Analysis of Subharmonic Oscillations in a Ferroresonant Circuit

Rajesh G. Kavasseri Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 - 5285, USA (email: rajesh.kavasseri@ndsu.nodak.edu)
Abstract Ferroresonance is a nonlinear oscillatory phenomenon that occurs in capacitively coupled transformers or reactors under certain conditions. In this paper, an averaging method is utilized to compute the domain in 2-D parameter space where subharmonic (period -3) ferroresonant oscillations could persist. The accuracy of the analytical results is veried using numerical simulations and the power spectral density. It is shown that the proposed method yields a quick means to determine (i) the proximity to initiation of subharmonic resonance and (ii) the eect of core loss on the domains of subharmonic oscillations.

Index terms : ferroresonance, subharmonics, averaging.

Nomenclature
Vs : peak value of the sinusoidal supply voltage f : angular frequency of the supply voltage C : coupling capacitance R : transformer shunt resistance representing core loss : ux linkage in the nonlinear inductor iM : magnetizing current a : coecient of the linear part of magnetization characteristics b : coecient of the nonlinear part of magnetization characteristics n : exponent corresponding to the nonlinear magnetization characteristics 1

 0 : natural frequency of the ferroresonant circuit

Introduction

Ferroresonance is a nonlinear oscillatory phenomenon leading to dangerous overvoltages in power equipment such as transformers and saturable reactors. Several site experiences of ferroresonance [1], [2] including some leading to catastrophic consequences [3] have been documented in the literature. In principle, ferroresonance is thought to occur when a nonlinear saturable inductor is fed from a sinusoidal source through a capacitive line as shown in Fig.1. In Fig.1, the nonlinear inductor represents the core of an instrument voltage transformer, or a power transformer under light or no load conditions, the sinusoidal source represents the supply voltage, and the capacitance represents the coupling between the supply and the core of the transformer. Then, the equivalent circuit shown in Fig.1 can represent several scenarios that lead to the onset of ferroresonant oscillations such as single pole autoreclosure operation [4], stuck breaker condition in a voltage transformer [5], or a disconnected transmission line in the same right of way as an energized line [6], [7]. Consequently, the circuit shown in Fig.1 has been a useful representation in the literature for several studies concerning ferroresonance. Some of the early analytical attempts to study ferroresonance were reported in [8] and [9]. Germond, [9] using the Galerkins method showed that while fundamental frequency oscillations could predominate, subharmonic oscillations of period 3 or 5 could also be expected in response to variation in switching instants. In [4], the harmonic balance method was used to establish conditions leading to fundamental frequency ferroresonance. A bifurcation theoretic framework was developed by Kieny in [10] to study the global behavior and safety margins for a ferroresonant circuit using the applied source voltage as a bifurcation parameter. Considering the wide variations in operating conditions that power systems are subject to, both, the applied source voltage and the coupling capacitance need to be treated as variables in the analysis of ferroresonant phenomena. Various ferroresonance modes that arise in the system can then be identied by time domain simulations. However, an extensively large number of them need to be conducted to obtain a feel for the eect of parameter variations, as rightly pointed out by the authors in [11]. Therefore in that paper, the authors compute the domain of fundamental frequency ferroresonance using the SVA method, separatrix calculations and compare it with domains obtained by brute force time domain simulations. Treating the source voltage and the coupling capacitance as parameters, the authors compute the region in 2-D parameter space where period-1 ferroresonant oscillations can persist. In addition to fundamental frequency (or period-1) ferroresonant oscillations, it is well known that subharmonic oscillations [12] and even chaotic oscillations can arise in a ferroresonant circuit [13] and [14], [15]. A good introductory survey and the importance of transformer modeling on ferroresonance is summarized in [16]. Subharmonics leading to period doubling bifurcations and consequently, chaos

