Chi So Chat Luong Nuoc WQI

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG
MC LC
CHNG I: NH NGHA CH S CHT LNG NC WQI.............................5
1.1. NH NGHA.....................................................................................................5
1.2. PHN TCH MT S DNG WQI...................................................................5
1.3. LA CHN CC CH TIU CHT LNG TNH TON WQI.............6
1.4. TNH TON CH S WQI.................................................................................6
CHNG 2. TNH HNH NGHIN CU V NG DNG WQI..............................8
2.1. TNH HNH NGHIN CU V P DNG WQI TRN TH GII................8
2.1.1. Ch s cht lng nc ca M......................................................................8
Bng 2.1. Cc thng s c xem xt, thit lp ch s cht lng nc ca NSF. .10
Hnh 2.1: th chuyn i gi tr o ca thng s la chn (xi) thnh ch s ph (qi)
trong m hnh NSF - WQI.............................................................................................12
Bng 2.2. Trng s ng gp ca cc thng s theo NSF WQI.................................13
2.1.2. Ch s cht lng ca Canada......................................................................13
Bng 2.3. Gi tr ch s s dng trong phng php BC..............................................14
2.1.3. Ch s cht lng nc ca Malaysia...........................................................16
2.1.4. Ch s cht lng nc p dng ti mt s quc gia Chu u (Universal
Water Quality Index)..............................................................................................17
Bng 2.4. Cc thng s la chn v cng thc tnh ch s ph.....................................17
2.1.5. Ch s cht lng nc ca Bhargava (n )............................................19
Bng 2.5: Cc thng s cht lng nc la chn cho cc mc ch ring..................20
2.2. TNH HNH NGHIN CU V P DNG WQI VIT NAM...................21
2.2.1. S dng ch s cht lng nc phn loi v phn vng CLN sng
Hng....................................................................................................................21
Bng 2.6. Cc thng s cht lng nc la chn cc mc ch s dng ring...........21
Hnh 2.2: Hm nhy ca cc thng s la chn i vi cc mc ch s dng ring22
Bng 2.7. Thng s v trng s tng ng...................................................................23
2.2.2. Xy dng ch s cht lng nh gi v qun l cht lng nc h thng
sng ng Nai.......................................................................................................23
Bng 2.8. Cc thng s cht lng nc v trng s ...................................................23
Bng 2.9. Phn loi cht lng ngun nc mt..........................................................24
2.2.3. Phn vng cht lng nc theo mc nhim p dng h thng WQI
ph hp vi TP H Ch Minh 2007 2008............................................................25
Hinh 2.3: Cac thi ham nhay (Fi) i vi cac thng s CLN khi tinh WQIB ...........28
Bng 2.10. Phn loi cht lng nc theo WQI ........................................................28
CHNG 3. NG DNG NGHIN CU CH S CHT LNG NC
NH GI V PHN VNG CHT LNG NC SNG HU........................29
3.1. TNH CP THIT CA TI.....................................................................29
GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH
3.2 NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ...........................................29

3.2.2. Phng php nghin cu..............................................................................29
Hnh 3.1. Cc giai on xy dng ch s cht lng nc...........................................30
Bng 3.1. Cc cng thc tp hp tnh WQI [2, 3, 5, 7, 9].............................................30
3.2.3. Phng php nh gi cht lng nc theo WQI.......................................31
3.3. KT QU -THO LUN.................................................................................31
3.3.1 Kt qu xy dng ch s cht lng nc.....................................................31
Hnh 3.2. th v hm s tng quan gia nng BOD v ch s ph...................31
Hnh 3.3. th v hm s tng quan gia nng DO v ch s ph......................32
Hnh 3.4. th v hm s tng quan gia nng SS v ch s ph.......................32
Hnh 3.5. th v hm s tng quan gia thng s pH v ch s ph......................32
Hnh 3.6. th v hm s tng quan gia nng COD v ch s ph...................33
Hnh 3.7. th v hm s tng quan gia nng Tng Coliform v ch s ph....33
Bng 3.2. Trng s ca cc thng s cht lng nc.................................................34
3.3.2 nh gi cht lng nc h thng sng Hu bng WQI Phn vng cht
lng nc.............................................................................................................34
Bng 3.3. Phn loi nhim ngun nc mt..............................................................34
3.3.3. Din bin cht lng h thng sng Hu......................................................34
Hnh 3.8. Bn phn vng cht lng nc sng Hu nm 2007..............................36
3.4. KT LUN KIN NGH ...............................................................................37
DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 2.1. Cc thng s c xem xt, thit lp ch s cht lng nc ca NSF. . .10
Bng 2.2. Trng s ng gp ca cc thng s theo NSF WQI..................................13
Bng 2.3. Gi tr ch s s dng trong phng php BC...............................................14
Bng 2.4. Cc thng s la chn v cng thc tnh ch s ph......................................17
Bng 2.5: Cc thng s cht lng nc la chn cho cc mc ch ring...................20
Bng 2.6. Cc thng s cht lng nc la chn cc mc ch s dng ring............21
Bng 2.7. Thng s v trng s tng ng....................................................................23
Bng 2.8. Cc thng s cht lng nc v trng s ....................................................23
Bng 2.9. Phn loi cht lng ngun nc mt...........................................................24
Bng 2.10. Phn loi cht lng nc theo WQI .........................................................28
Bng 3.1. Cc cng thc tp hp tnh WQI [2, 3, 5, 7, 9].............................................30
Bng 3.2. Trng s ca cc thng s cht lng nc..................................................34
Bng 3.3. Phn loi nhim ngun nc mt...............................................................34
DANH MC CC HNH
Hnh 2.1: th chuyn i gi tr o ca thng s la chn (xi) thnh ch s ph (qi)
trong m hnh NSF - WQI.............................................................................................12
Hnh 2.2: Hm nhy ca cc thng s la chn i vi cc mc ch s dng ring.22
Hinh 2.3: Cac thi ham nhay (Fi) i vi cac thng s CLN khi tinh WQIB ............28
Hnh 3.1. Cc giai on xy dng ch s cht lng nc............................................30
Hnh 3.2. th v hm s tng quan gia nng BOD v ch s ph....................31
Hnh 3.3. th v hm s tng quan gia nng DO v ch s ph.......................32
Hnh 3.4. th v hm s tng quan gia nng SS v ch s ph........................32
Hnh 3.5. th v hm s tng quan gia thng s pH v ch s ph.......................32
Hnh 3.6. th v hm s tng quan gia nng COD v ch s ph....................33
Hnh 3.7. th v hm s tng quan gia nng Tng Coliform v ch s ph.....33
Hnh 3.8. Bn phn vng cht lng nc sng Hu nm 2007...............................36
CHNG I: NH NGHA CH S CHT LNG NC WQI

