Tng tc gen A. L DO CHN TI 1.

.L do khch quan: Nhim v trng THPT l bi dng th h tr tr thnh nhng ngi lm ch t nc trong tng lai. y l nhng ch nhn tng lai c gic ng l tng cch mng, l tng XHCN, c trnh vn ho, khoa hc k thut ton din, c sc kho, s thng minh, cn c, sng to xy dng XHCN. c c iu cn n vai tr rt quan trn ca ngi thy. Thy phi l ngi c trnh chuyn mn, nghip v vng vng, c lng nhit tnh, tm huyt ngh nghip, bn cnh thy phi bit vn dng ph hp cc phng php dy hc (PPDH) vi tng kiu bi, tng ni dung kin thc gip HS vn dng tt kin thc l thuyt vo gii bi tp v thc tin cuc sng. l c s l lun khin ti chn vn nghin cu ny. 2. L do ch quan L mt gio vin trc tip ging dy mn sinh hc trong nhiu nm lin ti nhn thy vic vn dng l thuyt hc tp ca hc sinh vo gii cc bi tp gp rt nhiu kh khn. Trong cc bi tp v di truyn chng trnh sinh hc lp 12 th bi tp v Tng tc gen l mt trong nhng dng bi tp va a dng, va phc tp v thng ra trong cc thi tt nghip, thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng i hc cao ng. Mt khc theo phn phi chng trnh sinh hc lp 12 th thi lng t, khng c tit gii bi tp. Do a phn hc sinh trng PTDT Ni Tr tnh khng gii c bi tp Tng tc gen .Qua thc tin ging dy nhiu nm ti a ra phng php v cc dng bi tp cc em hc sinh khi 12 trng PTDT Ni Tr tnh vn dng bit cch gii bi tp Tng tc gen l c s thc tin, l l do ch quan thi thc ti quan tm, trn tr la chn nghin cu vn ny. 3. Mc ch nghin cu: Qua nghin cu ti mun nu ln vn l lm th no hc sinh c th vn dng l thuyt gii cc bi tp Tng tc gen thng qua phng php v cc dng bi tp, gip HS thot khi nhng kh khn vng mc khi lm gii bi tp. Ta bit mc ch ca gio dc khng ch n thun l gip HS nm bt tri thc m phi hng dn cc em cch tip thu v vn dng tri thc nh th no. Trn Quc Lp Trng DTNT Bc Giang

Tng tc gen V vy, qua nghin cu ti mun nu ra cc dng bi tp Tng tc gen trong chng trnh sinh hc 12 hc sinh c th vn dng gii bi tp phn ny tt nht. l mc ch nghin cu ca ti. 4.i tng, phm vi nghin cu, hiu qu *i tng nghin cu p dng: i tng nghin cu y cch gii bi tp Tng tc gen - p dng cho hc sinh khi 12 trng PTDT Ni Tr tnh . *Hiu qu a phn hc sinh sau khi nm c cc dng bi tp Tng tc gen vn dng v lm tt cc bi tp trong cc sch giao khoa, sch bi tp, sch tham kho, cc thi tuyn sinh B. NI DUNG NGHIN CU Chng 1: C S L LUN A. HIN TNG TNG TC CA CC GEN ALEN I. Hin tng tri hon ton 1. Thi nghim Ptc: Cy hoa x Cy hoa trng F1: 100% cy hoa F1 x F1 F2: 705 cy hoa , 224 cy hoa trng 3 1 F2 x F2: (t th phn tng cy) F3: 100% cy hoa trng F2 cho ton hoa trng. 1/3 s cy hoa F2 cho F3 ton cy hoa . 2/3 s cy hoa F2 cho F3: 3 hoa , 1 hoa trng. Mennden kt lun: KH F2: 3 : 1 trng l t l: 1 t/c: 2 khng t/c: 1 trng t/c. 2. Giai thich thi nghim theo menden - Mi tnh trng u do mt cp nhn t di truyn qui nh. - B, m ch truyn cho con 1 trong 2 thnh vin ca cp nhn t di truyn. - Khi th tinh, cc giao t kt hp vi nhau mt cch ngu nhin to nn cc hp t. - Tnh trng c biu hin th d hp l tnh trng tri, cn tnh trng kia l ln Qui c: A: . a: trng S lai: Ptc : AA x aa G: A a Trn Quc Lp Trng DTNT Bc Giang

Tng tc gen F1: Aa 100% F1xF1: Aa x Aa G: A, a A, a F2: AA, Aa, Aa, aa T l kiu KG: 1AA: 2Aa: 1aa T l kiu hnh: 3 : 1 trng 3. C s t bao hoc - S tng ng gi gen v NST: + Trong t bo sinh dng, cc gen v cc NST lun tn ti thnh tng cp. +Khi gim phn to giao t, cc thnh vin ca cp alen phn li ng u, mi NST cng phn li ng u v cc giao t. + Cc gen phi nm trn NST. - Lcut: v tr xc nh ca gen trn NST. - Alen: mt trng thi ca gen 6. iu kin nghim ung - P thun chung - Tinh trang tri phai tri hoan toan - Mi gen quy inh 1 tinh trang va nm trn 1NST II. Hin tng tri khng hon ton 1. Thi nghim: du ty Pt/c Qu o x Qu trng F1 100% Qu hng F1 x F1 F2 1 hoa o : 2 hoa hng : 1 hoa trng 2. Hin tng tri khng hoan toan: khi lai hai c th b me thun chung khac nhau v mt cp tinh trang tng phan thi F1 biu hin tinh trang trung gian gia b va me F2 phn tinh theo ti l 1:2:1 3. Gii thch th nghim - k hiu cho alen tri khng hon ton i vi 1 alen khc ngi ta s dng k hiu bng ch ci in hoa c gch ngang pha trn th d: A > a