was demonstrated in [17]. Muchnik [18] established the occurrence of subharmonic oscillations in a ferroresonant circuit using numerical simulations. Chakravarthy and Nayar [19], [20] applied the slowly varying amplitude (SVA) method to a capacitor voltage transformer circuit and characterized the modes of ferroresonant oscillations for various values of the applied source voltage while the coupling capacitance was held xed. In this paper, the source voltage and coupling capacitance are treated as parameters and the region in 2-D parameter space where subharmonic (period -3) oscillations can persist is explicitly identied. The analysis is based on the well known technique of averaging for subharmonic resonance [21], [22]. Numerical simulations and the power spectral density analysis are conducted to verify the accuracy of the analytical results. It will be seen that the domain in parameter space obtained by the analytical method provides a quick means to demarcate the region in parameter space where subharmonic oscillations can be initiated. Moreover, it can be used to assess the eect of core loss on ferroresonant oscillations as will be shown later on in the paper. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2, a brief outline of the application of the averaging technique is presented. In section 3, the analytical results are presented along with numerical simulations. In section 4, a discussion of the results is provided and the conclusions are summarized in section 5.

System equations and Averaging

In this section, the system equations along with a brief outline of the averaging method are presented. In the circuit shown in Fig.1, the nonlinear inductor and the parallel resistor (R) represent the transformer. It is to be noted that the magnitude of the iron core losses which consists of (a) hysteresis losses and (b) eddy current losses, depend both on the ux density as well as the supply frequency. While modeling this dependence may be useful in creating a more accurate core loss model, here, the losses are aggregated and represented by a resistor R for simplicity of analysis, following [11]. The nonlinearity of the core is modeled by the following equation iM = a + bn (1)

The capacitor C represents the coupling eect between the source voltage at a supply frequency of f . The supply voltage e(t) is given by e(t) = Vs cos(f t). Then the dynamics of the circuit in Fig.1 can be described by the following equation, [11]. + k + a1 + b1 n = G cos(f t) (2)

where, k = 1/RC, a1 = a/C, b1 = b/C, and G = Vs f . When the index n of the magnetization curve is three, Eqn.(2) is functionally similar to the periodically forced Dung oscillator. Remark : In the context of ferroresonance, the index n is usually obtained by approximating

the magnetizing characteristics by a two term polynomial of suitable order. In [11], indices corresponding to n = 3 and n = 13 were used in the calculations. In [15], the eect of the index n on ferroresonant oscillations was examined and lower exponents were found satisfactory in representing small capacity transformers. In this paper, the index n is set to three for ease and tractability of the analysis. Thus, Eqn.(2) with n = 3 is used to determine analytically the regions in 2-D parameter space (C, Vs ), where subharmonic resonance can persist.

Detailed analysis has been done on the Dung oscillator since the classical work of Dung. In particular, primary resonance, third order subharmonic and superharmonic resonances have been exhaustively studied in the classical texts of [21] and [22] by using perturbation techniques such as the methods of averaging and multiple scales. A brief outline of the averaging method to analyze third order subharmonic resonance is provided here. The classic Dung equation is described by d2 u + k1 u + k3 u3 = F cos(f t) dt2 (3)

After a suitable amplitude and time scaling (see [22]), the dimensionless form of the Dung equation including the eect of a small viscous damping can be expressed as
2 v + 0 v + 2 v + v 3 = F cos(t)

(4)

The averaging method starts by noting that when

= 0, the general solution to Eqn.(4) is given by (5)

v = A cos(0 t + ) + 2 cos(f t)
2 where = F (o 2 )1 /2. When

= 0, the solution is still represented in the same form as in

Eqn.(5), except that now the variables A and are treated as time varying instead of constant. Thus, replacing A by A(t) and by (t) in Eqn.(5), the derivatives v and v are computed and and (t). It can be shown [21] that resonant conditions arise substituted in Eqn.(4) to solve for A(t) in the system when = 0 : termed as fundamental frequency, or period-1 ferroresonance (which has been analyzed in [11]) 3 = 0 : termed as superharmonic resonance. = 30 : termed as subharmonic resonance (which is the subject of this paper) = 0: which is not of relevance to ferroresonance For the case when = 0 /3, following the development in [21], the averaged equations for the system in Eq.(2) can be written as A = kA/2 3b1 A2 sin()/40 9b1 2 [ A2 /8 A cos()/4] = (f 30 ) 0 4 (6) (7)

2 2 2 where 0 = a1 = a/C, = G/2(0 f ). Setting the right hand side of Eqns.(6) and (7) to zero

yields the steady state amplitude and phase of the subharmonic oscillations described by kA/2 = 3b1 A2 sin()/40 9b1 2 (f 30 ) = [ A2 /8 A cos()/4] 0 (8) (9)

