cng vic ca ph vng; cho xy thm mt tng-gi-lam khc v pha nam ngi ca vua cha xy. iu ny trng hp vi lch s n l vo giai on sau khi vua Skanda Gupta nh ui c qun Hung n ng bng Aryavarta, cm t dng cng cho PHV. [Bhit inscription of Skanda Gupta, Fleet, o.c., p.55, 1.10]. n i vua Pura Gupta k v vua anh Skanda Gupta th nh Paramartha (Chn-: 499-569) vit trong cun Cuc i ca Vasubandhu (Th Thn), mt i lun thuyt gia PG th k th 5 v Thin t th 21, ang lm vin ch Nalanda; rng do nh hng ca T Th Thn, vua Vikramaditya tr thnh h php cho PG v cn xy thm mt tng-gi-lam khc v pha ng ca ngi m tin vng cho dng, cn gi hong hu v thi t n tu hc vi Ngi. Vikramaditya tc l Pura Gupta, v v sau ngi ta tm thy c hng ch Sri-Vikramah trn ng tin c di triu ng; v thi t tc l vua Narasimha Gupta. Trong thi k ny Pht Gio v S Lun tng c mt cuc tranh lun quy m v T B Sa Lun (vibhasa). n i Narasimha Gupta th thi i Gupta bt u suy yu. C lc vua Hung n Mihirakula ko qun tn cng kinh Hoa th Thnh v truy ui Narasimha n tn vnh Bengal. Mihirakula d man tn st tng tn PG, v hu dit PHV Nalanda ln u tin. [Heras, A Note on the Excavations at Nalanda and its History, J.B.B.R.A.S., II, N. S., p. 215-216.] Tuy vy qun ca Narasimha Gupta nh ui c Hung n v tn Kashmir. Sau khi chin thng vua Narasimha Gupta lin cho tu b nhng tng-gi-lam b h hi, xy dng mt tng-gi-lam mi pha ng bc ca hc vin c ca cha. Trong thi Huyn Trang n hc ngi tng-gi-lam ny vn cn, c gi l i hc vin Baladitya-raja. Thm na vua Narasimha Gupta cn cho xy ct thm mt ngi t vin (vihara) cao 300 b. Huyn Trang vit: Ngi cha thc s. Kch thc ca n v pho tng Pht bn trong tng t nh i in B o trng. [Beal, o.c., p. 173-774.] Sau khi hon tt ngi cha vua Narasimha Gupta m mt i hi khnh thnh rt trng i. ng cho php cng dn mi tn gio n tham d. C c n 10 ngn tng s n t khp nc v c hai tu s n t Trung quc. Theo Huyn Trang th s hin din ca hai tng s t Trung quc lm p

lng nh vua v tng thm tn tm PG ca ng. V sau Narasimha Gupta nhng ngi cho con vo lm tng sinh trong PHV. Mt on trong du k ca Huyn Trang ghi Ngi con ca vua Narasimha Gupta tn l Vajra ln ngi sau khi vua cha gia nhp tng gi. Vajra chnh l vua Kumara Gupta II, v ng tip tc cho xy mt tng-gi-lam mi pha ty ca Nalanda. [Beal, 1. c.] Nhng sau triu ca Narasimha Gupta th Magadha c suy yu dn v ni lon c xy ra mi lin ly n s iu tn ca PHV Nalanda khng t. Theo bia k Apshad Adityasena th vua vua Kumara Gupta II, ri vua Damodara Gupta nh bi c k phn lon Isanavarman mt dng tng tng c cng nh ui qun Andhra, Sulika, Gauda v r Hung, c ghi r trn bia k Haraha. V sau vua Mahasena Gupta li cn dp c qun phin lon Susthivarman. Vua Vajra cng l vua Kumara Gupta II, l v vua sau cng c Huyn Trang ghi li tng c cng trng vi PHV Nalanda. Ngay c cc vua cui ca triu i Gupta tranh dnh ln nhau cng khng c Huyn Trang nhc n trong du k. Ngi vit tp: Sau y mt v vua ca Trung n. [Beal, o.c., II, p.170.] R rng Huyn Trang mun cp n hong Harsavardhana Kannauj gn hai th k v sau, vo thi ngi c mt n. C hai on Huyn Trang ca tng v vua ny c lin h vi PHV trong du k l vua cng b s cu hc Pht php v t chc mt php hi tuyn dng i tha. Sau khi nh ui c Shashanka, vua Harsavardhana m Huyn Trang tn vinh l Siladitya-raja cho tu sa li ton b nhng tng-gi-lam b h hi v li cn cho xy mt ngi cha mi bc ng v dng mt tng Pht cao 25 mt trong chnh in ca ngi tng-gi-lam xy bi vua Kumara-Gupta I. Khng nhng nh vua, m cn c nhng vua ch hu u noi gng bo tr PHV Nalanda na, ta c th k tn 6 tiu vng quc nh Maukhari vi quc vng Purnavarma, Gauda Bengal, Kamarupa Assam, Nepal, Valabhi Saurastra v Chalukya Deccan [A. S. I. E. C., 1917--8, p.44 5]. Nalanda c chu cp lng thc mi ngy, nh Hu L (Hwui Li) ghi li trong cun Cuc i ca Huyn Trang qua s m t ca Huyn Trang tin bn th k th 7 nh sau: Nhng ngi thp trang tr m miu v nhng vng i huyn hoc cao nh nhng ngn i u gn b vi nhau. Cc vng i hnh nh b chm khut

