Emmyl Cris G.

Vidal BIT-ELX 4A Industrial Hydraulic Systems Hydraulic Systems

July 8, 2011 Prof.Heber Schechem B. Racaza

A hydraulic system can be divided into three main segments. 1. Power Supply it consists of prime mover, shaft, and pump. 2. Control it consists of pressure regulator, flow control valve, and directional control valve. 3. Output it consists of rotary actuator and linear actuator. Power Supply The power supply is a pump. Its function is to provide fluid flow through the hydraulic system. Depending on what type of pump is used, the pump moves in a linear or rotary fashion to discharge the fluid. Some type of mechanical device is physically connected to the pump and causes it to move. This device is called a prime mover. If the hydraulic system is mobile, its prime mover is usually a gas engine. If the hydraulic system is stationary, such as in industrial setting, the prime mover is usually an electrical motor. Another type of device that provides fluid to the system is an accumulator. An accumulator in a hydraulic system operates similar to the way that a capacitor works in an electronic circuit. An accumulator temporarily stores fluid from the pump. It releases the fluid when the system's pressure is reduced. Control The control segment is located between the pump and the actuator. The segment's components provide some type of controller action. Output The output segment is the part of the system that performs some kind of work. This output device is called an actuator. The motion it produces can be either rotary or linear. The actuator converts fluid power back into mechanical power as it moves a load. An example is a backhoe. A linear actuator moves the backhoe, and the backhoe then moves a pile of dirt, which is the load. Hoses or pipes connect the components throughout a hydraulic system. These hoses or pipes confine hydraulic fluid to flow (under a pressurized condition), and transmit power from one location to another. The three primary advantages of a hydraulic system are: 1. It can multiply power. 2. It can change directions quickly without causing damage. 3. It can use flexible hoses, making it easier to transmit power through an angle, a confined area, or through other restrictive conditions.

Importance of Filtration To the extent that over time the importance of filtration grows. This is because of hydraulic equipment manufacturers reduce internal tolerances and increase the loads of the different elements (pumps, valves, etc.) using the best quality oils. Today that there is the need to produce more and faster machinery is very demanded and downtime for maintenance is almost null, so you have to try that the machinery got not damaged, which can only be achieved if the fluid. Fluid The fluid is the media that the hydraulic system uses to transfer the power. There are many different hydraulic fluids, the most common is the petroleum oil. there are also, fire resistant fluids, synthetic fluids, bio-degradable fluids, water-oil and water-glicol emulsions and phosphate ester fluids. Among the most important properties of the hydraulic fluid are: Lubrication, cooling, sealing and contamination removal is kept free of contaminants. The terms used correspond to filtration in general, but mostly have a particular relationship with hydraulic oil filters and oil. Contaminants - are foreign elements to the fluid. In theory, the hydraulic fluid has to be pure, free of contaminants. From experience we know that is impossible to maintain a free fluid of impurities, but the goal is to keep the lowest possible level. National and International Organizations International System of Units - The older metric system included several groups of units. The SI was developed in 1960 from the old metre-kilogram-second system, rather than the centimetre-gram-second system, which, in turn, had a few variants. Because the SI is not static, units are created and definitions are modified through international agreement among many nations as the technology of measurement progresses, and as the precision of measurements improve. Metric System Is an international decimalised system of measurement. France was first to adopt it in 1799 and it is now the basic system of measurement used in almost every country in the world; the United States being the only industrialized country yet to adopt the International System of Units as its predominant system of measurement. Although the originators intended to devise a system that was equally accessible to all, it proved necessary to use prototype units under the custody of government or other approved authorities as standards. English System Are the historical units of measurement in medieval England which evolved as a combination of the Anglo-Saxon and Roman systems of units. They were redefined in England in 1824 by a Weights and Measures Act, which retained many but not the entire unit names with slightly different values, and again in the 1970s by the International System of Units as a subset of the metric system. In modern UK usage, the term is considered ambiguous, as it could refer either to the imperial system used in the UK, or to the US customary system of unit. ISO The International Organization for Standardization widely known as ISO is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on February 23, 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. While ISO defines itself as a non-governmental organization, its ability to set standards that often become law, either through treaties or national standards, makes it more powerful than most non-governmental organizations. In practice, ISO acts as a consortium with strong links to governments.

