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CEMENT AND AGGREGATES

reported by:
LACSON, RONEL B. 2010-10401 QUE,CHESTER P. 2010-10591

building technology: materials in building construction

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA college of architecture and urban planning

CEMENT

a calcined mixture of clay and limestone, finely pulverized and used as an ingredient in concrete and mortar. The term is frequently used incorrectly for concrete.

Hydraulic Cement
A bonding agent that reacts with water to form a hard stone-like substance that is resistant to disintegration in water.

Portland Cement
Widely used in various small and large constructions including roads and highways. Portland cement is not a brand but a type of hydraulic cement.

Portland Cement is categorized into five types: Type I Normal


a portland cement used for general construction, having none of the distinguishing qualities of the other types.

Type II Moderate

a portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, making it more resistant to sulfates and causing it to generate less heat of hydration.

Type III High-Early Strength Type IV Low Heat

a very finely ground portland cement having an increased content of tricalcium silicate, causing it to cure faster and gain strength earlier than normal portland cement. a portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium silicate and an increased content of dicalcium silicate, causing it to generate less heat of hydration than normal portland cement.

a portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, lessening the need for gypsum, a sulfate normally added to cement to retard its setting time

Type V Sulfate Resisting

Natural Cement
A naturally occurring clayey limestone which when calcined and finely pulverized produces a hydraulic cement.

Pozzolan
a siliceous material, as fly ash, that reacts chemically with slaked lime in the presence of moisture to form a slow-hardening cement, named after a natural cement from Pozzuoli, an ancient Roman town near Vesuvius. Also pozzolona, pozzuolana.

Siliceous

containing silica or a silicate.

Fly Ash
fine particles of ash recovered from the waste gases of a solid-fuel furnace.

Tricalcium Silicate
a compound constituting about half the volume of portland cement and responsible for the hardening or early gain in strength of the cement.

Dicalcuim Silicate
a compound constituting about one-quarter of the volume of Portland cement and responsible for the aging or long-term gain in strength of the cement.

Tricalcium Aluminate

a compound constituting about one-tenth of the volume of Portland cement and responsible for the initial setting of the cement.

Air-entraining Portland Cement


a TypeI, Type II, or Type III portland cement to which a small quantity of an air-entraining agent has been interground during manufacture: designated by the suffix A, as Type IA, Type IIA, or Type IIIA.

White Portland Cement


a portland cement produced from raw materials low in iron oxide and manganese oxide, the substances that give concrete its gray color: used in precast concrete work and in the making of terrazzo, stucco, and tile grout.

Sulfate Action
an expansive reaction occurring when the cement matrix of concrete or mortar comes in contact with sulfates dissolved in ground water or in soil.

Entrained Air
Microscopic, spherical air bubbles, typically 0.004 to 0.04 in. (0.1 to 1.0 mm) in diameter intentionally dispersed in a concrete or mortar mix by an air-entraining agent.

Cement Paste

a mixture of cement and water for coating, setting, and binding the aggregate particles together in a concrete or mortar mix.

Mortar

a plastic mixture of lime or cement, or a combination of both, with sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction.

Cement by mixing portland cement, sand,, and water. Mortar a mortar made Cement Lime-Mortar Masonry Cement Cement Temper

a cement mortar to which lime is added to increase its plasticity and water-retentivity.

a proprietary mix of portland cement and other ingredients, as hydrate lime, plasticizers, air-entraining agents, and gypsum, requiring only the addition of sand and water to make cement mortar.

the addition of portland cement to lime plaster to improve its strength and durability.

AGGREGATES

AGGREGATES
any various hard, inert, mineral materials, as sand and gravel, added to a cement paste to make concrete or mortar. Since aggregate represents from 60% to 80% of the concrete volume, its properties are important to the strength, weight, and fire-resistance of the hardened concrete. Aggregate should be hard, dimensionally stable, and free of clay, silt, and organic matter which can prevent the cementing matrix from binding the particles together.

AGGREGATES

BUILDING TECH 1: MATERIALS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Fine Aggregate
aggregate consisting of sand having a particle size smaller than in. (6.4 mm): specif. the portion of aggregate that will pass through 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) sieve, almost entirely through a No.4 (4.8 mm) sieve, and be predominantly retained on a No. 200 (74) sieve.

Coarse Aggregate

aggregate consisting of crushed stone, gravel, or blast-furnace slag having a particle size larger than in. (6.4 mm): specif. the portion of the aggregate that is retained on a No.4 (4.8mm) sieve. The maximum size of coarse aggregate in reinforced concrete is limited by the size of the section and the spacing of the reinforcing bars.

Graded Aggregate
aggregate having a particle-size distribution characterized by uniform grading. Graded aggregate requires the least amount of cement paste to fill the voids and surround the particles.

Graded Aggregate
Particle-size distribution
the range of particle sizes in a granular material, expressed either as the cumulative percentage by weight of particles smaller or larger than a specified sieve opening, or as the percentage by weight of the particles that range between specified sieve openings.

Uniform Grading
a particle-size distribution in which aggregate particles vary uniformly from fine to coarse without a preponderance of any one size or group of sizes.

TYPES OF AGGREGATES BUILDING TECH 1: MATERIALS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

AGGREGATES

COARSE AGGREGATES

GRADED AGGREGATES

FINE AGGREGATES

Coarse Aggregates is that portion of an aggregates that is retained on number 4 (4.76mm) size which usually come from:

1. Natural gravel deposits which are formed by water, wind or glacial action. 2. Manufactured by crushing rock, stone, boulder and large cobble stone.

Four Kinds of Common Coarse Aggregate


1. Limestone or calcium bearing materials.
2. Basalts, granite and related igneous rock. 3. Sandstone and quartzite. 4. Rock, such as opal and chert composed mainly of amorphous silicon dioxide.

Four Kinds of Common Coarse Aggregate

BUILDING TECH 1: MATERIALS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

LIMESTONE

GRANITE

OPAL

SANDSTONE

QUARTZITE

CHERT

Conditions for maximum size of coarse aggregates:


1. It shall easily fit into the forms and in between reinforcing bars. 2. It should not be larger than 1/5 of the narrowest dimension of the forms of 1/3 of the depth of the slab nor of the minimum distance between the reinforcing bars.

Expanded Shale Exfoliation


Perlite

a strong lightweight aggregate obtained by the exfoliation of clay or shale. Also called expanded clay.

the splitting or swelling of certain minerals into a scaly aggregate when heated.

a volcanic glass expanded by heat to form lightweight, spherical particles, used as nonstructural lightweight aggregate and as loose-fill thermal insulation. Also, pearlite.

Vermiculite

mica expanded by heat into very light, wormlike threads, used as nonstructural lightweight aggregate and as loose-fill thermal insulation.

END OF PRESENTATION
BUILDING TECH 1: MATERIALS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

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