1.1. NH NGHA
WQI l l mt phng tin c kh nng tp hp mt lng ln cc s liu, thng tin
v cht lng nc, n gin ha cc s liu cht lng nc, cung cp thng tin
di dng d hiu, d s dng cho cc c quan qun l ti nguyn nc, mi trng v
cng chng.
Ch s cht lng nc thng thng l mt con s nm trong khong t 1 100,
nu con s ln hn chng t cht lng nc tt hn mong i.
i vi cc ch tiu nh nhit , pH, Coliform phn v oxy ha tan ch s biu th
mc yu cu i vi nhu cu s dng.
i vi cc cht dinh dng hay bn l cc ch s m thng khng c trong tiu
chun th ch s cht lng biu th iu kin mi trng ti khu vc.
Ch s tng hp tnh ton trn c s nhiu ch tiu cho ta mt nh gi tng quan.
Thng thng ch s trn 80 chng t mi trng nc t cht lng; ch s nm
trong khong 40 80 l mc gii hn v nu nh hn 40 l mc ng lo ngi. ng
dng ln nht ca ch s cht lng l dng cho cc mc tiu so snh (ni no c cht
lng nc xu, ng lo ngi hn so vi cc mc ch s dng) v tr li cu hi
ca cng chng mt cch chung chung (cht lng ngun nc ni ti ra sao?).
Cc ch s c t tc dng i vi cc mc tiu c th! Vic nh gi cht lng nc
cho cc mc tiu c th phi da vo bng phn tch cht lng vi y cc ch tiu
cn thit.
Ch s cht lng nc WQI khng ch dng xp hng ngun nc m gip cho
chng ta thy ni no c vn ng lo ngi v cht lng ngun nc
1.2. PHN TCH MT S DNG WQI
Trn th gii hin nay c nhiu dng WQI ang c s dng, trong ng ch
l WQI ca Canada (The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment- CCME,
2001). WQI-CCME c xy dng da trn rt nhiu s liu khc nhau s dng mt
quy trnh thng k vi ti thiu 4 thng s v 3 h s chnh (F1-phm vi, F2-tn sut va
F3-bin ca cc kt qu khng p ng c cc mc tiu CLN- gii hn chun).
WQI-CCME l mt cng thc rt nh lng v vic s dng ht sc thun tin vi cc
thng s cng cc gi tr chun (mc tiu CLN) ca chng c th d dng a vo
WQI-CCME tnh tan t ng. Tuy nhin, trong WQI-CCME, vai tr ca cc thng
s CLN trong WQI c coi nh nhau, mc d trong thc t cc thnh phn CLN c
vai tr khc nhau i vi ngun nc v d nh thnh phn cht rn l lng khng c
ngha quan trng i vi CLN ngun nc nh thnh phn oxy ha tan.
WQI ca Qu V sinh Quc gia M (National Sanitation Foundation-NSF) l mt
trong cc b ch s cht lng nc c dng ph bin. WQI-NSF c xy dng
bng cch s dng k thut Delphi ca tp on Rand, thu nhn v tng hp kin ca
mt s ng cc chuyn gia khp nc M la chn cc thng s CLN quyt nh
sau xc lp phn trng lng ng gp ca tng thng s (vai tr quan trng ca
thng s - wi) v tin hnh xy dng cc th chuyn i t cc gi tr o c ca
thng s sang ch s ph (qi). WQI-NSF c xy dng rt khoa hc da trn kin s
ng cc nh khoa hc v cht lng nc, c tnh n vai tr (trng s) ca cc thng

s tham gia trong WQI v so snh cc kt qu vi gi tr chun (mc tiu CLN) qua
gin tnh ch s ph (qi). Tuy nhin cc gi tr trng s (wi) hoc gin tnh ch s
ph (qi) trong WQI-NSF ch thch hp vi iu kin cht lng nc ca M.
Do vy, cn c cc WQI ph hp vi iu kin ca Vit Nam, v d vng ng
bng sng Cu Long, nn nhit thng thay i rt t hoc c th ni khng c thay
i nn yu t nhit ngun nc c th b qua trong WQI, s dng trong thc t.
1.3. LA CHN CC CH TIU CHT LNG TNH TON WQI
Ty theo mc ch s dng c th la chn cc ch tiu gim st cht lng tnh
ton ch s WQI, thng thng ngi ta la chn cc ch tiu sau: nhit (T), oxy ha
tan (DO), pH, Coliform phn (FC), tng ni t (TN), tng phospho (TP), tng cht rn l
lng (SS), BOD, v c.
Cng c th dng t s TN:TP thay cho tng ch tiu ring r. Ch tiu TN s dng
khi t s TN:TP nh hn 10 v s dng TP khi t s ni trn ln hn 20. Do bn lng
lin quan n hai ch tiu l SS v c, do vy kt hp chng li thnh mt s x = 2/
[1/SS + 1/ c] s dng cho tnh ton ch s WQI chung.
1.4. TNH TON CH S WQI
tnh ton v nh gi ch s WQI cn tin hnh 3 bc
a. Bc 1:
Chuyn cc s liu ch tiu cht lng thnh ch s c gi tr t 1 100: mi ch tiu
c quy i thnh ch s theo hm s bc 2 vi cc hng s c cho trong bng. Cc
hng s ny thay i ty thuc vo loi ngun/v tr o. i vi cc ch tiu nhit ,
DO, pH, FC, BOD cng thc tnh cho gi tr 80 khi cc ch tiu o t cht lng theo
tiu chun. V tr a l thng quyt nh tiu chun cho ch tiu Coliform, v d
ngun loi A nhit thp hn 18 oC cho ch s khong 80.Cng thc tnh WQI cho
tng ch tiu
WQI = a + b1(ch tiu) + b2(ch tiu)2
b. Bc 2:
Kt hp cc ch s: Cc ch s WQI ca nhiu t o trong nm c th kt hp
thnh mt ch s cht lng. Ch s WQI cho cc ch tiu khc nhau c kt hp bng
cch tnh trung bnh v tr i h s bt li ca cc thng c ch s nh hn 80. H s
ny tnh bng cng thc
H s bt li = (85 WQI)/2
V d ch s WQI trung bnh thng 1 l 89 v ch tiu pH c ch s l 75. Khi h
s bt li ca pH = (85 75)/2 = 5 v ch s WQI s l 89 5 = 84.
c. Bc 3. p dng cc nguyn tc nh gi
S dng cc gi tr trung bnh kt hp cc ch tiu, v d SS v c.

Bng cch gim c s ln nh gi;
S dng gii hn cht dinh dng (t l TN:TP, hoc TN hay TP) thay cho
vic phi tnh ton ch s cht lng cho c hai ch tiu;
H s bt li ln nht (20) s dng cho cht dinh dng v bn lng khi ch

s WQI tnh ton cho cc ch tiu ny di 80.
Chng ta c th s dng mt s th sau tnh ton WQI, tt nhin l cc ng
cong ny ch c tnh minh ha v n s bin i ty thuc vo iu kin c th
Sau khi tnh ton xong cc ch s i vi tng ch tiu cht lng, chng ta tnh ch
s cht lng WQI chung bng cch nhn cc ch s ca tng ch tiu ring l vi h s
tng ng ca chng
Ch tiu
H s (fi)
DO
0.17
FC
0.16
pH
0.11
BOD
0.11
T
0.10
TP
0.10
TN (N-NO3-) 0.10
c
0.08
TS
0 .07
WQI = WQIi fi
Trong : WQIi ch s cht lng tnh cho tng ch tiu ring r.
CHNG 2. TNH HNH NGHIN CU V NG DNG WQI

2.1. TNH HNH NGHIN CU V P DNG WQI TRN TH GII
Trn th gii hin nay ty thuc vo v tr a l, iu kin t nhin, hin trng cht
lng nc ca mi vng, mi quc gia m c nhiu cch tip cn v xy dng m
hnh ch s cht lng nc khc nhau, trong mt s m hnh ch s cht lng nc
(WQI) c p dng ph bin trn th gii c tm tt nh sau.
2.1.1. Ch s cht lng nc ca M
a) Ch s cht lng nc bang Oregon (OWQI - Oregon Water Quality Index)
Ch s cht lng nc ca bang Oregon c thit lp ban u vo thp k 70.
y l phng php n gin v ngn gn nhm din t thng tin v cht lng nc
sng, h.
La chn cc thng s
Cc thng s s dng: nhit , DO, BOD, pH, tng cht rn (TS), tng N, tng P
v Fecal Coliform (FC).
Cng thc tnh

n
WQI =
SI
i =1
2
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
2
SI T SI DO SI BOD SI pH SI TS SI N SI P SI FC
Trong :
+ n: s lng cc thng s tnh ton (8 thng s)
+ SIi2: l ch s ph ca cc thng s tnh ton
+ Cc ch s ph ny c xc nh theo cc cng thc cho tng thng s
sau:
Nhit
+ T 110 C: SIT = 100
+ 110C < T 290C: SIT = 76,54 + 4,172. T 0,1623.T2 2,0557.10-3T3
+ 290C < T : SIT = 10
DO
+ DO bo ha (DOs ) 100%
+ Nng DO (DOc) 3,3 mg/l : SIDO = 10
+ 3,3 mg/l < DOc < 10,5 mg/l: SIDO = - 80,29 + 31,88. DOc 1,401.DOc2
+ 10,5 mg/l DOc : SIDO = 100
+ 100% < DOs 275%: SIDO = 100e(DOs 100)*(-1,197.10
+ 275%< DOs : SIDO = 10
BOD5
+ BOD5 8 mg/l : SIBOD = 100*eBOD*(-0,1993)
+ 8 mg/l < BOD: SIBOD = 10
2 )
pH
+ pH < 4: SIpH = 10
+ 4 pH < 7 : SIpH = 2,628*e(pH*0,5200)
+ 7 pH 8: SIpH = 100
+ 8 < pH 11 : SIpH = 100*e((pH 8)*(- 0,5188))
+ 11 < pH: SIpH = 10
Tng cht rn (TS): ph thuc vo tng lu vc khc nhau.

