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Nhm 15
LI M U
Trong qu trnh cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc, cng ngy cng c nhiu nh
my, khu cng nghip tp trung c xy dng v a vo hot ng to ra mt khi lng sn
phm cng nghip chim mt t trng cao trong ton b sn phm ca nn kinh t quc dn.
Bn cnh , qu trnh sn xut cng nghip gy nn nhiu nh hng xu n mi trng
c bit l mi trng khng kh. Nu khng c bin php thch ng th mi trng ni chung
v mi trng khng kh ni ring xung quanh cc nh my, cc khu cng nghip tp trung s
ng trc nguy c b ph hy trm trng, nh hng trc tip n sc khe ca ngi dn.
nhim khng kh do hot ng cng nghip vn ang v s l mt trong nhng ngun gy
nhim mi trng nghim trng nht.
c th p dng nhng kin thc hc trong thi gian qua, nhm nh hng cho mnh
trong vic gp mt phn nh trong cng cuc kim sot nhim khng kh. Chng ti thc
hin n Tnh ton thit k h thng x l kh thi cha HCL bng dung mi l nc cng
vi s hng dn v gip ca cc thy c: thy Lm Vnh Sn; c Nguyn Ch Hiu.
Vi nhng kin thc cn hn hp v kinh nghim thc t cn hn ch nn trong n ny cn
nhiu thiu st, chng ti rt mong nhn c s gp ca cc thy c nhm rt ra kinh
nghim cho cc n trong thi gian sp ti. Xin chn thnh cm n!
Nhm 15
-1-
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
MC LC
LI M U......................................................................................................................................1
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V QU TRNH HP TH.....................................................................4
KHI NIM:....................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Khi nim:..............................................................................................................................4
1.2 p dng ca hp thu:..............................................................................................................4
1.3 La chn dung mi:................................................................................................................4
QU TRNH HP TH:.................................................................................................................5
2.1 C ch qu trnh:....................................................................................................................5
2.2 Qu trnh trao i cht:...........................................................................................................5
2.3 C 2 phng php hp th:....................................................................................................6
CC LOI THP HP TH:.........................................................................................................7
3.1 Thp phun:..............................................................................................................................7
3.2 Thp si bt: .........................................................................................................................7
3.3 Thp m:...............................................................................................................................7
Thp a:.......................................................................................................................................7
DUNG MI HP TH:..................................................................................................................7
CC YU T NH HNG N HIU QU HP TH: .......................................................7
5.1 Nhit : ................................................................................................................................7
5.2 p sut:...................................................................................................................................7
5.3 Cc yu t khc:.....................................................................................................................8
Chng 2: GII THIU CHUNG V KH THI HCl...................................................................8
Ngun gc:.......................................................................................................................................8
Tnh cht:..........................................................................................................................................9
S lc v qu trnh in phn NaOH-Cl2:.....................................................................................9
Cng ngh sn xut HCl:...........................................................................................................10
Phn tch cc kh nhim t qa trnh in phn: ...................................................................10
CC PHNG PHP X L CHUNG:.....................................................................................11
4.1 C s l thuyt ca qu trnh x l kh c hi:...................................................................11
4.2 Hp th kh bng cht lng: .................................................................................................11
LA CHN PHNG PHP X L:........................................................................................12
CC PHNG N X L KH HCl:.........................................................................................12
LA CHN THIT B:.................................................................................................................12
Chng 3: S CNG NGH......................................................................................................12
Chng 4: TNH TON THIT B...................................................................................................14
Thng s ban u:..........................................................................................................................14
Cn bng vt cht...........................................................................................................................14
u vo:......................................................................................................................................14
u ra.........................................................................................................................................14
Phng trnh cn bng................................................................................................................15
Suy ra: noy = = 2.0716..................................................................................................................16
Tnh thp hp th............................................................................................................................16
3.1 ng knh thp...................................................................................................................16
3.2 Chiu cao lp m................................................................................................................17
3.3 Mt ti thc t...............................................................................................................18
3.4 Mt ti thch hp...........................................................................................................18
3.5 Chun s cho pha kh...........................................................................................................18
3.6 Chun s cho pha lng.........................................................................................................19
3.7 Tr lc ca thp....................................................................................................................20
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n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
-3-
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
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n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
-7-
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
Vic tng p sut s lm tng nhit . Mc khc, tng p sut cng kh khn trong
vic ch to v vn hnh ca thp hp th.
5.3 Cc yu t khc:
Tnh cht ca dung mi, loi thit b, cu to thit b, chnh xc ca dng c o,
ch vn hnh thp u c nh hng nhiu n hiu sut hp thu.