For a nontrivial subharmonic oscillation to exist, it is evident that A > 0. Eliminating from Eqns.(8) and (9), one can arrive at a quadratic in A2 and derive a condition [21] for the existence of nontrivial subharmonic oscillations, the result of which is described by 2( 30 ) 63b1 G2 2 = 2 80 k(0 f ) k [ 4( 30 )2 63] k2 (10)

The condition described in Eqn.(10) denes the boundary of the region where subharmonic oscillations can exist. In this paper, the parameters of interest in Eqn.(10) are (i) the coupling capacitance C which decides the natural frequency of oscillation 0 , (ii) the amplitude of the source voltage Vs and (iii) the core loss resistor R. In the following section, we shall study the dependence of the subharmonic domains on the parameters of interest and consequently, its implications to ferroresonance.

Main results : Regions of subharmonic resonance

In this section, we shall utilize Eqn.(10) to study graphically the regions in parameter space where subharmonic oscillations exist. Out of the three parameters of interest mentioned in Sec.(2), we shall treat (i) Vs : the magnitude of the source voltage and (ii) C : the coupling capacitance as variables and obtain the region in 2-D parameter space (C, Vs ) where subharmonic oscillations can exist. While [11] indicates the possibility of period-3 resonant regions obtained through brute-force simulation, the present paper attempts to obtain analytically the region in parameter space where such oscillations can possibly persist. In several studies [23], [24], [15], [4] and [11], the core loss resistor has been shown to exert a signicant inuence on ferroresonance. Therefore in this paper, the domains of subharmonic resonance are computed where the range of the core loss resistor is varied from one fourth, to four times its nominal value. For each value of the core loss resistance, the boundary of the region where subharmonics exist is plotted by using Eqn.(10). The results of the computation are shown in Fig.2. The region in parameter space where (1/3) subharmonic oscillations exist for a given value of the core loss resistor is simply the interior of the V shaped curves (marked in the diagram for R = 2.5 K ) in Fig. 2. From Fig. 2, we note that for a given value of the core loss resistance, there is a corresponding minimum value of capacitance required to initiate sub-harmonic oscillations. This can be computed easily from Eqn. (10) by requiring that the second term on the RHS of Eqn. (10) be positive. This is summarized in the following observation. 5

Observation 1 : For a given value of the core loss resistor R, the minimum value of capacitance (Cmin ) required to initiate sub-harmonic ferroresonance is given by Cmin = q 2 (R) where q(R) is given by q(Rm ) = [3R a + where k1 =

9R2 a + 2Rk1 ]/2Rm

(11)

63. Eqn. (11) can be obtained by setting

4( 30 )2 > 63k 2 and simplifying the resulting quadratic. The values of Cmin obtained by this computation are summarized in Table I. We note from Eqn. (11) that q(R) does not depend on the magnitude of the source voltage Vs . Therefore, the values of Cmin = q 2 (R) in Table I simply correspond to the minima of each of the V shaped curves in Fig.2. In the following section, we shall use numerical simulations and the power spectral density to verify the existence of subharmonic oscillations in the domains (see Fig. 2) obtained by the averaging method.

3.1

Numerical simulations

In this section, we shall numerically integrate Eqn.(2) for dierent values of the source voltage and coupling capacitance. We shall consider three cases namely, case (I): Vs = 1 p.u, case (II): Vs = 2 p.u. and case (III): Vs = 3 p.u. For each case, we shall study how the value of the coupling capaci tance C aects the ferroresonant oscillations. For each simulation, the ux () and voltage () are shown in one plot while the power spectral density of the voltage waveform and a phase plane plot of , are shown in the second plot. The numerical values of all parameters used in the simulation studies are based on [19].