+ TS 40 mg/l: SITS = 100
+ 40mg/l < TS 220 mg/l: SITS = 142,6e((TS*(-8,862.10
+ 220 mg/l <TS: SITS= 10
3 ))
Tng N
+ N 3 mg/l: SIN = 100*e((N*(-0,4605))
+ 3mg/l < N: SIN = 10
Tng P
+ P 0,25mg/l: SIP = 100 299,5*P 0,1384*P2
+ 0,25 < P : SIP = 10
Fecal Coliform (FC)
+ FC 50MPN/100ml: SIFC = 98
+ 50MPN/100ml < FC < 1600MPN/100ml: SIFC = 98*e((FC 50)*(-9,9178*10
+ 1600MPN/100ml < FC: SIFC = 10
4 ))
Kt qu phn loi theo WQI
S im
10 - 59
60 - 79
80 - 84
85 - 89
90 - 100
Phn loi
Rt nhim
nhim
Trung bnh
Tt
Rt tt
b) Ch s cht lng ca Qu V sinh Mi trng Hoa K (NSF- WQI)
La chn cc thng s
Ch s ny c thit lp vo nm 1970. xy dng WQI ny, da theo phng
php Delphi NSF mi 142 chuyn gia c kinh nghim trong nhiu lnh vc qun l
cht lng nc M (bao gm cc vin chc qun l, cc k s, cc nh khoa hc)
cng tham gia kin. S ngi ny tr li bng cu hi (Bng 2.1) v 35 loi tc
nhn nhim ngun nc c th c la chn lm ch s cht lng nc. S ngi
ny c th thm hoc bt cc thng s no v sp xp th t cc thng s theo mc
quan trng. Sau , h tr li bng cu hi v mc quan trng ca tng thng s
trong s 35 thng s trn theo cch cho im. Da vo kt qu thu c t vic tr li
hai cu hi trn, NSF xc nh 9 thng s quan trng nht nh gi cht lng
nc sinh hot l: DO, fecal coliform, pH, BOD5, NO3-, tng PO43-, nhit , c v
tng cht rn (TS).
Bng 2.1. Cc thng s c xem xt, thit lp ch s cht lng nc ca NSF

Oxy ha tan
Fecal coliform
pH
BOD520
Ha cht dit c
(herbicides)
Nhit
Ha cht BVTV
(pesticides)
Phosphat
Nitrat
Cht rn ha tanMangan
Hot tnh phngFlorua
x
COD
Cc cht chit bng
cloroform
Amoniac
Tng cht rn
Du v m
cClorua
kim
St
Mu
ng
Sulphat
Canxi
cng
Natri
Kali
axit
Bicacbonat
Magi
Nhm
Silic
Cc phenol
Cng thc tnh

NSF WQI c tnh theo mt trong hai cng thc: cng thc dng tng (k hiu
l WA WQI) v cng thc dng tch (k hiu l WM WQI). Cng thc ton hc ca
2 cch tnh trn c th hin nh sau:
9
Cng thc tng: WA-WQI = w i qi

i=1
9
W
Cng thc tch: WM-WQI = q i i
i=1
Trong : NSF - WQI: ch s cht lng nc ca Qu V sinh Quc gia Hoa K

9
wi : trng s ng gp ca thng s nhim i c gi tr 0 1;
= 1 (Bng
i=1
1.2)
Ch s ph qi c xc nh da vo cc th qi = f(xi) (xem cc th ch s
ph qi = f(xi) Hi nh 1.1). Trn mi th qi = f(xi), gi tr trung bnh v khong tin
cy 80% c biu din. qi nhn gi tr trong khoa ng 0 100.
Theo m hnh NSF-WQI, im WQI s bng 0 nu nng ca bt k cht c no
(kim loi nng xyanua, phenol v d lng ho cht bo v thc vt) vt qu mc cho
php trong Tiu chun hoc Quy chun Hoa K.
Bng 2.2. Trng s ng gp ca cc thng s theo NSF WQI

Thng s
Trng s
DO bo ho
0,17
F.Coli
0,16
BOD
0,11
pH
0,11
S thay i nhit
0,10
Tng P
0,10
NO3-
0,10
0,08
Tng cht rn (TS)
0,07
Kt qu phn loi theo NSF-WQI

S im
0-25
26-50
51-70
71-90
91 - 100
Phn loi
Rt
nhim
nhim
Trung bnh
Tt
Rt tt
2.1.2. Ch s cht lng ca Canada

Mi vng ti Canada u s dng ch s cht lng nc ring nhm phn vng
cht lng nc ti vng . Tuy nhin c 2 phng php c s dng nhiu nht l
phng php Bristish Columbia (Phng php BC) v phng php ca Hi ng ca
B Mi trng Canada (CCME)[7].
a) Cc ch s cht lng nc ca tnh Bristish Columbia (BC Index)
M t ch s: Cc ch s cht lng nc c tnh theo 3 mc ch s

dung khc nhau:
+ Ch s cht lng nc ung
+ Ch s cht lng nc cho cc hot ng th thao di nc
+ Ch s cht lng nc chung: bo v sc khe con ngi, i sng thy
sinh, th thao gii tr ....
Phng php tnh

Ch s =
F12 + F22 + (
F3 2
)
3
Ch s phn loi = Ch s/1,45

Trong :
+ F1: c tnh bng s thng s vt tiu chun trn tng s cc thng s
F1 = (n/N)* 100
13
+ F2: c tnh bng s ln o thng s vt tiu chun chia cho tng s

ln o thng s.
F2 = (m/M)*100
+ F3: c tnh theo cng thc sau:
F3 = Max [{(XMMi, j - Stdj)/XMMi,j}*100]
Trong :
o XMM
l gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht ca thng s th j trong mu

th i, tr cc gi tr DO v pH s dng.
o Stdj : L gi tr gii hn c th chp nhn c (gi tr tiu chun) ca
thng s j trong vic xc nh cht lng nc.
Kt qu phn loi
Kt qu phn loi cht lng nc theo phng php BC Index c th hin
trong Bng 2.3 nh sau:
Bng 2.3. Gi tr ch s s dng trong phng php BC
i,j
F1
F2
F3
Ch s
Ch s phn loi
Rt tt
02
01
0-9
0-4
0-3
Tt
3 14
2 -14
10-45
5-25
4 -17
Trung bnh
15 35
15 40
46-96
26-62
18-43
nhim
36 50
41-60
97-99
63-85
44-50
Rt nhim
51 - 100
61-100
99,1-100
86-145
60 -100
b) Ch s cht lng nc ca Hi ng B Mi trng Canada (CCME Canada

Council of Ministry of the Environment)
c pht trin t nm 1991, Hi ng B Mi trng ca Canada (CCME) cng
xy dng ch s cht lng nc (CCMEWQI) nh l mt cng c quan trng
qun l ngun ti nguyn nc[8].
La chn cc thng s: Cc thng s la chn tnh ton WQI c

chia theo 5 nhm
+ Cc nguyn t ha hc vt
+ Thuc tr su
+ PCBs
+ PAHs
+ Oxy ha tan (DO)
Cng thc tnh

CCMEWQI = 100 -
F2 +F2 +F2
1
2
3
1,732
Trong :
14
+ F1 T l phn trm gia s thng s khng t tiu chun v tng s thng
s ang xt, F1 c tnh nh sau:

F1 = S thng s khng t x100
Tng s thng s
+ F2 Tn sut khng t tiu chun, tc l t l mu khng t tiu chun
vi tng s mu (xt tt c cc thng s phn tch), F2 c tnh nh sau:

F2 = S mu khng t
x100
Tng s mu
+ F3 Mc khng t tiu chun (bin ), F3 c tnh theo 3 bc:
o Tnh lch ei: l mc vt tiu chun ca tng mu khng t
Nu tiu chun ca thng s i l ngng trn so vi tiu chun th:

ei = Gi tr mu - 1
Tiu chun
Nu tiu chun ca thng s i l ngng di so vi tiu chun th:

ei = Tiu chun - 1
Gi tr mu
o Chun ha tng lch c tnh qua cng thc:

n
nse =
i =1
Tng s mu
o Nh vy F3 c tnh bng cng thc:
F3
nse
= 0,01nse +0,01
Kt qu phn loi
Sau khi tnh c ch s cht lng nc (CCMEWQI), ngi ta chia cht lng
nc ra lm 5 loi nh sau:
Gi tr ch s
CCMEWQI
Cht lng nc
95 100
Rt tt
80 94
Tt
65 79
Trung bnh
45 64
Trung bnh km
15
0 - 44
Km
2.1.3. Ch s cht lng nc ca Malaysia