- S lai:
Pt/c: AA x aa F1 Aa F2 T l KG: 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa T l KH: 1 Qu : 2 qu hng: 1 qu trng III. Hin tng ng tri - L hin tng di truyn ca nhm mu A, B, O

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Tng tc gen - Gen quy nh nhm mu c 3 alen: IA; IB; Io -KG ca cc nhm mu Nhm mu A: IA IA; IA Io Nhm mu B: IB IB; IB Io Nhm mu AB: IA IB - Alen IA; IB l ng tri so vi alen Io IV. Gen a alen - Gen quy nh h nhm mu A, B, O - Gen quy nh nhm mu c 3 alen: IA; IB; Io -KG ca cc nhm mu Nhm mu A: IA IA; IA Io Nhm mu B: IB IB; IB Io Nhm mu AB: IA IB V. Gen tri khng t gen ln lm xut hin tnh trng mi V d: D: mo en d: Mo hung Dd: Mo tam th 26. cu IV b tuyn sinh nm 1996 VI. Hin tng mt gen quy nh nhiu tnh trng- Hin tng a hiu ca gen. V d: rui gim V: quy nh Cnh di, t thn di, lng mm v: quy nh Cnh ngn, t thn ngn, lng cng B. HIN TNG TNG TC CA CC GEN KHNG ALEN 1. Tng tc b sung (b tr). a. Thi nghim Pt/c: hoa trng x hoa trng F1 hoa o F2 9 hoa o : 7 hoa trng b. Gii thch: F2 c 16 kiu t hp, F1 d hp 2 cp gen nm trn 2 cp NST tng ng khc nhau, y l php lai 2 cp gen. Tuy nhin t l phn li khng phi 9:3:3:1 m l 9:7. Kt qu ny c th gii thch bng tng tc b sung ca 2 gen khng alen nh sau: S lai: Ptc: AABB x aabb G: AB ab F1: AaBb 100% hoa o F1 x F1: AaBb x AaBb G: AB; Ab; aB; ab AB; Ab; aB; ab

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Tng tc gen

F2: AB AB AABB Ab aB ab Kiu gen 1 AABB 2 AaBB 2 AABb 4 AaBb 9 A- BKiu hinh 9 hoa o : 3 A- bb 7 hoa trng 3 aaB1aabb 1 Aabb 2 Aabb 1 aaBB 2 aaBb 1 aabb AABb AaBB AaBb AAbb AaBb Aabb AaBb aaBB aaBb Aabb aaBb aabb Ab AABb aB AaBB ab AaBb

c. Khi nim: Tng tc b sung l kiu tc ng qua li ca 2 hay nhiu gen khng alen lm xut hin 1 tnh trng mi. 2. Tng tc cng gp Thi nghim v gii thch: a. Thi nghim: Lai 2 th la m t/c ht mu v ht mu trng, F1 xut hin 100% ht . Cho F1 t th phn, F2 xut hin 15 cy ht mu ( thm n nht): 1 cy ht mu trng. Trn Quc Lp Trng DTNT Bc Giang

Tng tc gen b. Gii thch: F2 cho 16 t hp, F1 to ra 4 loi giao t v d hp 2 cp gen. Hai cp gen cng quy nh tnh trng mu sc ht, c hin tng tc ng qua li gia cc gen. Trong s 16 t hp F2 ch c mt t hp ng hp ln (ht trng), 15 t hp cn li cha t nht 1 gen tri trong KG (ht ). Vy mu thm hay nht ph thuc vo s gen tri c trong KG. S lai: Pt/c AABB x aabb GP AB ab F1 AaBb () F1xF1 AaBb x AaBb GP AB, Ab, aB, ab AB, Ab, aB, ab F2 KG KH 1 AABB 1 AAbb 2 AABb, 2Aabb 15 Ht mu 4 AaBb (t thm n nht) 2 AaBB, 2 aaBb 1 aaBB 1 aabb : 1 Ht mu trng c. Khi nim: Tng tc cng gp l kiu tc ng ca nhiu gen trong mi gen ng gp mt phn nh nhau vo s biu hin ca tnh trng. 3. Tng tc t ch a. Thi nghim Pt/c: G trng x G nu F1: 100% G trng F1 x F1 F2: 13 G trng : 3 G nu b. Gii thch: F2 c 16 kiu t hp, F1 d hp 2 cp gen nm trn 2 cp NST tng ng khc nhau, y l php lai 2 cp gen. Tuy nhin t l phn li khng phi 9:3:3:1 m l 13:3 Kt qu ny c th gii thch bng tng tc t ch gia cc gen khng alen. S lai: Ptc: AABB x aabb G: AB ab F1: AaBb 100% hoa o F1 x F1: AaBb x AaBb G: AB; Ab; aB; ab AB; Ab; aB; ab Trn Quc Lp Trng DTNT Bc Giang