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
loi nh : nh my m km bng phng php nhng nng vi cng sut hng nghn
tn.
Hoc kh t than, giy, cht do v nhin liu rn cng to ra kh HCl.
Tnh cht:
Dung dch HCl c to thnh t kh hydroclorua ha tan trong nc.
HCl thng bc khi trng.
Khi dung dch HCl gp hi nc trong khng kh thng ngng t thnh git nh rt
kch ng.
HCl c tc hi n sc khe nh: gy tn hi khi tip xc vi c th: h h hp,
ng tiu ha, mt da,
Vi nng 0.1 3.23 mg/ m3 x c mi, 2.83 12.8 mg/ m3 thy mi r v 8.3
32.9 mg/ m3 thy mi nng.
Cng nhn lm vic nng 15 mg/ m3 trong thi gian di s nh hng n rng v
c th. m bo nng 2.9 mg/ m3 duy tr sc khe cho cng nhn.
HCl khng gy ung th, nhng khi ht phi kh HCl qua ng h hp th c th gy
ra vim phi.
HCl lm cho cy ci chm pht trin, nng cao th cy cht. v HCl lm gim
bng ca cy, t bo biu b co li.
S lc v qu trnh in phn NaOH-Cl2:
Sn xut NaOH 31.5% c sn xut theo phng php in phn nc mui trong
thng in phn c mng trao i ion.
Qu trnh in phn xy ra theo phng trnh:
2NaCl + 2H2O -----------> 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
Quy trnh c cc cng an sn xut chnh nh sau:
3.1.1 Cng an tinh ch mui s cp:
Mui nguyn liu t kho cha c a vo thit b ha tan bng bng ti. Nc
mui i t di ln qua ct nc.
Cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, c nh hng xu n qu trnh in phn c kt ta
bng Na2CO3, BaCl2, NaOH theo phng trnh sau:
SO42- + BaCl2 -----------> BaSO4 + 2Cl-+
Ca2+ + Na2CO3 -----------> CaCO3 + 2Na+
Mg2+ + NaOH -----------> Mg(OH)2 + 2Na+
Cng an in phn:
H thng thng in phn hot ng theo cng ngh mng trao i ion. Qu trnh xy
ra theo phng trnh sau:
2NaCl + 2H2O -----------> 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
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n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
NaOH sau khi ra khi thng in phn, mt phn tun han v thng in phn, phn
cn li c a ti h thng cha.
3.1.4
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n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
yd =
0 ,08 (phn khi lng). Ta s la chn phng php hp l thit k thp c
nng sut 5000m3/h x l lng kh thi HCl trn trc khi thi ra ngoi mi trng
CC PHNG PHP X L CHUNG:
i vi kh thi cng nghip, cc c s cn x l ti ngun, cc phng php x l
c bn l:
Pha lng kh bng ng khi c chiu cao ph hp
Thay i nhin liu, nguyn vt liu thit b nhm gim nhim.
Lp t h thng x l nhim (lng, lc, thp hp th, phn hy sinh hc)
4.1 C s l thuyt ca qu trnh x l kh c hi:
Gm 3 phng php chnh:
Hp th cc kh c hi bng cht lng: dung dch hoc nc
Hp th cc cht nhim trn b mt vt liu rn (than hot tnh, than bn, than
nu, t xp,.)
Bin i ha hc cc cht nhim bng qu trnh thiu t (t chy sau) hoc
x l bng cht xc tc i vi kh thi.
4.2 Hp th kh bng cht lng:
Hp th l qu trnh xy ra khi mt cu t ca pha kh khuch tn vo pha lng do s
tip xc gia hai pha kh v lng. Nu qu trnh xy ra ngc li, ngha l cn s truyn
vt cht t pha lng vo pha kh, ta c qu trnh nh kh. Nguyn l ca hai qu trnh l
ging nhau.
Qu trnh hp th tch b mt hay nhiu cht nhim ra khi dng kh thi (pha kh)
bng cch x l bng cht lng (pha lng). khi cho hn hp kh tip xc vi cht lng
nhm mc ch ha tan chn la mt hay nhiu cu t ca hn hp kh to nn mt dung
dch cc cu t trong cht lng.
Kh c hp th gi l cht b hp th
Cht lng dng hp th gi l dung mi (cht hp th)
Kh khng b hp th gi l kh tr.
Nguyn tc:
Cho kh thi tip xc vi cht lng. cc khu ny hoc c ha tan vo cht lng
hoc c bin i thnh phn kh khc.