Case I: Vs = 1p.u : In this case, the source voltage Vs and the core loss resistor are held at their nominal values of 1 p.u. and 10 K respectively. From Table I, we know that when Rm = 10K, we need at least C = 3.706 F to initiate subharmonic resonance. Therefore, the value of C is varied slowly from C = 3.7 F until the oscillations become noticeable in the simulations. In this case, the onset of subharmonic oscillations is noticed at C = 4.1 F as shown in Fig.3. The corresponding for power spectral density and phase plane plots are seen in Fig.4. The power spectral density (PSD) plot in Fig.4 clearly evidences the presence of the 20 Hz (i.e. one third) subharmonic oscillation. Note that the PSD plot has been normalized. This has been done mainly to compare the relative contents of the fundamental and the subharmonic oscillations. Next, the value of the capacitance is increased and similarly, the graphs corresponding to C = 7.2 F are shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6. It is of interest to determine the fate of subharmonic oscillations as the capacitance is varied further. Therefore, the simulations are continued for increasing values of capacitance until such a value when

the subharmonic content is almost annihilated. Such a simulation is shown in Fig.7 and Fig.8 when the capacitance is equal to 7.2 F. Case II: Vs = 2p.u : A similar procedure as described in Case I is conducted when Vs = 2 p.u. In this case, the subharmonic is seen to be initiated when C = 6.7 F as seen in Figs.9 and 10. Similar plots when C = 12.7 F and C = 22 F are shown in the Figs .11, 12, 13 and 14. Case III: Vs = 3p.u : In this case, the subharmonic is initiated at C = 8 F and the plots when C = 18 F are shown in Figs.15 and 16.

Discussion

In Fig.2, we observe that the regions of subharmonic resonance are nested as the core loss resistor increases from 2.5 K to 40 K . Understandably, this means that the domains of subharmonic ferroresonant regions rapidly shrink as the core losses increase which is consistent with observations noted in the literature, [23], [4] and [24]. When Vs = 1 p.u. and R = 10k , we observe from Fig.2 that the capacitance necessary to initiate subharmonic ferroresonance is about 4 F. This fact is veried in the simulations as shown in Figs.3 and 4 where the subharmonic oscillation is seen to be initiated at C = 4.1 F. From the PSD plot in Fig.4, we observe that the content of the 20 Hz (which corresponds to the third subharmonic) is about 40 % of that of the fundamental frequency (i.e 60 Hz) component. As the capacitance is increased further, the content of the 20 Hz subharmonic increases relative to the 60 Hz fundamental oscillation. When C = 5.7 F, the content of the 20 Hz subharmonic equals that of the fundamental beyond which, the 20 Hz subharmonic dominates the 60 Hz fundamental. The simulations shown in Fig.5 and 6 which corresponds to C = 7.2 F clearly illustrate this. In Fig.6, it is seen that the content of the 60 Hz fundamental is actually about 60 % of that of the 20 Hz subharmonic. Interestingly, as the capacitance is increased further, the content of the subharmonic diminishes. As we can note from Fig.7 and Fig.8, when C = 13.5 F, the 20 Hz subharmonic is nonexistent. A similar feature is noticed for the cases when Vs = 2 p.u and Vs = 3p.u. When Vs = 2p.u, the subharmonic is seen to be initiated at C = 6.7 F. To compare this with the value predicted by the averaging method, we note from Fig.2 that at Vs = 2p.u, the capacitance necessary to initiate subharmonic resonance is about 4.5 F. This dierence may be attributed to the fact that for values of capacitance between 4.5 F and 6.7 F, the subharmonics obtained by numerical simulation are too faint to be detected by the PSD method. The subharmonic grows in content beyond C = 12.7 F for which the simulations are shown in Fig.13 and Fig.14. When C = 22 F, the simulations also reveal the presence of a small 30 Hz subharmonic as evidenced by Fig.14 in the PSD and the phase plane plot. As the capacitance is increased further, the 20 Hz subharmonic is annihilated at about C = 25 F (plot not shown here owing to space limitations). The case when Vs = 3 p.u is similar to the other cases and hence, detailed simulations are not

presented. A sample simulation corresponding to C = 18 p.u. in shown in Figs.15 and 16. From the simulations, we observe that in all cases, the 20 Hz subharmonic follows a pattern of initiation, growth and annihilation as the coupling capacitance is varied. The averaging method on the other hand yields a region in parameter space where subharmonics could exist. It cannot readily predict either of the following attributes of the subharmonic oscillation namely (i) the stability and (ii) set of initial conditions that can lead to subharmonic oscillations. The absence of subharmonics in the numerical simulations for certain values of capacitance is precisely due to the combination of one or more of the following namely (i) instability of the subharmonics or (ii) choice of initial condition in the simulation (in this case, [1, 0], which corresponds to an unenergized transformer with residual ux).