Tng tc gen

F2: AB AB AABB Ab aB ab Kiu gen 1 AABB 2 AaBB 2 AABb 4 AaBb T l KG F2 Trng hp 1 9 A- B3 A- bb 13 1 aabb 3 aaB3 Trng hp 2 9 A- B3 aaB13 1 aabb 3 A- bb 3 1 Aabb 2 Aabb 1 aaBB 2 aaBb 1 aabb AABb AaBB AaBb AAbb AaBb Aabb AaBb aaBB aaBb Aabb aaBb aabb Ab AABb aB AaBB ab AaBb

hoc

-Trng hp 1: Gen A t ch, gen a khng t ch Gen b quy nh tnh trng trng, gen B quy nh tnh trng nu -Trng hp 2: Gen B t ch, gen b khng t ch Trn Quc Lp Trng DTNT Bc Giang

Tng tc gen Gen a quy nh tnh trng trng, gen A quy nh tnh trng nu Kiu hinh F2 13 G trng : 3 G nu c. Kt lun: - Kiu gen mang 2 gen tri khng alen, gen tri ny s k hm s hot ng ca gen tri kia v ngc li - Khi mt gen ng ring r ( khng ng vai tr t ch) n mi c c hi biu hin thnh kiu hnh do n quy nh d. Khi nim . Tng tc t ch l hin tng tc ng qua li ca hai hay nhiu gen khng alen , nhng gen tri ny km hm s hot ng ca nhng gen tri kia v ngc lai (tng tc t ch gen tri) Hoc nhng cp gen ln ng vai tr t ch cc gen khc Chng 2: CC DNG BI TP TNG TC GEN A. HIN TNG TNG TC CA CC GEN ALEN I. Hin trng tri hon ton v tri khng hon ton 1. Mt s ch cn vn dng gii bi tp. a. ch 1: . Cach xac inh tinh trang tri ln - Cach 1: P thun chung khac nhau bi cac cp tinh trang tng phan , F1 ng tinh tinh trang cua 1 bn P thi tinh trang xut hin F1 la tinh trang tri tinh trang khng xut hin F1 la tinh trang ln. - Cach 2: th h lai phn li theo ti l 3 : 1 thi kiu hinh ti l 3 la kiu hinh tri ; kiu hinh ti l 1 la kiu hinh ln. - Cach 3: nu P co kiu hinh ging nhau em lai vi nhau F1 xut hin kiu hinh khac P thi kiu hinh P la kiu hinh tri vi Ln lai vi lan khng th xut hin tri Tri lai vi tri xut hin ln C th tri P th di hp b. Ch 2: Xac inh kiu gen cua b me da vao ti l phn li - Trng hp 1: th h con lai phn li theo ti l 3: 1 nghim ung quy lut pn li nn P co KG: Aa x Aa - Trng hp 2: th h lai phn li theo ti l 1: 1. Kt qu php lai phn tch P co KG: Aa x aa - Trng hp 3: th h lai phn li theo ti l 1: 2:1 . L hin tng tri khng hon ton P co KG: Aa x Aa 2. Cac bc lam bai tp

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Tng tc gen Bc 1: Xac inh tinh trang tri ln quy c gen(p dng vi hin tng tri hon ton). Quy c kiu gen ( p dng vi hin tng tri khng hon ton)- p dng ch 1 Bc 2: Xet s phn tinh cua cp tinh trang th h lai Bc 3: Xac inh kiu gen cua P da vao kiu hinh bai- vit s lai p dng ch 2

BI TP VN DNG Bi 1: cho cy c chua qu giao phn vi cy c chua qu vng Th F1 thu c ton cy c chua qu . Cho cc cy F1 t th phn thu c F2 150 cy qu : 50 cy qu vng 1.kt qu lai tun theo nh lut no ? vit s lai t P n F2 2. chn 2 cy F2 cho giao phn hy cho bit kiu gen ca hai cy trong cc trng hp sau - khi F3 phn tnh theo t l 3 : 1 vng - khi F3 phntnh theo t l 1 : 1 vng - khi F3 ng tnh 3. Trng hp khng r 2 cy b m c thun chng hay khng th phi chn kiu hnh hai cy cha m nh th no F1 chc chn ng tnh Bai giai: 1. - F1 toan qua o F1 ng tinh 1 trong 2 tinh trang cua P - F2 phn li theo ti l 3 o : 1 vang Vy qua o la tri so vi qua vang va P la thun chung. - Quy c : A : qua o a: qua vang - vit s lai 2. - F3 phn li theo ti l 3 o : 1 vang 2 cy cha me u di hp Co KG: Aa x Aa - F3 phn li theo ti l 1 o : 1 vang la kt qua cua phep lai phn tich 2 cy cha me Co KG: Aa x aa - F3 ng tinh qua o 2 cy cha me Co KG: AA x Aa AA x Aa AA x aa 3. - F1 phn tinh khi hai cy thuc 1 trong 2 trng hp sau Trn Quc Lp Trng DTNT Bc Giang

Tng tc gen Co KG: Aa x Aa Hoc Aa x aa Vi vy co th chon du chi 1 cy co kiu hinh qua o thuc tinh trang qua o thi cy nay co th khng thun chung F1 phn tinh F1 ng tinh khi mt trong 2 cy P la thun chung