B Mi trng Malaysia cng xy dng Ch s cht lng nc mt vi cc
thng s: DO, BOD, COD, SS, N NH3 v pH.
Cng thc tnh WQI:

n
WQI =
Wi SI i
i =1
Trong :
+ Wi: l trng s ca thng s i
+ SIi l ch s ph ca thng s i
+ Trng s Wi tng ng vi tng thng s la chn
Thng s
DO
BOD
COD
N NH3
SS
pH
Trng s
0,22
0,19
0,16
0,15
0,16
0,12
Cc ch s ph c xc nh theo cc cng thc cho tng thng s

Ch s ph DO (tnh theo phn trm bo ha x%)
+ SIDO = 0 khi x 8
+ SIDO = 100 khi x 92
+ SIDO = -0,395 +0,03x2 0,0002x3 khi 8 < x < 92
Ch s ph ca BOD: (x: nng , mg/l)
+ SIBOD = 100,4 4,23x khi x 5
+ SIBOD = 103 e-0,055x 0,1x khi x > 5
Ch s ph ca COD: (x: nng , mg/l)
+ SICOD = - 1,33x + 99,1 khi x 20
+ SICOD = 103 e-0,0157x 0,04x khi x > 20
Ch s ph ca N-NH3: (x: nng , mg/l)
+ SIAN = 100,5 105x khi x 0,3
+ SIAN = 94 e-0,0573x 5*
+ SIAN = 0 khi x 4
x 2
khi 0,3 < x < 4
Kt qu phn loi
Mc nhim ngun nc s c kt lun da vo kt qu ch s tnh theo cng
thc hoc ch s ph ca cc thng s BOD, N NH3, SS. Kt qu tnh ton v phn
loi cht lng nc theo WQI ca Malaysia nh sau:
Ch s
Mc nhim
nhim nng
nhim va
Khng nhim
WQI
0 - 59
60 - 80
81 - 100
BOD
0 - 79
80 - 90
91 - 100
16
N NH3
0 - 70
71 - 91
92 - 100
SS
0 - 69
70 - 75
76 - 100
2.1.4. Ch s cht lng nc p dng ti mt s quc gia Chu u

(Universal Water Quality Index)
Cng thc chung

n
UWQI =
w I
i =1
Trong :
+ wi l trng s ca thng s i
+ Ii l ch s ph ca thng s i
+ n: s thng s
Thng s la chn v ch s ph
Cc thng s la chn tnh ton ch s v cng thc tnh ch s ph Ii c nu
trong Bng 2.4
Bng 2.4. Cc thng s la chn v cng thc tnh ch s ph
Thng s
Phn loi
Ch s ph
BOD
X<3
3X<5
5X<7
X7
y=100
y=-25X+175
y=-22,5X+162,5
y= 0
Nitrat
X5
5<X10
10<X20
X>20
y=100
y=-10X+150
y=-4,5X+95
y= 0
Asen
X0,02
0,02<X0,05
0,05<X0,1
X>0,1
y=100
y=-1666,7X+133,33
y=-900X+95
y= 0
DO
X8
8<X6
6<X3
X<3
y=100
y=25X-100
y=15X-40
y= 0
Flo
X1
1<X2
X>2
y=100
y=-95X+194,17
y= 0
Tng Photpho
X0,02
y=100
17
0,02<X0,16
0,16<X0,65
X>0,65
y=-357,14X+107,14
y=-91,837X+64,694
y= 0
Hg
X0,0001
0,0001<X0,0005
0,0005<X0,002
X>0,002
y=100
y=-125000X+112,5
y=-30000X+65
y= 0
Se
X0,01
0,01<X0,02
X>0,02
y=100
y=4500X+95
y= 0
CN-
X0,01
0,01<X0,05
0,05<X0,1
X>0,1
y=100
y=-1250X+112,5
y=-900X+95
y= 0
Cd
X0,003
0,003<X0,005
0,005<X0,010
X>0,010
y=100
y=-25000X+175
y=-9000X+95
y= 0
Tng coliform
X50
50<X5000
5000<X50000
X>50000
y=100
y=-10,857lnX+142,47
y=-21,715lnX+284,95
y= 0
pH
6,5X8,5
5,5X6,4 v
8,6X9
X<5,5 and X>9
y=100
y=50
y= 0
Trng s p dng cho tng thng s wi

Phm vi
Thng s
Gy hi n sc Tng coliform
khe
Cadmi
Tm quan trng
Trng s
0,114
0,086
Xyanua
0,086
Thy ngn
0,086
Selen
0,086
18
Quan trc
Suy gim
Oxy
Asen
0,113
Florue
0,086
Nitrat-N
0,086
DO
0,114
pH
0,029
BOD
0,057
Tng phospho
0,057
Kt qu phn loi
Sau khi tnh c ch s cht lng nc (UWQI), ngi ta chia cht lng nc ra
lm 5 loi nh sau:
Gi tr ch s UWQI
Cht lng nc
95 100
Rt tt
75 94
Tt
50 74
Trung bnh
25 49
nhim
0 - 24
Rt nhim
2.1.5. Ch s cht lng nc ca Bhargava (n )
Cng thc tnh

Theo m hnh Bhargava (1983) WQI cho mi mc ch s dng nc (chng hn,
cp nc sinh hot, nng nghip, cng nghip) c tnh ton theo cng thc (1) v
WQI tng qut (hay WQI cho a mc ch s dng nc) c tnh theo cng thc (2).
1/n
n
WQI = Fi x 100
(1)
i=1
Trong Fi:
+ Gi tr "hm nhy" Fi ca thng s i, nhn gi tr trong khong 0,01 1 v
c xc nh t th hm nhy i vi thng s i. Cc th hm
nhy c dng tuyn tnh v c xy dng da vo Tiu chun Quc gia
(hoc quc t) quy nh v cht lng nc cho mi mc ch s dng ring
+ n: s thng s CLN la chn (n = 3 6, tu thuc vo mc ch s dng
nc)
19
WQI =
WQI
i=1
(2)
k
Trong , WQIi l WQI ca cc mc ch s dng nc khc nhau, k l s mc ch
s dng nc. C th a vo t s ca cng thc (2) cc h s th hin tm quan trng
khc nhau ca mi mc ch s dng nc.
Cc thng s cht lng nc la chn cho cc mc ch s dng ring theo m hnh
Bhargava c trnh by trong Bng 2.5.
Bng 2.5: Cc thng s cht lng nc la chn cho cc mc ch ring
TT
Mc ch s dng ring
Cc thng s la chn
Tip xc trc tip
c, amoni, TC, BOD5, DO
Cp nc sinh hot
c, BOD5, TC, DO, Cl-
Nng nghip
Cl-, TDS, Bo, SAR
Cng nghip
c, TDS, cng
Bo v i sng thy sinh

t0, DO, Cl-, BOD5
nc ngt v tip xc gin tip
Kt qu phn loi
Sau khi tnh WQI cho tng mc ch s dng, ch s cht lng nc WQI tng
qut (cho a mc ch s dng) c tnh bng cch ly trung bnh s hc cc WQI ca
cc mc ch s dng ring vi gi thit tm quan trng ca cc mc ch s dng ring
l nh nhau
Kt qu phn loi cht lng nc theo WQI ca Bhargava c th hin nh sau:
Loi
Bhargava-WQI
Gii thch
90 100
Rt tt
(khng nhim - nhim rt nh)
II
65 89
Tt ( nhim nh)
III
35 64
Trung bnh ( nhim trung bnh)
IV
11 34
Xu ( nhim nng)
0 10
Rt xu ( nhim rt nng)
(Theo m hnh WQI ca Bhargava, nu mt trong cc cht nhim c c tnh cao kim loi nng hoc d lng ho cht bo v thc vt ) vt qu mc cho php theo tiu
chun, quy chun quc gia hoc quc t, th WQI = 0)
20
2.2. TNH HNH NGHIN CU V P DNG WQI VIT NAM