trong sng mai v nhng cn phng trn cao th nm trn my. T cc khung ca s ngi ta c th thy my lun thay hnh i dng v gi, v bn trn nhng mi hin cao vt ta c th quan st c s ni tip gia mt tri v mt trng. V xin thm rng trn mt h trong sut n y nhng hoa sen mu xanh, chen vi mu thm ca hoa Kie-ni (Kanaka) v u khong c nhng cy Amra ta bng mt. sn ngoi l ni ch tng tr ng gm bn tng. Mi tng u c tng rng v mi hin sc s, nhng ct hng ngc c chm tr v trang tr p , nhng hnh lang cu k, v mi nh c lp bng nhng mi ngi phn chiu nh nng thnh hng ngn bng cng lm quang cnh thm phn hoa l. Nh vua rt knh trng ch tng, v min thu cho khong 100 lng ln cn lo vic chu cp cho tng vin. Hai trm gia nh trong nhng lng y thay nhau mi ngy cng hin vi gi go thng, vi trm u b v sa. Nh c cung phng y nh th m tng sinh y khi lo n t s (y phc, thc n, ging nm v thuc men). Do m vic mong cu tu hc ca h t c n ton ho. [The richly adorned towers, and the fairy-like turrets, like pointed hill-tops, are congregated together. The observatories seem to be lost in the vapours of the morning, and the upper rooms tower above the clouds. From the windows one may see how the winds and the clouds produce new forms, and above the soaring eaves the conjunctions of the sun and moon may be observed. And then we may add how the deep translucent ponds, bear on their surface the blue lotus, intermingled with the Kie-ni (Kanaka) flower, of deep red colour, and at intervals the Amra groves spread over all, their shade. All the outside courts, in which are the priests' chambers are of four stages. The stages have dragon projections and coloured eaves, the pearlred pillars, carved and ornamented, the richly adorned balustrades, and the roofs covered with tiles that reflect the light in a thousand shades, these things add to the beauty of the scene. The king of the country respects and honours the priests, and has remitted the revenues of about 100 villages for the endowment of the convent. Two hundred householders in these villages, day by day, contribute several piculs of ordinary rice, several hundred catties in weight of butter and milk. Hence the students here, being so abundantly supplied, do not require asking for the four requisites (clothing, food, bedding and medicine). This is the source of the perfection of their studies, to which they have arrived.] [Hwui Li, o.c., p.111-112.]

Lch sinh hot hng ngy Nalanda, theo Huyn Trang i khi nh sau: Sng sm, theo ting gi mi tr sinh u dy ri tm gi. Sau hnh l tm tng Pht, cng cng dng hng hoa v tng kinh. Tip theo l hnh thin, ri n sng. n xong, tng sinh n ging ng nghe thy thuyt php v cng tham gia tranh lun v nhng ch hc; nhiu khi ko di n chiu ti. Bui tra l ng thc. Bui chiu, c nghi l Caitya Vandana, cc tng sinh tp hp cng trng chnh v ht nhng bi Thnh ca cng dng c Pht trc khi v phng ta thin v ng. Trong thi i Gupta, s tu hc v mahayana (i tha), c bit madhyamaka (trung qun lun) c pht trin mnh m. K t 750 di thi i Pala th nghin v Tantra (Thin nh Kim Cang tha) cho n nhng nm cui ca Nalanda. th k th 8 i s Dharmaganj c cng truyn b PG n Tibet (Ty tng). T nm 1049 n 1057 c v vin ch Nalanda l Naropa. Sau khi qun Hi gio xm lng n v tn ph Nalanda vo th k th 12 th truyn thng PG c chuyn qua Ty tng. Vy m nm 1235 c nh chim bi Ty tng Chag Lotsawa n ving Nalanda cn thy c v ging s gi 90 tui Rahula Shribhadra ang dy cho khong 70 tng sinh. ---o0o--B) Phc ha tng th ca PHV Nalanda

Di tch ca PHV Nalanda 1) Ngi tng-gi-lam xy bi vua Kumara Gupta I mnh t phc lnh ti trung tm. (Beal, o. c., p. 168.) 2) Pha nam: ngi tng-gi-lam xy bi vua Skanda Gupta. 3) Pha ng: ngi tng-gi-lam xy bi vua Purra Gupta. 4) Pha ng bc: tng-gi-lam xy bi vua Narasimha Gupta. 5) Pha ty: tng-gi-lam xy bi vua Kumara Gupta II. 6) Pha bc: ngi tng-gi-lam to ln xy bi vua Harsavardhana (Beal, o.