ANSI Is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. For example, standards ensure that people who own cameras can find the film they need for that camera anywhere around the globe. ASA ASEAN was preceded by an organization called the Association of Southeast Asia, commonly called ASA, an alliance consisting of the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand that was formed in 1961. The bloc itself, however, was established on 8 August 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand met at the Thai Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok and signed the ASEAN Declaration, more commonly known as the Bangkok Declaration. The five foreign ministers Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand are considered as the organisation's Founding Fathers. Relief Valves Pressure Relief Valves A pressure relief valve limits the amount of pressure that can develop in a hydraulic system. When a predetermined maximum pressure level is reached, the valve provides an alternative path for fluid to flow. This prevents the pressure from rising any further. An example of how a relief valve protects a hydraulic circuit from excessive pressure is a piston rod that is fully extended. A pump pushes fluid through the system. The pressure that is exerted on the piston causes the piston rod to extend. When the piston becomes fully extended, the fluid from the pump has nowhere to flow. A back-pressure develops until the preset value of the relief valve is reached, causing it to dump the fluid into the tank. If there was no designated way to limit the pressure, a seal or some other element would break to cause some relief in the built-up pressure. Direct-Acting Pressure Relief Valve When the pressure on the ball exerted by the system is less than the pressure placed on the ball by the spring, the ball remains seated, and the fluid flows into the system. When some condition in the system inhibits flow, a back-pressure develops that causes a force on the ball that is greater than that exerted in the opposite direction by the spring. This situation moves the ball off its seat to allow pump flow to go back to the tank through the relief valve. Turning an adjustment screw can change the pressure at which the relief valve opens. As the screw is turned inward, it causes the spring to compress. The result is that a larger pressure from the system must push against the bolt to unseat it so that fluid can flow. Piloted-Pressure Relief Valve The pilot-operated relief valve operates in a two-stage process by using a pilot poppet and a main relief piston. Fluid from the system enters the pressure port. It goes through an orifice drilled in the piston. The fluid is then blocked by the poppet. Before the maximum relief pressure is reached, the pressure exerted on the top side of the piston is equal to the pressure on the bottom side because they have equal surface areas. The piston will not move because the two pressures balance. The balance is

aided by a light bias spring. The same pressure that is applied at the top of the piston is applied to the pilot poppet. When the pressure becomes high enough, it forces the poppet off its seat, and a small amount of flow goes to the tank. Pilot-operated relief valves are more commonly used because they have advantages over direct-acting relief valves. Advantages of the pilot type are listed below: It is smaller but provides the same flow and pressure ratings. It generally has a wider range for maximum pressure ratings. Figure 14-15. Pilot-operated reducing/relieving valves

Reducing/relieving valves function exactly like reducing valves -- until an external force starts to increase pressure at the reduced-pressure outlet above the pressure set by the pilot section. When outlet pressure is 4 to 6% above set pressure, the spool moves up until the outlet is connected to tank. Any fluid at pressure above set pressure returns to tank, so outlet pressure does not continue to climb. Tank flow comes only from the reduced-pressure outlet, not from the pump through the inlet. When excess pressure at the outlet drops, the reducing/relieving valve continues to perform its reducing function. Note that the left cutaway view has an internal drain for the pilot section. This saves connecting a separate drain line for pilot flow. However, when backpressure in the tank line is high or may fluctuate due to other return functions, it adds to the pilot-section setting and can elevate pressure at the reduced-pressure outlet above allowable rates. When tank-line backpressure may be high or when pressure fluctuations cannot be tolerated, use a valve with an external drain. When reverse flow is necessary, specify a model with an integral bypass check valve for piping convenience.