2.2.1. S dng ch s cht lng nc phn loi v phn vng CLN sng
Hng
a) Phng php Bhargava (n )
Sng Hng l mt ngun nc quan trng, cung cp 75% khi lng nc cho
mi hot ng ca th Hu, bao gm cp nc cho sinh hot, cng nghip, nng
nghip, giao thng thy, du lch... Sng Hng cng l ni tip nhn lng ln nc
thi cha qua x l, cc vn nh l lt, nhim mn cng l nhng nguyn nhn nh
hng ti cht lng nc sng Hng[8]. T thng 1 n thng 12 nm 2004 Nguyn
Vn Hp, Thy Chu T, Hong Thi Long thuc Khoa Ha trng i hc Hu
tin hnh nghin cu phn vng cht lng nc sng Hng da vo ch s CLN
WQI.
La chn cc thng s
m hnh WQI ca Bhargava ph hp v n gin hn khi p dng vo sng
Hng, tc gi tin hnh mt s iu chnh c nu trong Bng 2.6. nh sau:
Bng 2.6. Cc thng s cht lng nc la chn cc mc ch s dng ring
TT
Mc ch s dng ring
Cc thng s la chn
Tip xc trc tip
c, amoni, TC, BOD5 , DO
Cp nc sinh hot (a)
c, COD, TC, DO, EC
Nng nghip (b)
EC, SAR
Cng nghip(c)
c, EC, cng
Bo v i sng thy sinh nc c, DO, EC, BOD5

ngt v tip xc gin tip(d)
(a)
i vi mc ch 1: Thay COD cho BOD5, EC cho Cl- trong m hnh

Bharagava
(b)
i vi mc ch 3: Thay EC cho Cl-, b TDS v Bo trong m hnh Bharagava
(c)
i vi mc ch 4: Thay EC cho TDS trong m hnh Bharagava
(d)
i vi mc ch 5: thay c cho nhit , EC cho Cl- trong m hnh
Bharagava.
Gi tr "hm nhy" Fi ca thng s la chn trong Bng 1.6 trn, nhn gi tr trong
khong 0,01 1 v c xc nh t th hm nhy nh trong Hnh 1.2
21
Hnh 2.2: Hm nhy ca cc thng s la chn i vi cc mc ch s dng

ring
nh gi cht lng nc
Theo m hnh Bhargava, WQI nhn gi tr t 1 (CLN xu nht) n 100 (CLN tt
nht) v c phn thnh 5 loi:
+ Loi I (rt tt): t 90 100
+ Loi II (tt): t 65 89
+ Loi III (trung bnh): t 35 64
+ Loi IV (xu): t 11 34
+ Loi V (rt xu): t 1 10
b) Phng php ca Qu V sinh Mi trng Hoa K (NSF- WQI)
Cc tc gi Nguyn Vn Hp, Thy Chu T ( i hc Hu) v Nguyn Hu Nam
(S TN & MT Qung Tr) p dng h thng NSF WQI nh gi bin ng CLN
sng Hng t thng 5/1998 n 12/2002 vi mc ch nh gi CLN sng Hng mt
cch i din. Mc khc nhng nh gi da vo tng thng s CLN ring bit cng
c a ra nhm mc ch so snh vi cch nh gi da vo WQI.
Phng php tnh

WQI c tnh ton t cc thng s cht lng nc quyt nh thng qua mt cng
thc ton hc xc nh. WQI c biu din thng qua thang im, nhn gi tr trong
khong 0 100. Trong nghin cu ny dng cng thc nhn c trng s, theo cng
thc:
n
WQI =
wi
i =1
Trong :
qi : ch s ph ca thng s i, nhn gi tr trong khong 0 100 v c
xc nh t hm ch s ph ca thng s i;
-
22
wi trng lng ng gp ca thng s i, nhn gi tr trong khong 0 1;

wi = 1
- n: S thng s c chn tnh WQI; trong h thng NSF-WQI, n = 9
Thng s la chn v trng s:
Cc thng s v trng s tng ng trong phng php tnh ny c trnh by
trong Bng 2.7. di y
Bng 2.7. Thng s v trng s tng ng
-
Thng s
DO
FC
pH
Trng s
0,17
0,15
0,12
BOD5
NO3-
PO4
0,1
0,1
0,1
T0
c TDS
0,1
0,08
0,08
2.2.2. Xy dng ch s cht lng nh gi v qun l cht lng nc h

thng sng ng Nai
Trong ti xy dng c s d liu GIS kt hp vi m hnh ton v ch s cht
lng nc phc v cng tc qun l v kim sot cht lng nc h lu h thng
sng Si Gn ng Nai t nm 2003 n 2005, tc gi Tn Tht Lng xy dng
m hnh ch s cht lng nc WQI da vo m hnh ca NSF-WQI
a. Phng php tnh
ng dng phng php Delphi xy dng ch s cht lng nc. Tc gi xy
dng mt h thng cu hi gi n cho cc chuyn gia cht lng nc la chn
thng s cht lng nc quan trng v nh gi trng s biu th quan trng ca
cc thng s cht lng nc.
Cng thc tnh:
n
WQI =
I W
i
Trong Ii, Wi ln lt l cc ch s ph v trng s tng ng vi thng s cht

lng nc i c la chn
b. Kt qu ly kin cc chuyn gia
Theo phng php Delphi, cc mu phng vn c bin son v gi n
40 chuyn gia cht lng nc cc trng i hc, cc vin nghin cu, cc trung
tm mi trng ly kin. Cc mu phng vn c gi i hai t: t mt l cc
cu hi xc nh cc thng s cht lng nc quan trng, t hai l cc cu hi
xc nh trng s ca cc thng s cht lng nc xy dng ch s ph v hm
cht lng nc.
Kt qu c 6 thng s cht lng nc c la chn l nhng thng s cht
lng nc quan trng vi cc trng s c trnh by trong Bng 2.8 nh sau:
Bng 2.8. Cc thng s cht lng nc v trng s
TT
Thng s
BOD5
1,00
0,23
DO
0,76
0,18
Trng s tm thi Trng s cui cng
23
SS
0,70
0,16
pH
0,66
0,15
Tng N
0,63
0,15
Tng coliform
0,56
0,13
c. Xy dng th tng quan gia cc yu t cht lng nc v ch s ph,
xc nh hm cht lng nc
T im s trung bnh do cc chuyn gia cho ng vi tng khong nng
thc t, i vi mi thng s cht lng nc, tc gi ti xy dng mt th
v hm s tng quan gia nng v ch s ph. Cc hm cht lng nc c
biu th bng cc phng trnh sau:
2
Hm cht lng nc vi thng s BOD5 y = - 0,0006x - 0,1491x +

9,8255
Hm cht lng nc vi thng s DO y = 0,0047x2 + 1,20276x - 0,0058
Hm cht lng nc vi thng s SS y = 0,0003x2 - 0,1304x + 11,459
Hm cht lng nc vi thng s pH y = 0,0862x4 - 2,4623x3 + 24,756x2
102,23x + 150,23
Hm cht lng nc vi thng s tng N: y = - 0,04x2 0,1752x + 9,0244
Hm cht lng nc vi thng s T. Coliform y = 179.39x-0,4067

d. Phn loi cht lng ngun nc mt bng WQI
nh gi cht lng nc h thng sng ng Nai, da vo mt s kt qu
nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi v kinh nghim thc t, tc gi ti xut
phn loi ngun nc mt theo ch s WQI nh sau.
Bng 2.9. Phn loi cht lng ngun nc mt
Loi ngun
nc
K hiu mu
Ch s WQI
nh gi cht lng
Xanh dng
9<WQI<10
Khng nhim
Lam
7<WQI<9
nhim rt nh
Lc
5<WQI<7
nhim nh
Vng
3<WQI<5
nhim trung bnh
Da cam
1<WQI<3
nhim nng
9<WQI<10
nhim rt nng
24
2.2.3. Phn vng cht lng nc theo mc nhim p dng h thng