c., p. 170.) Trong cun Cuc i Huyn Trang ca Huili th li ghi l cnh ngi xy bi vua Kumara Gupta II. 7) pha ty ngi ny th c ngi cha. (Beal, o. c, p. 172.) 8) V pha nam khang 100 bc, c ngi thp nh. 9) pha nam c bc tng ca "Qun T Ti B Tt (Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva). 10) pha nam ca bc tng ny c ngi thp th x li ca c Pht. 11) pha ty bn ngai tng ca ngi thp, c bn nc v thm mt ngi thp khc. 12) pha ng nam khang 50 bc, bn trong b tng c mt cy c th khc thng, thn i v cao n 8 hay 9 b. 13) K bn pha ng c mt i t cao 200 b, tng truyn xy bi vua Narasimha Gupta. 14) K bn pha bc khang 100 bc, c mt ngi cha bn trong tn tng "Qun T Ti B Tt (Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva). 15) pha bc ca ngi cha ny c mt i t khc cao 300 b, xy bi Baladitya-raja (Natrasimha Gupta). 16) v pha ng bc li c mt ngi cha khc. 17) Cng v pha ng bc c ni bn v Pht qu kh ta v. 18) pha nam c ni cha ng xy bi vua Siladitya-raja (Harsavardhana). 19) V pha ong khang 200 bc bn ngai b tng c mt tng Pht bng ng cao 80 b. C mt mi nh 6 tng che bn trn do vua Purnavarma xy. 20) pha bc t 2 n 3 dm hay l c mt t vin bng gch th B tt -la (Tara). 21) Bn trong ca cng nam c mt ging nc ln. 22) Tan b PHV c bao quanh bi mt vng tng cao, xy bi vua Harsavardhana. (Ibid. p, 179.) 23) Ca chnh i vo PHV nm v pha nam. ---o0o--VI) VI NT V CC I S NI DANH CHIM BI TY TRC NG THI A) Php Hin (Fa-Hsien hay Fa-Xian) Thch Php Hin h Cung, ngi huyn V dng, tnh Bnh dng. lm sa di (Sramanera) t lc cn rt nh. Ngi thng than l v Trung quc kinh

lut (Vinaya-pitaka) thiu st nn o hnh ca ch tng thi by gi cha c tu tr ng mc; v vy m quyt tm sang Ty trc (n ) tm cu. Nm 399, i Tng An , lc 25 tui Ngi cng bn tng s khc i ng b v hng ty vt sa mc v ni tuyt, sau 6 nm, tc nm 405 mi n c x Magadha vo thi vua Chandra Gupta II (380-414). Ngi li 3 nm hc ting Sanskrit ri su tp v sao chp c lut tng ca i-chng-b, Thuyt-hu-b, Tp-a-t-m-tm, kinh Phng-ng nhon, vn vn. Sau li vt sng v bin xui nam n c Tch Lan ri li 3 nm sao chp lut b Sa-di-tc, Trng-a-hm, Tp-a-hm, Tp-tng, m Trung quc cha h bit n. Nm 411, Php Hin theo thuyn bun tr v Trung quc, by gi on chim bi ch cn li mt mnh ngi. Sau 3 nm y gian trun vi phong ba bo tp, nhiu khi tng b mnh trn bin c, mi v c n Thanh Chu vo nm 414, l nm th 12 nin hiu Ngha Hy ca nh Tn. Trong bn dch cun Cao tng Php Hin truyn ca HT Tr Quang c mt ghi ch th v l sau 90 ngy b bo, thuyn ca Php Hin lc n mt x tn l Da-b-, m ghi ch ca Thi Vim, son gi b Pht hc i t in ca Trung quc cho l nc Ecuador, Nam M. Thi Vim kt lun, ngi pht hin M chu u tin l Php Hin, ch khng phi l Columbus sau ny. Thc ra Da-b- l m ca Vajrabodi thuc x Sri Vijaya Sumatra. Sau Php Hin tr v Trng An cng thin s n l ngi Buddhabhadra (Pht- bt--la) cha o trng, dch Ma Ha Tng Chi Lut (Mahasamghika-vinaya) thng c goi tt la Tng Chi Lut, kinh Phng-ng n-hon (Vaipulya-sutra), lun Tp a-t-m tm (cn gi l Tp A-t-m tm lun). Nhng phn ln nhng b khc mang v c, cha dch kp th b ha hon thiu t mt. Chuyn du hnh chim bi ca Php Hin c ghi li sau khi ngi tr v Trung quc vo thi ng Tn. Truyn k l hnh cn gi l Php Hin truyn m ta hay bit di tn khc l Pht quc k hay Lich Du Thin Truc Ky Truyn. l b s liu v a d qu gi sm nht ni v nhng min t nc l m ngi i qua, cng nhng Pht tch v sinh hot n , Tch Lan vo u th k th 5. D vy nhiu nhn xt li b pha trn vi nhng huyn thoi tn gio do ngi nghe c tng a im chim bi qua cm quan ca mt tng s sng tn PG, nn thiu tnh khoa hc i vi c gi ngy nay. Th nhng c nhiu on ngi li c nhng