Bi 2: mt loi rui gim mu thn do mt gen nm trn NST thng quy nh khi theo di sinh sn ca mt cp rui thn xm th thy n con ca chng c c thn en ln thn xm 1. cho bit tnh trng no l tri, tnh trng no l ln? 2. nu n rui trn l 620 con th s rui con mi loi l bao nhiu? gi s s rui con trn thc t bng s rui con trn l thuyt 3. cho 1 rui c giao phi vi 3 rui ci A,B,C - Vi rui ci A thu c ton thn xm - vi rui ci B thu c t l 1 xm: 1 en - vi rui ci C thu c 3 xm : 1en cho bit kiu gen ca rui c v 3 rui ci trn. Bai Giai 1. F1 gm xam ln en it nht 1 trong hai rui xam thuc P la khng thun chung (di hp) Vy thn xam biu hin di hp phai la tinh trang tri con thn en la tinh trang ln - Quy c gen: A : xam a : en 2. F1 xut hin rui en P u phai cha a trong khi P co kiu hinh thn xam phai cha A Vy kiu gen cua P : Aa x Aa 3. - Rui c x rui cai C 3 xam : 1 en SDL: Aa x Aa - Rui c x rui cai B 1 xam : 1 en SDL: Aa x aa - Rui c x rui cai A toan xam SDL: Aa x AA

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Tng tc gen Bi 3: mt nh lm vn mua c ging bp ht vng em gieo chung mong c ging bp ht vng thun chng nhng khi thu hoch ng thu c bp ht vng ln bp ht trng 1. Gii thch ti sao li c hin tng trn , xc nh KG ca P v F1 2. Vi nh loi bp ht trng ra chn ging bp ht vng thun chng th nh lm vn ny phi tin hnh nh th no 3. Mt nh lm vn khc a chung ging bp ht trng hy cho bit ng ny gy ging bp ht trng thun chng r hay kh ti sao? cho bit mi tnh trng do mt gen quy nh Bai Giai 1. giai thich hin tng kiu gen cua F1 a. giai thich - Thu c F1 gm hat vang ln hat trng phn tinh ging hat vang a mua khng thun chung di hp - Hat vang biu hin F phai la tinh trang tri so vi hat trng - Quy c: A: vang Trng KG cua ging hat vang a mua la Aa - em giao chung la thc hin phep lai Aa x Aa b. KG cua P va F1 - c xac inh qua s lai Aa x Aa 2. Tin hanh lai - Bc 1: chon ra bp hat vang vi khng bit hat vang co kiu gen AA (thun chung) hay Aa khng thun chung (Aa) nn phai gieo ring e t thu phn - nu kt qua thu phn la ng tinh (toan hat vang ) thi cy bp o la thun chung va hat thu c o cung thun chung - Nu kt qua thu c la phn tinh thi ti cy bp o khng thun chung va hat thu c cung khng thun chung - Bc 2: nhn ging bp hat vang thun chung bng t thu phn SL AA x AA 3. Gy ging bp hat trng thun chung - Hat trng thuc tinh trang ln no lun thun chung vi kiu gen ng hp ln II. Hin tng gen a alen, hin tng ng tri 1. Hng dn lm bi tp - Da vo c th con c kiu hnh ln cc v tnh trng hoc c th d tm kiu gen

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Tng tc gen - Theo nguyn tc kiu gen ca con = nhn 1 giao t t B v nhn 1 giao t t M. T kt hp vi kiu hnh ca P suy ra kiu gen ca P 2. Bi tp vn dng Bi 1: trong h nhm mu AOB ng by c nhm mu A, v ng thuc nhm mu O h c 4 ngi con trong s ny c 1 con nui - B 2 v b 3 u c nhm mu A - B 4 nhm mu B, b 5 nhm mu O Hy xc nh a b no l con nui v kiu gen ca ng b by v cc con. Bi gii 1. Xc nh a con nui - B t c nhm mu B nn c kiu gen IBIB hoc IBIo . Vy t nht 1 trong 2 b m phi cho gen IB - ng b by c nhm mu A v O nn khng th cho gen IB - Vy b t khng phi l con rut m l con nui. 2.Kiu gen ca ng b by v cc con - B nm c nhm mu O nn c kiu gen IoIo. Nhn mt Io t b v nhn mt Io t m - ng by mang nhm mu A nn c kiu gen IAIo - B by mang nhm mu O nn c kiu gen IoIo - SL P: IAIo x IoIo B. HIN TNG TNG TC CA CC GEN KHNG ALEN y ch gii hn trng hp tnh trng tng tc do 2 gen khng alen nm trn 2 cp NST thng khc nhau chi phi I. CC DNG BI TP 1. Trng hp 1: Lai mt tinh trang th h lai cho 16 t hp Bc 1: Xac inh ti l phn tinh 1 tinh trang rut gon bai Bc 2: Xac inh s t hp (Bng tng t l kiu hnh rt gn nht bi) Bc 3: bin lun xy ra tng tac gen - F1 hoc F2 phn li theo ti l =16 t hp = 4 giao t x 4 giao t suy ra P hoc F1 cho 4 loai giao t nn di hp v 2 cp gen khng alen cung quy inh 1 tinh trang . Xy ra tng tac gen. - Xac inh kiu tng tac da vao ti l rut gon bai Ti l: 9:6:1 ; 9:7 ; 9:3:3:1 la tng tac b tr Ti l 15:1 la ti l cua tng tac cng gp T l 13:3; 12:3:1; 9:3:4 l t l ca tng tc t ch. - Quy c KG P(F1 )la : AaBb