Hiu qu ca qu trnh hp th ph thuc vo:
S tip xc gia pha kh v pha lng
Thi gian tip xc
Nng mi trng hp th
Tc phn ng gia cht hp th v kh thi
Phng php x l ny thng c s dng nhiu trong kh SOx (kh thi t than
u v l nu kim loi) H2SO4 (cng ngh sn xut ha cht),
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n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
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n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
Kh
ng
khi
Bn cao v
Scub
lc bi
X bi
Bi
Thp
hp th
Nc
thi
Kh
Pht
thi
Bn
cha
Bm
B trung
ha HCl
Nc
Cng
trnh
XLNT
B cha
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n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
Cn bng vt cht
Lng HCl c hp thu l:
M =
Qt * y * ea
1200 * 0.005 * 0.9
=
= kmol/h
(1 y ) * 22 .4 (1 0.005 ) * 22 .4
u vo:
p dng phng trnh trng thi kh l tng, ta c nng kh ban u:
0.005
[ HCl ]
Ck
[ HCl ] = y C k = = mol/ m3
u ra
Vi ea = 90%
ea=
Y Yc
= 0.9
Y
Nng kh HCl u ra
[ HCl]c = Yc * Ck =
Nng phn mol hay phn th tch ca HCl trong hn hp kh u ra:
yc =
2.2.1
2.2.2
Yc
0.000503
=
=
1 + Yc 1 + 0.000503
1*1200
- 14 -
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
Gtr = Ghh ( 1 y) =
Sut lng kh HCl u vo:
2.2.3
2.3.2
Tra bng
oc
HCl
= 1161 kg / m 3
o
25 C
HCl
= 1161 *
273
kg/m3
273 + 25
0 OC
kk = 1.293 kg/m3
0
C
kk25 = 1.293 *
273
= kg/m3
273 + 25
Gi s dung dch hp th c X= 0
Ta c phng trnh cn bng Y*= mX ( m =
H
)
P
Xc*=
2200
= 2.985 X khi thay Y*=Y th phng trnh tr thnh:
760
P
760
0.00503 =
Y X c* =
H
2200
Lmin=Gtr*
Yd YC
0.00503 0.000503
= 48.86 *
= 127.3 kmol/h
*
XC Xt
0.00174
- 15 -
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
G
Nhm 15
48 .86
tr
Xc thc t = L ( Y Yc ) = 190 .95 * ( 0.00503 0.000503 ) = mol/m3
tr
Q
0,785 * tb * 3600
Vn tc ti hn:
th2 * * k 0.16
L
lg
x =A 1,75 tr
3
Gtr
g * * l
0.25
* k
l
0.125
Vi:
-
th : vn tc ti hn (m/s)
k = 1.188 kg / m 3 ; l = 995 kg / m 3
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
lg
= 0.022 1.75
3
9.81 * 0.76 * 995
0.396
Vn tc i qua thp:
tb = ( 0.75 0.9) th
1200
= 0,532 m
0.785 * 1.496 * 3600
* D2
4
3.14 * ( 0.6)
=
= 0.2826 m 2
4
2
m*G
* h2
L
- 17 -
0.25
1.188
*
995
0.125
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
h1 =
0.25
0.66
* Re y * Pr y
* *
2/3
0.25
0,5
h2 = 2.56 x * Re x * Pr x
x
M H 2O
18
Gx = L *
= 190 .95 *
= 0.9548 kg / h
3600
3600
G y = Q * y = 1200 *
1.188
= 0.396 kg / s
3600
= 0.123 h s m
Vx
S
3.437
= 12 .16 m 3 / m 2 h
0.2826
3.4 Mt ti thch hp
Uth = B *
Trong B = 0.158 m3/m2h (tra bng IX.6 trang 177, s tay 2)
Uth = 0.158 * 165 = 26.07 m3/m2h
Vy
U tt
= 0.466
U th
0,4 * y * th
* y
Pry = * D
y
y
- 18 -
Nhm 15
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
Dy: h s khuch tn ca HCl trong pha kh 25 0 (tra bng 42 trang 428 sch VD & BT
10)
T
3/ 2
Dy = D 0 * ( T )
o
Do = 13*10
-6
3/ 2
273 + 25
5
2
D y = 13 *10 6
=1.48 *10 m / s
273
0.04 * G x
0.04 * 0.9548
=
= 0.819
S * * x 0.2826 *165 * 0.8937 *10 3
x
x * Dx
+
D20 =
M HCl2 M H 2O
1/2
1/3
1/3 1/2
A.B. . VHCl2 + V H 2O
1
2
pt)
- 19 -
pt)
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
20
x
Nhm 15
1/ 2
10 6
1/ 2
1* 4.7 * (1.005 )
1/ 3
* 28 .3
+14 .8
1/ 3
1
1
.