nhn xt rt r nt v tn tm ca Pht t ca thi i by gi nh: Quc vng cc nc Thin trc pha ty sa mc u tn ngng Pht php, cng dng ch tng. C khi cc v y b vng min, cng thn quyn v qun thn t tay bng dn n cng dng ch tng. Bng dn ri, cc v y tri tm lt xung t, ngi i din thng ta v ch tng, ch khng dm ngi trn ging gh. Thi i ca Pht, phong cch cc quc vng cng dng th no th n nay vn truyn li th y cho nhau. i s Php Hin mt lc 86 tui cha Tn thuc Kinh Chu. ---o0o--B) Huyn Trang (Hsuan-tsang, cch ghi mi Xunzhung: 600664) 1) Tiu s: Ngi cn c vinh danh l Tam Tng Php s, mt tng nhn v i v l mt trong bn dch gi ln nht ca PG Trung quc. Ngi cn l ngi sng lp Php tng tng (Faxiang), mt dng ca Duy thc tng (yogcra, vijnavda) ti Trung Quc.

Tng ca Huyn Trang Cha T n, Trng An (Xi'an)

Thch Huyn Trang, tn l Trn V, sinh vo nm th 16 i Ty Vn Dng Kin (596 TL) ti tnh H Nam trong gia nh sng knh Khng hc. Nm ln 13 tui ngi xut gia v nm 21 tui th c tc gii. Ngi c kinh sch m t l ngi rt thng minh m tnh tnh nghim cn, ha nh, v khim tn v c lng t mn, i , cng quyt v trm tnh. D trong vi th k qua trc c nhiu s giao lu ca cc tng s gia n v Hoa v c nhiu dch bn kinh Pht lu hnh Trung quc. Tng truyn nm 67 TL, i vua Minh nh Hu Hn c hai i s n l Kasyapa-matamga (Ca Dip Ma ng) v Trc Php Lan truyn php n Trung quc. Vua Min cho ct Bch M T th Pht v hai v tr m dch kinh. Bn dch u tin l T Thp Nh Chng. Hai v ny l ngi t ging mi cho Pht Gio Trung quc t y. Ri nhng v s n khc tip tc n Trung Hoa nh vo nm 147 c Arsakes (An Th Cao) n Lc Dng, ngi dch kinh Tiu tha nh T Kinh, Chuyn Php Lun Kinh, Bt Chnh o Kinh ri sau trong khong 178-189, ngi Lokaraksa (Chi Lu Ca Sm) n Trung Hoa dch nhiu kinh in i tha nh Kinh Th Lng Nghim, Kinh Bang Chu Tam Mui, Kinh V Lng Thanh Tnh Bnh ng Gic. Nhng ngi hc kinh li v c nhiu kin gii Pht hc khc nhau nn mi ny sinh cc tng phi, h phi nh Tnh tng, Lut tng, Php tng tng, Chn ngn tng, Cu x tng, Duy thc tng, vv... lm ngi cng thm hoang mang. Vic ny thc y Huyn Trang ln ng i n t mnh tm hiu. Nm 627 ngi ri Trng An lc 27 tui; nm 631 n Peshawar ving thp m ca vua Kanishka (Ca-Ni-Sc-Ca Vng); nm 633 n Ty trc chim bi cc Pht tch nh Kapilavastu (Ca-t-la-v) qu hng ca thi t Tt t a. Nm 636 n kinh Kanauji ca hong Harshavardhana, Huyn Trang nhn thy hng trm tng vin, hng chc ngn tng s. Sau Huyn Trang n Savastis (X-V) ni Pht thng n thuyt php, ri n vn Lumbini ni Pht n sinh, Kusinagara (Cu-thi-ma-kit-la) ni Pht nhp dit, Benares (Ba-ni-la) thm Sarnath (Lc Uyn) ni Pht chuyn thnh lun, Vaisali (V-x-l) ni Pht thng an c kit h, Pataliputra (Hoa th thnh) v Bodhgaya (B o trng hay Gic Thnh) v cui cng tm n v trng tuyn sinh vo PHV Nalanda khong 638. By gi vin ch l i s Gii Hin (lbhadra) tuy tui cao, truyn cho Php mn Duy thc. Hai nm sau, Huyn Trang ri Nalanda i thm x