WQI ph hp vi TP H Ch Minh 2007 2008
Trong ti Nghin cu phn vng CLN trn c s ch s cht lng nc (WQI)
v nh gi kh nng s dng cc ngun nc sng, knh rch vng TP.HCM
(2007 2008), L Trnh v CTV xy dng c h thng ch s WQI cho cc sng,
knh rch khu vc TP.HCM. Mt s m hnh WQI do tc gi xut c trnh by
di y:
a. M hnh 1: p dng cng thc WQI ca Qu V sinh Hoa k (NSF) c iu
chnh mt vi thng s (k hiu: NFS WQI/HCM)
V c bn da vo m hnh NSF WQI ca Hoa K vi iu chnh mt vi thng
s nh sau:
S thng s c chn: 9 thng s
Cc thng s c chn
Theo NFS - WQI
Theo NFS WQI/HCM
1. DO
1. DO
2. F.Coli
2. T. Coliform
3. pH
3. pH
4. BOD5
4. BOD5
5. NO3-
5. Tng N
6. PO4-
6. Tng P
7. Bin thin nhit ( T)
7. T
8. c
8. c
9. Tng cht rn (TS)
9. TDS / SS
Cng thc tnh: c 2 dng tng (WA-WQI) v dng tch (WM-WQI)

9
WA-WQI = w i q i
i=1
9
WM-WQI = q i Wi
i=1
Trng lng ng gp (trng s wi):

1. DO: 0,17
2. F.coli (hoc T.coliform trong NFS-WQIH): 0,15
3. pH: 0,12
4. BOD: 0,10
5. NO3 (hoc tng N trong NFS-WQIH: 0,10
25
6. PO4 (hoc tng P trong NFS-WQIH: 0,10
7. T: 0,10
8. c: 0,08
9. TS (hoc TDS + SS trong NFS-WQI): 0,08.
b. M hnh 2: Ci tin m hnh NSF-WQI ph hp mi trng nc TP. H Ch
Minh (k hiu HCM-WQI)
y l m hnh do Tc gi ca ti ny xut da theo ci tin m hnh NFSWQI ca Hoa K.
p dng phng php Delphi, ti ny gi 30 nh khoa hc mi trng, cn
b qun l ngun nc, cng ty cp thot nc bn danh mc gm 40 thng s ngh
la chn 10 thng s in hnh v quan trng nht phc v quan trc v nh gi
cht lng nc sng, knh rch TP. H Ch Minh.
Kt qu t 20 kin tr li 10 thng s c bnh chn nhiu nht l:
1. DO
6. Tng N
2. BOD
7. c
3. SS
8. Du m
4. T.coliform
9. COD
5. pH
10. Tng P
Da vo th t u tin la chn tc gi ca ti tnh im xp hng (mi), trng

s ng gp trung gian (wi), trng s ng gp chnh (wi), xy dng th tng quan
gia cc thng s v la chn ch s ph (qi) ca tng thng s.
Cac trong s (wi) cua cac thng s la chon tng ng nh sau:

1. DO: 0,19
2. BOD5 : 0,14
3. uc: 0,12
4. TN: 0,11
5. COD: 0,09
6. pH: 0,08
7. Tng coliform: 0,08
8. Tng P: 0,08; SS: 0,07
9. Du m:0,04
Cac phng trinh xac inh chi s phu (qi) i vi cac thng s la chon
nh sau:
DO (y) : y = - 0,7061 x2 + 17,179 x + 3,7855
BOD5 (y) : y = 0,0068 x2 2,1089 x + 100,34
uc (y): y = 105,73 e- 0,0168 x
Tng N (y): y = 0,1213 x2 8,318 x + 99,233
COD (y) : y = 0,0039 x2 1,157 x + 94,011
pH (y) : y = 0,416 x4 11,609 x3 + 110,15 x2 409,46 x + 539,31
26
T.C (y) : y = 8,899 Ln(x) + 132, 04

Tng P (y): y = 14,443 Ln(x) + 33,146
SS (y) : y = 0,0011 x2 0,6468 x + 101,36
Du m (y): y = 19,082 Ln(x) + 3,9124
c. M hnh 3: p dng m hnh Bhargava (n ) c iu chnh (k hiu l WQIB
HCM)
Cc thng s c chn
nh gi tng qut cht lng nc phc v a mc ch ca sng, knh rch
vng TP. H Ch Minh, 10 thng s sau y c L Trnh, Nguyn Th Lc[14] la
chn. 9 thng s ny trng vi 9 thng s trong m hnh HCM WQI ch thay i
c bng mn
1. pH
6. COD
2. DO
7. Tng N
3. SS
8. Tng P
4. mn
9. Du m
5. BOD
10. T.coliform
Tuy nhin ph hp vi vic nh gi cht lng nc theo Tiu chun Vit Nam
v cht lng nc mt (TCVN 5942-1995) v phn nh c im CLN mt vng TP
H Ch Minh cn c mt s iu chnh ca thng s trn:
- B sung thng s Fe
- Dng thng s dn (EC) thay cho mn (v EC v mn quan h tuyn
tnh: mn = EC x k).
- B thng s tng P v khng c trong TCVN 5942-1995.
- Thay thng s tng N bng NO3 hoc NH4.
Nh vy, cc thng s chn lc trong m hnh WQIB-HCM l: pH, DO, SS, EC,
BOD5, COD, NH4+ (hoc NO3-), Fe, T.colifform v du m.
S dng TCVN 5942-1995 (ct A v ct B) xy dng hm lng Fi cho 10 thng
s (tr EC), thu c cc hm nhy. Hm nhy cho thng s EC c xy dng da
theo Tiu chun Vit Nam v cht lng nc thu li (TCVN 6773-2000). Vic tnh
gi tr Fi ca thng s i cng c th c thc hin trn my tnh bng cch lp sn cc
phng trnh tuyn tnh dng Fi = a + bxi. Nh vy, khi nhp vo cc gi tr xi, my tnh
s cho ngay gi tr Fi.
th hm nhy (Fi) i vi cc thng s cht lng nc khi tnh

WQIB
th hm nhy (Fi) i vi cc thng s cht lng nc khi tnh WQI B c
trnh by trong Hnh 2.3 di y:
27
Hinh 2.3: Cac thi ham nhay (Fi) i vi cac thng s CLN khi tinh WQIB
Phn loi cht lng nc

Bng 2.10. Phn loi cht lng nc theo WQI
Loi
Bhargava-WQI (a)
NSF-WQI (b)
Gii thch
90 100
91 100
Rt tt
(khng nhim - nhim rt nh)
II
65 89
71 90
Tt ( nhim nh)
III
35 64
51 70
Trung bnh ( nhim trung bnh)
IV
11 34
26 50
Xu ( nhim nng)
0 10
0 25
Rt xu ( nhim rt nng)
(a)
WQI tng qut (a mc ch s dng) hoc WQI cho mc ch s dng ring

WQI tng qut
Ngun: L Trnh v ctv, ti Nghin cu phn vng cht lng nc theo ch s
cht lng nc (WQI) v nh gi kh nng s dng cc ngun nc sng, knh rch
vng TP.HCM, 2008.
(b)
28
CHNG 3. NG DNG NGHIN CU CH S CHT LNG NC

NH GI V PHN VNG CHT LNG NC SNG HU
phc v cng tc qun l v kim sot cht lng nc sng Hu, ch s cht
lng nc c xy dng da vo phng php Delphi. Cc h thng cu hi c
gi n 40 chuyn gia cht lng nc ti cc Vin Nghin cu, trng i hc, Trung
tm Mi trng v.v xc nh yu t cht lng nc quan trng v trng s ca
chng. Trn c s , cc ch s ph v cc hm cht lng nc c xy dng. ng
thi, cc tiu chun nh gi cht lng nc da vo h thng ch s c xut.
Vic p dng ch s cht lng nc c nh gi bi cc nh qun l l ph hp. N
cung cp mt phng php nh gi tng hp v cht lng nc ti lu vc sng Hu
phc v cho cng tc qui hoch, qun l v kim sot cht lng nc cho lu vc
sng ny.
3.1. TNH CP THIT CA TI
Sng Hu c rt nhiu chc nng quan trng c bit ca ngun nc, i vi pht
trin kinh t - x hi ton vng Ty Nam b. Chnh v vy vic tng cng v nng cao
hiu qu qun l v bo v ngun nc sng Hu l mt nhim v quan trng, l mt
yu cu cp thit, m bo cc mc tiu pht trin hin ti v pht trin bn vng
trong tng lai.
Phn vng cht lng nc l ni dung c bit quan trng khng ch trong qun l
mi trng m cn c tm quan trng trong quy hoch s dng ti nguyn nc mt
cch hp l v an ton.
Nhm gp phn ngn chn cc nguy c khng hong v ngun nc cng nh tng
bc khc phc, ci thin v bo v ngun nc mt trn a bn thnh ph Cn Th,
cn thit phi tin hnh nghin cu xy dng cng c qun l thng nht v tng
hp ti nguyn nc sng Hu. Ch s cht lng nc v phn vng cht lng nc
l cng c gip nh gi mc nhim tng on sng phc v mc ch quy hoch
s dng hp l ngun nc mt v xy dng nh hng kim sot nhim, bo v
mi trng nc, t , xy dng cc bin php kim sot nhim mi trng nc
tt hn, y l mt vn rt cn thit v cp bch.
3.2 NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
3.2.1. Ni dung nghin cu: bao gm cc ni dung sau:
Thu thp s liu v ti liu lin quan n ti;
Xy dng ch s cht lng nc;
nh gi v phn vng cht lng nc sng Hu;
Xc nh nguyn nhn gy nhim ngun nc, xut cc gii php k