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Tng tc gen Ti l kiu gen chung th h sau co dang 9 A-B3A-bb 3aaB1aabb Sau o gan ti l kiu hinh bai cho ti l kiu gen chung trn sao cho thich hp. Bc 4: Xac inh kiu gen P hoc F1 vit s lai va giai quyt cac yu cu con lai cua bai 2. Trng hp 2: Lai mt tinh trang th h lai cho 8 t hp Bc 1: Xac inh ti l rut gon cua cp tinh trang bai Bc 2: Xac inh s t hp Bc 3: Bin lun xy ra tng tac gen - F1 hoc F2 phn li theo ti l = 8 t hp = 4 loai giao t x 2 loai giao t C th cho 4 loai giao t phai di hp v hai cp gen khng alen cung quy inh 1 tinh trang Xy ra tng tac gen 1 bn c th cho 2 loai giao t nn phai di hp v 1 cp gen _ Quy c kiu gen c th di hp v 2 cp gen: AaBb KG cua c th di hp v 1 cp gen : Aabb hoc aaBb SDL1: AaBb x Aabb SDL2: AaBb x aaBb Ch : - Nu l tng tc b tr vai tr ca A v B l nh nhau nn c hai s lai u ng - Nu l tng tc t ch th ch ng 1 trong 2 s lai Bc 4: Xac inh kiu gen P hoc F1 vit s lai va giai quyt cac yu cu con lai cua bai 3. Trng hp 3: Lai mt tinh trang th h lai cho 4 t hp( lai phn tch) Bc 1: Xac inh ti l rut gon cua cp tinh trang bai Bc 2: Xac inh s t hp Bc 3: bin lun xy ra tng tac gen - F1 hoc F2 phn li theo ti l = 4 t hp = 4 loai giao t x 1 loai giao t C th cho 4 loai giao t phai di hp v hai cp gen khng alen cung quy inh 1 tinh trang Xy ra tng tac gen 1 bn c th cho 1 loai giao t nn phai ng hp _ Quy c kiu gen c th di hp v 2 cp gen: AaBb KG cua c th ong hp : aabb SDL: p AaBb x aabb Trn Quc Lp Trng DTNT Bc Giang

Tng tc gen Bc 4: Xac inh kiu gen P hoc F1 vit s lai va giai quyt cac yu cu con lai cua bai Chu y: - Trong bai cho ca 3 trng hp 16 t hp; 8 t hp; 4 t hp thi trng hp 16 t hp xay ra kiu tng tac nao thi cac trng hp 8 t hp, 4 t hp cung xy ra tng tac gen kiu o - Khi xt bao gi cng xt v bin lun trng hp c 16 t hp trc II. BI TP VN DNG 1. Tng tc b sung Bai 1: cho chut F1 tap giao vi 3 chut khac trong 3 phep lia sau Phep lai 1: c th h lai phn li theo ti l 75% chut trng: 12,5% chut nu: 12,5% chut xam Phep lai 2: c th h lai phn li theo ti l 56,25%chut trng: 37,5% chut nu: 6,25% chut xam Cho bit gen quy inh tinh trang nm trn NST tng Hay bin lun va vit s lai cac trng hp nu trn. Bai giai 1. xet phep lai 2: F2 phn li theo ti l 9 trng: 6 nu : 1 xam = 16 t hp F1 d hp 2 cp gen nm trn 2 cp NST tng ng khc nhau, y l php lai 2 cp gen. Tuy nhin t l phn li khng phi 9:3:3:1 m l 9:6:1. Kt qu ny c th gii thch bng tng tc b sung ca 2 gen khng alen nh sau: S lai: F1 x c th th 3: AaBb x AaBb G: AB; Ab; aB; ab AB; Ab; aB; ab F2: AB AB AABB Ab aB ab AABb AaBB AaBb AAbb AaBb Aabb AaBb aaBB aaBb Aabb aaBb aabb Ab AABb aB AaBB ab AaBb

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Tng tc gen

Kiu gen 1 AABB 2 AaBB 2 AABb 4 AaBb 9 A- BKiu hinh 3 A- bb 3 aaB1aabb 1 Aabb 2 Aabb 1 aaBB 2 aaBb 1 aabb

9 trng : 6 nu : 1 xam b. Xet trng hp 1 - F1phn li theo ti l 6 trng :1 nu :1 xam= 8 t hp = 4 loai giao t x 2 loai giao t F1 di hp v hai cp gen co kiu gen : AaBb C th mang lai di hp v mt cp gen : Aabb hoc aaBb SDL: P AaBb x Aabb Bai 2: cho mt s th ng lun lai vi nhau F1 ngi ta thy co 3 trng hp sau. Trng hp 1: con cai co kiu hinh 3 lun: 1 cao Trng hp 2: con cai co kiu hin 1 lun : 1 cao Trng hp 3: con cai u cao. Cho cy F1 lai vi nhau thu c 92 cy cao: 69 cy lun. 1. Hay phn tich c im di truyn cua tng th ng lun .Tim kiu gen cua cac th h trong cac trng hp trn 2. em con lai F1 trng hp 3 lai vi th ng cha bit kiu gen chi thu c cac con th h sau gm 8 t hp khac nhau . Hay xac inh kiu gen, kiu hinh co th cua chung. 2. Tng tc t ch Bi 1: Cho chut F1 tp giao vi cc chut khc trong 3 php lai sau: - Php lai 1: c th h lai phn li theo t l 75% chut lng trng: 12,5% chut lng nu: 12,5% chut lng xm. - Php lai 2: c th h lai phn li theo t l: 50% chut lng trng: 37,5% chut lng nu: 12,5% chut long xm - Php lai 3: c th h lai phn li theo t l: 75% chut lng trng: 18,75% chut lng nu: 6,25% chut long xm Bit gen quy inh tnh trng nm trn NST thng Hy bin lun v vit s lai cc trng hp trn ? Bi gii Trn Quc Lp Trng DTNT Bc Giang