Odradeca, Kalinge, Andhra, Pallava v Tch Lan m mang lin thc, ri tr v li Nalanda tip tc tu hc cho n 643. Huyn Trang l ngi bin lun gii, trong 10 nm n, ha gii nhng cuc tranh lun vi nhiu tng l Tiu tha cng nh B-la mn nn danh ting lng ly v nhiu vua cha mi ngi thuyt php. Nm 645, ngi c 44 tui, Huyn Trang v n Trng An trong s n tip tng bng ca s si, thn dn kinh thnh nh ng sau nhiu nm gian kh b hnh qua 123 x ln nh. Huyn Trang mang v Trung Quc150 X li t, by tng Pht bng g qu cao t 1 thc ti 3 thc ri, v 647 b kinh Tiu tha v i tha. Tt c u c a v cha Hong Phc, ri mt nm sau a v cha T n va mi c triu nh xy dng cho ngi. Sut 19 nm sau, ngi dch c 75 b 1.335 cun kinh. V ngi thng thi c vn h Sanskrit nn dch ngc hai b kinh t Hn vn ra Sanskrit l i tha khi tn lun (mahynaraddhotpda-stra), v nguyn bn tht truyn; v o c Kinh ca Lo T. Qua nhng cng trnh ny ngi em li cho ngn t v vn hc Trung Hoa trn ba vn t ng v nim trit hc mi. iu ny lm cho vn hc i ng thm khi sc. Huyn Trang mt ngy mng 5 thng 2 nm Ln c nguyn nin (664). Ngy 14 thng 4, mt triu ngi Trng An v t x li a linh cu ng ti an tng Bch Lc Nguyn. Vua Thi Tng nh ng lc bng; Vua Cao Tng ra lnh quc tng rt long trng. ---o0o--2). Lit k vi thnh qu sng tc v dch thut ca HT Huyn Trang: a) Sng tc: ai ng Ty Vc Ky, cn gi tt l Ty Vc Ky, ni danh kim c, do Huyn Trang ghi li v cuc hnh trnh qua n thnh kinh ca Ngi khong t nm 627 n nm 645; v sau c t l Hwui-li (Hu L) nhun bt. Ln u c dch sang Anh ng bi Samuel Beal, nm 1884, ti bn nm 1911; bi Thomas Watters v nhun bt bi T. S. Rhys Davids v S.W. Bushell, London nm 1905. V i nh Minh c Ng Tha n (W Chng'n: 1506-1582) da vo cun Ty Vc K ca Huyn Trang m sng tc cun truyn ni ting trong vn hc Trung quc l Ty Du K Din Ngha khi ng ngoi 70 tui. Tuy nhin, hin nay vn c mt s kin cho rng ng khng phi l tc gi ca cun tiu thuyt ny.

b) Dch thut: n c mt s (da vo cun ai Tang Kinh Nhp Mn ca Thich n Hai, Thich Nguyn Quynh, do TT Thich Vin Ly dch t Hn vn): 1) Giai Thn Mt Kinh (Samdhinirmaocana-sutra), kinh in cn ban cua Phap Tng Tng, ni dung noi v t tng cua trng phai Duy Thc (Yogacara hay Vijnanavada). 2) A Ti at ma Cu Xa Lun (Abhidharmakosa-bhasya) thng c goi tt la Cu Xa Lun, Do Th Thn (Vasubandhu) vit. 3) Du Gia S ia Lun (Yogacarabhumi) tng truyn do Di Lc (Maitraya) thuyt giang v V Trc (Asanga) ghi chep. 4) Thanh Duy Thc Lun (Vijnaptimatratasddhi-sastra) do H Phap ng (Dharmapala) vit. Lun nay la thanh in cn ban cua tng phai Phap tng Trung Quc va Nht Bn. 5) Duy Thc Tam Thp Lun Tung (Trimsika: Ba Mi Cu K V Giao Ly Duy Thc) do Th Thn (Vasubandhu) vit. [ma cun Thanh Duy Thc Lun (Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sutra) la sach chu giai cn c vao cun nay]. 6) Duy Thc Nhi Thp Lun (Vimsatika: Hai Mi Cu K Ban Lun V Giao Ly Duy Thc) do Th Thn vit. 7) ai Tha Thanh Nghip Lun (Karmasiddhiprakarana) do Th Thn vit. 8) Nhn Minh Nhp Chanh Ly Lun (Nyayapravesa) do Thng Kit La Chu (Sankarasvamin) vit. Nhn Minh la dich t ch Snkrit Nyana co nghia la lun ly va nhan Lun nay la dn nhp vao lun ly hoc, la s gii thiu n gian va ngn gon v nhng ly thuyt cua Trn Na (Dignaga), ngi sang lp tng phai Pht giao Tn Nhn Minh, do t cua Trn Na la Thng Kit La Chu vit. 9) Di B Tng Lun Lun (Samayabhedo) do Th Hu (Vasumitra) soan. Sach nay c vit t lp trng cua nhng ngi thuc phai Nht Thit Hu B (Sarvastivadin), nhng no cung m ta chi tit v nhng c tinh giao ly cua cac tng phai khac. ---o0o--C) Ngha-Tnh (I-tsing: 635-713)

