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Kinh nghim hc Nht ng

V vn pht m Kanji trong ting Nht

Mc lc :
A. Khi qut v m ONKUN ca Kanji...................................................Trang 2
I.

Phn loi.........................................................................................Trang 2

II. Cc iu cn nh khi bn hc Kanji ................................................Trang 3


B. Mt s quy tc ghi nh pht m ca m ON ..........................................Trang 4
I. Cch c ca mt s nguyn m ngn cui ch ...........................Trang 4
II. Cch c m cui tn cng bng ph m.........................................Trang 8
III. Bin m khi ghp 2 ch Kanji vi nhau ..........................................Trang 8
IV. So snh cch c ca cc nguyn m di ........................................Trang 9
V. Onyomi cc ph m ng u trong ch Hn-Vit.........................Trang 12

Lin h m ON ca Kanji ting Nht


vi ngha Hn-Vit

A. Khi qut v pht m ca Kanji


Kanji C 2 cch c :
I. Phn loi :
1. Kun-yomi ( c theo m Nht )
Thng khi Kanji ng 1 mnh n / n + hiragana
Vd: ame = ma au = gp mt)
Trong sch Kanji, Kun-yomi c vit bng Hiragana
2. On-yomi ( c theo m Hn )
Thng dng trong cc t ghp (Kanji +Kanji ) .Chim khong 90%
Trong sch Kanji, On- yomi c k hiu bng ch Katakana.

3. Trng hp ngoi l :
Nu gp trng hp ngoi l sau th ch c cch l thuc lng
a) Kanji ng 1 mnh n m li c bng m Onyomi.
Vd: =sch), = cng)...

b) Kanji + Kanji m li c bng m Kunyomi + Kunyomi

Vd: =mua sm), i- ngm hoa)..

c) Kanji + Kanji m li c bng m Kunyomi + Onyomi hoc ngc li


Vd: (

II . Cc iu cn nh khi bn hc Kanji
* a s Kanji c c 2 cch c Kun v On.
* C nhiu Kanji ch c cch c On
* i vi ngi Vit, nu ai gii t Hn Vit th vic hc v hiu Kanji s
d dng hn.Vd nh:

Ch Hn Hn Vit :
quc ca
quc gia
nhn loi
binh s
qun nhn

y, th l khng cn bit c th no, nhng nu bn bit ch Hn ny c m


Hn Vit l g th tm Ok v ngha nh....

B. Mt s quy tc ghi nh cch pht m ca


m ON trong ting Nht

I.

Cch c ca mt s nguyn m nm cui ch (tm gi l


nguyn m ngn ) :

( hoc tn cng bng : nguyn m + M NTK )


Cc ch Kanji c m Hn Vit tn cng bng nguyn m

a) A, OA: Onyomi phn ln s tn cng bng ct trong bng Hiragana


Th d:

GIA

--

BA

--

TA

--

CAN

--

BN

--

QUT

--

AI, OAI, OI: Onyomi phn ln s tn cng bng ct + m trong


bng Hiragana
Th d :

KHI

- -

HI

- -

KHOI

- -

TI

- -

( + ph m ) : trc trong Hn vit l ph m PH, QU th Onyomi s


cha ct
Th d :

PHN

--

PHT

--

QUT

--

+ Cn li a s Onyomi thay bng ct (trc khng c ph m


PH, QU)
Th d :

CN

--

NHN

--

MN

--

b) O/: Onyomi phn ln s thay bng ct trong bng Hiragana


Th d :

--

--

--

KHN

--

: vi ch c cc ch sau :
C

--

--

--

AN/ N - -

SN

c) -trng hp I/Y
- trng hp , U (vi ph m trc n l L)
- trng hp UY khi ph m trc UY l m c nh (ngha l ph m
trc UY l D, NG, H hoc khng c ph m trc )
*Th : Onyomi s thay bng trong bng Hiragana

--

VI

--

LY

--

NGUY

--

NGY

--

HUY

--

LUN

--

LUT

--

*Ring : SUT

--

Th d :

+ UY cn li (ngha l ph m trc UY khng phi l D, NG,


H , T): Onyomi s c (ct + ch )
Th d :