Tng tc gen 1. Xt php lai 3 F2 Phn li theo t l 75% lng trng: 18,75% lonng nu: 6,25% lng xm = 12loong trng: 3 lng nu: 1 lng xm = 16 kiu t hp = 4 giao t x 4 giao t . C th F1 v chut (3) cho 4 loi giao t phi d hp v 2 cp gen khng alen cng quy nh mt tnh trng Xy ra tng tc gen V t l 12:3:1 l t l ca tng tc gen kiu t ch - Quy c kiu gen F1: AaBb - T l KG F2 thuc dng: Trng hp 1 Trng hp 2 9 A- B9 A- B3 A- bb 12 hoc 3 aaB12 3 aaB1 aabb 3 1 3 A-bb 1 aabb 3 1

-Trng hp 1: Gen A t ch gen khng alen khc -Trng hp 2: Gen B t ch gen khng alen khc SL php lai 3: F1: AaBb x AaBb 2. Xt php lai 1 - F1 AaBb x (1). F2 thu c 75% lng trng: 12,5% long nu: 12,5% lng xm = 6 lng trng: 1 lng nu: 1 lng xm = 8 kiu t hp = 4 loi giao t x 2 loi giao t (1) cho 2 loi giao t nn kiu gen cha 1 cp gen d hp - F2 xut hin kiu hnh lng xm thuc kiu gen aabb (1) cha gen ab nn c kiu gen Aabb (gen A t ch) hoc aaBb (Gen B t ch) - Vit 2 SL SL1: F1 AaBb x Aabb SL2: F1 AaBb x aaBb

3. Xt phep lai 2 - F1 AaBb x (2). F2 thu c 50% trng: 37,5% nu : 12,5% xm = 4 trng: 3 nu: 1 xm = 8 kiu t hp =4 loi giao t x 2 loi giao t (2) cho 2 loi giao t nn kiu gen cha 1 cp gen d hp - F2 xut hin kiu hnh lng xm thuc kiu gen aabb (2) cha gen ab nn c kiu gen Aabb (gen B t ch) hoc aaBb (Gen A t ch) - Vit 2 SL SL1: F1 AaBb x (2) Aabb

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Tng tc gen SL2: F1 AaBb x (2) aaBb Bi 2: Cho giao phi mt ni chut en vi mt ni chut trng, th h F1 nhn c ton chut xm. Cho F1 tp giao n F2 thu c 452 chut xm: 202 chut trng v 146 chut en. Bit gen quy nh tnh trng nm trn NST thng. Bin lun v vit SL Bi gii - F1 tp giao c F2 452 xm: 202 trng: 146 en = 9 xm: 4 trng: 3 en = 16 kiu t hp = 4 giao t x 4 giao t . C th F1 v chut (3) cho 4 loi giao t phi d hp v 2 cp gen khng alen cng quy nh mt tnh trng Xy ra tng tc gen - T l 9: 4: 3 l t l kiu tng tc t ch - Quy c kiu gen F1: AaBb - T l KG F2 thuc dng: Trng hp 1 Trng hp 2 9 A- B9 9 A- B9 3 A- bb 1aabb 3aaBhoc 4 3 3 aaB1 aabb 3 A- bb 4 3

-Trng hp 1: Gen bb t ch -Trng hp 2: Gen aa t ch SL P Aabb x aaBB F1 AaBb F1 Xx F1 AaBb x AaBb 3. Tng tc cng gp Bi 1: mt loi thc vt, chiu cao ca cy c quy nh bi hai cp gen khng alen . S c mt ca mi fen tri lm cy gim bt chiu cao 5cm. Cy cao nht c chiu cao l 120cm a. Hy xc nh quy lut di truyn chi phi v gii thch s hnh thnh mi loi kiu hnh c th c v chiu cao ca loi thc vt ni trn b. F1 thu c cc cy u c chiu cao 110cm th phi chon cc cy P c kiu gen v kiu hnh nh th no? Lp s lai. c. Cho hai cy F1 c to ra t mt trong cc php lai ni trn giao phn vi nhau, thu c F2; trong c mt kiu hnh chim t l 1/16. Hy lp SL v nhn xt t l kiu gen kiu hnh F2. Bi gii Trn Quc Lp Trng DTNT Bc Giang