Thch Nga Tnh l mt i s i Ty trc cu o vo th k th 7 bng ng thy. Ngi sinh nm 635 Phn Dng (Fan-Yang) gn Bc Kinh by gi. Ngi c hc ch t nm ln 7 tui, nhng ri s ph qua i lc ngi c 12. Ngi c nhn lm sa di vo nm 648 lc 14 tui. Sau khi th c tc gii nm 654, ngi dnh 5 nm chuyn hc v Lut tng (Vinayapitaka). Ngha Tnh rt ngng m gng thnh kinh ca cc i s tin bi nht l Php Hin v Huyn Trang. Ngi n Trng An vo nm 664, trong lc kinh thnh c m tang ca Huyn Trang, v quyt tm noi theo con ng cc ngi. Ngha Tnh xung thuyn vt bin vo nm 671 Qung Chu (Canton), 12 ngy sau n mt x thun PG tn l Bhoga thuc o Sumatra ri tr ng su thng y hc ting Sanskrit. Sau y vua x Bhoga gip thm phng tin ngi i tip n x Malayu (Sri-vijaya) trc khi n n nm 673. Ngi ca ngi lng nhit thnh tu hc ca tng gi khng nhng ca x Bhoga m hu nh ton th hi o NA. Sau khi thm ving cc Pht tch x Magadha, ngi c nhn vo tu hc Nalanda khang 10 nm t 676 n 685, v cng chuyn tm hc Lut tng. Theo truyn k ca ngi th tui ti thiu c nhp hc Nalanda l 20. Trn ng tr v Trung quc nm 685 cng bng ng bin Ngha Tnh c gh li x Bhoga tip tc dch kinh t Sanskrit. Nm 689 Nga Tnh v n Trung quc, v c triu nh nh ng tr cp thm cho cng cuc thnh kinh v dch thut, nn ngi quay li Sri Vijaya v thm 5 nm. n nm 695 ngi tr v Trung quc di thi ca Tc Thin V Hong , mt ngi sng knh PG, mang theo rt nhiu kinh in. Ngha Tnh cng noi gng Huyn Trang, dnh phn i cn li dch cc kinh Pht. Ngi dch ra 68 b gm 290 quyn, trong s c Kim Quang Minh Ti Thng Vng Kinh (Suvarnaprabhasa-sutra) con c goi la Ti

Thng Vng Kinh. Ngi cn sng tc i ng Cu Php Cao Tng v Nam Hi K Quy Truyn ghi chp trng thi Pht Gio n v Sumatra ng thi. Php Hin phn bit c 18 b phi Pht Gio thnh 4 nhm di nh hng ca cc b phi ch lc: Mahasanghika, Sthavira, Sarvastivada v Sammitiya. ng thi cn ghi r a bn hong o ca tng b phi. Ngi k rng trong thi Ngi, Hu B pht trin mnh t Magadha (trung tm im pht trin), lan ra n Lata (Gujarat), Sind, Nam n, ng n, Sumatra, Java, Lm p, mt s tnh Trung quc (min ng, Ty, Nam) v Trung (c bit cc nhnh nh ca Hu B u rt pht trin khu vc ny). Ngi dch vin tch lc 79 tui vo nm 713 di triu vua ng Huyn Tn. i, cnh xa, ngi xa, nay cn u? Trn Trc-Lm Seattle, vo thu 2006 ---o0o--HT

1. Bia k Girnar, ban vo nm 257 TTL. Bn Nikam cn vit l vua Priyadarsi. Trong cc Php d, i Asoka lun t xng l Thin t, Vua Piyadasi. 2 . Bia k Girnar, ban vo nm 257 TTL. 3 . Dn Cholas v Pandyas pha nam ngoi quc do vua Asoka cai tr. Dn Satiyaputras v Keralaputras sng cn duyn vng ty nam. Tamraparni l tn c ca Tch Lan (Sri Lanka). Antiyoka tc l Antiochos II Theos ca x Syria (261-246 TTL). 4 . Asoka thc hnh li dy ca c Pht trong Samyutta Nikaya (Tng ng B Kinh), I:33. 5 . Bia k Girnar, ban vo nm 257 TTL.
1

Bn Dhammika: Khng c ti liu no tn ti cho bit r chc nng ca cc v quan ny. Bn Nikam: l cc quan cai tr huyn (Yuktas), tnh (Rajjukas) v kinh (Pradesikas).
6

Bn Nikam: "priests and ascetics"; Bn Dhammika: "Brahmans and ascetics": "tu-s (B-la-mn) v o s kh hnh", ch cho gii tu hnh thi by gi. o-s kh hnh gm c cc kht s Pht gio, Ajivika v K na gio. 8 . Bia k Girnar, ban vo nm 257 TTL. 9 . Bn Dhammika: mun ni n ting trng nh ln khi triu nh trng pht nhng k phm php. Bn Nikam: l ting trng trn. [NXR: kin ca Nikam v McKeon c v ng hn.]
7

10

. Bn Dhammika: Ging nh mi ngi trong thi c i, Asoka tin rng di s

cai tr ca mt minh qun th nhiu im lnh xut hin. [NXR: Bn dch ca Nikam v McKeon v on ny khng st bng bn ca HT. S. Dhammika.]
11

Bia k Kalsi, ban nm 256 TTL. . Theo li Pht dy trong "Php C" (Dhammapada), cu 163.