thut v qun l gim thiu v hn ch nhim ngun nc sng Hu.
3.2.2. Phng php nghin cu
Phng php thu thp v bin hi s liu;

29
Cc phng php ly mu, phn tch cht lng nc: theo cc TCVN
tng ng;
Phng php xy dng ch s cht lng nc (CLN)

Ch s cht lng nc (Water Quality Index- WQI) l mt thng s t hp c
tnh ton t cc thng s CLN xc nh thng qua mt cng thc ton hc. WQI dng
m t nh lng v CLN v c biu din qua mt thang im. Ch s cht lng
nc khu vc h thng sng Hu c xy dng theo phng php Delphi [7]. Theo
phng php ny, cc thng s th hin cht lng nc tng th cng nh tm quan
trng ca tng thng s c la chn da trn kin ca cc chuyn gia v lnh vc
cht lng nc. Mt bng cu hi s c gi n cc chuyn gia, trong ghi r cc
thng s thng c s dng trong vic nh gi cht lng nc c c s thng
nht cho cc chuyn gia la chn. Trong bng cu hi cng a ra cc khong gi tr
ca tng thng s cc chuyn gia nh gi cht lng nc. Da vo kin ca cc
chuyn gia, ng cong phn hng ca tng thng s s c xy dng c th xc
nh ch s ph.
Cui cng, da vo cc s liu quan trc, ch s cht lng nc s c tnh ton
xc nh v nh gi cht lng nc mt tng th ca lu vc sng Hu. Cc giai
on xy dng ch s cht lng nc c trnh by trong hnh sau:
Giai on 1: La chn cc thng s
CLN, xc nh trng s ca tng
thng s
kin chuyn gia
Giai on 2: Xy dng ng cong

xc nh ch s ph ca tng thng s
kin chuyn gia
Giai oan 3: Tnh toan CSCL

va ng dng nh gi cht lng
nc mt sng Hu
S liu o c
Hnh 3.1. Cc giai on xy dng ch s cht lng nc

Cc cng thc tnh ton ch s cht lng nc: c trnh by trong Bng 1 sau
y:
Bng 3.1. Cc cng thc tp hp tnh WQI [2, 3, 5, 7, 9]
Dng tng
Khng tnh phn
1 n
WQIAU=
q
trng lng ng
n i=1
gp
Dng tch
Dng Solway
1
n
n
WQIMU= q i
i=1
1 1 n
WQISU=
q i
100 n i=1
30
n
C tnh phn trng
WQIA= q i Wi
lng ng gp
i=1
WQIM= q i Wi
WQIS=
i=1
1 n
q i Wi
100 i=1
Theo cc nghin cu trc y, cch tnh ch s cht lng nc theo cng thc ch
s hc c trng s c la chn tnh ton. Ch s s hc c trng s (Water Quality
Index weighted Arithmetic) do Brown v cc cng s thit lp:
n
WQIA= q i Wi
(1-1)
i=1
Trong : Wi: l trng s (l s biu th quan trng ca thng s cht lng

nc)
qi: l ch s ph ca thng s cht lng nc th i
3.2.3. Phng php nh gi cht lng nc theo WQI
Trn c s WQI tnh c, ngi ta phn loi v nh gi CLN theo cc thang
im WQI t 0 n 100, vi gi tr cng cao, cht lng nc cng tt.
3.3. KT QU -THO LUN
3.3.1 Kt qu xy dng ch s cht lng nc
a. Xy dng th tng quan gia cc nng v ch s ph - Xc nh hm
cht lng nc
- Xy dng th tng quan gia nng v ch s ph
Da vo kin ca cc chuyn gia cht lng nc, cc thng s cht lng nc
quan trng c nh gi bng phng php cho im theo cc khong gi tr nng
ca cc thng s . im s bin thin t 1 n 100 tng ng vi cht lng nc
bin i t xu n tt. T im s trung bnh do cc chuyn gia cho ng vi tng
khong nng thc t, i vi mi thng s xy dng mt th v hm s tng
quan gia nng v ch s ph da vo phng php th, vi s tr gip ca phn
mm x l bng tnh Excel. chnh l cc hm cht lng nc c biu th trong
cc Hnh 2 n Hnh 7.
100
qi
80
60
40
y= -0.041x
- 1.9269x+ 97.609
20
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
BOD5 (mg/L) (BOD5 >25mg/L, qi=10)
Hnh 3.2. th v hm s tng quan gia nng BOD v ch s ph

31
100
80
qi
60
40
2
y= 0.2293x
20
+ 14.195x + 1.1945
0
0
2
3
4
DO(mg/L) (DO>6,5mg/L,qi=100)
Hnh 3.3. th v hm s tng quan gia nng DO v ch s ph

100
80
60
qi
y= 99.648e
-0.0115x
40
20
0
0
50
100
150
TSS (mg/L) (TSS>200mg/L,qi=5)
200
250
Hnh 3.4. th v hm s tng quan gia nng SS v ch s ph

100
2
y= -36.076x
+ 505.41x - 1684.8
80
qi
60
40
20
0
0
6
pH(pH<5;>9, qi=5)
10
12
14
Hnh 3.5. th v hm s tng quan gia thng s pH v ch s ph
32
120
Ch
sophu
100
y=0.0042x
80
- 1.228x+91.502
60
40
20
0
0
50
100
150
200
COD(m
g/l)
Hnh 3.6. th v hm s tng quan gia nng COD v ch s ph

100
80
qi
60
y = -8.4007Ln(x) + 131.59
40
20
0
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
T.C (MPN/100ml) (T.C>106MPN/100mL, qi=5)
Hnh 3.7. th v hm s tng quan gia nng Tng Coliform v ch s ph

Nh vo cc hm tng quan ny, ng vi nng c th ta c th nhanh chng
tnh c ch s ph ca cc thng s trong ch s cht lng nc.
b. Tnh ton ch s cht lng nc
Da vo kin ca cc chuyn gia, trng s ca cc thng s cht lng nc c
trnh by trong Bng 2.
Trng s tm thi ca tng thng s c tnh bng cch ly trung bnh cng im
cc chuyn gia cho i vi thng s . Trng s cui cng ca mt thng s c tnh
bng cch chia trng s tm thi ca thng s vi tng cc trng s tm thi, sao
cho tng gi tr cc trng s cui cng bng 1. Mc chnh lch gia trng s ca cc
thng s khng ln lm (bin thin t 0,14 n 0,22).
33
Bng 3.2. Trng s ca cc thng s cht lng nc

STT
Thng s
Mc quan
trng
Trng s tm
thi
Trng s cui
cng
BOD5
33
1,00
0,22
DO
36
0,91
0,20
pH
45
0,73
0,16
Tng Coliform
49
0,67
0,15
SS
50
0,66
0,14
COD
51
0,66
0,14
Tng cng
1,00
3.3.2 nh gi cht lng nc h thng sng Hu bng WQI Phn vng

cht lng nc
nh gi cht lng nc h thng Hu, da vo mt s kt qu nghin cu v
kinh nghim thc t, chng ti xut phn loi ngun nc mt theo ch s WQI nh
sau:
Bng 3.3. Phn loi nhim ngun nc mt
Loi
ngun
nc
1
K
hiu
mu
Ch s WQI
nh gi cht
lng
Xanh 90<WQI[ 100 Khng nhim

dng
Mc ch s dng nc
S dng cho tt c cc mc ch
s dng nc m khng cn x l
Lam
70<WQI[ 9
0
nhim rt nh
Nui trng thy hi sn, nng

nghip, mc ch gii tr, GTT.
Lc
50<WQI[ 7
0
nhim nh
Gii tr ngoi tr cc mn th
thao tip xc trc tip, ph hp
vi mt s loi c
Vng
30<WQI[ 5
0
nhim trung Ch ph hp vi s gii tr tip

bnh
xc gin tip vi nc, GTT
Da cam
10<WQI[ 3
0
nhim nng
WQI[ 10
nhim
nng
Dng cho gii tr khng tip xc

v GTT
rt Ch s dng vi GTT.
3.3.3. Din bin cht lng h thng sng Hu

a. Din bin CLN h thng sng Hu khu vc Cn Th
34
Nhn chung, cht lng nc sng Hu v nhim mc t trung bnh n nh.