Tng tc gen a. Quy lut di truyn chi phi v s hnh thnh mi loi kiu hnh - Theo bi 2 cp gen khng alen cng quy nh mt cp tnh trng v chiu cao ca cy l hin tng tng tc gen. Mi mt gen tri c mt trong t hp kiu gen lm cy gim bt 5cm Vy tnh trng chiu cao ca cy c chi phi bi quy lut tc ng qua li gia cc gen kiu cng gp. - Cy cao nht l 120cm khng mang gen tr tc l c kiu gen aabb Cy cao 115cm mang mt gen tri, tc l c kiu gen Aabb hoc aaBb Cy cao 110cm mang hai gen tri, tc l c kiu gen AAbb hoc aaBB hoc AaBb Cy cao 105cm mang ba gen tri, tc l c kiu gen AaBB hoc AABb Cy cao 100cm mang tt c gen tri, tc l c kiu gen AABB b. F1 thu c cc cy c chiu cao 110cm th tt c cc cy F1 c to ra phi c mng 2 gen tri. Do cp chn lai P c th l: Aabb x Aabb; aaBB x aaBB; Aabb x aaBB; AABB x aabb - SL P: AABB x aabb - SL P: Aabb x Aabb - SL P: aaBB x aaBB - SL P: Aabb x aaBB c. F2 c mt loi kiu hnh chin t l 1/16 tc F2 c 16 t hp= 4giao t F1 x 4 giao t F1. F1 cho 4 loi gioa t phi d hp v 2 cp gen khng alen - Quy c kiu gen F1: AaBb - SL F1 AaBb x AaBb GF1 AB, Ab, aB, ab AB, Ab, aB, ab Lp bng t hp F2 suy ra c t l kiu gen kiu hnh F2 l F2 KG KH 1 AABB Cy cao 100cm 2 AABb 2 AaBB 4 AaBb 1 aaBB 1 AAbb 2Aabb 2 aaBb 1 aabb Trn Quc Lp 4 Cy cao 105cm

6 Cy cao 110cm 4 Cy cao 115cm 1 Cy cao 120cm Trng DTNT Bc Giang

Tng tc gen Bi 2: Cho mt cy hoa F1 giao phn vi 3 cy hoa khc: - Vi cy hoa th nht c th h lai phn li theo t l 75% cy hoa mu : 25% cy hoa mu trng. - Vi cy hoa th hai c th h lai phn li theo t l 87,5% cy hoa mu : 12,5% cy hoa mu trng - Vi cy hoa th 3 thu c th h lai phn li theo t l 93,75% cy hoa mu : 6,25% cy hoa mu trng. Hy bin lun v vit s lai cho mi trng hp. Bi gii: 1. Xt php lai F1 vi cy th 3 - F2 phn li theo t l 15: 1 = 16 t hp= 4 giao t x 4 giao t, F1 to ra 4 loi giao t v d hp 2 cp gen. - Quy c kiu gen F1 v cy th ba: AaBb - T l 15: 1 l t l ca kiu tng tc cng gp Trong s 16 t hp F2 ch c mt t hp ng hp ln (ht trng), 15 t hp cn li cha t nht 1 gen tri trong KG (ht ). Vy mu thm hay nht ph thuc vo s gen tri c trong KG. S lai: F1 AaBb x AaBb GP AB, Ab, aB, ab AB, Ab, aB, ab F2 KG KH 1 AABB 2 AABb 2 AaBB 15 Hoa mu 4 AaBb 1 AAbb 2Aabb , 1 aaBB 2 aaBb 1 aabb : 1 Hoa mu trng 2. Xt php lai F1 vi cy th 2 F2 phn li theo t l 7: 1 = 8 t hp = 4 giao t x 2 giao t. F1 d hp v 2 cp gen khng alen nn cho 4 loi giao t. Cy th 2 cho 2 loi giao t phi d hp v 1 cp gen nn c th c kiu gen l Aabb hoc aaBb SL1: F1 AaBb x Aabb SL2: F1 AaBb Trn Quc Lp x aaBb Trng DTNT Bc Giang

Tng tc gen

2. Xt php lai gia F1 vi cy th nht F2 phn li theo t l 3: 1 = 4 t hp = 4 giao t x 1 giao t. F1 cho 4 loi giao t vy cy th nht mang lai ch cho mt loi giao t c kiu gen aabb SL: F1 AaBb x aabb Bi 3: gen tch ly ln trng lng c th (mt gen gm 2 alen): mi cp alen cha gen tri u c tc dng tng trng nh nhau v u tng trng gp 3 ln cp alen ln. Lai ging ln thun chng, trng lng 60kg vi ln landrat thun chng trng lng 100kg, con lai F1 c trng lng 120kg. Cho rng 4 cp gen nm trn cc cp NST khc nhau tham gia hnh thnh tnh trng ni trn v con lai F1 u d hp theo tt c cc gen cho. Bin lun v vit s lai C. NHNG XUT PHT TRIN V HON THIN CHUYN 1. Hin tng tnh trng do hai gen khng alen nm trn 2 nhim sc th khc nhau:1 gen nm trn NST thng, 1 gen cn li nm trn NST gii tnh Bi 1: mt loi, nu kiu gen c mt 2 loi gen tri A v B cho mt , cn nu c mt ch gen tri A hoc B hay ton gen ln quy nh mt trng. Mi gen nm trn 1 NST. Cho con ci mt thun chng (AABB) giao phi vi con c mang ton gen lnc F1. Cho F1 tip tc giao phi vi nhau. Xc nh kt qu thu c F2. Bi gii V bi khng r cc gen quy nh mu mt nm trn NST thng hay NST gii tnh, do phi xt cc trng hp sau 1. Cc gen nm trn NST thng S lai: P AABB x aabb G: AB ab F1: AaBb 100% mt o F1 x F1: AaBb x AaBb G: AB; Ab; aB; ab AB; Ab; aB; ab F2: AB AB AABB Ab aB AABb AaBB AAbb AaBb AaBb aaBB Aabb aaBb Ab AABb aB AaBB ab AaBb