XUY

--

SUY

--

TY

--

d) , U: Onyomi + s tn cng bng khi ngha Hn-Vit c PH,


TH trc n
+ a s cn li Onyomi s tn cng bng ct + m
Th d :

--

--

TH

--

--

Ngoi l : L

e) U/: ui ny kh lung tung, c nhiu ngoi l


Onyomi phn ln s tn cng bng ct trong Hiragana
+ thnh khi ph m u trc n c th ghp vi
+ thnh khi ph m u trc n khng th ghp vi
+ Trng hp Onyomi tn cng l : Nu m Hn Vit c ph m l
T, S th Onyomi chn chn s l
Nu m Hn Vit c ph m l TH th Onyomi mt s s l , mt
s s l
Th d:

--

--

TH

--

--

--

TH

--

TH

--

II. Cch c m cui tn cng bng ph m :


Cc ch Kanji c m Hn Vit tn cng bng ph m :
a) N/M: Onyomi chc chn s tn cng bng
Th d :

HON

--

TN

--

NAM

--

THAM

--

b) T: Onyomi chc chn s tn cng bng


Th d :

--

THUYT - -

ST

c) C, CH: Onyomi phn ln s tn cng bng , ring ngha Hn-Vit tn


cng bng ICH th s bin thnh ct + m
Th d :

QUC

--

BC

--

TCH

--

XCH

--

DCH

--

III. Bin m khi ghp 2 ch Kanji vi nhau :


Bin m xc m (tsu nh) : khi ghp 2 ch Kanji li vi nhau, nu ch trc c
m tit th 2 l hoc v ch Kanji sau pht m bt u vi cc ph m bt mi
mnh l : p, t, k, ch, s, sh th m tit th 2 ca ch trc khng c pht m v bin
thnh xc m (tsu nh)
V d:
-p

-t

-k

-s

- ch

-> Suy ra 1 yu t quan trng trong phn bin m gia b v p nn ghi


nh ch ny l: sau (tsu nh) chc chn l bin m maru p

IV. Tip theo ta so snh cch c ca cc nguyn m di


trn phn I ta tm hiu cch c 1 s nguyn m ngn n gin, phn di y ta
s tm hiu nhng nguyn m di c cch c tng i phc tp hn :

a) INH, UYNH, ENH, ANH : thng Onyomi chuyn thnh ct + m


* Ring trng hp trc INH, UYNH, ENH c B, H, S, T, TH th ch c 2 m
On, ngoi m On ct + m cn c 1 m On khc . m On th 2 ny thng
c phn nguyn m cha
Th d :

SINH

--

Th d :

Ngoi l :

BINH

--

HUYNH

--

HUNH

--

INH

--

ANH

--

DANH

--

LNH

--

BNH - -

MANH -

NGNH - -

CANH - , -

b) YE, IE, UYE : Phn ln Onyomi chuyn thnh ct


Th d :

THIN

--

XUYN

--

NGUYT - -

c) U : Phn ln Onyomi c phn nguyn cha (nh) + m


Th d :

NGU

- -

LU

- -

TU

- -

HU

- -

SU

- -

TU

--

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U : thng Onyomi c phn nguyn m cha (nh) . Nu trc U l


ph m QU hoc c ph m H th Onyomi c phn nguyn m cha ct
Th d :

TUN

- -

THUN

- -

XUN

- -

HUN

- -

QUT

- -

d) YEU, IEU, IEP, UONG : hu ht Onyomi c nguyn m cha


Th d :

YU

- -

LIU

- -

DIP

- -

CHIU, TRIU - -

e) AU, AP, UNG : gm 2 trng hp :


Onyomi s c phn nguyn m cha nu trc AU, AP n c ph m :
K, C, CH, TR, TH, NG (thm trng hp trc AP c ph m t), v trc
UNG c D, H, CH, TR, S hoc UNG khng c ph m pha trc
Th d :

CU

- -

NHP

- -

HP

- -

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Onyomi c phn nguyn m cha Ct + m trong cc trng hp cn


li
Th d :

PHP

- -

HU

- -

TU

- -

e) AO, OANH : hu ht Onyomi c phn nguyn m cha Ct + m


Th d :