Conclusions

The method of averaging has been applied to a ferroresonant circuit to obtain domains of 1/3 subharmonic resonance in terms of the system parameters namely the source voltage and coupling capacitance. Numerical simulations are performed and the power spectral density technique is applied to assess the content of the subharmonic oscillations relative to the fundamental frequency oscillation. It is seen from the numerical simulations that the subharmonics do exist in the regions predicted by the averaging method. The averaging method is not seen to be eective in predicting the set of initial conditions that lead to subharmonic oscillations or their stability. Nevertheless, the technique is seen to be eective in quickly identifying the regions where subharmonics could exist, if ever present. Therefore, the averaging method could be a employed as a preliminary tool to narrow the range of system parameters before conducting elaborate numerical simulations. Studying the ferroresonant modes and their corresponding domains using an improved core loss model that incorporates frequency and core-ux dependence would would be an interesting subject for further research.

Acknowledgement
The author is thankful for the constructive comments suggested by the referee. The nancial support from ND EPSCOR through NSF grant EPS 0132289 is gratefully acknowledged.

Appendix A : System data

The data for the transformer is adapted from [19]. Burden : 200 VA, Voltage ratio : 3.3 kV/110 V. Magnetizing characteristics : n = 3, a = 0.03, b = 0.06 8

Nominal core loss resistance : 10 k Nominal coupling capacitance : 1.7 F.

References
[1] Clerici A, Didriksen CH. Dynamic overvoltages and ferroresonance found in switching surge studies for Iran 400 kV system, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems 1971; PAS-91: 195-203. [2] Crane DR, Walsh GW. Large mill power outages caused by potential transformer resonance, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications 1988; IA-24: 635-640. [3] Jacobson DAN, Swatek D, Mazur R. Mitigating potential transformer ferroresonance in a 230 kV converter station. Computer Analysis of Electric Power System Transients : Selected Readings : IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, pp. 359-365, 1997. [4] Marti JR, Soudack AC. Ferroresonance in power systems : fundamental solutions, IEE Proc. C 1991; 138(4): 321-329. [5] Germay N, Mastero S, Vroman J. Review of erroresonance phenomena in high voltage power systems and presentation of a voltage transformer model for predicting them, CIGRE International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, August 1974, pp. 21-29, . [6] Dolan EJ, Gillies DA, Kimbark EW. Ferroresonance in a transformer switched with an EHV line, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems 1972; PAS-91: 1273-1280. [7] Prusty S, Panda M. Predetermination of lateral length to prevent overvoltage problesm due to open conductors in three phase systems, IEE Proc. C 1985; 132(1):49-55. [8] Swift G. An analytical approach to ferroresonance, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems 1969; 88: 42-46. [9] Germond A. Computation of overvoltages in actual power systems by Galerkins method, Proc. IEEE PICA Conf, New Orleans, LA, June 1975, pp. 127-135, . [10] Kieny C. Application of the bifurcation theory in studying and understnading the global behavior of a ferroresonant electric power circuit, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery 1991;6(2):866-872. [11] Jacobson DAN, Lehn PW, Menzies RW. Stability domian calculations of period-1 ferroresonance in a nonlinear resonant circuit, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery 2002; 17(3): 865-871. [12] Wright IA, Morsztyn K. Subharmonic oscillations in power systems - theory and practice, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems 1970; PAS-89:1805-1815. 9