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Tng tc gen

ab Kiu gen 1 AABB 2 AaBB 2 AABb 4 AaBb 9 A- BKiu hinh

AaBb

Aabb

aaBb

aabb

1 Aabb 2 Aabb

1 aaBB 2 aaBb

1 aabb

3 A- bb

3 aaB-

1aabb

9 mt o : 7 mt trng 2. Trng hp 1 gen nm trn NST thng, ! gem nm trn NST gii tnh V vai tr ca A,B l nh nhau do gen no nm trn NST thng hay NST gii tnh u c. SL : P AAXBXB x aaXbY GP AXB aXb; aY F1 AaXBXb ; AaXBY F1xF1 AaXBXb x AaXBY Lp bng thu c kt qu F2 T l kiu hnh F2: 9 mt : 7 mt trng Trong c: 6/9 mt l con ci, cn 3/9 mt l con c; 5/7 mt trng l con c, cn 2/7 mt trng l con ci. 2. Bi tp tng hp v tng tc gen 2.1 Dng 1: Lai 2 tnh trng mt tnh trng di truyn theo quy lut tng tc, mt tnh trng do mt cp gen quy nh a. Trng hp 1: cc gen phn li c lp(Tng tc gen phn li c lp) V d : 8; 59 b tuyn sinh nm 1996 b. Trng hp 2: c hin tng lin kt hon ton(Tng tc gen- Lin kt gen) V d : 4; 59; 7; 9; 16; 18; 20; 21; 30; 31; 37; 61; 75; 93 b tuyn sinh nm 1996 c. Trng hp 3: C hin tng lin kt khng hon ton(Tng tc gen- Hon v gen) V d : 5; 22; 72; 49 b tuyn sinh nm 1996

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Tng tc gen 2.2 Dng 2: Lai hai tnh trng di truyn theo quy lut tng tc gen(mi tnh trng do 2 gen khng alen quy nh) 3. a. Trng hp 1: cc gen phn li c lp(Tng tc gen phn li c lp) V d : 63 b tuyn sinh nm 1996 b.Trng hp 2: c hin tng lin kt hon ton (Tng tc gen- Lin kt gen) V d : 41; 83; 30 b tuyn sinh nm 1996 d. c.Trng hp 3: C hin tng lin kt khng hon ton (Tng tc gen- Hon v gen) Chng 3: BIN PHP, GII PHP CH YU THC HIN TI 1. Gii php ch yu - Hng dn hc sinh nm c cc dng bi tp - Bi tp ca tng dng c vn dng t d n kh - Cho hc sinh luyn v lm cc thi 2. ng dng thc tin trong cng tc ging dy Hiu qu khi p dng. Khi p dng chuyn ny ti thu c nhng kt qu kh quan - Khi cha p dng: S HS lm c bi tp tng tc gen l rt t khong 10% tng s hc sinh khi 12 lm c bi tp. - Khi p dng: Hu ht cc em c kch thch hng th hc tp, a phn cc em vn dng v lm c bi tp khong 90% hc sinh khi 12. C. PHN KT LUN V KIN NGH 1. Kt lun. - Ti nghin cu vn ny c th ni y ch l mt sng kin, kinh nghim nh ca ring ti, nhng ti rt mong mun c bn b, ng nghip tham kho, ng gp, xy dng c 1 phng php dy hc tt nht, c bit i vi mn sinh hc v cch lm bi tp trong chng trnh sinh hc. - ti ny ca ti gn lin vi thc tin cng tc ging dy trng PTDT Ni tr tnh. N gp phn khc phc nhng kh khn, yu km ca HS trong qu lm bi tp b mn sinh hc ni chung. Trn y l nhng iu ti thu c qua thc nghim nghin cu v thc t ging dy. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh trnh

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Tng tc gen by chc khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, knh mong c s gp ca BGH, t chuyn mn v bn b ng nghip. 2.Kin ngh - xut. - Qu trnh thc nghim trong thc t ging dy ti thu c kt qu rt kh quan, vi rt nhiu i tng khc nhau.V vy ti nhn thy chuyn ny ca ti c tnh kh thi cao. Mong bn b, ng nghip tham kho, mong nh trng to iu kin c p dng rng ri hn. - ti ny cng c th p dung rt tt i vi hc sinh khi 12 ni chung. Bc giang, ngy 6 thng 12 nm 2011 Ngi vit Trn Quc Lp

DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO Trn Quc Lp Trng DTNT Bc Giang

Tng tc gen

1. Sch gio khoa sinh hc 12 2. Sch bi tp sinh hc 12 3. Phng php gii bi tp sinh hc Phan K Nam NXB ng nai 4. Phng php gii bi tp sinh hc Nguyn Vn Sang NXB nng 5. Bi tp di truyn Nguyn Minh cng NXB gio dc 6. Tuyn chon phn loi bi tp hay v kh V c Lu NXB i hc quc gia HN 7. B tuyn sinh nm 1996

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