12

Hy-lp (Yonas), nh c ng o vng m nay l Afghanistan v Pakistan sau cuc xm lng ca Alexander the Great. 14 . Trong hai bn u dch l "householders: gia trng". [NXR: C l Asoka mun ni n gii c s. Theo chng ti, dch l "c s" th ng vi tinh thn Php d hn.] 15 . Bia k Girnar, ban vo nm 256 TTL. 16 . Bia k Girnar, ban vo nm 256 TTL. 17 . Bn Nikam li dch l: Ngay c k khng cng dng c phm vt xa x, khng bit t ch v lng khng trong sch, khng c n tnh, v tn tm vng chc vn ng khen v cn thit. 18 . Vihar-yatras. Bia k Girnar, ban vo nm 256 TTL y vua Asoka dng "Thin t" ch cho cc tin vng.
13

.Dn

Bn Dhammika: Thi by gi c tn l Sambodhi hay Vijirasana ch khng gi l Bodh Gaya nh ngy nay.
19

Bn Nikam li dch on ny nh sau: "Tuy nhin, vua Priyadarsi gic ng (sambuddha) mi nm sau ngy ng quang, nn t nhng chuyn tun du ca ngi c gi l Php du hnh." 21 . Bn Nikam dch: "Nhng chuyn Php du hnh ny lm vua Priyadarsi rt vui lng hn nhng chuyn khc." 22 . Bia k Kalsi, ban nm 256 TTL. Asoka ngh n Mangala Sutta (Sutta Nipata 258269) khi ban Php d ny. 23 . Bn Dhammika: "cng nhn v gia nhn". 24 . Nhiu bn chm dt ngang y. 25 . Bia k Girnar, Dhauli v Jaugada li thm on ny. 26 . Bia k Girnar, ban vo nm 256 TTL. 27 . Bn Dhammika dch on ny nh sau: "Tt c mi n lc ca trm ch nhm n an sinh trong i sau cho thn dn, v h khng vng c nghip. V phc c l c nghip. Tht l vic kh lm cho k hn h v ngi cao sang tr phi h tn lc v t b tham vng. Li cng kh bi phn vi ngi cao sang (hn l vi k hn h)."
20

Bia k Girnar, ban vo nm 256 TTL. . Dharma-dana: n th Chnh Php. Tng t "Php C" (Dhammapada) cu 354. 30 . Bia k Girnar, ban vo nm 256 TTL. 31 . Nguyn bn: "saravadi" dch l "tinh ty tn gio" c ngha l "phm cht o hnh". 32 . Theo Bn Dhammika, vn da vo bn bng ting Pali, dch theo cu "Ta samavayo eva sadhu"; m "Samavayo" chit t ra th c "sam + ava + i", c ngha l "n vi nhau".
28 29

by gi Asoka ngh rng Hy-Lp l x v tn gio. .Bn Nikam dch: "By gi, vua Priyarsi ngh rng k phm li vi Ngi nn c tha th nu li y c th tha th c." 35 .C th Asoka ngh n "Php C" cu 103-104. 36 .Khong ba ngn dm. 37 .Theo th t, l cc vua Antiochos II Theos ca Syria (261-246 TTL), Ptolemy II Philadelphos ca Egypt (285-247 TTL), Antigonos Gonatos ca Macedonia (278-239 TTL), Magas ca Cyrene (300-258 TTL) v Alexander ca Epirus (272-258 TTL). 38 .Xem ghi ch 3. 39 .Xem ghi ch 13. 40 . Bia k Girnar, ban vo nm 256 TTL. 41 .Bia k Dhauli, ban nm 256 TTL. Hai Php d Kalinga ch tm thy c Dhauli v Jaugada.
33 34