+
2
36 .5 18
= 2.02 9 (m 2 / s )
Suy ra :
Dx = 2.02 *10 9 * [1 + 0.02 ( 25 20 ) ] = 2.22 *10 9 m 2 / s
Pr x =
0.8937 *10 3
= 404 .6
995 * 2.22 *10 9
0.8937 *10 3
h2 = 256 *
995
2/3
H
= 2.895 )
P
2.895 * 0.396
* 0.46 = 0.82
0.9548
H =2 + 1 = 3m
Trong :
0,8 1 : khong cch cho php nh thp v y thp
Vy chn chiu cao ca thp 3m
3.7 Tr lc ca thp
Tn tht p sut ca m t l:
Pu
G
= Pk 1 + A x
G
y
*
x
c
n
x
N / m2
*
' H y2 y
3 24
16
16
=
= 4.083
0, 2
Re y
410 .4 0, 2
'
- y : tc ca kh tnh trn ton b tit din thp (m/s)
- 20 -
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
=
'
y
Nhm 15
Re 'y y
d td y
4 4 0,76
=
= 0,0184 m
165
Re = 0,045 Ar
'
y
Ar =
=
0 , 57
Gy
Gx
0 , 43
dtd3 y ( x y ) g
y2
(0,014 .10 )
= 0,045 (3.681 .10 )
3 2
Re
'
y
y' =
8 0 , 57
= 3.681 .10 8
0 , 43
2.605
0.396
= 7718 .52
Tc thc ca kh trong lp m:
t =
y'
4.943
=
= 6.5m / s
0,76
Vy p sut m kh l:
Pk =
Cc h s A, m, n, c ph thuc vo h:
Gx
G
y
1,8
0, 2
0, 2
1,8
3
2.605
1.188 0.8937 .10
3
0.396
995 0,014 .10
bng IX.7
n = 0,225
c = 0,015
0 , 015
0 , 405
0 , 225
0.8937 .10 3
2.605
1,188
Pu = 19258 1 + 8,4
= 100470 N / m 2
3
0
,
014
.
10
0.396
995
- 21 -
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
[ k ] = k = 550.10
[ k ] = c = 220.10
nk
2,6
nc
1,5
1 = 211,54.10 6 N / m 2
* 1 = 146 ,67.10 6 N / m 2
- 22 -
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
ng knh thp D = 600mm
Tra bng XIII.11; XIII.10 trang 382 s tay 2 ta c:
y:
Chiu cao hnh elip ht = 150 mm
Chiu cao g h = 40 mm
B dy y s = 10 mm
Khi lng = 38kg
G m 3 / s
=
3600 * 0,785 * V1
1200
= 0,1683 m
3600 * 0,785 *15
L
=
0,785 * 3600 *V3
3.437
= 0,0285 m
0,785 * 3600 *1,5
Chn D3 = 32 mm
ng ra: (vn tc 1m/s)
D3 =
L
=
0,785 * 3600 *V3
3.437
= 0,0285 m
0,785 * 3600 *1,5
- 23 -
Nhm 15
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
Chn D4 = 40mm
Chn b dy thp ca ng vo = 2mm
Chn b dy thp ca ng ra = 3mm
3.10 Tnh bch:
Tnh bch ni y v thn y:
m1 =
m2 =
* ( D 2 Do2 ) * h * =
m3 =
* ( D 2 Do2 ) * h * =
m4 =
* ( D 2 Do2 ) * h * =
- 24 -
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
3.15 Tnh tai treo
- 25 -
Nhm 15
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
Nhm 15
Chng 6: KT LUN
Thp hp th trn c thit k dng x l kh HCl t nh my in
phn xt-clo.Thp hp th x l c mt lng kh HCl rt ln kh thi u ra
thp hn nhiu so vi tiu chun cho php, iu ny rt cn thit c bit l
trong hon cnh hin nay khi ngnh cng nghip ha cht ngy cng pht
trin.Tuy nhin chi ph ch to thp cng cn hi cao v phi x l thm mt
lng nc thi l dung dch HCl vi nng kh cao.Nu thit k c mt h
thng hon lu tt s tit kim thm c mt lng nc dng cho hp thu,nh
vy s gim bt c chi ph vn hnh.V y l ln u tin thit k ton b
mt thp hp thu nn chc chn vn cn nhiu thiu xt,y s l kinh nghim
qu bu cho nhng ln thit k tip theo ca em.Xin cm n cc thy c to
iu kin cho em c ng dng thc t bi hc ca mnh.
- 26 -
n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
PH LC: BN V
- 27 -
Nhm 15