CAO

- -

AO

- -

HONH

- -

V. Onyomi cc ph m ng u trong ch Hn-Vit:


phn trn chng ta tm hiu cch c ca a s nguyn m, d nhin trong
cng c mt s trng hp ngoi l nhng vn c th ni kh nng quy lut c
ca nguyn m l rt ln.
Phn V ny ta tm hiu v cch c ph m u ca ch Hn-Vit nh th no.
Lu rng nu so vi nhng quy lut c ca nguyn m th phn c ph m u
ny c 1 s quy lut khng r rng lm.

a) C, K, KH, GI, H, QU : Phn ln Onyomi c phn ph m u l K


( d nh th C, K, KH, GI, H, QU l nhng m m trong ting vit hu ht khi
pht m nhng m ny th chng ta h ming nhng khng bt mi )

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+ *QU ( nu sau QU c m ) : Onyomi c ph m u l G v phn nguyn m


s thuc ct
Th d :

CAI

- -

KHM

- -

GII

- -

- -

QU

- -

*QUN

- -

*QUT

- -

*QUN

- -

b) B, PH : Phn ln Onyomi c ph m u l H
*c bit *B, PH : thng Onyomi s c ph m u l F, khi nguyn
m On khng c trng m v thuc ct
Th d :

Th d :

BC

- -

BI

- -

BCH

- -

PHIU

- -

* B

- -

* BT

- -

*PH

- -

*PHC

- -

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*PHT

- -

c) D, V : Phn ln Onyomi thng b lc b ph m u,


(ring VONG -> )
Th d :

DT

- -

DCH

- -

- -

VIN

- -

d) : Thng Onyomi c ph m T mt s nh thnh D


( ring DIEU -> )
Th d :

AO

- -

- -

- -

ON

- -

- -

e) L : Hu ht Onyomi s c ph m u l R
Th d :

- -

LIU

- -

LONG

- -

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f) M: Thng Onyomi c ph m B s khc thnh M ( trng hp sau n


i km vi trng m thng l c thnh B, cn li c th B hoc M kh
phn bit )
Th d :

MCH

- -

MIN

- -

MI

- -

MIU

- -

g) N : Onyomi thng c ph m u l N
nhng nu sau N c ch O( O, , OA) v khng c trng m th
Onyomi c ph m u l D
Th d :

NIM

- -

NIU

- -

- -

NAN

- -

h) NG : Phn ln Onyomi c ph m u l G, 1 s nh c ph m K
Th d :

NGH

- -

NGH

- -

NGHIM - -

i) NH : Hi phc tp, c th chia n thnh 3 trng hp sau :


+ Thng ph Onyomi l G khi phn nguyn m sau n thuc ct
Th d :

NHAN

- -

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NH

- -

NHC

- -

+ Thng Onyomi l N khi phn nguyn m sau n thuc ct


Th d :

NHIN

- -

NHIT

- -

NHIM

- -

+ Thng Onyomi l J khi phn nguyn m sau n thuc ct


Th d :

NHO

- -

NH

- -

NHNG - -

j) CH, T, TH, S, X : phn ln Onyomi c ph m u l SSH, mt s


nh n c th bin m sang ZJ
(trng hp ph m u l SH : khi nguyn m On cha hoc trng m ,)
( d nh th CH, T, TH, S, X l nhng m m trong ting vit khi pht m th hm
rng ban u phi cn li sau mi c th bt hi pht ra )

+ Mt s trng hp ca TH c nguyn m On cha ( nh) th ph m


On l J
Th d :

CHNG

- -

TON

- -

TNG

- -

THUN

- -

XUN

- -

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k) TR : Mt s Onyomi c ph m u l CH, mt s Onyomi khc c ph


m u l T, S, J rt kh phn bit
( Thng Onyomi c m ON cha th chc chn ph m u phi l T )
Th d :

TR

- -

TRC

- -

TRI, TR

- -

TRINH

- -

V vn pht m Kanji nht ng trn do mnh su tp trn mt s website cng


vi phn b sung ca mnh. ng thi mnh thng k li thnh mt Ebook cc bn
hc ting nht tin vic tham kho

Bin son :

V Minh Vng

Email :

woomingwong@gmail.com

Chc cc bn hc tt Nht ng !

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