Proper Components to a Specific Hydraulic Application Reservoir

 The reservoir is a common point in the hydraulic circuit where fluid begins to flow, and where it leaves a hydraulic system. Pump The pump causes fluid to flow through a hydraulic system. Pressure Gauge The pressure gauge measures the pressure at a given location in a hydraulic circuit. Flow Meter The flow meter measures how much hydraulic fluid flows through the pipe to which it is connected. Relief Valve The pressure relief valve maintains a constant pressure at the circuit location to which it is connected. Directional Valve The flow valve opens or closes the hydraulic circuit to enable fluid to flow, or to stop it. Accumulator The accumulator begins to store fluid when the pressure increases, and discharges the fluid to maintain flow when the system pressure decreases. Flow Control Valve The variable flow control valve is a restriction that can change the amount of fluid flow that occurs in the hydraulic system. Check Valve The check valve allows fluid to flow through it in one direction, and blocks the fluid flow in the opposite direction. Hydraulic Motor As fluid flows through the hydraulic motor, it converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. Ground The fluid exist the hydraulic system and re-enters through the reservoir. Directional Control Valves Are used in hydraulic systems to direct the flow of fluid in a desired direction and location in the circuit. It is one of the most fundamental parts in hydraulic machinery. They allow fluid flow into different paths from one or more sources. They usually consist of a piston inside a cylinder which is mechanically or electrically controlled. The movement of the cylinder restricts or permits the flow, thus it controls the fluid flow. Flow Control Valves

 Limits the amount of fluid that flows, which enables the speed of the actuator to be varied. It controls the rate at which hydraulic fluid flows. Regulates the flow or pressure of a fluid. Control valves normally respond to signals generated by independent devices such as flow meters or temperature gauges. Hydraulic Pumps The pump is the component that supplies fluid flow in a hydraulic system. The pump obtains the fluid from the reservoir. The input device that mechanically drives the pump is called prime mover. The prime mover of the pump in an industrial application is an electric motor. The pump converts mechanical energy into fluid flow, and then the actuator converts it back to mechanical energy. Check Valves Are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave. There are various types of check valves used in a wide variety of applications. It is an often part of common household items. Although they are available in a wide range of sizes and costs, check valves generally are very small, simple, and/or inexpensive. Work automatically and most are not controlled by a person or any external control; accordingly, most do not have any valve handle or stem. The bodies (external shells) of most check valves are made of plastic or metal. Pressure Sensing Valve The pressure sensor can be adapted to measure a pressure surrounding the catheter, and the antenna can be adapted to telemetrically communicate the measured pressure to an external device. In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna, pressure sensor, and/or connector are hermetically sealed, e.g., by the catheter and/or a coating, to prevent the antenna, pressure sensor, and connector from coming into contact with fluid, thereby allowing the catheter to be permanently implanted or otherwise used for long term use. Exemplary methods for manufacturing and using pressure sensing catheters are also provided. Workshop Rules and Regulation 1. Always listen carefully to the teacher and follow instructions. 2. Do not run in the workshop, you could bump into another pupil and cause an accident. 3. Know where the emergency stop buttons are positioned in the workshop. If you see an accident at the other side of the workshop you can use the emergency stop button to turn off all electrical power to machines. 4. Always wear an apron as it will protect your clothes and hold loses clothing such as ties in

place. 5. Wear good strong shoes. Training shoes are not suitable. 6. When attempting practical work all stools should be put away. 7. Bags should not be brought into a workshop as people can trip over them. 8. When learning how to use a machine, listen very carefully to all the instructions given by the teacher. Ask questions, especially if you do not fully understand. 9. Do not use a machine if you have not been shown how to operate it safely by the teacher. 10. Always be patient, never rush in the workshop. 11. Always use a guard when working on a machine. 12. Keep hands away from moving/rotating machinery. 13. Use hand tools carefully, keeping both hands behind the cutting edge. 14. Report any damage to machines/equipment as this could cause an accident.