Cht lng nc c xu hng gim trong nhng nm gn y. Nguyn nhn ch yu l
do nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip gy ra. Hin nay, trn a bn tnh Cn
Th c 6 khu cng nghip. Trong , khu cng nghip Tr Nc 1 v Tr Nc 2
hot ng nhng cha c khu cng nghip no c h thng x l tp trung. Hu nh
nc thi cng nghip cha qua x l m x thng vo sng Hu. V vy, nc sng
Hu c du hiu nhim hu ht cc ch tiu. Nng cc cht dinh dng tng
i cao. Nng NO2- dao ng t 0,016 n 0,136 mg/l, vt vt tiu chun nc
mt TCVN 5942-1995, loi A (0,01 mg/l). Nng NH3 dao ng trong khong 0,13
2,42 mg/l, vt tiu chun nc mt TCVN 5942-1995, loi A (0,05 mg/l). Cc ch tiu
SS, cht hu c v vi sinh u xp x hoc vt tiu chun cho php 5942-1995, loi A.
Kt qu phn vng cht lng nc sng Hu c th hin trn bn (Hnh 8).
35
Hnh 3.8. Bn phn vng cht lng nc sng Hu nm 2007

Nm 2007, cht lng nc sng Hu khu vc Cn Th v ng Thp gim r rt
so vi nm 2006, nm trong vng t mu vng n mu lc. Ti cc knh rch trong
ni thnh thnh ph Cn Th, nng cc cht nhim tng cao. Gi tr oxi ha tan
gim n 2,1 mg/l. Cht lng nc sng Hu ti khu vc Cn Th v Vnh Long cng
gim hn so vi nhng nm trc, cht lng nc thay i t mu lc ( nhim nh)
n mu lam ( nhim rt nh).
36
3.4. KT LUN KIN NGH

Bo v mi trng, c bit l ngun nc lu vc sng Hu c vai tr c bit
quan trng trong pht trin kinh t x hi ca tnh min Ty Nam B v c ngha
sng cn i vi hng triu ngi dn ang sinh sng vng lu vc sng. Theo kt
qu tnh ton ch s cht lng nc WQI, cht lng nc sng Hu ang gim thp
qua cc nm do s gia tng dn s, pht trin th v cng nghip. V th cc c quan
qun l mi trng cn p dng nhiu bin php qun l v k thut gp phn duy
tr cht lng nc sng Hu, m bo s trong lnh ca dng sng ny. Tren c
s nghien cu nay chung toi co mot vai kien ngh nh
sau:
Cc c quan chc nng cn tp trung thc hin ngay cc bin php x l
nc thi cng nghip, khai thc khong sn, lng ngh v sinh hot;
Tng cng cng tc qun l, gim st v nh gi cht lng mi
trng nc mt, nht l ti cc khu vc ng dn c v cc khu cng nghip x
nc thi vo lu vc sng Hu;
No vt nh k cc sng rch tip nhn cc ngun nc thi tng
kh nng pha long v t lm sch cht thi;
Xy dng v vn hnh hiu qu h thng x l nc thi tp trung cc
khu cng nghip, ch, trung tm thng mi v khu vc ng dn c;
Tng cng cng tc thanh, kim tra mi trng, x l mnh cc hnh
vi gy nhim mi trng;
- Nng cao nng lc qun l mi trng cho cn b qun l mi trng a phng.
ng thi nng cao trnh dn tr, lng ghp vi cc chng trnh, hot ng bo v
mi trng, lm cho ngi dn hiu c tm quan trng ca ngun nc sch v tc
hi khi s dng ngun nc b nhim, thay i nhng thi quen khng tt trong vic
thi rc v nc thi sinh hot ti nh v ni cng cng gy nhim mi trng.
37
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (2005), Hi ngh ch tch y ban nhn dn cc
tnh/thnh ph v bo v mi trng lu vc h thng sng ng Nai, thng
12/2005.
2. Tn Tht Lng v ctv (2008), Nghin cu ch s cht lng nc nh gi v
phn vng cht lng nc sng Hu, ti nghin cu khoa hc cp c s.
3. Canter, L.W (1991). Water pollution index, International Seminar on
Environmental assessment and Management, Scotland, UK.
4. House, M.A and Newsome, D.H. (1989). The application of a water quality
Index to river management. Water Science Technology 21: 1149-1159.
5. Ton That Lang (1996), Wastewater assessment and water quality impact of the
rubber latex industry: a case study in Dong Nai, Vietnam.
6. Linstone, H.A & Turoff M. (1975). The Delphi Method: techniques and
applications Addison Wesley, Reading, Mass.
7. Lohani, B.N. (1984). Environmental Quality Management. India: South asian
publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Smith, G. D., (1998). A beter water quality indexing system for rivers and
streams. Water resource: 24,10, 1237-1244
38
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Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

3.2 NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ...........................................29

GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

CHNG I: NH NGHA CH S CHT LNG NC WQI

GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

ng cc nh khoa hc v cht lng nc, c tnh n vai tr (trng s) ca cc thng

S dng cc gi tr trung bnh kt hp cc ch tiu, v d SS v c.

GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

H s bt li ln nht (20) s dng cho cht dinh dng v bn lng khi ch

GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

CHNG 2. TNH HNH NGHIN CU V NG DNG WQI

Cng thc tnh

GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

Tng cht rn (TS): ph thuc vo tng lu vc khc nhau.

Kt qu phn loi theo WQI

b) Ch s cht lng ca Qu V sinh Mi trng Hoa K (NSF- WQI)

GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

Bng 2.1. Cc thng s c xem xt, thit lp ch s cht lng nc ca NSF

Cng thc tnh

Cng thc tng: WA-WQI = w i qi

Trong : NSF - WQI: ch s cht lng nc ca Qu V sinh Quc gia Hoa K

wi : trng s ng gp ca thng s nhim i c gi tr 0 1;

GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

Bng 2.2. Trng s ng gp ca cc thng s theo NSF WQI

Tng cht rn (TS)

Kt qu phn loi theo NSF-WQI

2.1.2. Ch s cht lng ca Canada

M t ch s: Cc ch s cht lng nc c tnh theo 3 mc ch s

Phng php tnh

Ch s phn loi = Ch s/1,45

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

+ F2: c tnh bng s ln o thng s vt tiu chun chia cho tng s

l gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht ca thng s th j trong mu

b) Ch s cht lng nc ca Hi ng B Mi trng Canada (CCME Canada

La chn cc thng s: Cc thng s la chn tnh ton WQI c

Cng thc tnh

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

+ F1 T l phn trm gia s thng s khng t tiu chun v tng s thng

s ang xt, F1 c tnh nh sau:

vi tng s mu (xt tt c cc thng s phn tch), F2 c tnh nh sau:

Nu tiu chun ca thng s i l ngng trn so vi tiu chun th:

Nu tiu chun ca thng s i l ngng di so vi tiu chun th:

o Chun ha tng lch c tnh qua cng thc:

GVHD: TS. MAI TUN ANH

Bi tiu lun: CH S CHT LNG NC WQI V NG DNG

2.1.3. Ch s cht lng nc ca Malaysia

Cng thc tnh WQI:

Cc ch s ph c xc nh theo cc cng thc cho tng thng s

khi 0,3 < x < 4