.Thi

Dhammika: cn vit l Tisa; l ngy rm, trng trn. .Bia k Jaugada, ban nm 256 TTL. 44 .Bn Dhammika dch on ny nh sau: "Bng vo vic ch dy v cho cc ngi bit v lng quyt tm v li cam kt ca trm, trm s t mnh quan tm t n mc tiu ny." 45 .n c 3 ma: nng, ma v lnh. Ngy Tisya: xem ghi ch 42. 46 .Bia k Gavimath, ban nm 257 TTL. Php d ny tm thy 12 ni khc nhau, vi ni dung khng ng nht. c bit l ch trong Php D Maski ni vi Tng Gi ny i mi xng thc danh l Asoka (Asokaraja). 47 .Nhiu hc gi khi dch on Pali "yam me samghe upeti" ( vo Tng gi), hiu nhm, cho l ai Asoka tr nn mt t-khu (tng s). 48 .Nhiu bn khc dch st nguyn ng l "men unmingled with Gods: ngi khng ha ln vi Tri". Hai bn Nikam v Dhammika dch the people who have not associated with the gods." 49 .Bn Nikam dch l "k giu v ngi ngho". Ni chung l u bnh ng trong Chnh Php. 50 .Bn Nikam dch on ny nh sau: ci Dim-Ph- (Jambudvipa), tri vn khng ha ln vi ngi, nay ha ln vi h. Nhng nhng kt qu trm thu t ch bng ca (ngay c) ngi ngho nu h ngng m Chnh Php. Thc khng ng nu ni rng iu ny ch dnh cho k giu. K giu v ngi ngho u phi c bo rng: Nu cc ngi lm nh th th nhng thnh tu ng ca tng ny s trng tn v s gia tng mt ln ri.] 51 .Bn Nikam khng dch on ny. 52 . Bia k Brahmagiri. 53 . Php d ny c tm thy trn mt tng nh gn thnh ph Bairat, v nay c bo tn trong Hip Hi Chu Calcutta.
42 43

.Bn

Cu ny da vo mt on trong Kinh Tng Nht A-Hm (Anguttara Nikaya, IV:164.) " ... tht l diu ngn, nhng li do c Th Tn thuyt."
54

..

. Bn Nikam dch: "Cho php trm lit k nhng bn kinh phn nh Diu Chnh Php, v lm Chnh php trng tn."
55

56

. c nhiu tho lun v nhng bn kinh Pali no tng ng vi trch dn ca

vua Asoka: 1) Vinaya samukose (Skt.: Vinaya samukasa: Xng Tng v Tr Gii): c th l Atthavasa Vagga, Anguttara Nikaya, 1:98-100. 2) Aliya vasani (Skt.: Aliya vasani: Mu Mc v i o Hnh): c th l Ariyavasa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, V:29, hoc Ariyavamsa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, II: 27-28. 3) Anagata bhayani (Skt.: Anagatabhayani: u Lo v Tng Lai) : c th l Anagata Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, III:100. 4) Muni gatha (Skt.: Muni-gatha: Bi Ca o S): l Muni Sutta, Sutta Nipata 207-221. 5) Upatisa pasine (Skt.: Upatisya-pasine: Bi Ging v Cuc Sng Thnh Thin): l Sariputta Sutta, Sutta Nipata 955-975. V 6) Laghulavade (Skt.: Rahulavada: Bi ging v vng ng cho La-Hu-La): l Rahulavada Sutta, Majjhima Nikaya, I:421.

By Php d ny dch t bia k Dehli Topra, su bn u c ban ra nm 243 TTL v cn thy trn nm thch tr khc. Bn th by c ban ra nm 242 TTL. 58 . Theo ting Pali: "Cakhu dane" c ngha l "Trm ban cho s thy". C th l vua Asoka ban cho "con mt tr tu"; nhng t n vo ton b Php d th c v nh l Asoka ra lnh ngng li hnh pht lm m mt. 59 . C ngha l ngng st sinh.
57

Tng t nh li Pht dy trong "Php C" (Dhammapada) cu 50 v 252. . C th l tm, cua. 62 . Hai bn Dhammika v Nikam vn nhng tn th theo nguyn ng, khng dch c. 63 . Ngy u ma. Xem 45. 64 . Ngy Tisya: xem 42. NXR: y ch qui nh ngy trng trn ca thng u mi ma. 65 . Thng an c kit h 66 . ngy l hi 67 . Khong 1 mile. 68 . Tu s K-na gio (Jaina hay Jains). Gio ch l Makkhali Gosala, cng thi vi c Pht Thch Ca. 69 . Li ghi ny c khc trn mt thch tr ti Lumbini vo nm 249 TTL. 70 . Bn Dhammika: "Thin t cho tc tng v dng mt thch tr." 71 . Nay c gi l Rummindei. 72 . Phn u ca Php d ny b h hng; ch c cu "chia r" cn c c m thi. Ngi ta phi da vo nhng Php d ni khc c c ton b ni dung ca Php d ny. 73 . Ch tng v ni mi c mc y vng. 74 . Anabasasi. 75 . Ba dng u ca Php d b h hng. Nhng mnh cn st c c cho ngi ta gi rng Vua Piyadasi (Asoka) lnh cho cc quan phi ngn nga nhng k quy ri trong tng gi. Bn Dhammika khng c Php D ny. 76 . Bn Dhammika khng c Php d ny. Dy i Barabar (thi Asoka gi l Khalatika) c 7 ng: 4 i Barabar, 3 i Nagarjuni. 5 ng c tng cho cc o s Ajivika lm ni c tr.
60 61