[13] Mork BA, Stuehm DL. Application of nonlinear dynamics and chaos to ferroresonance in distribution systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 1994, 9(2): 1009-1017. [14] Emin Z, Al Zahawi BAT, Tong YK, Ugur M. Quantication of the chaotic behavior of ferroresonant voltage transformer circuits, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems- I : Fundamental theory and applications 2001; 48(6): 757-760. [15] Mozaari S, Henschel S, Soudack AC. Chaotic ferroresonance in power transformers, Proc. IEE Generation, Transmission and Distribution 1995; 142(3): 247-250. [16] Slow Transients Task Force of the IEEE Working Group on Modeling and Analysis of System Transients using Digital Programs. Modeling and Analysis Guidelines for Slow Transients - Part - III : The Study of Ferroresonance, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2000; 15(1): 255-265. [17] Tal AB, Kirk V, Wake G. Banded chaos in power systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2001; 16(1): 105-109. [18] Muchnik GF, Domanin MG ,Astakhov A. The apparatus of Feigenbaums universal theory for an oscillatory circuit with nonlinear capacitance,Electric Technol., USSR 1987; 3: 34-39. [19] Chakravarthy SK, Nayar CV. Ferroresonant oscillations in capacitor voltage transformers, Proc. IEE Circuits Devices and Systems 1995; 142(1): 30-36. [20] Chakravarthy SK, Nayar CV, Series ferroresonance in power systems, International journal of Electrical Power and Energy systems 1995; 17(4): 267-274. [21] Nayfeh AH, Introduction to Perturbation Techniques, John Wiley and Sons, 1981. [22] Nayfeh AH, Mook DT. Nonlinear Oscillations John Wiley and Sons, 1979. [23] Al Zahawi BAT, Emin Z, Tong YK. Chaos in ferroresonant wound voltage transformers: eect of core losses and universal circuit behaviour, IEE Proc.- Sci. Meas. Technol 1998; 145(1): 39-43. [24] Araujo AEA, Soudack AC, Marti JR. Ferroresonance in power systems : Chaotic behaviour, IEE Proc.- C 1993;140(3): 39-43.

10

Figure 1: Ferroresonant circuit model

Figure 2: Subharmonic ferroresonant regions

11

Figure 3: ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 1p.u, R = 10K, C = 4.1 F

Figure 4: power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 1p.u, R = 10K, C = 4.1 F

12

Figure 5: ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 1p.u, R = 10K, C = 7.2 F

Figure 6: power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 1p.u, R = 10K, C = 7.2 F

13

Figure 7: ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 1p.u, R = 10K, C = 13.5 F

Figure 8: power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 1p.u, R = 10K, C = 13.5 F

14

Figure 9: ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 2p.u, R = 10K, C = 6.7 F

Figure 10: power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 2p.u, R = 10K, C = 6.7 F

15

Figure 11: ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 2p.u, R = 10K, C = 12.7 F

Figure 12: power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 2p.u, R = 10K, C = 12.7 F

16

Figure 13: ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 2p.u, R = 10K, C = 22 F

Figure 14: power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 2p.u, R = 10K, C = 22 F

17

Figure 15: ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 3p.u, R = 10K, C = 18 F

Figure 16: power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 3p.u, R = 10K, C = 18 F

18

Table 1: Minimum capacitance required to initiate subharmonic ferroresonance R (K ) 2.5 5 10 20 40 Cmin ( F) 8.1441 5.2690 3.706 2.8553 2.3971

19

List of Figures
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ferroresonant circuit model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subharmonic ferroresonant regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 1p.u, R = 10K, C = 4.1 F . . . . . . . . . . power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 1p.u, R = 10K, C = 4.1 F ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 1p.u, R = 10K, C = 7.2 F . . . . . . . . . 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18

power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 1p.u, R = 10K, C = 7.2 F ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 1p.u, R = 10K, C = 13.5 F . . . . . . . . . power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 1p.u, R = 10K, C = 13.5 F ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 2p.u, R = 10K, C = 6.7 F . . . . . . . . .

power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 2p.u, R = 10K, C = 6.7 F ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 2p.u, R = 10K, C = 12.7 F . . . . . . . . . power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 2p.u, R = 10K, C = 12.7 F ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 2p.u, R = 10K, C = 22 F . . . . . . . . . . power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 2p.u, R = 10K, C = 22 F . ux and voltage oscillations when Vs = 3p.u, R = 10K, C = 18 F . . . . . . . . . . power spectral density and phase plane plot when Vs = 3p.u, R = 10K, C = 18 F .

20

List of Tables
1 Minimum capacitance required to initiate subharmonic ferroresonance . . . . . . . . 19

21